Running Head: PSYCHOLOGY

Do social media have an effect on body image (ages 16-24)

[Name of Student]

[Name of Instructor]
 Table of Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Research Rationale.......................................................................................................................... 4

Background ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Aims of the research .................................................................................................................... 7

Objective of research ................................................................................................................... 7

Literature search.............................................................................................................................. 7

Literature review ............................................................................................................................. 7

Body Image and Ideal Body ........................................................................................................ 9

Images ....................................................................................................................................... 11

Social Comparison .................................................................................................................... 11

Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 13

Interpretivism ............................................................................................................................ 14

Methods......................................................................................................................................... 15

Semi-structured interviews ........................................................................................................ 15

Research Design Justification ................................................................................................... 16

Participants ................................................................................................................................ 17

Data analysis ................................................................................................................................. 17

Ethical Issues ................................................................................................................................ 18

Introduction

Many studies have shown that women often have negative feelings about their physical,

social media are very favorable. Social media is a social and cultural quality of transmission

means that depending on the shape and size of the ideal body, making it ideal for understanding

men and women is possible. There is a female body on social media; there are more and more

disputes (Harper, 2007, p.649) there are literature risk factors and negative images of women in

the male body. The body image gains emotional health, self-esteem and well-being of an

important part of us. In Western culture, an ideal body image cannot be achieved covered by

social media sites, movies, television commercials, magazine, and these images often reflect

idealized thin women.

In addition, it is believed that the standards of the organism are different for many

centuries. In the mid-1950s, compared with today, women have unexpected physical motivation.

The ideal place in 1950, the year that thin waist, impressive, recently the ideal has been replaced

by thin. Today in the media, women are described as “subtle ideas” without flaws. This ideal

includes the fragile, less fat, abdominal circumference of a small female. It was founded by

Harper and Tiggemann (2008), 94% of the women's magazine cover is a thin, idealized body

image. These images are difficult to obtain, but they can even be detrimental to physical and

mental health.

It has been seen that social media has both negative and positive implications for self-

esteem, regularly relying on the feedback nature (for example, negative or positive comments). It

was observed that the image of the body is influenced by how the media represent the thin body

type idea, which leads to negative self-assessments. There is no unique form of the perfect body,

as it tends to vary according to culture and gender. However, the problem of social and wealth
status will be a problem to prepare the good quality clothing promoted in magazines, however, it

was not a fear, young women and men will go miles to transform their bodies to look perfect and

idealized, whether they have to undergo surgeries, ot took medicines to achieve ideal figure, look

and shape (Harper, 2007, p.649).

As Henrique and Calhoun (1999) point out, women are gradually sensitive to making

negative decisions about their bodies, unlike men. Social networks are a vital and meaningful

way for people to communicate and interact with each other on this day, without physically

seeing the person in order to transmit data. The mobile phones, internet and other fast mediums

transmit social networks. It was indicated by Calhoun and Henrique (1999) that the level of the

social platform has been reduced in this era, expressing that there was a decline in true friendship

and an increase in the number of social associations and small clichés and groups with people

with similar interests. Social networks have the ability to pause the common sense of people to

properly work. Social networks provide and distribute data that can lead to massive confusions,

mental pollution, conflicts or breakthrough (Spurr, 2013, p.36).

Research Rationale

Numerous young generation people are constantly struggling with this disappointment.

People feel guilty, shame, and demotivated in relation to their body. Are the social media,

pushing burden even more towards the ideal body? Is social media distort and create a false

perception of perfection? This qualitative study attempts to collect data to understand what

young generation thinks about social media depictions of the body image, why so many young

people consider themselves obliged to be “perfect” and what their concept of perfection is.
It was suggested that people who participated in a high-risk groups will have to contrast

negatively with Facebook pages and join in more enthusiasm to change their diet and exercise

after the presentation (Spurr, 2013, p.36). In addition, it was believed that the state of body types

that were underweight, overweight, or muscular/athletic had a greater impact on the post-

exposure change and comparison than the average / normal state of the body type. This study

will fill the gap in literature regarding the research in UK sample and also give an update of

existing study base.

Background

For a considerable time, society played "blame game" with the social media. Images of

perfect body were wrapped up as sources of bodily disappointment in men and women, however,

not without reason. The meta-analysis has showed a connection between the poor body image

and media, eating beliefs and behaviours, and thin ideal internationalization. The businesses’

financial interests selling several products have caused the “cult of thinness” that we experienced

multiple times in a day. More specifically, literature has shown that the impact of images is

mediated by a declared measure of social comparison (McCabe, 2007, p.101). Groesz et al.

(2002) completed a meta-analysis of twenty five people who felt that the body image essentially

becomes more negative after viewing images of skinny women, inanimate objects, or plus size

women. A social comparison based on appearance has also been mediated by the effect of

insinuations, which is related to the appearance on the body image and the eating disturbance. In

addition, it was found that people with dietary problems have originated to have attention

preferences to negative weight and shape words, usually to the thin body parts with weight (like
thighs, stomach), and thin women images instead of large or medium measures (McCabe, 2007,

p.101).

Although social networks clearly take on the job of improving body image and dietary

deterioration, less researches are implications of actual world peer comparison by social

networks or friend groups. It has been shown that people who have comparable views on factors

related to weight tends to form friends’ cliques. More importantly, friend’s attitude seems to

anticipate changes in a person’s lifestyle and beliefs (Fredrickson, 1997, p.206).

It seems that the available evidence suggests that the publication of selfies could

emphasize the place of young girls in their appearance. Posting a selfie in this way can be

associated with a lot of self-externalization, which is associated with bodily distress, body

frustration and symptoms of dietary problems. For example, there is evidence that the posting of

selfies is associated with the expansion of men's self-esteem. The self-control increase was also

associated with increase to the extent that a person typifies others, which was associated with

dehumanization of these other generalized (Fredrickson, 1997, p.206).

The tools of social networking, such as selfies, can also act as a platform for the impact

of a wider framework that seeks to direct the bodies of women, and further strengthen the culture

of appearance that has already prevalent in this young generation. Johns, Wigfusdottir and Lee

(2004) argue that culture of appearance is part of discussions about appearance, appearance

assessment of friends and appearance-oriented media. Posting photos of yourself in large groups

of viewers on social networks supports and encourages each of the three components of the

culture of appearance; The comments received in selfies are important sources of positive input

and present discussions based on appearance, in which expert assessments are conducted.

Apparently, the multiplication of self speaks of an extended view of appearance-oriented means.

This culture of appearance can then encourage women to follow the diversity of other women

through publishing and reviewing selfies in accordance with the social standards of what a

woman’s body should be, as a self-ensuring method that ensures the maintenance of irresistible

bodily goals (McCabe, 2007, p.101).

Aims of the research

This study aims to assess the social media impact on body image aand self-esteem for

young generation age between 16-24.

Objective of research

The main objectives of this research are following:

 To assess the association between posting selfies on social media and body image

 To assess the social media impact on self-esteem

 To assess the negative association of media use and body image in young generation

Literature search

An accurate and complete search will be conducted, within which a methodology will

develop to search for terms for e-learning and the work environment. Searches will be conducted

on the databases including ASSIA, SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX, IBSS, AND ERIC. The research

will be limited to the publish in English language and 2000 year onwards.

Literature review
"Body Image" and "Self-image of the body image" is described as a point of view of a general

view, and is an important part of self-assessment and mental health for life. It is believed that he

has self-esteem, sexuality and family identity. In addition, it is described as an internal

representation with an appearance and has a unique impression of its own body. Although he has

a clear connection with gender and personality, it can be said that this is a more decisive self-

assessment (Hobza, 2007, p.161 ). In many studies, a negative body image has appeared, and

physical disorder has led to low self-esteem. Self-respect is an experience that can adapt to the

difficulties and happiness of life. It is just a combination of self-esteem and self-confidence

(Tiidenberg, 2015, p. 77). If a person does not show a positive attitude towards his body, this can

lead to a sense of worthlessness and loss of trust. In addition, it can be said that self-esteem is an

important indicator of overall prosperity. Studies have shown that an increase in nutritional

problems is associated with negative body image and low self-esteem. In this case, the

behavioral criteria for pathological food intake are complemented by methods that eliminate the

stress of these negative factors. It can be said that a body image is a psychological development

that can be characterized by the recognition, reflection and emotions of a person and body.

On the other hand, the human body set back negative thoughts on their emotions, these

feelings, as a rule, using the social media image (Slater, 2015, p.375) social decision making. It

was found that the negative body image of women and men produce negative emotions towards

themselves, despite the fact that some women found that negative feelings towards their bodies

are only minor inconveniences for other negative emotions (Hobza, 2007, p.161 ). May cause

pain that can upset their daily lives. Low self-esteem and negative body image is a serious

problem nowadays, it can cause other sexual deviations, such as anorexia or bulimia, and noted

that this is true, especially in the case of the younger generation. Self-esteem and contemplation
of his body are inseparable, so reliably observed in the basic indicators look the whole century

(Slater, 2015, p.375).

Body Image and Ideal Body

A body image is exactly what you look like, and your own body, sometimes associated

with others. It is well described as "multifaceted thinking, including areas of perception,

psychology, emotions, and behavior." At the time of the study and verification of the image of

the body is, as a rule, the negative term "body image". A negative body image can be described

as "the striking psychological difference between a visible body of a person and his or her best

body, which is manifested as a result of negative thinking and studying the body and appearance

of a person (Grogan, 2018, p.15)." Often, negative body images are associated with physical

disappointment. Ridolfi (2011) describes a body disorder as “a psychological space full of

feelings to a body image, suggesting negative and useless thoughts and feelings about its

appearance” (Williams, 2014, p. 389). With the globalization of social media, negative bodily

images are becoming more common in the universal dimension. Negative body image and

physical disorder are real risk factors for nutritional problems, as experts have observed an

increase in the number of nutritional problems over the past two decades, especially among

young women. As pointed out by Dittmar and Bell (2011), in many western countries, such as

Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, attention was drawn to the negative image

of young women. In addition, they suggested recognizing that "physical advertising and eating

disorders have reached a standardized level." More than 90% of girls from college in the US

report weight and physical disappointment. As Klein (2013) noted: “Focusing on social networks

and sharing photos can be extended to formal media effects, sociological and socio-
psychological theoretical phenomena that help eliminate unordered diet and physical discontent

(Williams, 2014), p. 389).

The extra time on the social network creates an idea of what the ideal female body should

be and how it should be considered. Social media reinforce the concept of this ideal body,

because it can be associated with almost all media. Everything from height, weight, body

evaluation and body shape has become the enigma of this ideal. Women are the most common

target for this ideal body and image advertisement. They were told that they should try to

become very sensitive. Most of these goals are “difficult for some people to understand and

achieve in a practical and healthy way.” Many people who show how to have a perfect body in

the media are models, celebrities and actors (Pritchard, 2014, p. 218). In the United States, most

female models are 15% lighter than normal women, and 95% of the actresses on the screen are

thinner than normal women. This type of physique and commercial advertising tells women that

they should move towards weight loss, and not fit normal women, which can be very detrimental

to health. As Ferguson (2013) noted, “the expansion of nutritional problems in the early

twentieth and mid-twentieth centuries seems to fit the patterns in the media to focus on the weak

links of the new generation.”

Social networks often blur the fine lines between reality and virtual ones, forcing a new

generation to resemble the images they see. Women are always taught that the best way to

succeed in their lives is to look like women who they see on social networks. Compared to men,

women believe that these physical discontent and the ratio of these loads is higher. According to

Klein (2013), 74% of women are interested in social networks in this way, extending their

capabilities to these “inspiring” images. Given that social networks are related to collaboration,

they believe that these sites on social networks are under greater pressure than other media
sources. Because these beliefs are related to progress and satisfaction, women are “obliged to

report that they must be in good shape (overcoming harmony)” (Pritchard, 2014, p. 218).

Images

The use of social networks that care for images has increased in terms of number of

clients, popularity and importance. Snapchat and Instagram are two social media application

examples that depend completely on use, sharing and distribution of images and selfies.

Publication of images is one of the ways women control their bodies and take in consciousness

through social networking communities. The desire for the female body is primarily based on

images in the social aspect, especially in social networks, so women should have a special look.

Women use images to take care of their bodies through selfies. As Tiidenberg and Cruz (2015)

point out, self portraits are described as "your own image is created in a knowledge item or at a

safe distance." In fact, the self-timer is a place where you can take your own photos. If you do

not see several types of such images, it is difficult to open social networking sites (Tiggemann,

2017, p.80).

The younger generation finds control through selfies, because they can control how their

bodies look in the photos they publish on social networks. They can take photos from certain

angles so that they look thinner, so that they conform to the ideal standards of the body, even

though they may not look right. It’s about how others see them through social networks if they

seem to meet idealized standards and feel recognizable in these particular communities (Prieler,

2014, p. 388).

Social Comparison
 Social comparison can be described as a basic human thinking process in which a person

evaluates himself by comparing it with the person represented in the image. Since this hypothesis

was originally proposed by analyst Leon Festingers in 1954, a large number of studies have

described the negative impact of social comparisons on the younger generation. However, after

reviewing past research, little research has been done on how social networks are the cause of

poor social comparison among young people. This assumption will be used to create the

objectives of the proposed study and will be repeated throughout the article.

After the Festingers studied the hypothesis of the process of social comparison, people

always opposed each other and started to repeat themselves in writing. Despite the ideas of

Mandal and Smeesters (2006), the authors of Sengupta and Chan (2013), in their study of the

comparative test of flattery in society, indicated that "as long as the point can be a strong

tendency to social comparison, even if there is no specific guidance to participate in comparison,

It can also be easily and immediately displayed: “People compare themselves with people who

resemble themselves (Priler, 2014, p. 388).

Theoretically, there are two types of social comparisons in which people will compare

with others, that is, the comparison of ascending and descending. When a person sees himself

before he surpasses him, a social comparison is directed upwards, so an introduction to the

comparison upwards can cause embarrassment, desire and disappointment in his appearance. As

the use of technology enhances the digital image of a model, an unreasonable standard is being

set for women trying to imitate the women they find in advertising. These unreliable principles,

represented by false images in the media, can extend the dimension of low self-esteem caused by

bottom-up comparisons. Conversely, society arises when a person looks at himself, a man or a

woman, and can be considered less attractive or less happy. Comparison of social indicators can
“improve their emotional well-being” and confront those less fortunate than them. This is the

result of the fact that a person compares his results with less favorable ones, which, in turn,

reduces their reference points, as well as improves their mood. The author, Bessenoff, also

examined the effect of lower society comparisons on women in his 2008 study (Prieler, 2014, p.

388). The study used social comparison hypotheses to demonstrate how strong the connection

between ideal weight loss images, physical dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem is. The results of

this study were adjusted based on the results of comparative studies, for example, Tiggemann

and Slater (2013) and Chan and Sengupta (2013), the concept of sophisticated thin images will

burden the growing process of social comparison.

Methodology

This research will use qualitative research approach and will use an interpretation

strategy to determine research question’s set guided by “Uses and Gratifications theory”. Using

qualitative research in order to examine these sites, an investigator could develop in-depth

knowledge and vision to the feelings, bodies, and minds of users. “Qualitative data can provide a

deeper understanding, which reveal the depths of the participants' feelings”. Qualitative research

raises the question, why? While other studies focus regularly, leave unanswered questions and

less understanding inside and out as to why. “Qualitative research focuses on social practices and

the consequences of individuals in certain cultural or historical context” (Herrman, 2013, p.115).

Qualitative methodology allows topics and examples to usually emerge from research. When

quantitative research provides numerical data, qualitative questions answer questions that cannot

be included, supplemented or summarized. Numerous new phenomena have identified by the

help of qualitative research.

Interpretivism

Interpretation holds that truth without objective reality or certainty can be found in

research. Brightman (2008) notes the difference between this specific epistemology and

positivism and expresses the use of interpretive methods (now and later called positivism) for

analysts who do this because they believe that research into the social world requires such views.

, The reason for reflecting "the peculiarities of people in a natural order" (Herrman, 2013, p.

115). In addition, Denzin and Lincoln (2008) observed a huge contrast between positivism and

interpretativism, which expressed the positivist belief that reality can be appreciated a little, and

not the interpreter, who believes that reality can never be fully understood. Interpreting

worldview turned out to be a universal study, because it encouraged scientists to generalize,

rather than try to confirm or refute various theories (Johari, 2009). Regular interpretative

statements are based on assumptions such as Husserl’s thoughts about the world of life and

Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological concepts. Edmond Husserl coined the term "life world" in

1907. The term “life world” has some uncertainty, because the phenomenological meaning of

this word is often mistaken (Ferguson, 2014, p. 14). Weber (2004) describes this by expressing

"our understanding of the world is inextricably linked to the wave of collision that we encounter

in our lives." It also expresses the fact that the real world of Husserl is both emotional and has a

certain quality. Alfred Schutz's phenomenological thinking (1970) also greatly influenced the

method of interpretation, and the possibility of phenomenology was associated with each

person's own way of meeting and seeing the world in which we live. Schuza’s phenomenological

thinking (1970) will strengthen interpretation. Creswell's “worldview” (2007) confirms that
scientists working for post-scientists balance the views of participants, rather than a single reality

(Jürgens, 2012, p. 186).

Methods

Semi-structured interviews

Motatahed et al. (2014) mentions the importance of qualitative interviews conducted by

Collins (1998), who stated that although there are several ways to conduct interviews, the basic

attributes depend on the polarity between structured and unstructured interviews. There are some

clarifications between qualitative and quantitative surveys, as quantitative interviews are usually

conducted step by step. To effectively meet research needs, semi-structured data collection

methods are used to collect data. The advantage of using semi-structured interviews is that it

gives respondents some adaptability to answer questions. Although the meeting will address a

number of issues that are guaranteed by the author, it will provide an adaptive measure, since

there is no need to track down the problem in a direct way and may include other issues.

The phenomenological impact of supporting semi-structured interviews takes into

account the factor of flexibility, and participants gradually want to add subtleties to the origins

and impressions of the phenomena they study. In addition, in order for participants to directly

communicate their views on the phenomena being studied, these questions must be linked to

open methods (Ferguson, 2014, p. 14). Given the subtle ideas of the topic under discussion, the

author also uses questions to clarify the details of some points and tries to get a fair answer from

the participants. Research methods are an important part of qualitative research. As Henderson

(2007) notes, little attention is paid to quality research being conducted, some questions require

interlocutors to be checked for clarity and understanding.

Justification of Research Design

Venable and Baskerville (2012) argue that the focus of research on methodological

discussions is often qualitative rather than quantitative. Analysts who support quantitative

methods believe that this is a more flexible approach to data collection, which introduces

undeniable facts. For example, questionnaires are a known type of quantitative data collection,

since they tend to carry participants and can also cover a large number of examples. Instead,

qualitative types of data collection, such as fees, centers, and internal and external interviews,

require additional time. Although quantitative studies of structures are useful in terms of rapid

dosing, it is believed that this method is not suitable for achieving the overall objective of the

study (Haworth, 2000, p. 212). The phenomenological impact of the chosen research strategy

means that the research focuses on the life experience of women with social networks, so it is

believed that the questionnaire will not provide an additional understanding of the research.

Initially it was thought that other interpretation methods correspond to the main points and

objectives of the exam. One of the ideas is a focus group, which Kitzinger (1994) describes as a

discussion organized in such a way that they consider research on specific issues or topics.

Considering the subtle ideas of the studied miracles, it is believed that participants may

be reluctant to express their righteous thoughts before a wide gathering, especially if they are

unlikely to conflict with the opinions of various participants. Byers and Wilcox (1991) indicated

that with the added burden of a central meeting, it is important not to summarize the results of

focus groups of the majority of the population, since volunteer participants are often kind, can be

progressive and socially normal people. Assessing the method of collection in the center, the

creator stated that he would not add any additional data about the knowledge in the study, so
there would not be a sufficient strategy to study whether social networks have a negative effect

on satisfaction with the image of the female body.

Participants

For the proposed study, participants will be young generation people with age between

16–24 years old. Given the additional parameters of this study, participants will be obtained by

directing social networks, mainly through Facebook. Participants will be obtained through

Facebook to be interested in a one-on-one meeting with respect to its commitment to social

networks. The Facebook tool of social network will be chosen by the writer because of its

convenience and fame. The platform of social network was also chosen as a benefit coding

procedure if participants share comparative qualities. With the help of Facebook, he assured that

all participants had a social network account that would add a component of homogeneity to the

method. Creswell (2007) noted that it is necessary to specifically select a person who will attain

large consideration, so that the analyst can finally successfully determine a typical understanding

(Fresno García, 2016, p.153). Data will be collected for more than 3 days, and each meeting

lasted from 15 to 20 minutes, with a short pause in the middle. Interviews will be conducted in

very specific areas so that participants feel at ease and comfortable.

Data analysis

Data will be collected through in-depth interviews. All the interviews will be recorded

using an audio device, an interpreted point in the word file, so that the researcher could make a

comment on the reaction of the participants. The data will be broken down completely in order to

identify recurring interview topics; local coding is used to study the participants' reactions. Local
coding is cost effective because it represents accuracy and multifaceted nature, which ultimately

will increase the importance of the wonders that are explored. Following the Creswell (2007)

directives on local coding, the main topics of the collected meeting accounts will be translated

into codes, they will be divided between primary and secondary topics. Primary and secondary

issues will be recognised when they were related to recurring questions and their importance for

meeting places and the general objectives of the study (Coren, 2015).

Ethical Issues

The ethical consideration importance and its enforcement through expertise is crucial,

and therefore attention should be paid to all moral considerations. There will be various moral

issues that need to be considered. The time of the participants will be one of the main problems.

The analyst needs to ensure that all participants are over the age of 16, and any participant under

this age must be allowed by the legal guardian (Bell, 2011, p.478). Another moral issue will be

that the nature of the research could adversely affect the participants. In order to ensure this

problem, any participant should not be disturbed, and data from Helplines will be included. The

confidentiality will also be a concern. To save an unknown participant, most of the completed

questionnaires will be collected by the Search Monkey, which means that the analyst cannot

perceive any personality of each participant, except for age, sexual orientation and nationality, as

requested by the statistical queries (Bell, 2011, p.478). Participants also received help with first

remembering a brochure questionnaire that all data remain unknown.

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 Appendix

INSTRUCTIONS: Please read the following statements and indicate how much you agree with

them by circling the appropriate number to the right of the statement as follows:

1 = strongly agree 2 = agree 3 = disagree 4 = strongly disagree

1 I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others

2 I feel that I have a number of good qualities

3 All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure

4 I am able to do things as well as most other people

5 I feel that I do not have much to be proud of

6 I take a positive attitude towards myself

7 On the whole, I am satisfied with myself

8 I wish I could have more respect for myself

9 I certainly feel useless at times

INSTRUCTIONS: Please read the following questions and circle YES or NO accordingly

1. Have you ever avoided sports or working out because You didn't want to be seen in gym

clothes?

2. Does eating even a small amount of food make you feel fat?

3. Do you worry or obsess about your body not being small, thin or good enough?

4. Are you concerned your body is not muscular or strong enough?

5. Do you avoid wearing certain clothes because they make you feel too fat?

6. Do you feel badly about yourself because you don't like your body?

7. Have you ever disliked your body?

8. Do you want to change something about your body?

9. Do you compare yourself to others and "come up short?"

10. Have you ever gone on a diet or are you doing it now?