A.

WATER RESOURCES

The integrity of cement and well casing, during a production well life would measure the
potential for contrary affects to groundwater. Aquifers could be affected by other non-potable
water formation if sub-surface productions are not closed by cement and well casing.
Moreover, “Hydraulic fracturing fluids” have possibility to pollute reservoirs of groundwater
drinking. In “hydraulic fracturing fluids” a wide range of chemical extracts are used. They
include surfactants, scale inhibitors, pH adjusting agents, oxygen scavengers, potassium
chloride, gels, friction reducers, crosslinkers, corrosion inhibitors, breakers, biocides, and
dilute acids. The stimulation fluids might penetrate into surrounding formation and away
from fracture. These chemicals, when production resumes and stimulation ceases, might not
be recovered completely and into the wellbore pumped back, and if mobile might be
accessible to migrate by an aquifer. For agricultural or domestic purposes majority of
produced water is not fit (for example, it contain toxic or NORM compounds or it is very
salty). By the discharge to the surface deprived of treatment it is inclined of, it could cause
surface water and soil contamination. The majority produced water is inclined by injection in
enhanced recovery wells or disposal wells.

2.1.1. TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE DIGITAL OIL

FIELDS

The industry of gas and oil is hunting for new methods of doing business for unlocking
shareholder’s value specifically with the present oil price uncertainties and challenges. The
industry of gas and oil, over the past two decades by the NOCs and IOCs has leveraged on
opportunities of digital oil field to aid their operations that transforms eventually into the
smarter and new mode of performing business. According to Condom (2017) the main aspect
is to be modest in the industry of gas and oil by optimizing efficiency and productivity using
the solutions of digital oil field. Distruptive and new technology has made vital chances in
managing the current downturn in the industry of gas and oil. In the solutions of digital oil
field, the investment do not manage only the present downturn of oil prices, but it also aids in
optimizing operations for tomorrow. Moreover, digitization is considered as disrupting old
model of business: for instance today in the world Uber service is the biggest company of
transport but it owns no car itself. For the industry of gas and oil the digitization is not new
but the main challenge is that in industry of gas and oil the technology penetration is slow
when compared and contrast to other industries. This report’s main objective is to review the
basic concept of digital oil field while focusing and providing justification for managing
challenges related to the implementation of digital oil field. This would lead to the
sustainability model mapping for embedment of digital oil field and it supports the same
project delivery elsewhere.