DESIGN OF A WATER TANK

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into

mechanical energy or vice versa. The energy stored by a fluid mass appears in

the form of potential, kinetic and intermolecular energy. The mechanical energy,

on the other hand, is usually transmitted by a rotating shaft. Machines using

liquid (mainly water, for almost all practical purposes) are termed as hydraulic

machines. In this chapter we shall discuss, in general, the basic fluid mechanical

principle governing the energy transfer in a fluid machine and also a brief

description of different kinds of hydraulic machines along with their

performances. Discussion on machines using air or other gases is beyond the

scope of the chapter.

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical

substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans,

and the fluids of most living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even

though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula is H2O,

meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and

two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. Water is the name of the

liquid state of H2O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It

forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds are

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formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely

divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of

water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water

cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitati

on, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.

A water tower is an elevated structure supporting a water

tank constructed at a height sufficient to pressurize a water supply system for the

distribution of potable water, and to provide emergency storage for fire

protection. In some places, the term standpipe is used interchangeably to refer

to a water tower.[1] Water towers often operate in conjunction with underground

or surface service reservoirs, which store treated water close to where it will be

used.[2] Other types of water towers may only store raw (non-potable) water for

fire protection or industrial purposes, and may not necessarily be connected to a

public water supply.

Water supply is the process of providing water in a systematic way through

installed pumps and pipe lines. Before water is provided to a specific area, it

undergoes a process called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received

is safe for human consumption. The Philippines’ water supply system dates back

to 1946 after the country achieved its independence. Government agencies, local

institutions, non-government organizations, and other corporations are primarily in

charge in the operation and administration of water supply and sanitation in the

country.

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 The Manila metropolitan area water is mostly supplied by the Angat Dam,

Ipo Dam, and La Mesa Dam (also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system).

Some of the well known and larger dams in rural areas are: Ambuklao Dam,

developed for flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power source of Baguio

and some places in Luzon; and Magat Dam, a major source of irrigation water and

hydroelectric power in Isabela.

The longest or largest river in the Philippines is located at Cagayan. The

River Cagayan is locally referred to as the Rio Grande de Cagayan. It flows from

the Caraballo Mountains covering 314 miles to the Babuyan Channel into the

Philippine Sea, with the water generally flowing from south to north. This river

experiences severe flooding due to high rainfall of up to 300 millimeters annually

and surface retention that causes the water to move slowly. Valleys along the river

are very fertile, and farmers grow rice, coconut, citrus and tobacco. There are two

dams which have been built on two of its tributaries

. Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid

petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. The force analysis of the

reservoirs or tanks is about the same irrespective of the chemical nature of the

product. All tanks are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any leakage.

Water or raw petroleum retaining slab and walls can be of reinforced concrete with

adequate cover to the reinforcement. Water and petroleum and react with concrete

and, therefore, no special treatment to the surface is required. Industrial wastes

can also be collected and processed in concrete tanks with few exceptions. The

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petroleum product such as petrol, diesel oil, etc. are likely to leak through the

concrete walls, therefore such tanks need special membranes to prevent leakage.

Reservoir is a common term applied to liquid storage structure and it can be below

or above the ground level. Reservoirs below the ground level are normally built to

store large quantities of water whereas those of overhead type are built for direct

distribution by gravity flow and are usually of smaller capacity.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN

The objective of this design project is to design a proposed potable water

supply system in the Bulihan, Ambulong Batangas City on its rated capacity

which is capable of supplying the required load based on the demand of

particular consumers.

1. To make a study about the analysis and design of water tanks.

2. Provide technical specifications and design for the different components of

water supply system.

3. Present detailed and necessary flow of operation, diagrams and layout of

the water supply system.

4. To know about the design philosophy for the safe and economical design

of water tank.

5. Provide design calculations in determining major parameters for the useful

output of the system.

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 6. Provide cost estimates of the components/equipments for the economic

aspect of the system.

7. Evaluate the design of every component of the system considering all

assumptions which are based on books and manufacturer’s catalogue.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study generally aimed to construct a proposed potable water supply

system at Bulihan, Ambulong, Batangas City. This also intends to investigate the

benefits of a water supply system in commercial and industrial use and to

engineering students as basis for water supply system, particularly the

Mechanical Engineering students.

The study seeks to:

1. The design and rated water supply capacity.

2. The technical specifications and design for the different components of the

water supply system.

3. The estimate cost of the components/equipments for the economic aspect

of the water supply.

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1.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE DESIGN

To the Mechanical Engineering students, for them to be able to learn new

ideas about the water supply system and for them to be able to construct and

lay- out a water system similar to this.

To the researcher, with this study, they will be more familiar to the entire

operations of the water supply. They will be more proverbial with the

equipment’s part, their uses and applications.

To instructors, who guided the students in the completion and success of

their design and research.

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 To parents, who guided their sons/ daughters in the completion of the

research.

To the future researchers, who will encounter the same scenario in their

future years for them to make this research as their basis of doing their

research. This is their opportunity to apply the knowledge that they acquired

throughout the course.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE DESIGN

The research is conducted for building propose potable water supply that

can be used by the residence of Ilaya Proper, Ambulong Batangas City. The

researchers should use only the enough tank elevation and size that can supply

the residence to have a profitable proposal. It must have the right size of pipe

for the company to avoid the damage of the pipe that can cause an

inconvenience to the residence. No other pumps should be use rather than

centrifugal pump for the study.

1.5 FOR THE DESIGN CONSIDERATION

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 This chapter includes the methodology and procedures used in

determining the water system parameters. Presented are housing lay out,

water piping lay- out, and water tank lay out that pertain to its operation. The

student designers will use different technique like related formulas of obtaining

the load, the different factors for determining the water system efficiency, and

fundamentals concepts in the potable water system supply.

In designing various components of the potable water system supply,

several methods and calculations will be used to determine the corresponding

required parameters of the major components arriving to its design or rated

water capacity. Previous subjects taken in this course with relevance to the

potable water system supply will be used in the design calculations. The

following are the design consideration and the methods of determination of the

performance parameters of the major components of the potable water system

supply.

FOR THE DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Water Source: Deep Well

Water Storage: Elevated Vertical Cylindrical Steel water tank

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Type of Pump: Centrifugal Pump (One Operating Unit and One

Standby Unit)

Pump Drive: Electric Motor

Type of Consumer: Residential

Faucet Outlet Pressure Load: 7m

Water Velocity: 1.25 m/s

Peak Factor: 1.5

Peak Hours: 6:00am – 10:00 am

5:00pm – 8pm

Pipe Materials: Cast Iron

Load Projection: 5 years

Design Aspect

I. Market Aspect

A. Area Description

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 1. Present Source of the supply

2. Population

3. Socio Economic

B. Water Demand Analysis

1. Domestic Water Demand

2. Water Unaccounted For

3. Demand Variation

II. Technical Aspect

A. Pumping System

1. Total dynamic suction load

2. Total dynamic discharge load

3. Pump specification

4. Pump drive specification

5. Pipe and fittings specification

B. Distillation System

1. Pipe and fitting sizes and specifications

2. Piping system and layout

3. Total head loss for the distillation system

C. Storage System

1. Tank capacity

2. Design of elevated steel vertical cylindrical tank

3. Tank elevation

4. Design structure for tank column

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 D. Plans layout

1 .Location

2. Piping plans/ layout

3. Pump plans// layout

4. Tank plans/ layout

MAXIMUM DAY DEMAND

Maximum Day Demand= Total Average Day Demand x P.F

Peak Day Demand= Total Ave. Day Demand x P.F

Total Average Day Demand= Water Accounted for+ Water

Unaccounted for

Water Unaccounted for= 20% of the total Average Day Demand

(Industrial

Standard)

POPULATION PROJECTION

P2= P1 (1+GR)n

Where: n= number of years

P1= present population

P2= projected population

GR= Population growth

Reynold’s Number

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 𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑢

Relative Roughness
e
ε=
Di

Use Crane to find the size of pipe

Use Moody chart to find the friction factor

Head loss at the suction line

𝐿 𝑉2
HLS = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔

Head loss at the discharge line

𝐿 𝑉2
HLD = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔

For Finding Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

TDH = (ZB-ZA) + HLAB

For Computing the Brake Power

𝜌𝑔𝑄𝑇𝐷𝐻
BP = 1000𝜂

Solving for specific speed to determine the classification of pump

𝑁√𝑄
Ns= 51.65523641𝐻(0.75)

To find the type of pump that should be used:

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  Radial-type impeller pump

-range of specific speed is between 500 to 1500 rpm.

 Francis type impeller pump

-range of specific speed is between 1500 to 4500 rpm.

 Mixed-flow type impeller pump

-range of specific speed is between 4500 to 8000 rpm.

 Propeller- type impeller (Axial flow type) pump

-range of specific speed is greater than 8000 rpm.

DETERMINATION LPCPD (Liters per capita per day)

1. Table (in accordance with piping)

2. Survey (average water consumption of a sample area having the same

characteristics of the same study area)

Present source of water supply

In selection of a source or sources of water supply, adequacy and reliability

of the available supply could be considered the overriding criteria. With the

absence of it, the water supply system cannot be considered viable. These,

together with the other factors that should be considered (which is interdependent)

are as follows:

 Adequacy  Cost

 Quality  Legality

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 Politics

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 Sources of water are systematically enumerated by the five major categories:

(1) Surface,

(2) Underground,

(3) Atmospheric,

(4) Recycled, and

(5) Brackish or saline waters.

Each category of sources of water contains two or more specific kinds of water, with brief

description of each. A total of 21 kinds of sources of water are identified. Similarly, criteria

needed for selection of source(s) of water for the water supply systems are divided into the five

major categories. They are:

(1) criteria which characterize the source(s) of water and water itself,

(2) regional characteristics of sources as related to the water supply systems,

(3) water rights and market for water,

(4) development of the system in stages, and

(5) economics of water supply systems criteria of selection of water source(s).

Each of these categories of criteria contains two or more kinds of criteria, with their brief

description. A total of 15 criteria are identified. The principles of the application of criteria to

selection of the source(s) of water for water supply systems are reviewed in the third part of the

text. The last part of this text treats briefly the comprehensive and integrated development,

conservation, control and protection of all regional sources of water.

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 1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The terminologies associated with water systems are very specialized and extensive. In

order to have a clear understanding of the research paper, the researchers have defined

some terms present all throughout the paper. Important terms frequently used pertaining to

water distribution systems are as follows:

 Centrifugal Pumps- is a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work absorbing turbo

machinery. These are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy

to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow.

 Drinking water- also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water safe

enough for drinking and food preparation.

 Gate Valve- also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or

rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.

 Check valves- are mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow in only one

direction, preventing process flow from reversing.

 Fire Hydrant- is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply. It is a

component of active fire protection.

 Francis type impeller pump- range of specific speed is between 1500 to 4500 rpm.

 Hydraulic motor- is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic pressure and flow into

torque and angular displacement (rotation). The hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of

the hydraulic cylinder.

 Mixed-flow type impeller pump- range of specific speed is between 4500 to 8000 rpm.

 Moody chart or Moody diagram- is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy-

Weisbach friction factor fD, Reynolds number Re, and relative roughness for fully developed

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 flow in a circular pipe. It can be used for working out pressure drop or flow rate down such a

pipe.

 Propeller- type impeller (Axial flow type) pump- range of specific speed is greater than

8000 rpm.

 Radial-type impeller pump- range of specific speed is between 500 to 1500 rpm.

 Relative roughness of a pipe- is its roughness divided by its internal diameter or e/D, and

this value is used in the calculation of the pipe friction factor, which is then used in the Darcy-

Weisbach equation to calculate the friction loss in a pipe for a flowing fluid.

 Peak factor- an important aspect associated with the sizing of pipe and corresponding cost

in water distribution network varies with countries.

 Plumbing- is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and fixtures installed for the

distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and washing, and waterborne waste

removal. "Plumbing" also refers to a skilled trade which deals with installation and

maintenance.

 Standpipe- is used interchangeably to refer to a water tower, especially one with tall and

narrow proportions.

 Suction line- is a pipe, hose, or tube that delivers a fluid to the suction or inlet side of a pump

or compressor.

 Tap water- (running water, city water, municipal water, etc.) is water supplied to a tap (valve).

Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets. Indoor tap water is

distributed through "indoor plumbing", which has existed since antiquity but was available to

very few people.

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 Total Dynamic Head (TDH) - is the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped, taking

into account friction losses in the pipe. TDH = Static Height + Static Lift + Friction Loss.

 Reynolds number- is a dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict similar flow

patterns in different fluid flow situations. The concept was introduced by George Gabriel

Stokes in 1851,[2] but the Reynolds number is named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912),

who popularized its use in 1883.

 Stainless steel strainer- is a type of perforated metal sieve used to strain or filter out solid

debris in the water system. Different varieties are used in residential premises and for

industrial or commercial applications. Such strainer elements are generally made from

stainless steel for corrosion resistance.

 Valve- is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized

solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves

are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve,

fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. The word is derived from the

Latin valva, the moving part of a door, in turn from volvere, to turn, roll.

 Water quality- refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of

water.[1] It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more

biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference

to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common

standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human

contact and drinking water.

 Water metering- is the process of measuring water use.

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 Water Pipe- is a pipe or tube, frequently made of plastic or metal[a], that carries pressurized

and treatedfresh water to a building (as part of a municipal water system), as well as inside

the building.

 Water distribution system (WDS) - being an important component of any water supply

scheme, is commonly designed with an objective of distributing water at the required levels

of service in satisfying quantity and quality. It accounts for a substantial portion of installation

cost.

 Water District- is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the municipality.

 Water Well- is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring,

or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by a pump,

or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by hand.

 Water resources- are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses of water

include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. The

majority of human uses require fresh water.

 Water supply- is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organizations,

community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation

is covered separately.

 Water tower- is an elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed at a height

sufficient to pressurize a water supply system for the distribution of potable water, and to

provide emergency storage for fire protection. Water towers often operate in conjunction with

underground or surface service reservoirs, which store treated water close to where it will be

used.[2] Other types of water towers may only store raw (non-potable) water for fire protection

or industrial purposes, and may not necessarily be connected to a public water supply.

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CHAPTER II

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