ZOOLOGY Classes of Platyhelminthes

a. Turbellaria
Bilateral Organisms - Non parasitic

- Mostly free living (planaria,

I. Protostomes marine flat worms)

- Lophotrochozoa - Rhabdites in tegument (secretory

- Lophophore
cells used to create gliding
- Tr o c h o p h o r e ( l a r v a e d u r i n g motion - slimy)

developmental process) General - Penis fencing (hermaphroditic)-

Characteristics
fight until one is successful to
- Named after 2 groups:
stab and inject sperm cells, can’t
- Lophophorata with lophophore undergo external fertilization

(filter feeding)

- Trochozoa with trochophore b. Trematoda

larvae
- Parasitic

- Ecdysozoa - Digenetic flukes (infect 2 hosts

to complete life cycle-
A. Superphylum Lophotrochozoa intermediate host- asexual/larval
Lophophorates stage, primary host- sexual/adult
- Ciliated ring of tentacles around stage)

mouth
- Primary host in the form of
- Used for filter feeding
mammals

- Parasitic flukes (ex liver fluke,

1. Phylum Bryozoa blood fluke, lung fluke)

- Moss animals
- Usually with 2 hosts: snail as
- Similar to hydrozoans
intermediate host and mammal
- Triploblastic (hydrozoa)
as primary host

- Life Cycle- infect snail as

2. Phylum Phoronida intermediate hosts and produce
- Horseshoe worms
asexually

- Bodies are covered by tubes of

protein chitin
c. Monogenea
- Parasitic

3. Phylum Brachiopoda - Infect a single host to complete

- Lamp shells
life cycle (monogenetic flukes)

- With dorsal and ventral valves

- Ectoparasites (not infecting
- With pedicle, tubular structure internal organs)

(attached on shell), helps them - Fish flukes (external parasites)

stand upright on sea floors

- Characterized by ophisthaptor (to
- Have true shells, but valves are not hook to parasites)

symmetrical (unlike class bivalvia)

d. Cestoda
4. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Parasitic

- Flatworms
- Tapeworms

- Acoelomates (no true coelom)

- Characterized by scolex (hook,
- Tegument - protective outer head-like region) and strobila
covering (syncytial- cells of (segmented body)

integument are fused together)

- Proglottid- each segment of
- Cerebral ganglion/ Eyespots body and segments for
(simple nervous system), true eye reproduction (false segmentation,
tissues, eyespots can only see because segments are not
direction of light (photoreception)
derived from 3 embryonic germ
- Primitive excretory system (flame layers, and just regenerated by
cells) can collect excretory neck of cestodes)

materials
- They can infect more than 2
hosts- in the form of vertebrates

 - Have the ability to transfer self - Commonly toxic (calcareous

from one host to another
grains)

- Can easily obtain eggs of these - Slime covers slugs (no shells
animals, eggs —> encysted so that they can easily burrow
larvae (protected by cyst)
in soil and predate on prey-
- Can be attached to our intestines
carnivores and feed on worms)

- P o o p t o i n t ro d u c e e g g t o - Slime also protects

surroundings
against predators and
desecration

B. Superphylum Trochophorates d.
1. Phylum Nemertea e. Bivalvia
- Ribbon proboscis worms, predatory
- C l a m s , o y s t e r, m u s s e l s ,
- Reversible Proboscis (located in scallops

rhinchocoel)
- 2 shells that are symmetrical

- Use this to capture preys

- Dependent on siphons

- Among the first animals to have:

- Shells are heavy so they are
- Complete digestive system
stationary

- Close blood vascular system

- Rely on siphons to perform
basic functions (feeding,
2. Phylum Entoprocta
reproduction, respiration)

- “anus inside” - Ex: Geoduck

- Anus found in the crown with

tentacles
f. Cephalopoda
- Have a curved digestive system - Squids, octopus

(ends on head)
- Most advanced invertebrates
- Have nervous system
3. Phylum Mollusca (elaborate and well
- Soft bodied animals
developed brain)—can
- General characteristics
communicate with each
- Body divided into 3 regions other, develop strategies to
- H e a d - f o o t ( s e n s o r y, h u n t p r e y, c a p a b l e o f
locomotion)
observational learning (can
- Visceral Mass (internal organs)
learn, mimic behavior of
- Mantle (formation of shells)
other animals) can use tools,
- Radula (ribbon like tongue)- and camouflage (voluntary)

scrape food from surfaces

- Chromatophores  — pigment-
- With functional heart (can pump containing and light-reflecting
oxygenated blood)
cells

- Respires through villas gills - Most without a shell (reduced

(ctenidia)- respiratory system
to a pen)- site for muscle
attachment

Subgroups of Mollusca - Sexes separate

a. Monoplacophora (31) - one - Circulation elaborate - 3 hearts

shell, univalves
(systemic heart- pump
oxygenated blood, branchial
b. P o l y p l a c o p h o r a ( ~ 1 0 0 0 heart- pumping of
species)- chitons with 8 dorsal deoxygenated blood to gills so
plates/shells
they can be oxygenated again)

c. Scaphopoda (~900 species)- 4. Phylum Annelida

tusk shells
- Metamerism - true segmentation

- With parapodia legs (for movement)

d. Gastropoda and setae (for attachment to
- Snails, slugs with diverse different surfaces)

habitats
- Cerebral ganglia (miniature brain)

- Usually with external shells

 - We l l d e v e l o p e d n e p h r i d i a - Hook worms (ancyclostoma

(excretory system- more complex duodenale, nectar americanus) -
than other invertebrates)
has hooks present in mouth and
- Nephridia similar to excretory can suck blood from intestines, may
system of vertebrates (produce cause anemia and retardation in
urine)
development of children

- Sit/pin worm (enterobius

Subgroups of Annelida vermicularis)- live in large intestine
a. Polychaeta and cecum but lay their eggs in the
- Marine segmented worms
anus, can be acquired by sitting
- Largest class
down

- S i g n i fi c a n t n u m b e r o f - Trichuris trichura (whip worm)-

parapodia and setae
prolapse of rectum, eat muscles of
rectum as they come out of rectus

b. Clitellata - Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial worm)-

- Oligochata Class (earth blocks lymphatic vessels and
worms)
lymphatic fluid cant be drained,
- Hirudinea Class (leeches)
vessels expand

- Fewer seats than polychaete

- Both with clitellum

2. Phylum Nematomorpha

- Usually with crop (for storage - Horse hair worm

- Parasitic, pseodoceolomates

of food) and gizzard (for - Common parasites if arthropods

mechanical digestion)
- Degenerate digestive tract (loses
- Inside gizzard has stones so function as they mature)

they can grind the food they

eat

- Eventually die cause they cant eat

food

c. Echiura
3. Phylum Rotifera

- Spoon worms
- Wheel animals

- Bodies are not segmented

- Head is ciliated

- Trochophore larvae is similar to - Pseodocoelomates

most annelids

- Bear a corona/ wheel organ (not

really rotating just the ciliated
C. Superphylum Ecdysozoa
crown)— motion resembles wheel

- General Characteristics:
- Mastax (muscular pharynx) for
- Animals with cuticle (protects body
mechanical digestion

of animal from external factors)

- Restricts growth of their body

and need to undergo ecdysis 4. Phylum Tardigrada

to grow bigger
- Water bears

- Named after the shedding of the - Hardiest animals on earth (capable

cuticle, ecdysis (molting)
of surviving extreme environments)

- Ve r y t o l e r a n t o f e x t re m e
environment conditions (negative
1. Phylum Nematoda temperatures)

- Pseudocolemates
- Can tolerate high radiation doses
- Significant human parasites
(above 5,000 gam)

- O u t e r c o v e r i n g a p ro t e c t i v e ,
collagenous cuticle

- Cryptobiosis (capable of 5. Phylum Arthropoda

withstanding different extreme

- Largest and diverse group

conditions)

- Jointed legs/appendages —
arthropod

- Ascaris- giant intestinal worm, may - Tr u e s e g m e n t a t i o n p r o p e r t y

cause pneumonia, intestinal
blockage, abdominal infections, (tagmatizations, more specialized
allergic reactions
metamerism)

- Jointed appendages

- Exoskeleton (chitin and calcium e. Hexapoda

carbonate)
- 6 jointed appendages

- Have specialized appendages for - Mandibulates with specialized

walking and highly developed mouth parts

muscles (swimming, jumping)

- Non biramous appendages

- Ta g m a t a : h e a d , t h o r a x ,
Subphylum Arthropoda abdomen

a. Trilobita - Thorax: prothorax (with 1st

- Extinct animals
pair of jointed legs),
- 3 specialized segments (head, mesothorax (2nd pair of legs
thorax abdomen)
and wings), metathorax (3rd
- Biramous appendages - legs, 2nd wings)

jointed legs branched into 2

- 3 pairs of jointed legs

b. Myriapoda Classes Hexapoda

- Many legs
a. Caetognatha

- Mandibulates (have lower - Arrow worms

mouth parts)
- Bristle jaws

- Each segment has a pair of - Bristles in side of mouth

jointed legs
used to capture prey

- 2 tagmata (head-sensory, - Pseodocoelomates

trunk- divided into segments)

- Has a streamline body that
- Uniramous appendages
resembles the appearance
of an arrow

Classes Myriapoda
- Chilopoda- (centipede) 1 pair of b. Priapulida
jointed legs per segment
- Penis worms

- Diplopoda- (millipedes) 2 pair - With proboscis region and

of jointed legs per segment
reversible pharynx
(introvert)— has spines

c. Chelicerata
- Spiders, ticks
II. Deuterostomes
- Presence of mouth appendage 1. Echinodermata
called chelicerate
- Spiny skinned

- 2nd pair of appendages- - Endoskeleton

pedipalps - for touch or - Exclusively marine

movement
- Regeneration capacity

- Ta g m a t a : c e p h a l o t h o r a x - Water Vascular System (supplies

(contains sensory organs and water to tube feet for movement)—
moving legs), abdomen extends up to arms

(contains most of the internal - Madreporite— opening

organs)
- Pentaradial symmetry (most, in
- 6 pairs of appendages- adults, bilateral in larval stage)—
chelicerate, pedipalps and 4 sedentary (no active lifestyle) and
pairs for walking
can sense predator from all angles,
bilateral symmetry in larvae

d. Crustacea - Simple Nervous System (Radial

- Mandibulates (have lower nerve ring)

mouth parts)

- Biramous appendages
- No brain

- S i g n i fi c a n t e x o s k e l e t o n - Tu b e f e e t c a n a l s o s m e l l
environment coz they are highly
(carapace)
sensitive to chemicals

- Ta g m a t a : c e p h a l o t h o r a x , - Have true eye tissues (Ocelli)—

abdomen

capable of photo-reception

- 5 pairs of jointed appendages

- Digestive System (stomach,
- Chelipeds- claw intestine and anus)

 - Heterotrophic
e. Holothuroidea
- Have an ability to push stomach - Sea cucumbers

outwards, stomach surrounds - Bilateral symmetry

prey and digestion happens - Pentaradial in anus

externally
- Radial symmetry elsewhere

- Respiratory and Excretory System

- Anal teeth (5 numbers,
- Skin gills, spines, sleeve plate
prevent parasites like pearl
- No excretory structures
fish from entering, which eat
- Reproduction
anus)

- Asexual
- Tentacles radiating from
- Sexual (more common)— central mouth
dioecious

2. Hemichordata
Classes Echinodermata - Half (manifest some of the
a. Echinoidea characteristics of chordates)

- Shells made up of tightly - Form the pharyngeal slits and

interlocked calcitic plates that
dorsal hollow nerve chord

form a structure called a “test”

- 3 segments

- Representative organism: sea - Proboscis (capture prey)

urchins and sand dollars

- Collar (contains mouth)

- Limbless echinoderms (no - Trunk (all internal organs)

arms)
- Half chordates

- Use spines for movement, still

have tube feet

Classes Hemichordata

a. Enteropneusta (acorn worms)

b. Crinodea
- Feather stars and sea lilies
b. Pterobranchia (no common
- Stalk (sessile coz stalk name)

attaches body to floor) or

3. Chordata
unstalked (capable of
- 5 hallmark characteristics
movement and uses cirri the
feet like structures)

- Dorsal hollow nerve chord

- 2 body regions
- Notocord

- Calyx
- Pharyngeal slits

- Rays (arms)
- Post-anal tail

- Pinnules (branches of rays), - Endostyle

where the tube feet (used for

Subphylum Chordata
capturing prey as they are
suspension feeders) are found
a. Urochordata
- Tunicates (sea squirts)— fend
off predators

c. Ophiuroidea
- Brittle stars
- When they mature they only
- Serpent stars (snake-like retain the endostyle and
movements)
pharyngeal slits
- Mainly use flexible arms
instead of the water vascular b. Cephalochordata
system for locomotion
- Amphioxous

- Have thinner arms, arms are - Blade like appearance

enough to move bodies
(lancelets)
- Model specimen (contains all
d. Asteroidea 5 hallmark characteristics even
- Sea stars, true starfish
at maturity)

- Have skin gills (dermal

papulae) which they use for c. Vertebrata
respiration
- Characterized by their
vertebrae that protects the
spinal cord

 - Have 3 structures: - Coelacanth (1st living specie)

- Vertebral column
- Limbs used for walking/crawling

- Cranium

- Bony/Cartilaginous Skeleton
4. Amphibia
- Cold blooded, can live in land and
Classes Chordata water

1. Agnatha - Returns to water to breed some

- Jawless fishes
toxic

- No mandible — meaning
- Use skin for respiration (small lungs)

- Lack jaws, no paired fins and no - 3 chambered heart (fishes have 2)

scales
- Frogs, toads, salamanders

- 7 or more pairs of gills

- Notocord rather than vertebral 5. Reptilla

column (not differentiated) - Cold blooded
- Molecular structure is similar to - Have scales

other classes
- Dark skin

- Hagfish, lamprey
- 3 chambered heart

- Crocodiles have 4

2. Chondrichthyes
- Cartilaginous fishes
6. Aves
- Sharks, skates, rays
- Warm blooded
- Posses jaws with teeth
- Feathers and wings

- Cartilaginous skeleton - Hollow bones (for flight)

- Paired fins
- Break or bill

- Scales (denticles)— composition - Has a gizzard

similar to teeth
- Lungs have air sacs

- Possesses 5-7 gills

- Hard egg shell

- Spiral valve intestine — coiling - 4 chambered heart

maximizes nutrient absorption

- Ratites (flightless birds, flat chest
- No swim bladder (cannot retain bones— heavy), Carinate (capable
position in water, difficult to move of flight)

vertically) — pectoral fins, caudal - Supra cuuracoides pectorals

fins help them move up and down
(main flight muscles of birds, not
- Heterocercal tail - have caudal fins well developed in ratites due to flat
that are asymmetrical chest bones)

- Carnivores, Planktivores, Parasites

7. Mammalia
3. Osteichthyes - Warm blooded

- Bony fishes
- Have fur or hair

- Posses jaws with teeth

- Mammary glands (produce milk
- Bony skeleton
instead of sweat)

- Paired fins
- 3 middles ear bones (clear sounds)

- 4 paired gill arches covered by - Incus, malleus, stapes

operculum
- Diphyodonty (normally develop 2
- Have swim bladder
sets of teeth— permanent and
- Homocercal tail (have caudal fins primary teeth)

that are symmetrical)

- 4 chambered heart

Subclass Crossopterygii Subclass Mammalia

- Lobe finned fishes
- Protheria— monotremes
- Swim bladder modified to lungs
(platypus and echidna)

- Paired appendages
- Metatheria— marsupial
- May have given rise to terrestrial (pouched animals)

tetrapods/vertebrates (similar - Eitheria— placentals (specialized

lobe fins)
placenta)

- Body head

- Scales and teeth