Kingdoms Science 8 4th Qtr

● LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM OF 7. Species

CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Animalia
○ Classification- Grouping objects - encompasses all animals.
according to their similar - Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
characteristics. - However, unlike plants, they don't possess
○ Taxonomy- The science of chlorophyll or a cell wall.
classifying living things. - They’re heterotrophic, meaning they cannot
Why do we need to classify? produce their own food and must consume other
- To know how many known species in the world organisms to survive.
- To know characteristics of each species Things to Remember:
- To know relationships between species 1. Arthropoda
- Contains a wide diversity of animals
● Scientists behind Taxonomy with hard exoskeletons and jointed
○ Aristotle appendages.
- first person to come up with a - insects, spiders, scorpions,
classification system for living things. centipedes, and millipedes on land,
- divided animals into three groups: crabs, crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, and
those that walked, swam and flew. barnacles in water.
○ Carolus Linnaeus 2. Chordata
- In the 1700's, disagreed with - consists of animals with flexible rod
Aristotle’s classification system. supporting dorsal or back sides.
- invented modern classification system - derives from Greek root word
we use today, BINOMIAL chord- meaning string.
NOMENCLATURE - Most species are vertebrates, or
● LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM OF animals with backbones
CLASSIFICATION (subphylum Vertebrata).
Binomial Nomenclature 3. Echinodermata
- naming system - Echinoderms are named for the
- gives every living thing a TWO word name. spines or bumps covering the outer
- This unique two-word name is called surface of the bodies of many of
SCIENTIFIC NAME. them.
7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION - (Greek root word echino- meaning
1. Kingdom spiny; Latin root word - derm
2. Phylum meaning skin).
3. Class - Examples of echinoderms include
4. Order sea stars, sea urchins, sea
5. Family cucumbers, brittle stars, and feather
6. Genus stars.
 4. Mollusca
- animals have soft-bodies, triploblastic
and bilaterally symmetrical and
coelomate.
- called Malacology.
- sluggish invertebrates, with thin fleshy
envelope or mantle covering visceral
organs.
- term Mollusca derived from the term
given by Aristotle to cuttlefish.
Mollusk means soft.
- play very important role in lives of
humans.
- source of jewelry as well as food,
natural pearls formed within these
mollusks.
5. Porifera
- They are commonly known as
sponges.
- They are the simplest multicellular
animals belonging to the animal
kingdom.
- Their bodies are composed of porous
structures that facilitate water
circulation through canals and
chambers.
- Sponges hold ecological importance
by providing habitat, contributing to
nutrient cycling, and even offering
potential medicinal applications
through their chemical compounds.
Kingdom Plantae
- includes all plants.
- eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic
organisms.
- plant cell - contains rigid cell wall.
- have chloroplast and chlorophyll pigment
required for photosynthesis.
Classification of Plants:
a. Plant Body
- Presence or absence of
well-differentiated root, stem, and
leaves.
b. Vascular System
- Presence or absence of vascular
tissues like xylem and phloem to
transport water and other
substances.
c. Seed Development
- Presence or absence of flowers and
seeds are naked or enclosed in a
fruit.
Things to Remember:
1. Subkingdom Cryptogamae
- Cryptogams consist of seedless plants and
plant-like organisms.
- Cryptogams do not form flowers and fruits
as well.
- Most cryptogams do not have a vascular
system.
- The plant body is not differentiated into
roots, stems, and leaves.
- They are less evolved plants.
- They can reproduce by spores.
- Cryptogams can be divided into
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta.
A. Thallophyta
- Thallophytes are eukaryotic, autotrophic
(holophytic), chlorophyll-containing, non-
vascular plants.
- The plant body is thalloid. The plant body
is without stem, leaf, or root differentiation.
 - They are colonial, can exist with filament,
and may or may not have branches.
These are the most primitive and simple
forms.
- These are mainly present in both marine
and freshwater habitats.
- Some common thallophyta examples are
Volvox, Fucus, Polysiphonia, Ulothrix,
Chara, and Spirogyra.
B. Bryophyta
- amphibians of plant kingdom.
- Exhibit characteristics
- do not possess proper vascular tissues, but
some have hydroids (like xylem) and
peptoids (like phloem) help in conduction
of water and food respectively.
- sex organs are multicellular.
○ antheridium - male sex organ
○ archegonium - female sex organ
C. Pteridophyta
- They are known as the first true land
plants. They exhibit the following
characteristics:
○ Pteridophytes are seedless,
vascular cryptogams.
○ The plant body is sporophyte and
divided into stem, leaves, and roots.
○ These are the first plants to evolve
vascular tissues.
○ These are mostly found in cool,
damp, and shady places.
○ They possess compound leaves
with leaflets known as the pinna.
○ They show heterospory, which
gives rise to seed habit in higher
plants.
2. Subkingdom Phanerogamae
● Gymnosperms - seeded plants.
● Angiosperms - form flowers and fruits.
A. Gymnosperms
- They are also known as Phanerogamic
Spermatophyta (seed-bearing). They
exhibit the following characteristics:
○ Gymnosperms are naked seeded
plants, which evolved earlier than
the flowering plants.
○ They include medium-sized trees or
tall trees and shrubs.
○ The pollens are always carried by
wind (Anemophily).
○ Mostly, all gymnosperms are
heterosporous, producing
microspores (male spores) and
megaspores (female spores).
○ The gymnosperms show an
alternation of generation in their life
cycle with a diplontic life cycle.
B. Angiosperms
- They are also known as flowering plants.
They exhibit the following characteristics.
○ Angiosperms are seed-bearing
plants.
○ They can be found in different types
of habitats.
○ The seeds are enclosed in an ovary
which develops into a fruit.
○ They exhibit double fertilization.
○ They are further divided into
monocots and dicots depending on
the number of
cotyledons present in seeds.
Kingdom Monera
- belongs to prokaryote family.
- Bacterial Shape - possess different
shapes:
○ Cocci
- Bacteria are spherical or oval in
shape.
 - can be micrococcus (single), - The structure of the cell wall is different
diplococcus (in pairs), from that of the other bacteria which helps
tetracoccus (in fours),
them survive in extreme conditions.
streptococcus (in chains),
- The mode of nutrition is autotrophic.
and staphylococcus (in
clusters like grapes) - The nucleotide sequences of its t-RNA and
○ Bacilli r-RNA are unique.
- rod-shaped bacteria with or B. Eubacteria
without flagella. - also known as “true bacteria”
○ Vibrios
- The cell wall is rigid and made up of
- These are comma or
peptidoglycans.
kidney-shaped small
- It moves with the help of flagella.
bacteria with flagella at one
- They are divided into two categories;
end.
gram-positive and gram-negative,
○ Spirillum
depending upon the nature of the cell wall
- These are spiral or coiled
and the stain they take.
shaped. They are rigid forms
- Rhizobium and Clostridium are two
due to the spiral structure
eubacteria.
and bear flagella at one or
C. Cyanobacteria
both the ends.
- These are also known as blue-green algae.
○ Filament
- These bacteria are photosynthetic in
- The body consists of small
nature.
filaments like fungal
- They contain chlorophyll, carotenoids and
mycelia.
phycobilin.
○ Stalked
- They are found in the aquatic region.
- The bacterium possesses a
- Some of these even fix atmospheric
stalk.
nitrogen.
○ Budded
- Nostoc, Anabaena, Spirulina are some
- The body of the bacterium is
cyanobacteria.
swollen at places.
Classification of Monera:
Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Monera is classified into three
- Protists are simple eukaryotic organisms
sub-kingdoms-Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
neither plants nor animals or fungi.
and Cyanobacteria.
- unicellular in nature but also found as
A. Archaebacteria
colony of cells.
- most ancient bacteria found in most
- Most protist live in water, damp terrestrial
extreme habitats such as salty area
environments or even as parasites.
(halophiles), hot springs
- term ‘Protista’ derived from Greek word
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas
“protistos”, meaning “the very first “.
(methanogens).
 - unicellular, and cell of these organisms deposits. They are photosynthetic
contains a nucleus which is bound to the organisms.
organelles. - Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic
- Some possess structures that aid and found in various colors,
locomotion like flagella or cilia. according to the pigment present in
Classification of Protista: them. They show bioluminescence
and known to cause red tide.
A. Protozoa - Euglenoids are the link between
- Protozoans are unicellular plants and animals. They lack a cell
organisms. Historically, protozoans wall but perform photosynthesis. In
were called “animal” protists as the absence of sunlight, they act as
they are heterotrophic and showed a heterotroph and feed on small
animal-like behaviors. organisms. The outer body covering
- parasitic protozoans which live in is a protein-rich layer known as a
the cells of larger organisms. Most pellicle. E.g., Euglena,
of the members do not have a Trachelomonas, etc.
predefined shape.
B. Slime Molds
- Slime molds are saprophytic
Kingdom Fungi
organisms (they feed on dead and
- eukaryotic organisms include
decaying matter). These are tiny
microorganisms such as yeasts, molds and
organisms that have many nuclei.
mushrooms.
- Usually, Slime molds are
- organisms contain a cell wall and are
characterized by the presence of
omnipresent.
aggregates called plasmodium and
- classified as heterotrophs among living
are even visible to the naked eye.
organisms.
C. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates and
- a few appearance of black spots on bread
Euglenoids
left outside for some days, mushrooms and
- These are generally single-celled or
yeast cells, commonly used for production
multicellular organisms.
of beer and bread are also fungi.
- These are photosynthetic, found
- also found in most skin infections and other
mostly in freshwater sources or
fungal diseases
marine lakes. They are characterized
Based on Mode of Nutrition:
by a stiff cell wall.
a. Saprophytic
- Chrysophytes include diatoms and
- fungi obtain nutrition by feeding on dead
golden algae. They are
organic substances.
characterized by the presence of a
- Examples: Rhizopus, Penicillium and
hard siliceous cell wall.
Aspergillus.
Diatomaceous earth is formed due
to the accumulation of cell wall
 b. Parasitic
- obtain nutrition by living on other living
organisms (plants or animals) and absorb
nutrients from the host.
- Examples: Taphrina and Puccinia.
c. Symbiotic
- fungi live by having interdependent relationship
with other species which both are mutually
benefited.
- Examples: Lichens and mycorrhiza.
○ Lichens
- symbiotic association between
algae and fungi.
- both algae and fungi mutually
benefited as fungi provide
shelter for algae and in reverse
algae synthesis carbohydrates
for fungi.
○ Mycorrhiza
- symbiotic association present
between fungi and plants.
- Fungi improves nutrient uptake
by plants, whereas plants
provide organic molecules like
sugar to fungus.
Based on Spore Formation:
Zygomycetes
- These are formed by the fusion of two
different cells.
- The sexual spores are known as
zygospores, while the asexual spores are
known as sporangiospores.
- The hyphae are without the septa.
- Example – Mucor.
Ascomycetes
- They are also called sac fungi.
- They can be coprophilous, decomposers,
parasitic or saprophytic.
- Sexual spores are called ascospores.
Asexual reproduction occurs by
conidiospores.
- Example – Saccharomyces.
Basidiomycetes
- Mushrooms are the most commonly
found basidiomycetes and mostly
live as parasites.
- Sexual reproduction occurs by
basidiospores.
- Asexual reproduction occurs by
conidia, budding or fragmentation.
- Example- Agaricus.
Deuteromycetes
- They are otherwise called imperfect fungi
as they do not follow the regular
reproduction cycle as the other fungi.
- They do not reproduce sexually. Asexual
reproduction occurs by conidia.
- Example – Trichoderma.
Reproduction in Fungi
- both sexual and asexual means.
a. Vegetative reproduction in fungi –budding,
fission and fragmentation.
b. Asexual reproduction – with help of spores
called conidia or zoospores, or sporangiospores.
c. Sexual reproduction – occurs by ascospores,
basidiospores, and oospores