Kingdom Animalia

~ Characteristics ~
 Multicellular

 Eukaryotic with no cell walls

 Heterotrophs (consumers)
 ~ Characteristics ~
 Have a nervous system to respond to their
environment

 Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food

 Most animals develop from a zygote

becoming a

 A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-

filled space forming a hollow ball of cells
called a gastrula.
~ Developmental Characteristics ~
 The gastrula is made up of three parts:
– Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface
of the gastrula, grows and divides developing
into skin and nervous tissue.

– Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner

surface of the gastrula, develops into the
lining of the animal’s digestive tract.

– Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells

lying between the ectoderm and endoderm,
forms muscles, reproductive organs and
circulatory vessels.
~ Developmental Characteristics ~
 Animals that develop a mouth from the
indented space in the gastrula are
protostomes.

 Animals that develop an anus from the

opening in the gastrula are
deuterostomes.
 ~ Body Plans ~
 Animals that are
irregular in shape are
asymmetrical.

 Animals that are

regular in shape are
symmetrical.
~ Body Plans ~

 An animal has radial symmetry if it

can be divided along any plane,
through a central axis, into equal
halves.

 An animal has bilateral symmetry if

it can be divided down its length
into similar right and left halves
forming mirror images of each other.
Which figure has bilateral symmetry?
Which has radial symmetry?
 ~ Body Plans ~
 Acoelomates – animals have three cell
layers with a digestive tract but no body
cavities.

 Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid-

filled body cavity partly lined with
mesoderm.

 Coelomates – animals with a body cavity

completely surrounded by mesoderm.
 ~ Protection and Support ~
 Though not all animals have a skeleton,
those that do can be divided into two
groups:
– Those with an exoskeleton – a hard,
waxy coating on the outside of the body
that protects internal organs, provides a
framework for support, and a place for
muscle attachment.

– Those with an endoskeleton – support

framework within the body that protects
some organs and a brace for muscles to
pull against.
 ~Invertebrates~
 8 main phyla

 No backbones

 95% of all animals are in this group

~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~
 Sponges

 simplest form of animal life

 live in water

 Do not move around

 no symmetry

 Pores (holes) all over body

~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~
 Filter Feeders: a sponge filters particles of
food from water using collar cells and then
pumps the water out the osculum.
~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~
 Examples: Tube
Sponge, Glass
Sponge, Sea Sponge
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~

 Live in water

 Most have tentacles

 catch food with stinging cells

 gut for digesting

~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
 2 different
shapes

 Medusa - like a
jellyfish

 Polyp - like a
hydra
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
 Examples -
Jellyfish, Hydra,
sea anemones, and
corals
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
 Flatworms

 Flat, ribbon-like body

 Live in water or are parasites

 bilateral symmetry
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
 Examples: Planaria

 eyespots detect light

 food and waste go

in and out the same
opening
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
 Examples:
Tapeworm

 Parasite that
lives in intestines
of host
absorbing food
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
 Examples: Fluke
 parasite

 lives inside
of host
~Invertebrate
Phylum Nematoda ~
 Roundworms

– Round, tubular body

– small or microscopic

– bilateral symmetry

– have both a mouth and anus

– Live in water or are parasites

~Invertebrate
Phylum Nematoda ~
 Examples:
– Hookworm

– Trichinella
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
 Soft bodies

 Hard Shells

 Live on land or in water

 have a circulatory system and a complex

nervous system.

 Important food source for humans

~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
Class Gastropoda

– snails and slugs

– may have 1 shell

– stomach-footed -
move on stomach
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
Class Bivalves

– 2 shells hinged
together

– clams, oysters,
scallops and
mussels
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~

Class Cephalopods

–squids and octopuses

–internal mantel
~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
–Segemented worms

– Body divided into

segments(sections)

– Live in water or
underground

– have a nervous and circulatory system

 ~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
 Class Earthworms

 eat soil and

breakdown
organic matter,
wastes provide
nutrients to soil
~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
Class bristleworms
 ~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
 Class leeches

 parasites that feed on blood of other animals

~Invertebrate
Phylum Echinodermata ~
 Hard, spiny skin

 Live in salt water

 Radial symmetry

 name means ‘spiney skinned’

 endoskeleton
~Invertebrate
Phylum Echinodermata ~
 Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar
and sea cucumber
~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~
 Body divided into sections/segments

 Exoskeleton

 Jointed legs

 well developed nervous system

 largest group of organisms on earth

~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~
 3 subphylums:

 Classified into classes according to the

number of legs, eyes and antennae they
have.
~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~
Subphylum Chilicerata
is divided into 3 classes

Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Merostomata – horseshoe crabs

Pycnogonida – sea spiders

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
 Class – Arachnida

 no antennae

 4 pairs of legs

 2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomen

 spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
 Class Merostomata

 Horseshoe crabs
– Ancient group of species

– Changed little over 350 million years

– Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf

coasts of United States.
~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
 Class Pycnogonida
– Sea spider
~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum - Crustacea
5 Classes
 Aquatic ones have gills

 2 antennae

 2 body regions or segmented

 Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods

 Many species taste delicious in butter

 Subphylum Uniramia: 3 classes

 Class Insecta (insects)

 Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)

 Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia
 Class Insecta

 no antennae

 3 pairs of legs

 2 body regions - head, thorax & abdomen

 grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees

~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia
 Class Diplopoda

 Millipedes

 segmented animals

 Have 2 pairs of legs per segment

 Primarily herbivores & decomposers

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia

 Class Chiopoda

 Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores

 Have 1 pair of antennae

 Are often poisonous, using modified front

claws to immobilize prey
~ Phylum Chordata ~ subphylum Vertebrata
5 classes
 Fish

 Mammals

 Reptiles

 Amphibians

 Birds
 Chordata
 Vertebrates
 internal bony skeleton
hollow dorsal
 backbone encasing nerve cord
spinal column becomes brain
vertebrate embryo & spinal cord
 skull-encased brain
 deuterostome
becomes gills or
Eustachian tube
Oh, look… pharyngeal
your first pouches
baby picture!
becomes
postanal vertebrae
becomes tail tail notochord
AP Biology or tailbone
450 mya
salmon, trout, sharks
Vertebrates: Fish
 Characteristics gills
 bony & cartilaginous skeleton
 jaws & paired appendages (fins)
body
 scales
 gills for gas exchange
 two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
 external fertilization

AP Biology
 Class Osteichthyes

680 species of fish in the islands' waters.

About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
 Domino damsel

Trigger (Humu)

White mouthed
morey

Porcupine
Dwarf moray

Achilles tang trumpetfish

350 mya
frogs
Vertebrates: Amphibian salamanders
toads
lung
lungs
 Characteristics buccal
cavity
 legs (tetrapods)
glottis
 moist skin closed

 gas exchange
 three-chambered heart; heart
veins from lungs back to heart
 external fertilization
 external development in aquatic egg body
 metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

AP Biology
Class Amphibia

Rana cancrivora
250 mya
dinosaurs, turtles
Vertebrates: Reptiles lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
 Characteristics lungs
 dry skin, scales, armor
 lungs for gas exchange
 thoracic breathing; negative pressure
heart
 three-chambered heart
 internal fertilization
leathery embryo body
 external development in shell amnion
amniotic egg

chorion
AP Biology allantois
yolk sac
 Class Reptilia

Saltwater crocodile

Marine iguana

Marine turtle

Sea snake
150 mya
finches, hawk
Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) ostrich, turkey
lungs

 Characteristics
 feathers & wings heart heart
 thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton
 four-chambered heart
body
 internal fertilization
 external development in trachea lung
amniotic egg
anterior
air sacs

AP Biology posterior
air sacs
Class Aves
 mice, ferret
220 mya / 65 mya elephants, bats
whales, humans
Vertebrates: Mammals lungs
 Characteristics
 hair
heart heart
 specialized teeth muscles
contract
 lungs, diaphragm; negative
pressure
 four-chambered heart diaphragm body
contracts
 internal fertilization
 internal development in uterus
nourishment through placenta
 birth live young
 mammary glands make milk
AP Biology
 Vertebrates: Mammals
 Sub-groups
 monotremes
 egg-laying mammals
 lack placenta & true nipples
 duckbilled platypus, echidna
 marsupials
 pouched mammals
 offspring feed from nipples in pouch
 short-lived placenta
 koala, kangaroo, opossum
 placental
 true placenta
 nutrient & waste filter
 shrews, bats, whales, humans
AP Biology
 Class Mammalia
Whales & Dolphins

Polar bear

Sea otter Seals & sealions

manatee

Dugong