PHYLUM CHORDATA

OBJECTIVES:
Define Differentiate Identify the
Phylum all types of similarities
Chordata and Phylum of Phylum
Chordate Chordata Chordata.
Subphyla. and Vertebra.
 What is Phylum Chordata?
Chordates are the most complex phyla
in the animal kingdom. Chordates
share four synapomorphic traits. Each
is present at some point or stays during
the animal's lifetime.
 Anatomy:
POST-ANAL
NOTOCHORD
TAIL

DORSAL HOLLOW
PHARYNGEAL
SLITS NERVE CHORD LANCELET
 NOTOCHORD
Notochord is a structure made out of cartilage that runs
between an animal's digestive tube and nerve chord.
Notochord provides structural support to the organism.
Most chordate vertebrates develop a skeleton around the
notochord, for muscles to attach.
In humans, the notochord is reduced to a disc located in
the spinal cord.
 DORSAL HOLLOW NERVE CHORD
Also known as nerve chord.
The nerve chord is a tube made of nerve fibers that
develop into the central nervous system.
This makes chordates unique since other animal phyla
have solid nerve chords.
Human embryos have a dorsal hollow nerve chord, but it
disappears before birth.
 PHARYNGEAL SLITS
Pharyngeal slits develop around the neck, jaw, and head.
Invertebrates use it to filter food and fishes use it to
breathe. For land animals, their pharyngeal slits
disappears before birth.
 POST-ANAL TAIL
It is also known as the tail.
Aquatic Chordates use it for swimming and Terrestrial
Chordates use it as an accessory organ.
Post-anal tails of humans are still part of their anatomy
called the tail-bone.
 CHORDATA

CEPHALOCHORDATA UROCHORDATA VERTEBRA

MYXINI AGNATHANS CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

REPTILIA
AVES SARCOPTERYGII ACTINOPTERYGII

MAMMALIA
AMNIOTES AMPHIBIA
CHORDATA SUBPHYLA
 CHORDATE SUBPHYLA
CEPHALOCHORDATA UROCHORDATA VERTEBRA
The oldest Also known as All members
living tail-chords. have a hard
subphylum. All members backbone.
are
invertebrates.
CLASSES OF VERTEBRA
 MYXINI
Hagfish/Myxini is the only
group of vertebra with no
backbone, but is classified due
to it having a skull.

HAGFISH

TYPES OF VERTEBRA
 AGNATHANS
"No jaws"
In theory. It is believed that the
agnathans evolved to have
sharp scales to act as teeth.
They have a backbone made
LAMPREYS out of cartilage, and have a
more complex nervous system.
TYPES OF VERTEBRA
 CHONDRICHTHYES
"The cartilage fish" Because their
skeleton is made up of mostly
cartilage.
All members are sharks and its
relatives.
Chondrichthyans haven't changed
GREAT WHITE SHARK much over the past 300 million
years.
TYPES OF VERTEBRA
 OSTEICHTHYES
"Boney fish"
All members of this group have a
mineralized endoskeleton.
Majority of vertebra fall under
osteichthyes.
Osteichthyes are divided into 2
CLOWNFISH
groups. Sarcoptergii/Tedropods
and Actinoptergii.
TYPES OF VERTEBRA
TYPES OF OSTEICTHYES
 ACTINOPTERYGII
"Ray-finned fishes"
Pretty much every species of
fish is a member of this
group.
ARCANA AURITA
TYPES OF
OSTEICHTHYES
 SARCOPTERYGII
"Lobe-finned fishes"
The name derived from bones
surrounded by muscles.
Sarcoptergii itself is divided into
two. The other half stayed in
LUNG FISH water and the other evolved itself
TYPES OF with four limbs called Tedropods.
OSTEICHTHYES
TEDROPODS AND ITS TYPES
 TEDROPOD
"Four limbs"
All members are Sacoptergiis
that have replaced their fins
with four limbs and evolved
with entirely new parts.
KOMODO DRAGON
 AMPHIBIA
"Amphibians"
Most ambibia starts living in waters as
newborns then later migrates into land
as adults.
Amphibias lay eggs that doesn't have
shells, causing them to hydrate quickly.
FROG This flaw created a new group called
Amniotes.

TYPES OF TEDROPOD
 AMNIOTES
Amniotes lay eggs with shells
that are completely adapted in
land.
This created embryos their
own private and secure growth.
IGUANA

TYPES OF TEDROPOD
TYPES OF AMNIOTES
 REPTILIA
"Reptiles"
They have the same properties
as amphibia, but are totally
terrestrial and have amniotic
eggs.
CROCODILE

TYPES OF AMNIOTES
 AVES
"Birds"
Aves are closely related to
reptilia as they have the same
ancestors, the dinosaurs also
known as the Archosaurs.
PARROT

TYPES OF AMNIOTES
 MAMMALIA
"Mammals"
Mammalia completely
disposed their amniotic eggs
to avoid predation of their
offspring. Causing the creation
DOG of the womb.

TYPES OF AMNIOTES
WHAT ARE YOU?
I am a mammalian amniotic
tedrapodal sarcopterygiian
osteichthyan vertebrate
chordate!
END OF LESSON
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 REFERENCES
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_an
d_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Bound
less)/29%3A_Vertebrates/29.01%3A_Chordates/29.1A
%3A_Characteristics_of_Chordata
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phylum

 REFERENCES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7Yy9v8dH8s
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/taxonomist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeleton
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phylum