EUKARYOTES

FUNGI
 Eukaryotic Kingdom

eukaryotes

Myxomycetes Fungi Plantae Animalia

Both groups have some plant & animal

characteristics
 Classification of fungi

Modern scheme Traditional scheme

 Kingdom: Fungi  Kingdom: Plantae

 Division:  Division: Fungi
 Chytridiomycota  Class:
 Oomycota  Chytridiomycota
 Zygomycota  Oomycota
 Ascomycota  Zygomycota
 Basidiomycota  Ascomycota
 Deuteromycota  Basidiomycota
(Fungi imperfecti)  Fungi imperfecti
 Characteristic of fungi

General characteristics:
 Heterotrophic
lack of chlorophyll → require C organic
 Absorptive nutrition
absorb nutrients directly from outside their bodies

based on the ways to obtain their nutrients:

 Saprophytes
 Parasites
 Symbionts
 Characteristic of fungi

 Rigidcell wall containing chitin, except

Oomycota →cellulose
 Body usually a mycelium, a network fine tubular
filament called hyphae
 Stored carbohydrate → glycogen
 Reproduces: spore
 Non-motile
 Fungal Saprophytes

 use non-living organic material.

 important scavengers in ecosystems.
 Along with bacteria, fungi are important in recycling
Carbon, Nitrogen, and essential mineral nutrients.
 Produces 3 main classes of digestive enzymes
 Carbohydrases
 Lipases
 Proteases
 Usually produce large number of light & resistant
spores → ease dispersal to other food source
→Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium, Agaricus, Aspergillus
 Economic importance: Saccharomyces, Penicillium
 Fungal Saprophytes (2)

 Penicillium

Form green & blue mold

On substrates such as soil, damp leather, bread, decaying fruit
 Fungal Saprophytes (3)

 Aspergillus flavus
 Fungal Parasites

 use organic material from living organisms,

harming them in some way.
 range of hosts: from single celled diatoms to
fungi to plants to animals to humans.

 Facultative or obligate
 Obligate parasites
 Facultative parasites
 Fungal Parasites (2)

 Facultative
or obligate
more commonly attack plants than animals

 Obligate parasites
Do not normally kill their hosts and live
saphrophycally off the dead remains
posses specialized penetration & absorption devices
→ haustoria
e.g.Peronospora parasitica → brassica

 Facultative parasites
May grown on variety of hosts/substrate
Produce pectinase
e.g. Phytophthora infestans → potato
 Fungal Parasites (3)
 Haustoria
modified hypha which can penetrate cell
without breaking the plasma membranes &
w/o killing the host
rarely produced by facultative parasites
 Plant as host: hyphae penetrate through
 stomata
 The epidermis
 Wound
 Inside the plant :
hyphae normally ramify between cells.
Sometimes produce pectinase → cause soft
rot of the tissue (facultative parasites)
 The fungus may be systemic (spread
throughout the host) or it may be confined to
a small part of the host
Fungal Parasites (4)
 Fungal Parasites

 Peronospora parasitica

Infected leaf
 Fungal Parasites

 Phytophthora infestans

Infected leaf
 Mutualists /symbionts

 fungi that have a mutualistically beneficial

relationship with other living organisms.
 2 important of symbiotic union:
 Lichens:
 Symbiotic associations of fungi with algae or
cyanobacteria
 Fungus: Ascomycote or Basidiomycote
 Algae: green or blue green alga
 Alga → photosynthesis
 Fungus → absorb water & mineral salts, converse water
 Mycorrhizae
 Symbiotic association of fungi with plants roots
 2 kinds mycorrhizae:
✓ Ectotrophic mycorrhiza:
fungus form a sheath around the center of the root
✓ Endotrophic mycorrhiza:
fungus penetrate the host tissue
 Mutualists /symbionts (2)

 Ectomycorrhizae
▪ fungus forms a sheath around the root, with
hyphae emanating through the soil, greatly
increasing the surface area
▪ fungus penetrates between cells of the cortex
to facilitate nutrient exchange
▪ fungus is almost always a Basidiomycota,
although a few are Ascomycota species

Thelephora terrestris
 Mutualists /symbionts (3)
 Endomycorrhizae
▪ also called vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
(VAM)
▪ fungus does not form a sheath around the
roots--fungus penetrates the cortical cells, but
does not penetrate the cell membrane
▪ fungus is a member of Zygomycota
▪ more common than ectomycorrhizae
 Division Oomycota
 Sexual reproduction by oogamy, involving fusion of
an oosphere (female gamete) with a male gamete
to produce an oospore
 Asexual reproduction : zoospores produced in
sporangia
 Non-septate hyphae
 E.g.;
 Phytophtora infestans (facultative parasites)
→potato blight
 Peronospora (obligate parasites) → downy
mildews of crucifers → soya
 Division Zygomycota
 Sexual reproduction: conjugation
→fusion of 2 gametangia to produce
a zygospore
 Asexual reproduction: conidia or
sporangia containing spore
(conidiospores or sporangiospores).
 Non-septate hyphae and large, well
developed, branching mycelium
 Eg:
 Rhizopus stolonifer
 Mucor
 Division Zygomycota (2)
 Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus
stolonifer
 Division Ascomycota

 Sexual reproduction: ascospores → inside an

ascus
 Asexual reproduction: conidia →conidiospores
 Septate hyphae
 E.g.:
 Saprophytes: Penicillium, Aspergillus,
Saccharomyces
 Parasites: Erysiphe (powdery mildew in barley)
 Division Ascomycota (2)

Penicillium Aspergillus
 Div. Basiodiomycota

 Sexual reproduction: basidiospores

 Asexual reproduction: not common
 Septate hyphae
 E.g.: Agaricus campestris
Div. Basiodiomycota (2)
 Div. Chytridiomycota
 reproduces with zoospores.
 transition between protists and fungi.
 Chytridiomycota is stated to be included in the
kingdom fungi after comparing the DNA structure in the
division.
 Examples : Synchytrium endobioticum (pathogen in
potato tubers), Chytridium, and Physoderma maydis
(blonde stain on corn).
 The following are the characteristics:
✓ Most live in water
✓ Some are saprophytic
✓ Are parasitic invertebrates in water
✓ Get nutrition by absorption
✓ The cell wall is composed of chitin compounds
✓ Having hypocritical hyphae
✓ Reproduce by forming zoospores with flagel
 Div. Chytridiomycota (2)

Allomyces Trichophyton interdigidale

 Comparison
Different Oomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota
Characteristics
Reproduction:
Sexual
Asexual Oospore Zygospore Ascospore Basidiospore
Zoospore Conidia Conidia Conidia
Hyphae Non-septate Non-septate septate Septate

Use for/ Phytium sp → Rhizopus Aspergillus Volvarella

Harmful to bercak putih di oryzae wentii volvacea /
tembakau (tempe) (kecap) jamur merang

Phytophthora R. stolonifer Neurospora Pleurorus

faberi → (roti) crassa ostreatus /
parasit di (oncom jamur tiram
tanaman
merah)
kelapa
Plasmospora Mucor Aspergillus Auricularia
viticola → javanicus niger (asam polyticha /
buah anggur (tape) nitrat) jamur kuping
 Useful Fungi

 Yeasts:
baking (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
brewing (S. carlsbergensis)
 antibiotics--e.g:
 penicillin (Penicillium chrysogenum & P. notatum)
 Griseofulvin (P. griseofulvum)
 Fumagillin (Aspergillus fumigatus)

 organic acids are commercially produced with fungi

e.g. citric acid in Coke is produced by an Aspergillus niger
 certain “stinky” cheeses–
e.g. blue cheese, Roquefort (P. roqueforti) and
Camembert (P. camemberti)
 New food source as Single Cell Protein (SCP)
e.g. Candida lipolytica
 Tape : Amylomyces rouxii
 Harmful Fungi

 human disease
either directly or through their toxins
e.g. Trichophyton spp → skin infection

 diseasesof plants
Phytophthora infestans → potato blight

 disease of animals
Aspergillus fumigatus →aspergillosis in birds

 cause
rot: Monilinia fructigena →brown rot in
peach, plum

 Ergot: Claviceps purpurea