1a) Explain the terms: Earth electrode, Step potential, Touch potential, Mesh potential.

1b) Explain the differences between resistance and reactance grounding?

2) Derive expression for earthing resistance of (a) Hemispherical electrode (b) Driven rod

3) Explain the procedure to design an earthing grid.

4) What is an isolated neutral system? What are its features?

5) Write short notes on types of HVDC links.

6) Discuss the technical and economic advantages of DC systems over AC systems.

7) Draw 66/11 kv substation key diagram and mention the operation of each component.

8) Discuss briefly environmental aspects in EHV and UHV lines.

9) List out the advantages of per unit system.

10) Two generators rated at 10MVA, 13.2 kv and 15MVA, 13.2 kv respectively are connected in
parallel to a bus. The bus feeds rated motors at 8MVA and 12MVA respectively. The rated
voltage of motors is 12.5 kv. The reactance of each generator is 15% and that of each motor is
20% on its own rating. Assume 50MVA, 13.8 kv base and draw reactance diagram.

11) Write short notes on per unit impedance representation of three winding transformer.

12) A 90MVA, 11kv, 3 phase generator has a reactance of 25%. The generator supplies two
motors through transformers and transmission line as shown in figure below. The transformer T1
is a 3 phase transformer, 100MVA, 10/132 kv, 6% reactance. The transformer T2 is composed of
3 single phase units each rated at 30MVA, 66/10 kv with 5% reactance. The connections of T1,
T2 are as shown. The motors rated at 50MVA and 40MVA both 10 kv and 20% reactance. Draw
reactance diagram and indicate the reactances in per unit. The reactance of the line is 100 ohms.
 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Topic: HVDC & EHV

1) Which among these HVDC projects are commissioned in India?
a. Rihand – Delhi HVDC
b. Vindhyachal Back to Back only
c. Chandrapur only
d. All of these
Ans: D

2) At what location are the shunt capacitors installed for voltages above 33 kV
and above?
a. Are located near the motors
b. Are installed in distribution substations
c. Both (A) and (B)
d. None of these
Ans: B

3) What is meant by Creepage Distance?

a. Shortest distance between two conducting parts along a stretched string.
b. Shortest distance between two conducting parts along the surface of the insulating
material.
c. Distance between ground and the highest earthed point on the equipment.
d. All of these
Ans:B

4) Which among these is a part of HVDC link?

a. Two earth electrodes

b. Converter valves
c. Bipolar DC line
d. All of these
e. None of these
Ans: D

5) At what level is the load shedding carried out?

a. Distribution level
b. Transmission level
c. Both (A) and (B)
d. Depending upon the load
Ans:A
6) Which place is the ‘Regional load dispatch centre’ for the western region in
the national grid?

a. Mumbai
b. Ahmadabad
c. Bhopal
d. Nagpur
Ans:A

7) What type of insulation is preferred for DC smoothing Reactors?

a. Air
b. Oil
c. Paper
d. Varnish

Ans:B

8) At what condition does the corona start, if Es is the electrical stress and Ecr
is the critical voltage?

a. Es > Ecr
b. Es = Ecr
c. Es < Ecr
d. Es << Ecr
Ans:A

Topic: Grounding
Topic: Substation
Topic: Per unit system
1) The angular moment of 10 MVA generator is 0.2. Find the new value of
angular moment for 20 MVA base?
a) 0.2 pu
b) 0.1 pu
c) 0.25 pu
d) 0.4 pu

Ans:B

2) The per unit impedance Z(pu) is given by

a) ZΩ* (kVA)b/(KV)²b
b) ZΩ* (MVA)b/((KV)²b *100)
c) ZΩ* (MVA)b*100/(KV)²b
d) ZΩ* (MVA)b/(KV)²b

Ans:D

3) The per unit impedance of a circuit element is 0.30. If the base kV and
base MVA are halved, then the new value of the per unit impedance of
the circuit element will be
a) 0.3
b) 0.45
c) 0.6
d) 0.1

Ans:C