DIATHERMY

PRESENTED BY : JIGNASHA PATEL

 What Is Diathermy?
• In the natural science, the term diathermy means
“ electrically induced heat” and is commonly
used for muscle relaxation.
• It is also a method of heating tissue
electromagnetically or ultrasonically for
therapeutic purposes in medicine.
• The term diathermy derived from the Greek
words dia and therma, and literally means
"heating through.”
• Diathermy is a therapeutic treatment most
commonly prescribed for joint conditions such
as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
• In diathermy, a high-frequency electric current
is delivered via shortwave, microwave, or
ultrasound to generate deep heat in body tissues.
• The heat can be used to increase blood flow or
to relieve pain.
• Diathermy also can be used as a surgical tool to
seal off blood vessels or destroy abnormal cells.
 What Does Diathermy Do?
• Diathermy uses an electric current to produce heat
deep inside a targeted tissue. It can reach areas as
deep as two inches from the skin’s surface.
• The diathermy machine does not apply heat
directly to the body. Instead, the current from the
machine allows the body to generate heat from
within the targeted tissue.
• As the heat increases, it promotes blood flow. It
also can help improve flexibility in stiff joints and
connective tissue.
• With decreased pain and inflammation, patients with
arthritis can increase their range of motion. This may
allow them to move more easily and participate in
rehabilitation more comfortably.
• In surgical procedures, a diathermy electrode can be
applied to a blood vessel. The heat generated in the
vessel will cause the blood to coagulate and the vessel
to be cauterized (sealed).
• Diathermy is also effective in removing abnormal
growths, such as tumors, in procedures where
traditional techniques are impractical. Surgical
diathermy is used in many areas, including the prostate,
bladder, cervix, brain, ovaries, bowels, eyes, and tonsils.
 Who Benefits from Diathermy?

• Diathermy often benefits patients who have

pain from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or
other musculoskeletal conditions. It is also used
to treat discomfort from kidney stones.
• However, if you have implanted metal devices,
cancer, reduced skin sensation, peripheral
vascular disease, or one of several other
contraindications, you may not be an
appropriate candidate for this treatment.
 What Are the Types of Diathermy?

• There are three main types of diathermy:

shortwave, microwave, and ultrasound.
• Shortwave diathermy uses high-frequency
electromagnetic energy to generate heat.
• It may be applied in pulsed or continuous
energy waves. It is used to treat pain from
sinusitis, kidney stones, and pelvic infections.
It is effective for conditions that cause pain
and muscle spasms.
• Microwave diathermy uses microwaves to
generate heat in the body.
• It can be used to evenly warm deep tissues
without heating the skin. Since it can’t penetrate
deep muscles, it is best suited for areas that are
closer to the skin, such as shoulders.
• Ultrasound diathermy uses sound waves to treat
deep tissues. Heat is generated by the vibration
of the tissue. This promotes blood flow into the
area. It is used for many types of
musculoskeletal sprains, strains, and fractures.
• The therapeutic ultrasound apparatus generates
a high frequency alternating current, which is
then converted into acoustic vibrations.
• The apparatus is moved slowly across the
surface of the part being treated.
• Ultrasound is very effective agent for the
application of heat, but it should be used only
by a therapist who is fully aware of its
potential hazards and the contraindication for
its use.
What Are the Side Effects of Diathermy?

• The electromagnetic energy used in diathermy

can cause extreme heat in metal devices such
as bone pins, dental fillings, and metal sutures.
This could cause burns in adjacent tissues.
• During diathermy treatment, the patient
becomes a part of the electrical field. Touching
a bare metal object, such as a cabinet, during
diathermy can cause a shock or burn.
 What Are the Steps?

• Depending on the type of diathermy and the

location of the affected area, the patient lies on
a table or sits in a chair during the procedure.
• Patients undergoing ultrasonic diathermy have
a cream or gel applied to the affected area. In
shortwave and microwave diathermy, the
affected area may be wrapped in a towel to
avoid direct contact between the skin and the
electrodes.
• During shortwave and microwave diathermy, two
electrodes are positioned near the affected area. In
ultrasound diathermy, a therapist moves a wand
continuously over the affected area.
• The patient is asked to remain still while the
treatment is being administered. The patient feels
a warm or tingling sensation during the treatment.
• After diathermy, rehabilitative exercises are
sometimes encouraged. These can make the most
of the added range of motion and flexibility
brought by the treatment.
What Are the Benefits of Diathermy?
• Diathermy is used to produce heat in deep tissues in many parts
of the body. In cases of injury or pain, the intense heat may
provide pain relief and better flexibility. It can reduce
inflammation, increase circulation, and accelerate healing.
• Diathermy can be effective in providing some relief and
treatment of symptoms related to:
– arthritis
– back pain
– muscle spasms
– neuralgia
– sprains and strains
– bone injuries
• In surgical uses, diathermy can be used to seal blood vessels and
remove tumors or other abnormal growths. It can reduce blood
loss and allow for reduced recovery times.
 What are the Risks of Diathermy?
• Patients with implanted metal devices, such as a pacemaker, a
prosthesis, or an intrauterine device (IUD), may be at risk for
injury if they undergo any type of diathermy. The risk of
injury also exists in areas that are moist or filled with fluid.
• Patients may be advised to avoid diathermy if they have any
of the following conditions:
– implanted metal devices ̶ numbed or infected areas
– unhealed bones ̶ cancer
– bleeding disorders ̶ severe heart, liver, or kidney conditions
– low skin sensation ̶ pregnancy
– Perspiration ̶ wound dressings
– areas of moist skin
• Diathermy is not considered safe for certain areas of the body.
These include the eyes, brain, ears, spinal cord, heart,
reproductive organs, and genitalia.
 Short Wave Diathermy

• Short Wave diathermy current is a high

frequency alternating current.
• The heat energy obtained from the
wave is used for giving relief
to the patient.
• Its frequency is
27,120,000 cycles per second
(27.12MHz) and the
wavelength is 11 m.
• SWD is usually prescribed for treatment of
deep muscles and joints that are covered with
a heavy soft tissue mass.
• SWD utilizes two condenser plates that are
placed on either side of the body part to be
treated.
• Another mode of application is by induction
coils that are pliable and can be molded to fit
the part of the body under treatment.
• PRINCIPLE : It is not possible to produce
high frequency current by some machine
device. This type of current can only be
produced by discharging a conductor through
an inductance of low Ohmic resistance.
• CIRCUIT : In this two circuits are used.
Machine circuit (oscillator circuit) is coupled
with the patient circuit (resonator circuit)
leading to resonance phenomenon, in this way
patient is treated.
A. Machine circuit:
• The basic oscillator circuit consists of
condenser, inductance, and the currents of
different frequencies are obtained by selecting
suitable condenser and inductance.
• If a current of very high frequency is required,
the condenser and inductance are very small.
While to produce a current of lower frequency
a larger condenser and inductance is used.
B. Patient circuit:
• When SWD is applied by the condenser field method,
the electrodes in the patient tissues form a capacitor,
the capacitance of which depends upon the size
electrodes and distance material between them. When
the oscillator and resonator circuits are in tune with
each other there is maximum power transfer to the
patient.
• Indicator:
• The indicator light on equipment either comes ON or
changes color. In addition to this an ammeter can be
integrated in resonator circuit so as to register the
resonance between oscillator and resonator circuit.
• TUNNING OF THE CIRCUIT :
• When the electrodes are arranged in position
with patient’s body the capacitance of the
variable capacitor is adjusted until the product
of inductance and the capacitance of resonator
circuit is equal to that of the oscillator circuit.
• Thus when the oscillator and resonator circuits
are in tune with each other, there is a transfer
of maximum energy to the patient’s body
parts.
• WORKING :
• The figure shows the circuit
diagram of a short wave
diathermy unit.
• A step up transformer (T1) with
primary connected to mains
supply, provides EHT for the anode of a triode
valve and heating current for cathode of the
triode valve. The coil AB in parallel with the
condenser C1 forms a tank circuit.
• The coil CD generates positive feedback. Another
coil (EF) and a variable condenser (C2) form the
patient’s resonator circuit due to its coupling with
the oscillator coil AB.
• The oscillator circuit and the patient’s resonator
circuit are tuned with each other by adjusting
variable condenser (C2) to achieve maximum
reading on the ammeter.
• The triode current conducts during positive half
cycle and high frequency is generated only during
this period. High frequency 27.12MHz and
wavelength = 11m is produced continuously.
• Application technique:

Application
technique

Capacitor plate
method or
Inductive method
condenser
method
• Capacitor plate method or condenser
method: The output of the
short-wave diathermy machine is connected to
the metal electrodes (called pads) positioned
so that portion of the body to be treated is
sandwiched between them.
• usually layers of towels are interspersed
between the electrodes and the surface of the
body, so that these pads or electrodes do not
directly contact the skin.
• The metal pads act as two plates while the
body tissues between the pads, acts as
dielectric.
• When the RF output is applied to the pads, the
dielectric losses due to the vibration of ions
and rotation of dipoles in the tissue fluids and
molecular distortion in tissues, manifest as
heat in the intervening tissues.
• It can be applied in 3 ways: contraplanar,
coplanar, or longitudinal
• Contraplanar - aka
Transverse positioning - plates are on
either side of the limb

• Coplanar - plates parallel

with the longitudinal section of the body part;
same side
• Longitudinal - plates are
placed at each end of the limb
• Electrodes should be: 1. Equal in
size.
2. Slightly larger than the area treated 3.
Equidistant and at right angles to the skin
surface
• Inductive method: The output of diathermy
is connected to a flexible cable instead of pads.
This cable is coiled around the arm, knee or
any other portion of the patient’s body where
plate electrodes are inconvenient to use.
• when RF current is passed through the cable,
an electrostatic field is setup between its ends
and a magnetic field around its center. The
electrostatic field results in deep heating and
eddy currents set up by magnetic field,
provides heating of superficial tissues. This
technique is known as inductothermy.
 Where useful?

• Inflammation of shoulder joint

• Inflammation of Elbow Joint (Tennis Elbow)
• Degeneration of joints of neck
• Degeneration of joints like knee and hip
(Osteoarthritis)
• Ligament Sprains in knee joint
• Low Back Ache
• Heel Pain
• Sinusitis
 Where it should not be used?
• General :
• High Fever
• Fluctuating Blood Pressure
• Very sensitive Skin
• Persons with Untreated Fits
• Persons using Cardiac Pace Maker
• Severe kidney and heart problems
• Pregnant Women
• Mentally Retarded Individuals
• Malignant cancer

• Local :
• If the treatment area has Open wounds
• Skin disease
• Unhealed scars
• Recent burns
• Advantages:
• Relaxation of the muscles
• Effective in bacterial infections
• Relief of pain
• Disadvantages:
• Though most short-wave diathermy machines have output power
control, there is no indication of the amount converted and absorbed
heat within the body tissues. Therefore intensity of treatment depends
on the subjective sensation of warmth felt by the patient.
• Burns
• Scalds (Boils)
• Overdose
• Shock
• Electric Sparking
• Faintness
• Treatment Time
Initial Stage - 5-10 minutes
Moderate Stage - 10-20 minutes
Severe State - 20-30 minutes
 MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

• It's an electromagnetic wave used for

treatment purposes with wavelength between
infra-red rays and short wave diathermic
waves.
• The heat energy obtained from the wave is
used for giving relief to the patient.
• They are electromagnetic radiation with
frequency range of 300MHz – 300GHz and
wavelengths varying from 10mm to 1m.
• The most used microwave frequency for
therapeutic heating is 2450MHz corresponding
to a wavelength of 12.25cm.
• This mode of diathermy is considered to be the
easiest to use, but the microwaves have a
relatively poor depth of penetration.
• Microwaves cannot be used in high dosage
on edematous tissue, over wet dressings, or near
metallic implants in the body because of the
danger of local burns.
• Microwaves and short waves cannot be used on
or near persons with implanted electronic
cardiac pacemakers.
• Microwaves are particularly useful in therapy as
they are more rapidly absorbed in tissues with
high water and ion content, such as muscle and
less rapidly absorbed in fatty tissue and bone.
• Principle: Microwave diathermy involves
irradiating the tissues of the patient’s body
with microwave. The duration of irradiation
ranges from 10 – 25 min.
• These waves pass through the intervening air
space and are absorbed by the surface of the
body. The heating effect is produced by the
absorption. Microwave is produced using
magnetron.
PRODUCTION OF MICROWAVES

• Microwave apparatus consist of device (a

magnetron or klystron), powered by an
electronic circuit.
• The high frequency alternating current which
is produced is fed to an antenna.
• The current flowing in the antenna results in
the production of electromagnetic waves
which are beam by the reflector.
• The frequency of the microwave is equal to
the frequency of the AC produced by the
magnetron and is fixed during manufacture.
• A number of differently shaped antennas and
reflector may be used for directing the beam.
• A reflector focuses the electromagnetic energy
to the tissues of the patient. The tissue absorbs,
reflects or refracts the electromagnetic energy
according to the electrical properties of the
tissues.
• The tissues of the lower water content (i.e.
subcutaneous) absorb less electromagnetic
energy whereas the tissues of high water
content (i.e. muscle) absorb more
electromagnetic energy.
• The output power of magnetron depends on
anode voltage, magnetic field and magnitude
and phase of the load impedance to which the
magnetron output power is delivered.
• A part of the energy fed to the magnetron is
converted into heat in the anode, due to
collision of the electrons with the anode.
Hence output energy is less than the input
energy and the efficiency of the magnetron is
usually 40 to 60%.
 The physiological effects of
microwaves on the tissues
• When the electromagnetic energy of
microwave radiation is absorbed in the tissues
it provokes ionic movement, rotation of
dipoles and electron orbit distortion.
• As a consequence tissue is heating. The
amount of heating will be proportional to the
amount of absorbed radiation.
• Since microwaves are strongly absorbed by
tissues of high water and ion content, it would
be expected that heating would be greatest in
muscle and other tissues with a high water and
ion content and less in fatty tissues and bone,
which have a lower water and ion content.
• In each tissues layer, heating would be greatest
at the surface and diminish exponentially with
depth.
• Advantage:
1. The technique of application of microwave
diathermy is very simple and does not require
tuning for individual treatments. Since
microwaves are transmitted from an emitter
and directed towards the portion of the body
to be treated directly.
2. Better therapeutic results are obtained by
using microwave diathermy than short wave
diathermy.
3. There is no pad shaped electrode.
• Limitations:
1. Excessive dosage can cause skin burns.
2. Skin should be dry as these waves are rapidly
absorbed by water.
 THERAPEUTIC CURRENTS
• The currents used for the treatment purpose is
called therapeutic currents.
• According to the difference in frequencies, the
currents can be divided into the following
three types. 1. Low
frequency current
2. Medium frequency current
3. High frequency current
1. Low frequency currents
• The current which has frequency ranging from
1 – 1000 Hz is called low frequency current.
• Ex. : TENS , Galvanic Current , Faradic
Current
2. Medium frequency currents
• The currents which have frequency
distribution ranging from 1000 – 10000 Hz are
called medium frequency currents.
• Ex. : Interferential therapy, Russian current
3. High frequency current
• The currents having frequency above 10000
Hz are called high frequency currents.
• Ex. : Short Wave Diathermy, Microwave
Diathermy, Infrared Radiations, Ultrasound.
 DIFFERENT WAVE FORMS

• Wave form means Graphical representation of the

direction, shape, amplitude, & pulse.
• A pulse may contain either one or two phases.
• It rise above or goes below the base line for some specific
period of time.
• Direct current/mono phasic current
• Have only single phase.
• Current flow in unidirectional.
• Flow in same direction towards positive or negative pole.
• Alternating current/biphasic current
• Have two separate phases.
• Current flow is bi directional.
• Wave form may be symmetrical or
asymmetrical.
• Wave form shape
• Could be of any type like sine, rectangular or
triangular.
• Depends on the capabilities of the generator.
• Pulse frequency
• Number of pulses per second.
• As time period of wave form is increased the
amplitude tends to increase & decrease more
rapidly.
• Pulse duration
• Length of time that current is flowing in one
cycle.
 FARADIC TYPE CURRENTS
• Faradic current (faradism) is a short-duration interrupted
current, with a pulse duration ranging from 0.1 and 1 msec
and a frequency of 50 to 100 Hz.
• It is Produced by induction coil known as Faradic coil and
Used for stimulation of innervated muscles.
• Each cycle consists of two unequal phases 1.Low intensity
long duration currents 2.High intensity short duration
currents
• Faradic coils are now being replaced by electronic
stimulators.
• They almost have same physiological effect, but differs in
wave form.
• Faradic currents are always surged for treatment
purposes to produce a near normal tetanic-like
contraction and relaxation of muscle. Current surging
means the gradually increase and decrease of the peak
intensity.
• Faradic technology is a form of electrical stimulation
that uses a higher intensity current than micro-current
stimulation and so is ideally suited for firming and
toning body muscles.
• The current is delivered through electrically
conductive pads that are positioned over specific
muscle groups.
• As the current passes through the conductive pads it
stimulates the motor points of the muscle triggering a
visible muscle contraction.
• Faradic technology can be used for the toning of
wasted muscles, and for stimulating the blood supply
in wasted limbs.
• Faradic technology is incorporated in the following
treatment system :
• A faradic treatment or electro-muscle stimulation
(EMS) as it is also known, is an electrical treatment
that can be applied to either the face or the body and
is used to stimulate and exercise muscles in order to
create a tightening, toning effect.
• This exercise is known as passive exercise (as the
client does not have to do anything) or isometric
exercise because there is no joint movement involved.
 EFFECTS OF THE
CURRENT
• Stimulates nerves
• The primary reaction is a mild prickling sensation
underneath the pads due to sensory nerve stimulation.
• Sensory stimulation causes reflex vasodilation of
superficial blood vessels.
• As soon as sufficient current in applied the motor
nerves are stimulated to cause muscle contraction.
• To avoid muscle fatigue the current must be
interrupted to allow the muscle to rest.
• Increases blood and lymph circulation
• As the muscles contract and relax they exert a
pumping action on the veins and lymphatic vessels
around them.
• Muscles are supplied with more oxygen & nutrients
and waste removal is more efficient.
• Produces erythema
• A mild erythema is produced under the pads due to
the dilation of superficial blood vessels.
• Contracts muscle
• When a muscle contracts as a result of electrical
stimulation it shortens and then lengthens when the
current is interrupted, just as it would with voluntary
muscle contraction.
• In time this increases/improves muscle tone.
• This improves the shape and contours of the body.
• Benefits :
• Increased circulation improving colour
• Texture improved as skin is tightened
• Tightening and toning of muscle improving contour
of face and neck.
• Strengthens muscles
• Tightens and Tones the body
• Inch loss due to firming of muscle
• Passive exercise
• Increased circulation and metabolism
 Where should it not be
used?
• Individuals who have
– Recent cuts
– Open wounds
– Unhealed scars
– Recent fracture
– Metal plate fixation in their Body
– Skin infections
– Recent surgery
 Galvanic Current
• Galvanic current is a term for constant direct current, named
after Luigi Galvani from Bologna in 1889, used in therapy
since the end of the 19th century after the batteries for it were
constructed successfully.
• Today we get galvanic current from the alternating current of
50 pulse per second frequency and 220 voltage.
• Devices for this transformation have several electronic tubes
through which the alternating current flows through in a
single direction (from cathode to anode).
• This gives us pulsating full-wave direct current which turns
into constant after the filtering, used in therapy.
• It is an interrupted direct current also called long
duration current having more than 1 ms up to 300 ms
or 600 ms. But the commonly used duration is 100
ms requires a frequency of 30 pulses/ min.
• Interruption is the most useful modification of direct
current.
• It makes the flow of current commence & cease at
regular intervals.
• It is Commonly used for stimulation of denervated
muscles & electro diagnosis purpose.
 Shape of the pulsed waves

– Monophasic
• Rectangular pulses
• Trapezoidal pulses
• Triangular pulses
• Saw tooth pulses

Slow rising wave forms can be used because muscle

has less ability to accommodate than nerves.
• Rectangular pulses have sudden rise where as others
like trapezoidal, triangular & saw tooth have gradual
rise.
• The impulses in which current rises gradually are
often termed “selective”.
• Selection of impulses
• Rectangular impulse is capable of producing muscle
contraction but selective impulse is always
satisfactory.
• With rectangular impulses rise is sudden where as
with trapezoidal it is slow, with triangular even
slower & with saw tooth still slower.
• A low intensity & gradual rise is often best for
stimulation of denervated muscle as it brings about
satisfactory contraction with less sensory stimulation
than with rectangular impulses.
• The galvanic current can be apply in two different
ways :
• Desincrustation – This deep cleansing treatment
softens dead skin cells and sebum.
• Intophoresis – This penetrating treatment introduce
water soluble preparation into the skin with an
electric current.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF
GALVANIC CURRENT

• Galvanic current affects neural endings responsible for

transfer of pain so that the pain is diminished or removed
completely.
• Cathodes enhance stimulativeness and conductiveness of
the nerves, while anodes diminish them.
• Vasodilataion (expansion of blood vessels) happens under
the influence of the galvanic current , causing hyperaemia,
excessive accumulation of blood in a part of the body.
• Skin under the electrode becomes warmer, redder, and
moister, in a period of up to 30 minutes.
 WHEN TO APPLY
GALVANIC CURRENT ?

• rheumatic diseases, except in their active or

acute phase.
• paresis and paralysis – galvanic current is here
used as the introduction for electro-stimulation
(galvanic current diminished skin resistance
through hyperemia, so we can achieve a strong
muscle contraction with little stimulation).
• blood vessel diseases and circulation disorders.
 WHEN NOT TO USE
GALVANIC CURRENT ?

• acute inflammations, including active joint and

other organs tuberculosis
• malignant diseases
• diseases that influence the development of
cachexia
• decompensated heart condition
• hemorrhaging or proneness to hemorrhaging
• metal in the tissue (after the injury,
endoprosthetics, or osteosynthesis)
 SURGING OR RAMPING OR PEAK
ON TIMES CURRENT
• When a clinical stimulator is used to elicit a muscle
contraction, the current is normally ramped, i.e.,
gradually increased and decreased, rather than
changing abruptly.
• This is said to avoid a ‘startle’ reaction as the peak
intensity will normally be well above the sensory
threshold.
• Ramping (or surging) is the systematic increase or
decrease in the intensity of a train of pulses or bursts
of pulses.
• Ramping up means the amplitude of successive
pulses or bursts is systematically increased.
• To avoid a startle reaction, the ramp up time should
be at least 0.5 s.
• The time at peak intensity can usually be set by the
user. It is followed either by ramping down or by an
immediate cessation of current.
• The ramp down time is unimportant as far as the
startle reaction is concerned.
• Ramping is also used when the aim is to mimic a
voluntary contraction where the muscle force
increased progressively to maximum, is sustained,
then decreases progressively to zero.
• In this case the ramp up and down times might
be several seconds and peak intensity time
could be as little as fraction of a second or
several seconds, depending on the desired
clinical outcome.
• Ramping is particularly important when there
is an issue of tolerance of surface electrical
stimulation.
 ELECTRODES
• DEFINATION :
“An electrode is an electrical conductor used
to make contact with a nonmetallic part of
a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an
electrolyte or a vacuum)”
 TYPES OF ELECTRODES
1. Self Adhesive
2. Carbon Rubber
3. Carbon Rubber & Gel pad
4. Metal & Sponge
5. Metal & Lintu
6. Specific Metal
 Classification of
Electrodes
1.SELF ADHESIVE
a) Size : Range of Shapes &

Sizes but some limits

b) Reusability: Yes, but limited to single patient
c) Ease of Application: Very High
d) Conformity to Skin: High
e) Cost: High
f) Risks: Low
g) Cleaning: manufactures guidelines
2. CARBON RUBBER
a) Size : Range of shapes & Size but some
limitations.
b) Reusability: Yes, after cleaning
c) Cost: Moderate to low
d) Ease of application: Moderate- limited by rigidity
of electrode
e) Risks: Low to moderate
f) Conformity: Moderate but must tape on
g) Cleaning: Wash in soapy water, Rinse, Air dry
3. CARBON RUBBER AND GEL PAD
a) Size : Range of shapes & Size but some limitations
b) Reusability: Yes, after cleaning but gel pad single use
c) Cost: Moderate as gel pads are single use
d) Ease of application: Moderate- limited by rigidity of
electrode & slipperiness of gel.
e) Risks: Low
f) Conformity to skin: Moderate
g) Cleaning: Soak off and discard gel pad. Wash in soapy
water, rinse, air dry
4. METAL & SPONGE
a) Size : Any size required, can be cut
to size & shape
b) Reusability: Yes, after cleaning
c) Cost: Low
d) Ease of application: Moderate-
needs firm covering to keep in
place
e) Risks: Low to moderate
f) Conformity: Moderate to high
g) Cleaning: wash electrode as above.
Soak sponge in suitable cleaning
solution, rinse thoroughly, air dry
5. METAL & LINTU
a) Size : Any size required, can be cut
to size & shape
b) Reusability: Yes, after cleaning
c) Cost: Low
d) Ease of application: Moderate-
needs firm covering to keep in place
e) Risks: Low to moderate
f) Conformity: Moderate to high
g) Cleaning: wash electrode as
above. Soak lint in suitable
cleaning solution, rinse
thoroughly, air dry.
6.SPECIFIC METAL
a) Size :Eg. Vaginal & anal
electrodes
b) Reusability: Yes, after cleaning
c) Cost: Moderate
d) Ease of application: Moderate
e) Risks: Low to moderate
f) Conformity: Purposefully
designed
g) Cleaning: Wash electrode as
recommended by manufacturer.
 A N K
TH
YO U