%P& Modern #Ndian &chool 'L A Rah, &tate o +atar - ./ ( - .0

7/17/2019 Kevin Biology Project XII - E
%P&
modern
#ndian Biology Project
&chool
Efect O Cannabis
On 'l( The Human Body
)a*rah,
&tate o
+atar
-./(
-.0
By,
Kevin ose!h,
"## $E$
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kevin-biology-project-xii-e 1/26
%P& modern #ndian &chool
Bonaide Certi1cate
Certifed to be the Bonafde Project work

in Biology done by Kevin Joseph o class
XII Section !" o #PS $odern Indian
School d%ring the year -./(-.02
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&ignature o Princi!al
&ignature o &ubject Teacher
&chool &eal4
S%b&itted or the practical e'a&ination held on
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 5 Page
Internal !'a&iner
!'ternal !'a&iner
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%ate4
'c*no
7ledg
I would like to
ment
express my sincere
gratitude to my Biology teacher, Mrs.
Soma Bhattacharjee and our Principal,
Mrs. Asna Naees who ga!e me the
golden opportunity and !alued support
to do a wonderul project on the topic
"#$ects o %anna&is on the human
&ody'. I would also like to thank my
parents, who sacri(ced their precious
time to help me complete the project in
the gi!en time.
6 5 Page
CO<T
E<T&
.2
2 Introd%ction
Cannabinoids
and Cannabinoid receptors
62 Bioche&ical &echanis&s in the
brain
82 *o'icity
/2
02 Psychoactive e+ects
So&atic e+ects
92 ,e%rological e+ects
:2 Cardiovasc%lar e+ects
;2 -ong ter& e+ects o Cannabis
.-2 $edicinal %se o Cannabis
..2 Bibliography
8 5 Page
#<T=O
known as %>CT#
Cannabis, also
marijuana, and by
O<
n%&ero%s other
na&es. is a preparation o the Cannabis plant
intended or %se as a psychoactive or dr%g and
as &edicine) Phar&acologically. the principal
psychoactive constit%ent o Cannabis is
tetrahydrocannabinol /*0C12 It is one o 345
known co&po%nds in the plant. incl%ding at least
43 other cannabinoids. s%ch as cannabidiol
/CB#1. cannabinol /CB,1. tetrahydrocannabivarin
/*0C61. and cannabigerol /CB71)
/ 5 Page
*he efects o cannabis are ca%sed by che&ical

co&po%nds in cannabis. incl%ding cannabinoids
s%ch as tetrahydrocannabinol /*0C1) Cannabis
has both psychological and physiological e+ects
on the h%&an body) 8ive !%ropean Co%ntries.
Canada. and twenty 9S states have legali:ed
&edical cannabis i prescribed or na%sea. pain or
the alleviation o sy&pto&s s%rro%nding chronic
illness) Cannabis %se is associated with social and
behavioral proble&s. and carries a risk to
physical and &ental health)
*hese e+ects ca%sed by cannabis on di+erent
parts o the h%&an body are looked into in this
project)
Canna *he &ost notably prevalent

psychoactive s%bstances in
cannabis are cannabinoids. &ost
biniod notably *0C)
s and
Canna
binoid
rece! *he cannabinoid receptor is a
typical &e&ber o the largest
tors known a&ily o receptors called
0 5 Page
a 7 protein;co%pled receptor) < signat%re o this

type or receptor is the distinct pattern o how the
receptor &olec%les spans the cell &e&brane
seven ti&es) *he location o the cannabinoid
receptor e'ists on the cell &e&brane and both
o%tside /e'tracell%larly1 and inside
/intracell%larly1 the cell &e&brane) CB=
receptors. the bigger o the two. are
e'traordinarily ab%ndant in the brain) CB>
receptors are str%ct%rally di+erent. o%nd only on
cells o the i&&%ne syste&. and see& to
%nction si&ilarly to its CB= co%nterpart) CB>
receptors are &ost co&&only prevalent on B;
cells. nat%ral killer cells. and &onocytes. b%t can
also be o%nd on poly&orphon%clear ne%trophil
cells. *4 cells and *3 cells) In the tonsils. the CB>
receptors appear to appear to be restricted to B;
ly&phocyte;enriched areas) *0C and endogeno%s
ananda&ide additionally interact with glycine
receptors)
9 5 Page
Bioch Cannabinoids %s%ally contain a

=.=?;di;&ethyl;pyran ring.
emica constit%ting a a&ily o abo%t @A
bi;cyclic and tri;cyclic
l co&po%nds) -ike &ost other
ne%rological processes. the
mech e+ects o cannabis on the brain
ollow the standard protocol
anism o signal transd%ction. the
electroche&ical syste& o
s in sending signals thro%gh ne%rons
or a biological response) *he
the binding o cannabinoids to
brain
: 5 Page
cannabinoid receptors decrease adenylyl

cyclase activity. inhibit calci%& , channels. and
disinhibit K < channels) *here are at least two
types o cannabinoid receptors /CB= and CB>1)
*he CB= receptor is o%nd pri&arily in the brain
and &ediates the psychological e+ects o *0C)
*he CB> receptor is &ost ab%ndantly o%nd on
cells o the i&&%ne syste&) Cannabinoids act
as i&&%no&od%lators at CB> receptors. &eaning
they increase so&e i&&%ne responses and
decrease others) 8or e'a&ple. nonpsychotropic
cannabinoids can be %sed as a very
e+ective anti;ina&&atory) *he aDnity o
cannabinoids to bind to either receptor is abo%t
the sa&e. with only a slight increase observed
with the plant;derived co&po%nd CB# binding to
CB> receptors &ore reE%ently) Cannabinoids
likely have a role in the brain"s control
o &ove&ent and &e&ory. as well as nat%ral
pain &od%lation) It is clear that cannabinoids can
a+ect pain trans&ission and. specifcally. that
cannabinoids interact with the brain?s
endogeno%s opioid syste& and &ay a+ect
dopa&ine trans&ission) *his is an i&portant
physiological pathway or the &edical treat&ent
o pain)
; 5 Page
To?ici
,o atal ty
overdoses with
cannabis %se have been
reported as o >A=A) *0C. the
principal psychoactive constit%ent o the
cannabis plant. has an e'tre&ely low to'icity and
the a&o%nt that can enter the body thro%gh the
cons%&ption o cannabis plants poses no threat
o death) *he ratio o cannabis &aterial reE%ired
to prod%ce a atal overdose to the a&o%nt
reE%ired to sat%rate cannabinoid receptors and
.- 5 P a g e
ca%se into'ication is appro'i&ately 3A.AAAF=) It

was o%nd in >AAG that while tobacco and
cannabis s&oke are E%ite si&ilar. cannabis
s&oke contained higher a&o%nts
o a&&onia. hydrogen cyanide. and nitrogen
o'ides. b%t lower levels o carcinogenic polycyclic
aro&atic hydrocarbons /P<0s1)
Cannabis s&oke contains tho%sands o organic

and inorganic che&ical co&po%nds) Hver fty
known carcinogens have been identifed in
cannabis s&oke) *hese incl%de nitrosa&ines.
reactive aldehydes. and polycyclic hydrocarbons.
incl%ding ben:apyrene) $arij%ana s&oke was

listed as a cancer agent in Caliornia in >AA) <

st%dy identifes cannabis s&oke as a carcinogen
and also fnds awareness o the danger is low
co&pared with the high awareness o the
dangers o s&oking tobacco partic%larly a&ong
yo%nger %sers) Hther observations incl%de
possible increased risk ro& each cigarette2 lack
o research on the e+ect o cannabis s&oke
alone2 low rate o addiction co&pared to tobacco2
and episodic nat%re o cannabis %se co&pared to
steady reE%ent s&oking o tobacco)
.. 5 P a g e
@ig2 The ratio o atal dose to efective dose or various drugs2
Com!aratively Cannabis Aarijuana reDuires a small dose to be
efective and hence is really atal2
P&CHO'
Lhen *
reaches CT#FE
E@@ECT&
0C enters the blood strea& and
the brain. it binds to cannabinoid
receptors) *he endogeno%s
ligand o  these receptors is ananda&ide.
the e+ects o which *0C e&%lates)
*his agonis& o the cannabinoid receptors res%lts in changes in
the levels o vario%s ne%rotrans&itters.
especially dopa&ine and norepinephrine2 ne%rotrans&itters
which are closely associated with the ac%te e+ects o cannabis
ingestion. s%ch as e%phoria and an'iety) So&e e+ects &ay
. 5 P a g e
incl%de a general perception. e%phoria. eelings o well;being.

rela'ation or stress red%ction. increased appreciation o h%&or.
&%sic /especially discerning its vario%s
co&ponentsMinstr%&ents1 or the arts.
joviality. &etacognition and introspection. enhanced
recollection /episodic &e&ory1. increased sens%ality. increased
awareness o sensation. increased libido and creativity)
<bstract or philosophical thinking. disr%ption o linear &e&ory
and paranoia or an'iety are also typical) <n'iety is the &ost
co&&only reported side e+ect o s&oking &arij%ana) Between
>A and 5A percent o recreational %sers e'perience intense
an'iety andMor panic attacks ater s&oking cannabis. however.
so&e report an'iety only ater not s&oking cannabis or a
prolonged period o ti&e)
Cannabis also prod%ces &any s%bjective and highly tangible

e+ects. s%ch as greater enjoy&ent o ood taste and aro&a. an
enhanced enjoy&ent o &%sic and co&edy. and
&arked distortions in the perception o ti&e and space /where
e'periencing a Nr%shN o ideas ro& the bank o long;ter&
&e&ory can create the s%bjective i&pression o long elapsed
ti&e. while a clock reveals that only a short ti&e has passed1)
<t higher doses. e+ects can incl%de altered body i&age.
a%ditory andMor vis%al ill%sions. pse%do;hall%cinatory.
and ata'ia ro& selective i&pair&ent o polysynaptic ree'es)
In so&e cases. cannabis can lead to dissociative states s%ch
as depersonali:ation and derealisation2 s%ch e+ects are &ost
oten considered desirable. b%t have the potential to ind%ce
panic attacks and paranoia in so&e %nacc%sto&ed %sers)
&oma
So&e o
tic the short;ter& physical
e+ects o cannabis %se incl%de
increased
efect heart rate. dry &o%th.
.6 5 P a g e
s
reddening o the eyes /congestion o the conj%nctival blood

vessels1. a red%ction in intra;oc%lar press%re. &%scle rela'ation
and a sensation o cold or hot hands and eet)
@ig2 ' blood shot eye2
<euro
logica
*he l areas o the brain where
cannabinoid receptors are &ost
.8 5 P a g e
Efect
s
prevalently located are consistent with the behavio%ral e+ects

prod%ced by cannabinoids) Brain regions in which cannabinoid
receptors are very ab%ndant are the basal ganglia. associated
with &ove&ent control2 the cerebell%&. associated with body
&ove&ent coordination2 the hippoca&p%s. associated
with learning. &e&ory. and stress control2 the cerebral corte'.
associated with higher cognitive %nctions2 and the n%cle%s
acc%&bens. regarded as the reward center o the brain) Hther
regions where cannabinoid receptors are &oderately
concentrated are the hypothala&%s. which reg%lates
ho&eostatic %nctions2 the a&ygdala. associated with
e&otional responses and ears2 the spinal cord. associated with
peripheral sensations like pain2 the brain ste&. associated
with sleep. aro%sal. and &otor control2 and the n%cle%s o the
solitary tract. associated with visceral sensations
like na%sea and vo&iting)
@ig2 Cannabinoid rece!tor sites
!'peri&ents on ani&al and h%&an tiss%e have de&onstrated a

disr%ption o short;ter& &e&ory or&ation. which is consistent
./ 5 P a g e
with the ab%ndance o CB= receptors on the hippoca&p%s. the

region o the brain &ost closely associated with &e&ory)
Cannabinoids inhibit the release o several ne%rotrans&itters in
the hippoca&p%s s%ch as acetylcholine. norepinephrine.
and gl%ta&ate. res%lting in a &ajor decrease in ne%ronal
activity in that region) *his decrease in activity rese&bles a
Nte&porary hippoca&pal lesion)N
In in-vitro e'peri&ents *0C at e'tre&ely high concentrations.

which co%ld not be reached with co&&only cons%&ed doses.
ca%sed co&petitive inhibition o the <Ch! en:y&e and
inhibition o O;a&yloid peptide aggregation. i&plicated in the
develop&ent o <l:hei&er?s disease) Co&pared to c%rrently
approved dr%gs prescribed or the treat&ent o <l:hei&er?s
disease. *0C is a considerably s%perior inhibitor o <
aggregation. and this st%dy provides a previo%sly %nrecogni:ed
&olec%lar &echanis& thro%gh which cannabinoid &olec%les
&ay i&pact the progression o this debilitating disease)
Cardi
ovasc
ular
.0 5 P a g e
Efect
s
Short;ter& /one to two ho%rs1 e+ects on the cardiovasc%lar

syste& can incl%de increased heart rate. dilation o blood
vessels. and %ct%ations in blood press%re) *here are &edical
reports o occasional inarction. stroke and other cardiovasc%lar
side e+ects) $arij%ana?s cardiovasc%lar e+ects are not
associated with serio%s health proble&s or &ost yo%ng.
healthy %sers) esearchers reported in the International Jo%rnal
o Cardiology. N$arij%ana %se by older people. partic%larly
those with so&e degree o coronary artery or cerebrovasc%lar
disease. poses greater risks d%e to the res%lting increase in
catechola&ines. cardiac workload. and carbo'yhe&oglobin
levels. and conc%rrent episodes o proo%nd post%ral
hypotension) Indeed. &arij%ana &ay be a &%ch &ore co&&on
ca%se o &yocardial inarction than is generally recogni:ed) In
day;to;day practice. a history o &arij%ana %se is oten not
so%ght by &any practitioners. and even when so%ght. the
patient?s response is not always tr%th%lN)
< >AA4 st%dy o%nd that heavy. chronic s&oking o &arij%ana

/=54 joints per week1 changed blood proteins associated
with heart disease and stroke) < >AAA st%dy o%nd that a
&iddle;age person?s risk o heart attack rises nearly fveold in
the frst ho%r ater s&oking &arij%ana. Nro%ghly the sa&e risk
seen within an ho%r o se'%al activityN) Cannabis arteritis. a
very rare peripheral vasc%lar disease si&ilar to B%erger"s
disease. is o%nd in very rare cases o chronic s&oking o
cannabis)
.9 5 P a g e
ong(
<c%te psychosis
term <ltho%gh there has been an

association noted between cases o
efect ac%te psychosis and long;ter&
cannabis %se. the precise nat%re o
s o the relationship is controversial2
evidence s%ggests that cannabis %se
canna &ay worsen psychotic sy&pto&s

and increase the risk o relapse)
bis
Chronic psychosis
<ccording to one review. long ter& cannabis %se

Nincreases the risk o psychosis
genetic or environ&ental in people with
v%lnerabilitiesN. certain
b%t does not
ca%se psychosis) I&portant predisposing actors incl%de
genetic liability. childhood tra%&a and %rban
%pbringing)G < second review concl%ded that cannabis
%se &ay ca%se per&anent psychological disorders in
so&e %sers s%ch as cognitive i&pair&ent. an'iety.
paranoia. and increased risks o psychosis) Key
predisposing variables
reE%ency o %se. incl%de o
the potency age ocannabis
the frst e'pos%re.
%sed.
and individ%al s%sceptibility)
&chiGo!hrenia
<&ong people with schi:ophrenia there is ins%Dcient
evidence to deter&ine whether cannabis %se leads to
.: 5 P a g e
i&prove&ent or deterioration o the condition. b%t

patients who %se cannabis have been o%nd to display
increased cognitive peror&ance co&pared to non;
%sers)
9se o cannabis in adolescence or earlier increases the

risk o developing schi:oa+ective disorders in ad%lt lie.
altho%gh the proportion o these cases is s&all)
S%sceptibility is &ost oten o%nd in %sers with at least
one copy o the poly&orphic CH$* gene)
Cannabis with a high *0C to CB# ratio prod%ces a

higher incidence o psychological e+ects) CB# &ay
show antipsychotic and ne%roprotective properties.
acting as an antagonist to so&e o the e+ects o *0C)
St%dies e'a&ining this e+ect have %sed high ratios o
CB# to *0C. and it is %nclear to what e'tent these
laboratory st%dies translate to the types o cannabis
%sed by real lie %sers) esearch has shown that CB#
can saely prevent psychosis in general)
#epressive disorder
-ess attention has been given to the association
between cannabis %se and depression. tho%gh
according to the <%stralian ,ational #r%g Q <lcohol
esearch
%sers whoCentre. it is possible
have depression arethis
lessislikely
beca%se cannabis
to access
treat&ent than those with psychosis)
*eenage cannabis %sers show no di+erence ro& the

general pop%lation in incidence o &ajor depressive
disorder /$##1. b%t an association e'ists between early
e'pos%re co%pled with contin%ed %se into ad%lt lie and
increased incidence o $## in ad%lthood) <&ong
cannabis %sers o all ages. there &ay be an increased
.; 5 P a g e
risk o developing depression. with heavy %sers

see&ingly having a higher risk)
Cancer
<ccording to a >A=5 literat%re review. &arij%ana co%ld
be carcinogenic.
li&itations b%t there
in st%dies areit &ethodological
&aking diDc%lt to establish a
link between &arij%ana %se and cancer risk) *he
a%thors say that bladder cancer does see& to be linked
to habit%al &arij%ana %se. and that there &ay be a risk
or cancers o the head and neck a&ong long;ter&
/&ore than >A years1 %sers) 7ordon and colleag%es
said. Nthere does appear to be an increased risk o
cancer
cancer1/partic%larly head
or those who %seand neck. l%ng.
&arij%ana overand bladder
a period o
ti&e. altho%gh what length o ti&e that this risk
increases is %ncertain)N
=es!iratory efects
< >A=5 literat%re review by 7ordon and colleag%es

concl%ded that inhaled &arij%ana is associated with
l%ng disease)
H the vario%s &ethods o cannabis cons%&ption.

s&oking is considered the &ost har&%l2 the inhalation
o s&oke ro& organic &aterials can ca%se vario%s
health proble&s /e)g). co%ghing
and
downsp%t%&1)
reactionIsoprenes help to &od%late
rates. contrib%ting and slow
to the signifcantly
- 5 P a g e
di+ering E%alities o partial co&b%stion prod%cts ro&

vario%s so%rces)
eprod%ctive and endocrine e+ects
Cannabis cons%&ption in pregnancy is associated with

restrictions in growth o the et%s. &iscarriage. and
cognitive defcits in o+spring) <ltho%gh the &ajority o
research has concentrated on the adverse e+ects o
alcohol. there is now evidence that prenatal e'pos%re
to cannabis has serio%s e+ects on the developing brain
and is associated with Ndefcits in lang%age. attention.
areas o cognitive peror&ance. and delinE%ent
behavior in adolescenceN) < report prepared or
the <%stralian ,ational Co%ncil on #r%gs concl%ded
cannabis and other cannabinoids are contraindicated in
pregnancy as it &ay interact with the endocannabinoid
syste&)
. 5 P a g e
'n
edic
overvie7
al use
o
Canna
 5 P a g e
bis
$edical cannabis has several potential benefcial

e+ects) !vidence is &oderate that it helps in chronic
pain and &%scles spas&s) -esser evidence s%pports its
%se to help with na%sea d%ring che&otherapy. i&prove
appetite in those with 0I6M<I#S and also help with
sleep)
*he ,ational Instit%te on #r%g <b%se /,I#<1 states that
cannabis is %nlikely to be %se%l as &edicine as N/=1 it is
an %np%rifed plant containing n%&ero%s che&icals
with %nknown health e+ects2 />1 it is typically
cons%&ed by s&oking %rther contrib%ting to potential
adverse e+ects2 and /51 its cognitive i&pairing e+ects
&ay li&it its %tility)N
,a%sea and vo&iting
$edical cannabis is so&ewhat e+ective

in
andche&otherapy;ind%ced na%seainand
&ay be a reasonable option vo&iting
those who do/CI,61
not
i&prove ollowing preerential treat&ent) Co&parative
st%dies have o%nd cannabinoids to be &ore e+ective
than so&e conventional antie&etics s%ch
as prochlorpera:ine. pro&etha:ine.
and &etoclopra&ide in controlling CI,6. b%t these are
%sed less reE%ently beca%se o side e+ects incl%ding
di::iness. dysphoria.
cannabis %se andna%sea
&ay ca%se hall%cinations) -ong;ter&
and vo&iting. a
condition known as cannabinoid hypere&esis
syndro&e)
6 5 P a g e
H#FI'#%&
!vidence is lacking or both eDcacy and saety o
cannabis and cannabinoids in treating patients with
0I6M<I#S or or anore'ia associated with <I#S) <s o
>A=5. c%rrent st%dies
s%+er ro& e+ects o bias. s&all sa&ple si:e. and lack
o long;ter& data)
Pain
Cannabis appears to be so&ewhat e+ective or the
treat&ent o chronic pain. incl%ding pain ca%sed
by ne%ropathy and possibly that d%e
to fbro&yalgia and rhe%&atoid arthritis) < >AA review
states it was %nclear i the benefts were greater than
the risks. while a >A== review considered it generally
sae or this %se) In palliative care the %se appears saer
than that o opioids)
ulti!le sclerosis
St%dies o the eDcacy o cannabis or treating &%ltiple
sclerosis have prod%ced varying res%lts) *he
co&bination o R;tetrahydrocannabinol /*0C1 and
cannabidiol /CB#1 e'tracts give s%bjective relie o
spasticity. tho%gh objective post;treat&ent
assess&ents do not reveal signifcant changes)
!vidence also s%ggests that oral cannabis e'tract is
e+ective or red%cing patient;centered &eas%res o
spasticity) < trial o cannabis is dee&ed to be a
reasonable option i other treat&ents have not been
e+ective)
8 5 P a g e
@ig2 Cannabis Juid e?tract
@ig2 edical arijuana %is!ensary
/ 5 P a g e
=)
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%P& Modern #Ndian &chool 'L A Rah, &tate o +atar - ./ ( - .0

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%P& Modern #Ndian &chool 'L A Rah, &tate o +atar - ./ ( - .0

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7/17/2019 Kevin Biology Project XII - E

%P& modern #ndian &chool

Certifed to be the Bonafde Project work

S%b&itted or the practical e'a&ination held on

*he efects o cannabis are ca%sed by che&ical

Canna *he &ost notably prevalent

a 7 protein;co%pled receptor) < signat%re o this

Bioch Cannabinoids %s%ally contain a

the binding o cannabinoids to

cannabinoid receptors decrease adenylyl

ca%se into'ication is appro'i&ately 3A.AAAF=) It

Cannabis s&oke contains tho%sands o organic

listed as a cancer agent in Caliornia in >AA) <

incl%de a general perception. e%phoria. eelings o well;being.

Cannabis also prod%ces &any s%bjective and highly tangible

reddening o the eyes /congestion o the conj%nctival blood

@ig2 ' blood shot eye2

prevalently located are consistent with the behavio%ral e+ects

@ig2 Cannabinoid rece!tor sites

!'peri&ents on ani&al and h%&an tiss%e have de&onstrated a

with the ab%ndance o CB= receptors on the hippoca&p%s. the

In in-vitro e'peri&ents *0C at e'tre&ely high concentrations.

Short;ter& /one to two ho%rs1 e+ects on the cardiovasc%lar

< >AA4 st%dy o%nd that heavy. chronic s&oking o &arij%ana

term <ltho%gh there has been an

canna &ay worsen psychotic sy&pto&s

<ccording to one review. long ter& cannabis %se

i&prove&ent or deterioration o the condition. b%t

9se o cannabis in adolescence or earlier increases the

Cannabis with a high *0C to CB# ratio prod%ces a

*eenage cannabis %sers show no di+erence ro& the

risk o developing depression. with heavy %sers

< >A=5 literat%re review by 7ordon and colleag%es

H the vario%s &ethods o cannabis cons%&ption.

di+ering E%alities o partial co&b%stion prod%cts ro&

eprod%ctive and endocrine e+ects

Cannabis cons%&ption in pregnancy is associated with

$edical cannabis has several potential benefcial

,a%sea and vo&iting

$edical cannabis is so&ewhat e+ective

@ig2 Cannabis Juid e?tract

@ig2 edical arijuana %is!ensary

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