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2022-2023 n
 EC BIO - ZOOLOGY
&
ZOOLOGY
12

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This special guide is prepared
on the basis of New Syllabus
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and Govt. Key

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 Published by

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Authors:
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 PREFACE
Dear Students
B XIIth Bio-Zoology book has been made EC - bearing in mind the needs and
grasping power of the students.
B The subject matter given is simple, lucid and self - explanatory.

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SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE BOOK

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B This guide has been framed based on the New 100 marks pattern
B Theory based pattern for 70 marks.

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Additional MCQS,VSA, SA, LA questions with answer are given in
each unit.
B Every chapter has its technical terms, exhaustive one mark questions and
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simplified diagrams.
B Answers include `key points’ to be taken into account during public exam
paper valuation.
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B Other than textual questions enough additional questions with the right
MáÇa®
answers are given. :
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B This guideâUkâ. bAy‹

is prepared Fnuhd‹Þ
in a special M.Sc.,
way that students M.Ed.,
can study for M.Phil.,
both 12th
Govt. Exams
cjÉ andjiyik
NEET Exams.MáÇia (XŒî)
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B This guideKJfiy
can be used for both Bio-Zoology
jhtuÉaš MáÇia, (Short Version) and Zoology
(long version).
òÅj ïŠPháa® kfË® nkšÃiy¥gŸË,
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B Included ghisa§nfh£il,
PTA questions and Govt. question papers with their Answer Key.
TIPS TO GET CENTUM IN BIO-BOTANY
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B Use memory techniques

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B Read - study, recall and revise systematically so as to store it in the LTM

(Long Term Memory) file.
B Above all learn thoroughly with involvement.

Enclosing prayers and wishes

LOYOLA PUBLICATIONS
 CONTENTS

Bio – Zoology Zoology

Pg. Pg.
UNIT CHAPTER TITLE UNIT CHAPTER TITLE
No. No.
Reproduction in Reproduction in
1 5 1 5
Organisms Organisms

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Human
I 2 17 I 2 Human Reproduction 33
Reproduction

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3 Reproductive Health 35 3 Reproductive Health 35

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Principles of Principles of
4 Inheritance and 49 4 Inheritance and 67
Variation ka Variation
II II
5 Molecular Genetics 71 5 Molecular Genetics 71
6 Evolution 99 6 Evolution 115
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Human Health and Human Health and
7 117 7 135
Diseases Diseases
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III
Microbes in Human III 8 Immunology 234
8 140
Welfare
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Microbes in Human
Applications of 9 140
IV 9 157 Welfare
Biotechnology
Applications of
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Organisms and IV 10 177

10 179 Biotechnology
Populations
Organisms and
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Biodiversity and its 11 199

V 11 201 Populations
Conservation
V Biodiversity and its
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Environmental 12 201
12 218 Conservation
Issues
13 Environmental Issues 233
Parent Teacher Association (PTA)
242
Model Questions Govt. Question March 2020 250
Govt. Question March 2020 249
Govt. Supplementary September 2020 254
Govt. Supplementary September 2020 253
Govt. Supplementary August 2021 257 Govt. Supplementary August 2021 258
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

I 1 Reproduction in Organisms

PART I - TEXTBOOK EVALUATION

1. In which type of parthenogenesis are Reason : Asexual reproduction involves

only males produced? Qty - 2019 only mitosis and no meiosis.
a. Arrhenotoky b. Thelytoky ABCD
c. Amphitoky d. Both a and b Ans : A. If both A and R are true and R is
Ans : a. Arrhenotoky correct explanation for A.

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2. The mode of Sexual reproduction in 5.Name an organism where cell division is

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bacteria is by L.V. Aug-2021 itself a mode of reproduction.
a. Formation of gametes  Amoeba  Bacteria
b. Endospore formation

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6.Name the phenomenon where the female
c. Conjugation gamete directly develops into a new
d. Zoospore formation organism with an avian example.
Ans : c. Conjugation  The phenomenon is Parthenogenesis.
3. In which mode of reproduction variations
are seen
ka 
Turkey is the bird in which the female
gamete directly develops into a new
a. Asexual b. Parthenogenesis organism.
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c. Sexual d. Both a and b 7. What is parthenogenesis ? Give two
Ans : c. Sexual examples from animals.
S.V. Aug 2021 Qty - 2019
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4. Assertion and reasoning questions : In

each of the following questions there are  The egg develops into a complete
two statements. One is assertion (A) and individual without fertilization is known
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other is reasoning (R). Mark the correct as partheno-genesis.

 Example : Honeybees, Gall fly.
answer as
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A. If both A and R are true and R is correct 8. Which type of reproduction is effective
explanation for A. Asexual or sexual and why? PTA-5
B. If both A and R are true but R is not the  Sexual reproduction is more effective than
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correct explanation for A. asexual reproduction.

C. If A is true but R is false.  In asexual reproduction there is no
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D. If both A and R are false. variation.

I. Assertion : In bee society, all the members
are diploid except drones.
Reason : Drones are produced by partheno-
genesis
ABCD
Ans : A. If both A and R are true and R is
correct explanation for A.
II. Assertion : Offsprings produced by asexual
reproduction are genetically identical to
the parent.
 In sexual reproduction due to fusion of
two gametes, variation is found.
9. The unicellular organisms which
reproduce by binary fission are considered
immortal. Justify?
(i) In binary fission (asexual reproduction),
the parental organism divides into two
halves and each half forms a daughter
individual. This is seen in unicellular
organism like bacteria, Amoeba etc.

Reproduction in Organisms 5 CHAPTER

Chapter--11
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

(ii) At maturity the single parent cell divides,
to form the daughter cells. The parent cell
does not die but it becomes a part of the
daughter cells formed.
(iii) Thus the unicellular organisms which
reproduce by binary fission are considered
immortal.
(iv) In other cases of asexual reproduction, the
parent produces special structures like
buds, spores etc for reproduction but the
parent organisms continues to live and
slow. It does a natural death.
10. Why is the offspring formed by asexual
11. Give reasons for the following: PTA-2
a) Some organisms like honey bees are called
parthenogenetic animals.
b) A male honey bee has 16 chromosomes
where as its female has 32 chromosomes.
LV. Sep - 2020
a) Reason : When the queen bees lays eggs,
some eggs are laid without fertilization.
From this egg develops male honey bee. So
these honey bees are called parthenogenetic
animals.
b) Male honey bees are formed without

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reproduction referred as a clone? fertilization (ie) Egg alone.
 The offsprings formed by asexual  Female honey bees are formed fertilization

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reproduction is genetically identical to the (ie) Fusion of male and female gamete.
parent.  That is why male has 16 chromosomes in
the egg

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 They can also be referred as a clone.
 Clone is the exact copy of an organism  The female are diploid having 32 chromo-
which it is developed. somes, 16 from male and 16 from female.
12. Differentiate between the following :
a) External and Internal Fertilization?
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b) Regeneration in lizard and Planaria.
a) External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
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The fusion of male and female gametes The fusion of male and female gametes takes
takes place outside the body of female place within the body of female.
in the water medium.
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(eg) Sponges, Fishes and amphibians. (eg) Reptiles, aves and mammals.

b) Regeneration in lizard Regeneration in planaria

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1 It is epimorphosis type of It is morphallaxis type of regeneration.

regeneration.
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2 It is replacement of the lost part. New planaria can develop from a smallfragment
of it.
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3 It is restorative regeneration. The developed planaria will be an

activeindividual.
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13. How is juvenile phase different from reproductive phase?

Juvenile Phase :
 It is the period of growth between the birth of the individual upto reproductive maturity.
 The juvenile stage of certain organisms
Insects —Larva
Cow —Calf
Ape —Infant
Cat —Kitten
Reproductive Phase :
 The period in which the organisms are able to reproduce.

CHAPTER - 1 in Organisms
Reproduction 6 Chapter - 1
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

 Each organism’s breeding time differs.

 If they reproduce at the particular period of the year it is called seasonal breeders. (Eg.)
Birds.
 If they are able to reproduce throughout their sexual maturity it is known as continuous
breeders. (Eg.) Poultry and Rabbit.
14. Explain the different kinds of syngamy in living Organisms?
Different kinds of syngamy
a) Autogamy- The male and female gametes are produced by the same cell or same organism
and both the gametes fuse together to form a zygote. e.g. Actinosphaerium and Paramecium.
b) Exogamy- The male and female gametes are produced by different parents and they fuse to
form a zygote. e.g. Human beings – dioecious or unisexual animals.

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c) Hologamy- Lower organisms, sometimes the entire mature organisms do not form gametes

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but they themselves behave as gametes and the fusion of such mature individuals is known
as ‘hologamy’ e.g. Trichonympha.

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d) Paedogamy- It is the sexual union of young individuals produced immediately after the
division of the adult parent cell by mitosis. (eg) Actinophrys.
e) Merogamy- The fusion of small sized and morphologically different gametes (merogametes)
takes place (eg) Pratozoa. ka
f) Isogamy- The fusion of morphological and physiological identical gametes (isogametes) is
called isogamy. e.g. Monocystis.
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g) Anisogamy- The fusion of dissimilar gametes is called anisogamy (Gr. An-without; iso-equal;
gam-marriage). Anisogamy occurs in higher animals but it is customary to use the term
fertilization instead of anisogamy or syngamy. e.g. higher invertebrates and all vertebrates.
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Part II - GMQ, PTA & Govt. Exam Question & Answers

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I. Choose the best answer.

1. Which among the following animals 4. The primary and secondary bosts of Tape
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exhibit ovoviviparity? GMQ - 2019 worm are respectively. PTA-5

a) frog b) shark a) Mosquito and man
b) Man and housefly
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c) sheep d) hen
Ans : b) shark c) Cattle and man
d) Man and pig Ans : d) Man and pig
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2. Human beings are unisexual animals the

type of syngamy in human beings is 5. Paedogenetic parthengenesis occurs in
a) autogamy b) exogamy PTA-3 a) Aphis b) Honey bees L.V. MAR-2020
c) hologamy d) paedogamy c) Solenobia d) Gall fly Ans : d) Gall fly
Ans : b) exogamy II. Choose the correct statement
PTA-4 1. Plasmotomy means PTA-2
3. In Hydra the buds develop from
a) Mononucleated parent divides into two
a) ectoderm layer only
Mononucleated individuals.
b) ectoderm and endoderm layers b) Multinucleated parent divides into two
c) ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers mononucleated individuals.
d) ectoderm and mesoderm layers c) Multinucleated parent divides into
Ans : b) ectoderm and endoderm layers many mononucleated individuals
Reproduction in Organisms 7 CHAPTER
Chapter--11
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

d) Multinucleated parent divides into many multinucleated daughter individuals

Ans: d. Multinucleated parent divides into many multinucleated daughter individuals
2. Which one of the following is true regarding binary fission in paramecium? L.V. Sep-2020
a) Macronucleus divides by mitosis and micronucleus divides by amitosis
b) Macronucleus divides by amitosis and the micronucleus divides by mitosis
c) Macronucleus and micronucleus divide by amitosis
d) Micronucleus and macronucleus divide by mitosis
Ans : b) Macronucleus divides by amitosis and the micronucleus divides by mitosis
III. Two Mark Questions
1. Differentiate merozoites from 5. What is known as Paedogamy? Qy - 2019
sporozoites. PTA-1
Paedogamy is the sexual union of young

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sporozoites merozoites individuals produced immediately after
In plasmodium from In plasmodium the division of the adult parent cell by

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sporogony comes from schizogony mitosis.
out the daughter comes the daughter
individuals which individuals which 6. Write is regeneration? Explain its types.

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are called sporozoites are called merozoites. L.V. MAR-2020

2. What is meant by autogamy ? PTA-2 (i) Regeneration is regrowth in the injured

The male and female gametes are
produced by the same organism and both
the gametes fuse together to form a zygote.
(Eg.) Paramecium.
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3. Zygote is not formed during the
conjugation of paramecia, but we call it
as sexual reproduction. why?
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ka region. Regeneration was first studied in
Hydra by Abraham Trembley in 1740.
(ii) Regeneration is of two types, morphallaxis
and epimorphosis. In morphallaxis the
whole body grows from a small fragement.
PTA-2 E.g. Hydra and Planaria.

(i) Paramecium reproduces both sexually and (iii) When Hydra is accidentally cut into several
asexually.
(ii) In Paramecium, conjugation is a form of pieces, each piece can regenerate the
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sexual reproduction. It is a temporary lost parts and develop into a whole new
union of two individuals of same species individual.
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for mutual exchange of genetic materials.

(iii) It can also multiply during nuclear 7. Classify fertilization based upon the
organizations. place of occurrence. L.V. Aug-2021
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Various process of Paramecium reproduction  Depending upon the place where the
listed below: fertilization takes place, it is of two types.
(i) Binary fission - Asexual reproduction
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(ii) Conjugation - Sexual reproduction by  In external fertilization, the fusion of male

cross fertilization. and female gametes takes place outside
4. Draw the diagram of a gemmule and the body of female organisms in the water
label the parts. PTA-3 medium.
Monaxon Micropyle  e.g. sponges, fishes and amphibians.
spicules Outer Membrane
Archaeocytes  In internal fertilization, the fusion of male
and female gametes takes place within the
Inner membrane body of female organisms.
 e.g. reptiles, aves and mammals.
Gemmule in sponges

CHAPTER - 1 in Organisms
Reproduction 8 Chapter - 1
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

IV. Three Mark Questions

1.Explain multiple fission in Plasmodium
with a diagram. GMQ - 2019
 In Plasmodium, multiple fussion occurs in
the schizont and in the oocyte stages.
 When multiple fission occurs in the
schizont, the process is called schizogony
and the daughter individuals are called
merozoites.
 When multiple fission occurs in the oocyte,
it is called sporogony and the daughter
individuals are called sporozoites.
3. Why do we call parthenogenesis as a
special type of sexual reproduction in
animals? PTA - 4
 Development of an egg into a complete
individual without fertilization is known
as parthenogenesis.
 Prathenogenesis is the special type of sexual
reproduction seen in animals. It is of two
main types namely natural parthenogenesis
an artifical parthenogenesis.
4. Write the differences between multiple

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Rupturing fission and sporulation in Amoeba. PTA - 6
Schizont Daughter nuclei schizont wall Merozoites
Multiple fission

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Sporulation
1 The parent body Amoeba multiplies
divides into many by sporulation

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similar daughter cells without
2. Meiosis cell division does not take place simultaneously encystment
during the gametes formation of drone 2 Nucleus divides Nucleus breaks


bees. Give reason. PTA - 2
Drones are produced by parthenogenesis,
unfertilized eggs develop into drone bees
ka repeatedly without
the division of the
cytoplasm, later the
into several
small framents or
chromatin blocks.
(males). cytoplasm divides into
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 Males have the half the number of many parts as that of
chromosomes (haploid). Thus meiosis cell nuclei.
division does not take place during the 3 Unfavourable favourable
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gametes formation of drone bees. condition condition

Part III - Additional Questions
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I. Match the following

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1. Column A Column B A. a -(iii), b -(iv), c -(ii), d -(i)

A Simple binary fission. i Euglena B. a -(ii), b -(i), c -(iv), d -(iii)
Transverse binary fission ii Dinoflagellates
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B C. a -(iv), b -(ii), c -(iii), d -(i)

C Longitudinal binary fission iii Amoeba D. a -(iii), b -(iv), c -(i), d -(ii)
D Oblique binary fission iv Paramecium Ans : A. a -(iii), b -(iv), c -(ii), d -(i)
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2. Column A Column B A. a -(ii), b -(iv), c -(iii), d -(i)

A Arrhenotoky i Isolenobia. B. a -(iv), b -(ii), c -(i), d -(iii)
B Thelytoky ii Redia Larvae C. a -(iii), b -(iv), c -(ii), d -(i)
C Amphitoky iii Honeybees D. a -(iii), b -(i), c -(iv), d -(ii)
D Paedogenesis iv Aphis Ans : D. a -(iii), b -(i), c -(iv), d -(ii)
II. Choose the best answer.
1. Multiple Fission is seen in ____________
a) Vorticella and Ceratium b) Vorticella and Plasmodium
c) Plasmodium and Paramecium d) Amoeba and Cyanobacteria
Ans : b) Vorticella and Plasmodium
Reproduction in Organisms 9 CHAPTER
Chapter--11
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

2. Plasmotomy is observed in ____________ 5. The fusion of morphdogical and

a) Giant Amoeba b) Ceratium physiological identical gametes is
c) Hydra d) Plasmodium called______
Ans : a) Giant Amoeba
a) Paedogamy b) Isogamy
3. Regeneration was first studied in ______ c) Anisogamy d) Merogamy
a) Star fish b) Planaria
Ans : b) Isogamy
c) Hydra d) Aurelia
Ans : c) Hydra 6. Animals giving birth to young ones:
4. ______ is the temporary union of the two a) Oviparous
individualy of the same species. b) Oviviviparous
a) Prokaryotes b) Parthenogenesis c) Viviparous
c) Paedogenesis d) Conjugation

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d) Both a and b Ans : c) Viviparous
Ans : d) Conjugation

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III. Choose the correct statement
1. a. Birds are viviparous organism. b. Cow is an ovoviviparous animal
c. Shark is an ovoviviparous animal d. Sheep is an oviparous animal

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Ans : c. Shark is an ovoviviparous animal
2. a. In the tapeworm the gravid proglottids are at the anterior end of the strobila.
b. The example of restorative regeneration is tail of wall lizard.
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c. During favourable condition amoeba develops cyst wall and becomes inactive.
d. In external fertilization the fusion of male and female gamete takes place outside the female organism
Ans : d. In external fertilization the fusion of male and female gamete takes
place outside the female organism
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IV. Choose the incorrect statement
1. a. The amoeba was named by August Johan Rosel
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b. Plasmotomy occurs in opalina

c. Regeneration was first studied in star fish
Ans: c. Regeneration was first studied in star fish
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d. Aphis is an example of amphitoky

2. a. Lemon shark is a viviparous animal.
b. Honeybees are the example of complete parthenogenesis.
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c. Redia larvae of liver fluke undergoes paedogenesis.

d. Sea urchin was induced artificially to reproduce from unfertilized eggs.
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Ans : b. Honeybees are the example of complete parthenogenesis.

3. a. Hydra develop exogenous budding, when food is less
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b. In freshwater sponges the internal buds are called gemmules.

c. In tapeworm the gravid proglottids are regularly cut off by a process known as apolysis.
d. In morphallaxis the whole body grows
Ans : a. Hydra develop exogenous budding, when food is less
V. Find the incorrect pair
1. Column A Column B
A A sexual reproduction Genetically similar
B Sexual reproduction Genetically similar
C Amoeba Simple binary fission Ans : B. Sexual reproduction
D Macronucleus of paramecium Amitosis - Genetically similar

CHAPTER - 1 in Organisms
Reproduction 10 Chapter - 1
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

2. Column A Column B
A Hydra a Hydra vulgaris
B Star fish b Astria ruben
C Giant amoeba c Opalina
D Tapeworm d Taenia solium Ans : c. Opalina

VI. Choose the odd one out

1. a. Budding b. Sporulation c. Anisogamy d. Budding
Ans: c. Anisogamy —It is involved in sexual reproduction.
2. a. Fragmentation b. Budding c. Strobilation d. Epimorphosis
Ans: d. Epimorphosis —It is a type of regeneration.

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3. a. Juvenile phase b. Reproductive phase c. Senescent phase d. Conjugation

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Ans : d. Conjugation —It is not a phase of life cycle.
4. a. Oviparous b. Parthenogenesis c. Viviparous d. Ovoviviparous

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Ans : b. Parthenogenesis —It is a type of reproduction.
VII. Assertion and Reasoning
1. Assertion : Ovoviviparity is seen in fishes like shark.
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Reason : Shark embryo has no placental connection with mother.
a. A and R is true and R is the correct reason. b. A is true and R is wrong
c. A and R is true but R is not the correct reason. d. A and R is wrong.
Ans: a. A and R is true and R is the correct reason.
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2. Assertion : Artificial parthenogenesis induced parthenogenesis.
Reason : It is induced biologically.
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a. A and R is true b. Both A and R is false.

c. A is true and R is False d. A is false and R is true Ans : c. A is true and R is False
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3. Assertion : Exogamy is a type of conjugation.

Reason : Male and female gametes produced by different parents.
a. A and R are true b. A and R are false
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c. A is true and R is false. d. A is false and R is true Ans : d. A is false and R is true
4. Assertion : Conjugation is common among ciliates.
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Reason : It is the temporary union of two individuals of different species.

a. Both A and R is true b. Both A and R is false.
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c. A is true and R is false d. A is false and R is true Ans : c) A is true and R is false
5. Assertion : Viviparous animals give better protection to their offsprings.
Reason : They lay their eggs in the safe places of the environment.
a. If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation for A.
b. If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation for A.
c. If A is true but R is false. d. If both A and R are false. Ans : c. If A is true but R is false
VIII. Two Mark Questions
1. How can we differentiate the living from nonliving things ?
 The living organisms show a life cycle that involves.
 Birth, growth, development, maturation, reproduction and death.
 The above factors are not found in non-living things.
Reproduction in Organisms 11 CHAPTER
Chapter--11
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

2. Name the two major modes of reproduction.
 Asexual and sexual reproduction.
3 Define sexual reproduction?
 When two parents participate in the
reproductive process involving two
types of gametes it is called sexual
reproduction.
4. What is fission?
Fission is the division of the parent body into
two or more identical daughter individuals.
5. Which stage is called encystment in amoeba.
 The young ones do not separate until
the process is complete then it is called
repeated fission. (Eg.) Vorticella
12. What is meant by exogamy ?
The male and female gametes are produced
by different parents and they fuse to form
a zygote. (Eg.) Human —unisexual or
dioecious.
13. What is meant by viviparous ?
It is a type of development in which the
young ones are born alive after being

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During unfavourable condition. Amoeba nourished in the uterus through the
develops a cyst wall around it and becomes placenta. (Eg.) Mammals.

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inactive. It is called encystment. 14. What is ovoviviparous ?
6. Define budding. The embryo develops inside the egg and

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 In budding the parent body produces one remains in the mother’s body until they
or more buds. are ready to hatch. (Eg.) Shark.
 Each bud grows into a young one by 15. Differentiate the following.
detaching from the parent. ka 1. Exogenous Endogenous
7. What is fragmentation ? Budding Budding
The parent body breaks into fragments
and each of the fragment has the potential 1. When buds are Hundreds of
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to develop into a new individual. formed outside buds are formed
the parent body inside the parent
8. How do sea anemone asexually reproduce? it is known body it is known
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 Fragmentation occurs in many genera of as exogenous as endogenous

sea anemones. budding. budding.

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Lobes are constricted off from pedal disc.

 Each of the lobe grows mesenteries and 2. (Eg.) Hydra. (Eg.) Spongilla.
tentacles to form a new sea anemone. 2. Multiple fission Fragmentation
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9. Sponges have more power of regeneration 1. The parent body The parent body
Give reason. divides into breaks into
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 Sponges when macerated and squeezed manysimilar fragments and each

through fine silk cloth. daughter cells of the fragment

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The cluster of cells pass through and they simultaneously. has the potential to
can regenerate new sponges. develop into a new
10. Why do we call fertilization process as individual.
syngamy? 2. (Eg.) Amoeba. (Eg.) Tapeworm
We call fertilization as syngamy becomes
fusion of two haploid gametes to produce 3. Complete Incomplete
a diploid zygote. Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis
11. When do we call certain multiple fission 1. There is no Here there is both
as repeated fission ? biparental sexual sexual reproduction
 In multiple fission it produces four or reproduction. and parthenogenesis
many individuals by equal cell division. occur.

CHAPTER - 1 in Organisms
Reproduction 12 Chapter - 1
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

2. The individuals The individuals are 20. What is the Reproduction system is honey
are represented represented by both bees?
byfemales only. male and female.  In Honey bees, fertilized eggs develop into
queen and worker bees are produced in
16. What is Isogamy ? to queen and worker bees are produced
The fusion of morphological and bysexual reproduction
physiological identical gametes (isogametes)  Unfertilized eggs develop into drones by
is called Isogamy. Eg. Monocystis. parthenogenesis.
17. Define hologamy. 21. What is Asexual Reproduction?
It is a type of fertilization. In lower  The offsprings shows “Uniparental
organisms, sometimes the entire mature
inheritance” without any genetic variation.
organisms do not form gametes but they

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Eg. Protista and Bacteria.
themselves behave as gametes and the

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fusion of such mature individuals is known 22. Why are the offsprings of oviparous
as hologamy. E.g. Trichonympha. animal at a greater risk as compared to
18. What is aploysis ? offsprings of viviparous organisms?

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In Tape worm the gravid proglottids are  The offsprings of the viviparous organisms
regularly cut off either singly or in groups develops with one female.
from the posterior end by a process called  The offsprings of the oviparous organisms

19.
apolysis.
What is senescent phase?
ka develops in the external environment.
 There are certain external environment
Senescent phase begins at the end of factors that affects the development of the
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reproductive phase when degeneration offsprings.
sets is the structure and functioning of the  Hence offsprings of the oviparous animals
body. are at greater risk
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IX. Three Mark Questions

1. Define plasmotomy?  In tapeworm the gravid proglottids are
.k

 It is the division of multinucleated parent into regularly cut off from the posterior end by
many multinucleate daughter individuals. a process called apolysis.
w

 Nuclear division occurs later to maintain  It helps in transferring the developed

normal number of nuclei. embryos from the primary host (man) to
 Plasmotomy occurs in opalina and the secondary host (pig)
w

pelomyxa (Giant amoeba) 4. Write a short note on conjugation.

2. What are Gemmules?  It is a type of sexual reproduction found in
w

i) Internal buds called gemmules are formed bacteria.

which is a hard ball, consisting of an 
internal mass of food laden archaeocytes.
ii) During unfavourable conditions, the 
sponge disintegrates, but the gemmule
with stands adverse conditions.
iii) The gemmules hatch during favourable
conditions.
3. How do tapeworm reproduce ?
 Tapeworm asexually reproduces by 
fragmentation.
Reproduction in Organisms
It is the temporary union of the two
individuals of the same species.
The conjugants exchange certain amount
of nuclear material and then get separated.
5. Why honey bees parthenogenetic
reproduction is referred as incomplete
parthenogenesis.
 In honeybees the fertilized eggs develop
into queen bee and worker bee.
The unfertilized eggs develops into fertile
male.
13 CHAPTER
Chapter--11
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

 Hence both, sexual reproduction and  growth  Fertilization

parthenogenesis occur it is called as
incomplete parthenogenesis.
6. What are the types of syngamy found in
living organisms ?
The types of syngamy prevalent among the
living organisms are autogamy, exogamy,
hologamy, pseudogamy, monogamy,
isogamy, anisogamy and conjugation.
7. Why the hen’s egg producted by so Hard?
 Zygote is developed outside the body of
 formation of Reproductive units
9. What is pesudopodiospore? And its
another Name?
 When conditions become favourable, the
encysted Amoeba divides by multiple
fission and produces many minute
amoebae called pesudopodiospore.
 Another Name is Amoebulae.
10. How does fission occurs? And its types?

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mothers uterus.  Fission is the division of parents body
 developed Hens egg is covered by Hard into two or more identical daughter

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shell depends on the cituation. individuals. Five types of fission are seen
 It belongs to Oviparous organisms. in animals.

da
8. What are the modes of Reproduction?  1. Binary fission, 2 multiple fission,
 Replication of DNA  Synthesis of RNA 3. Plasmotomy, 4. Strobilation,
 Synthesis of Proteins  Cell division 5. Sporulation

1. Enumerate the types of binary fission.

ka
X. Five Mark Questions

 Division of parent into two halves and each develops into a daughter individual.
vi
 Simple binary fission is seen in amoeba like irregular shaped organisms.
 The plane of division is hard to observe.
 In transverse binary fission the plane of division runs along the transverse axis of the
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individual. (Eg.) Paramecium.

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w
w
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CHAPTER - 1 in Organisms
Reproduction 14 Chapter - 1
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

Longitudinal furrow

Daughter
Euglena
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Nucleoli

Nucleus

Chromatids Nucleolar Nuclear

body constriction

Euglena
 If the plane of division is in the longitudinal axis of the organism, it is called as longitudinal
binary fission. (Eg.) Euglena.

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 The plane of division is oblique in oblique binary fission. (Eg.) Ceratium.

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2. Write an essay on multiple fission. 3. Describe the fragmentation of sea
 Multiple fission occurs during unfavourable anemone and tapeworm.

da
condition (or) to increase the population in Scolex
their life cycle. Neck
 The nucleus divides into bits followed by
encircling of cytoplasm to form smaller ka
individuals. Immature
 If the young ones do not separate until the proglottids

process is complete, it is known as repeated Mature

vi
proglottids
fission. (Eg.) Vorticella.
 In plasmodium multiple fission occurs in
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the schizont and in the Oocyte stages.

 In schizont stage the daughter cells are
called as merozoites. Gravid
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proglottids
 In Oocyte stage the daughter cells are
called as sporozoites.
w

 In amoeba cyst stage is formed during

favourable condition the cyst wall breaks  Fragmentation is the process in which the
parent body breaks into fragments and
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and the daughter amoebae are released

multiple fission in plasmodium. each of the fragment develops into a new
Rupturing individual.
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Schizont Daughter nuclei schizont wall Merozoites  In sea anemone the lobes are constricted
off from the pedal disc and develop into a
new sea anemone.
 In the tapeworm, the gravid proglottid
Pseudopodiospores
are regularly cut off by a process called
apolysis.
Three
Ruptured
cyst wall  The tapeworm has two host to complete
layered
cyst wall its life cycle primary host is man and the
Nucleus

Cytoplasm
secondary host is pig.
Daughter
nuclei
 The detached gravid proglottid helps in
cyst
Daughter nuclei
formation
Pseudopodiospores
formation
Young
amoebae
transferring the developed embryos from
Amoeba the primary host to the secondary host.
Reproduction in Organisms 15 CHAPTER
Chapter--11
Loyola EC 12th Bio-Zoology

4. Explain the process of regeneration and Natural parthenogenesis :

its types.
 Regeneration was first studied in hydra by
Abraham Trembley in 1740.
 Regeneration is of two types morphallaxis
and epimorphosis.
 In morphallaxis the whole body grows
from a small fragment. (Eg.) Hydra
 When hydra is cut into several pieces,
each piece can develop into a whole new
individual.
 Epimorphosis is the replacement of lost
body parts.
 Arrhenotoky —Only males are produced.
 Thelytoky —Only females are produced.
 Amphitoky —Egg may develop into any sex.
 Complete parthenogenesis —It is the only
form of reproduction.
 Incomplete parthenogenesis —Here both
sexual and parthenogenesis occur.
 Paedogenesis —The larvae produce a new
generation of larvae.
Artificial parthenogenesis :
 The unfertilized egg is induced to develop

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into a complete individual by physical or
 Epimorphosis is of two types reparative
chemical stimula.
and restorative regeneration.

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 Damaged tissue can be regenerated by 6. Explain Budding with diagram.
reparative regeneration. Budding : Parent body produces one or

da
 In restorative regeneration, the lost body more buds and each bud grows into a
parts can develop. young one. The buds separate from the
parent to lead a normal life.
ka Eg. Sponges, Hydra
Exogenous Budding : When buds are
formed on the outer surface of the parent
generated body.
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parts regenerated
parts
old part Eg. Hydra, when food is plenty, the
ectoderm cells increase and form a small
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longitudinal incision
elevation on the body surface Ectoderm
old part and endoderm are pushed out to from the
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Bud.
i. The bud enlarges, develops a mouth
Morphallaxis
and a circle of tentacles at its free end.
w

ii. When fully grown, the bud constricts at

the base and finally seperates from the
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parent body and leads an independent

Epimorphosis life.
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5. Elaborate the process and types of

parthenogenesis.
 Development of an egg into a complete
individual without fertilization is known
as parthenogenesis.
 It was first discovered by Charles Bonnet
in 1745.
 It is of two types natural and artificial Endogenous Budding :
parthenogenesis. Hundreds of buds are formed inside the
 In certain animals parthenogenesis occur cytoplasm and many remain within the
regularly known as natural parthenogenesis. body of the parent. Eg. Noctiluca.
CHAPTER - 1 in Organisms
Reproduction 16 Chapter - 1