Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Research and developments on solar assisted compression heat pump

systems – A comprehensive review (Part A: Modeling and modifications)
⁎
M. Mohanraja, , Ye. Belyayevb,d, S. Jayarajc, A. Kaltayevb,d
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641032, India
b
Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, India
d
Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Graphics, Kazakh National Research Technical University after K.I. Satpayev, Almaty 050013,
Kazakhstan

A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T RAC T

Keywords: This paper presents a comprehensive review on research and developments on solar assisted compression heat
Solar energy pump systems, mostly reported during the last two decades. The first part of this paper provides a detailed
PV-thermal description of the past efforts on various system configurations, system modeling, enhancement of system
Solar-geothermal performance, modifications in compression heat pump cycles and environment friendly refrigerant options for
Compression heat pump
solar assisted compression heat pump systems. The economical and environmental impacts of solar assisted
compression heat pump systems are also described. Further research needs in this important field of solar
assisted compression heat pump are listed. The outcomes of this review confirm that, there is a lot of research
scope for improving the performance of the system and reducing its initial cost to make it competitive in the
global market. The information presented in this paper is shall be highly beneficial for the active researchers
working presently on solar assisted compression heat pumps.

1. Introduction
Heat pumps are identified as energy efficient devices due to its
ability to deliver more amount of heat energy than the work input it
takes. The performance of a heat pump can be improved by integrating
it with renewable energy sources (RES) using solar thermal collector-
evaporators [1], solar photovoltaic-thermal hybrid collector-evapora-
tors [2], geothermal heat exchangers [3], and solar-geothermal hybrid
heat exchanger configurations [4]. The geothermal energy integration
with heat pump system is more expensive due to the excavation of
geothermal heat exchangers. Hence, the fast research and develop-
ments were observed with solar assisted compression heat pump
(SACHP) systems when compared to the geothermal heat pumps.
During last decade, many research and developments have been
reported on SACHP technology. Some of the earlier review reports in
the field of heat pump technology highlighted areas like the thermo-
dynamic analysis of SACHP systems [5], gas engine drive heat pumps
[6], advancements on heat pumps [7], CO2 based heat pump systems
[8], direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (DXSAHP) systems [9],
solar assisted heat pumps in Singapore [10], geothermal heat pump
systems (GSHP) [11], waste water source heat pumps [12], solar
systems and its integration and heat pumps in smart grids [13], etc.
All these earlier reported reviews on heat pumps during last decade are
consolidated and presented in Table 1. The time distribution of the
number of studies reviewed in this paper during last two decades is
depicted in Fig. 1. From Fig. 1, it can be understood that, the number of
studies on SACHP systems has increased gradually during the last
decade.
Following the cited reviews, there was no explicit comprehensive
review reported on SACHP systems. The major objectives of the
present review (Part-A) are formulated as follows:
(i) to describe the various possible heat pump configurations,
(ii) to describe the different modeling methodologies,
(iii) to summarize the studies reported on performance improve-
ments,

Abbreviations: ANN, Artificial Neural Network; CFC, Chloro-fluro-carbon; COP, Coefficient of Performance; CSACHP, Conventional solar assisted compression heat pump; DXSAHP,
Direct Expansion Solar Assisted Heat Pump; GWP, Global Warming Potential; HCFC, Hydro-chloro-fluro-carbon; HC, Hydrocarbon; HFC, Hydro-fluro-carbon; MLFFN, Multi Layer
Feed Forward Network; ODP, Ozone Depletion Potential; PV-TE, Photovoltaic-Thermal Evaporator; RES, Renewable Energy Systems; SACHP, Solar Assisted Compression Heat Pump;
SGHSHP, Solar Geothermal Hybrid Source Heat Pump; SEIR, Solar Energy Input Ratio; SPV-THP, Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal Heat Pump; TEWI, Total Equivalent Warming Impact
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mohanrajrac@yahoo.co.in (M. Mohanraj).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.022
Received 25 July 2016; Received in revised form 15 February 2017; Accepted 8 August 2017
1364-0321/ © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Please cite this article as: Mohanraj, M., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.022
M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Nomenclature Subscripts

Ac Area of the collector (m2) 0 ambient condition (dead state)

cp Specific heat (J/kg K) 1–6 typical locations in pressure enthalpy chart of vapor
E Energy consumption per day (kW h) compression cycle
ex Specific exergy (kJ/kg) a air
•
Ex Exergy rate (kW) co condenser outlet
h Enthalpy (kJ/kg) comp compressor
L Life of the system (10 years) cond condenser
I Solar intensity (W/m2) ci condenser inlet
•
CH chemical
Irr Irreversibility (kW)
• dest destruction
m Mass flow rate (kg/s)
dis displacement
n Working hours of the system (8 h per day)
EV expansion valve
N Speed of the compressor
e evaporator
p Pressure (MPa)
elec electrical
Q Heat transfer rate (W)
f(Tc) liquid state after condensation
Qc Heating capacity (W)
F liquid phase
s Entropy (kJ/kg K)
g(Ts) gaseous state at suction
T Temperature (K)
G vapor phase
U Over all heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
in inlet
V Velocity of air (m/s)
KN kinetic
v Specific volume of the refrigerant (m3/kg)
mech mechanical
Vdis Volumetric displacement (cm3/rev)
• out outlet
Wcomp Power consumption (W) p pressure
pl plate
Greek symbols
PH physical
PT potential
α absorptance (0.97)
r refrigerant
β carbon dioxide emission factor
rad radiation
ε exergy efficiency (%)
SC solar collector
χi relative exergy destruction (kW)
sys system
ηelec electrical efficiency
T total
ηmech compressor mechanical efficiency
ηvol volumetric efficiency

(iv) to consolidate the workable modifications in solar assisted
compression cycles,
(v) to identify the various environment-friendly refrigerant options
for SACHP systems,
(vi) to assess the economical and environmental impacts and
(vii) to identify the further research needs in this field.
The remaining part of this paper is categorized into ten sections.
Section 2 describes the various configurations of SACHP systems. In
Section 3, the equations used for modeling of solar assisted compres-
sion heat pumps are presented. In Section 4, the performance
improvements of SACHP systems using heat storage materials, mod-
ifications in collector-evaporators, heat pipe enhanced collectors and
using variable frequency compressors are discussed. The studies
reported on compression heat pump cycle modifications are discussed
in Section 5. Section 6 consolidates the reported investigations on
environment-friendly refrigerants. The performance of heat pumps
using different energy sources are compared in Section 7. The
economical and environmental impact assessments of the SACHP
systems are discussed in Section 8. Further research extensions in
the field of SACHP systems are listed in Section 9. Finally, Section 10
elaborates the conclusions.

Table 1
Earlier review studies on heat pumps during last decade.

Authors [Ref.] Year Country Topic of review

Ozgener and Hepbasli [5] 2007 Turkey Solar assisted heat pumps
Hepbasli et al. [6] 2009 Turkey Gas engine drive heat pumps
Chua et al. [7] 2010 China Advances in heat pump systems
Austin and Sumathy [8] 2011 Canada Carbon-dioxide heat pumps
Omojaro and Breitkopf [9] 2013 Germany Direct expansion solar assisted
heat pumps
Amin and Hawlader [10] 2013 Singapore Solar assisted heat pumps in
Singapore
Sarbu and Sebarchievici [11] 2014 Romania Ground source heat pumps
Hepbasli et al. [12] 2014 Turkey Waste water heat pumps
Kamel et al. [13] 2015 Canada Solar energy integration with
heat pumps
Fischera and Madani [14] 2017 Germany Heat pumps in smart grids

Fig. 1. Number of studies reviewed on SACHP systems during last two decades.

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2. Configurations of solar assisted compression heat pump

systems

The commonly available configurations of SACHP systems include:

(i) conventional solar assisted compression heat pumps (CSACHP),

(ii) direct expansion solar assisted heat pumps (DXSAHP),
(iii) solar photovoltaic-thermal heat pumps (SPV-THP) and
(iv) solar-geothermal hybrid source heat pumps (SGHSHP).

The classification of SACHP systems is depicted in Fig. 2. Brief

descriptions on SACHP configurations are described in the following
sub-sections.

2.1. Conventional solar assisted heat pumps

The CSACHP consists of a separate heat pump circuit and a solar
collector circuit, which are integrated through an intermediate heat
exchanger for transferring the solar energy. The heat pump circuit
consists of basic components such as, compressor, condenser, expan-
sion valve and evaporator (intermediate heat exchanger). The solar
collector circuit consists of a solar collector, a circulating pump and an
intermediate heat exchanger. The secondary fluid (such as, water,
ethylene glycol, etc.) is used to absorb solar radiation through the
collector and transferred to the intermediate heat exchanger. The
refrigerant in the heat pump circuit gains the heat from secondary
fluid during its evaporation and gives off the heat in the condenser
during its condensation processes. The schematic view of CSACHP is
depicted in Fig. 3.
2.2. Direct expansions solar assisted heat pumps
The concept of DXSAHP systems was introduced during the year
1955 by Sporn and Ambrose [15]. Later many research investigations
seems have been reported with DXSAHP systems [9]. In DXSAHP
systems, the solar collector is an integral part of the heat pump, where
the refrigerant is expanded directly by absorbing the heat from
surroundings (both from the solar and ambient). The DXSAHP systems
have minimum corrosion due to the direct use of refrigerant in the
solar collector, which will significantly increase the life of solar
collectors when compared to the water based collectors. The freezing
problem of the working fluid is also eliminated. The performance of the
DXSAHP systems is highly influenced by solar intensity, ambient
temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity due to the direct
integration of solar collector with the heat pump. The layout of a
DXSAHP is depicted in Fig. 4.
Fig. 2. Classification of SACHP systems.
and PV-TE are depicted in Figs. 5a and 5b, respectively.
2.4. Solar-geothermal hybrid source heat pumps
The solar-geothermal hybrid source heat pump (SGHSHP) systems
integrate the solar thermal collectors and geothermal heat exchangers
with the heat pumps. The SGHSHP system consists of solar thermal
collectors, geothermal heat exchangers and heat pump system. These
are separate units, which are integrated together in a systematic way.
The solar thermal collectors and geothermal heat exchangers are
connected either in series or parallel configurations with the heat
pump systems. The series configuration is more energy efficient when
compared to the parallel configurations. The integration of solar
thermal collectors with the geothermal heat pump systems has reduced
the length of geothermal heat exchangers and its initial investments.
The line diagrams of SGHSHP using vertical and horizontal geothermal
heat exchangers are illustrated in Figs. 6a and 6b, respectively.
2.5. Other solar energy hybrid configurations
The other solar energy hybrid configurations such as, solar-wind,
solar-photovoltaic-geothermal and solar-geothermal-wind are available
for sourcing the heat pump systems. However, these configurations are
found to be not established due to lack of research inputs. Only very
few research reports are available with such hybrid configurations.
Hence, further research is essential for evaluating the technical,
economical and environmental feasibility of hybrid configurations.
The schematic views of other solar energy hybrid configurations are
given in Figs. 7–9.

2.3. Solar photovoltaic-thermal heat pumps

The performance of DXSAHP is improved by integrating it with
photovoltaic-thermal hybrid technology, which was initiated by Kern
and Russell [16] during the year 1978. Later, many research investiga-
tions have been progressed on photovoltaic-thermal hybrid collectors
[17]. The solar energy falls on a photovoltaic-thermal heat exchanger is
simultaneously converted into electricity output and heat output by the
photovoltaic cells and thermal heat sinks, respectively. The SACHP and
photovoltaic-thermal systems are two different technologies, which are
integrated together is called solar photovoltaic-thermal heat pump
(SPV-THP). The SPV-THP systems are similar to the DXSAHPs; expect
the use of photovoltaic-thermal evaporator (PV-TE) instead of solar
thermal collectors. The PV-TE has improved conversion efficiency by
absorbing the heat from photovoltaic cells. Thus, the cell temperature
is maintained around 25 °C. The PV-TE provides heat source to the
evaporator and electricity input to the compressor. The PV-TE has
improved photovoltaic electrical conversion efficiency by absorbing the
heat from photovoltaic cells. The schematic diagram of the SPV-THP
3. Modeling of solar assisted compression heat pumps
The thermodynamic performance of a SACHP is evaluated using the
first and second laws of thermodynamics. The energy performance
based on the first law of thermodynamic was predicted to quantify the
energy conversion in each component of the SACHP systems. Similarly,
the exergy analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics was
carried out to identify the inefficient component in the SACHP system.
The studies reported on modeling of SACHP systems are discussed in
this section and also consolidated in Table 2.
3.1. Energy analysis of solar assisted heat pump systems
The analytical equations used for performance prediction of SACHP
systems are described in this section. The mass, energy, and exergy
balance equations are used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of
heat and work interactions with environment. The mass balance
equation can be expressed in the rate form as:

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M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

a
Fig. 3. Conventional solar assisted heat pump.

Fig. 4. Schematic view of DXSAHP.

• •
∑ min = ∑ mout (1) b
•
Here, m is the mass flow rate, the subscripts in and out stands for Fig. 5. a Conventional solar assisted heat pump. b Sectional view of Photovoltaic-
inlet and outlet. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is assumed to be Thermal Evaporator Conventional solar assisted heat pump.
constant at all the typical locations in the system. The energy balance
equation for the SACHP system can be expressed as:
• coil (kg/s), cpa is the specific heat of air (J/kg K), Tco is the temperature
QC = Qe + Wcomp (2) of air at condenser outlet (K) and Tci is the temperature of air at
Here Qc is the condenser capacity, Qe is the evaporator capacity and condenser inlet (K).
Wcomp is the compressor work input.
3.1.4. Coefficient of performance
3.1.1. Compressor power consumption The COP of SACHP is predicted by the following equation
The power consumed by compressor is given by the following Qc
equation: COPHP = •
Wcomp (6)
•
• mr (h2 − h1) •
Wcomp = Here, Wcomp is the instantaneous compressor power (W) consump-
ηmech × ηelec (3)
tion measured using a Wattmeter. Similarly, COP of the whole system
Here, η mech is the compressor mechanical efficiency, η elec is the is given by the following equation:
compressor electrical efficiency, η vol is the volumetric efficiency, h1 and
Qc
h2 in (kJ/kg) are the enthalpy of the refrigerant before and after leaving COPsystem = •
the compressor, respectively. Wcomp + Wac (7)
Here Wac is the work done by the accessories. In the case of SP-
3.1.2. Refrigerant mass flow rate
THP, the COP is given by following relation:
The mass flow rate of refrigerant through the compressor is
PVOP
determined using following equation: QCond + ( 0.38 )
COPSPV − THP = •
• Vdis ηvol N WComp (8)
mr =
60v1 (4)
Hence, PVop is the photovoltaic power output (W)
Here, v1 is the specific volume (m3/kg) of the refrigerant at the
compressor suction. 3.1.5. Amount of energy absorbed by the collector
Amount of heat absorbed from solar radiation during evaporation
3.1.3. Condenser heating capacity and superheating (Qsol) is given by following equation. The convective
Based on the experimental observations, actual heating capacity losses from the absorber plate are neglected due to the presence of
(Qc) of DXSAHP was calculated using the following equation. glazing surface.
•
Qc = ma cpa (Tco − Tci ) (5) Qsolar = Ac (Iα − Ut (T0 − Tpl ) (9)
•
Here, ma is the mass flow rate of air passing through the condenser 2
Here, I is the solar intensity (W/m ), Ac is the area of the collector

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b
Fig. 6. a Schematic view of solar-geothermal hybrid source heat pump (Vertical type). b Schematic view of solar-geothermal hybrid source heat pump (Horizontal type).

Fig. 7. Schematic view of solar photovoltaic-thermal-wind hybrid source heat pump system.

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Fig. 8. Schematic view of solar photovoltaic-thermal assisted with wind and geothermal source heat pump.

(m2), α is the absorptance (0.97), Ut is the overall heat transfer
coefficient (W/m2 K), T0, Tplis the ambient temperature and plate
temperature (°C), respectively.
3.1.6. Amount of energy absorbed by the refrigerant
Total amount of heat absorbed by the refrigerant (Qtotal) is given by
following equation:
•
Qtotal = mr (hg (Ts) −h f (Tc) )
• 2
Here, mr is the mass flow rate of refrigerant (kg/s), hg (Ts) is the
enthalpy of refrigerant at gaseous state at suction (kJ/kg), h f (Tc) is the
enthalpy of refrigerant after condensation (kJ/kg).
3.1.7. Solar energy input ratio
The solar thermal energy and ambient energy (due to the tempera-
ture difference between the absorber plate and ambient air) are
absorbed by the refrigerant through the collector evaporator. Amount
of thermal energy absorbed through the collector-evaporator is higher
than the solar thermal energy falls on the absorber plate. The influence
of solar energy on energy performance of a thermal performance of
collector-evaporator is characterized by solar energy input ratio (SEIR).
The SEIR is the ratio between the amount of solar energy absorbed by
the absorber plate to the total amount of thermal energy absorbed
(both solar and ambient energy sources) by the refrigerant through the
collector-evaporator. The SEIR is given by following equation:
Q solar
SEIR =
(10) Qtotal (11)
Here, A is the panel area exposed to solar radiation (m ) and I is the
solar intensity (W/m2).
3.2. Exergy analysis
Exergy analysis provides a method to evaluate the maximum work
extractable from a substance relative to ambient as reference state
(dead state) [18]. Exergy analysis has been widely used to optimize the
thermal energy systems and also to identify the inefficient components
in the compression based heat pump systems [19]. Exergy is an

Fig. 9. Schematic view of solar photovoltaic thermal-geothermal hybrid source heat pump.

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Table 2
Analytical modeling methods for SACHP systems.

Authors [Ref.] Components Modeling approach Conclusions

Aziz et al. [21] Collector evaporator Computational model of The proposed computational model predicts the collector area with has good accuracy
solar collector evaporator
Helvaci and Khan Collector evaporator Two phase simulation The proposed model predicts the two phase characterstics of refrigerant in collector-evaporator with good accuracy.
[22] model
Faria et al. [23] Collector evaporator Transient behavior The performance of collector evaporator was predicted with good accuracy.
Ji et al. [24] PV-TE Energy performance PV-TE heat gain, power output, thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and overall efficiency were predicted within ± 6.5% deviations.
Ji et al. [25] PV-TE Dynamic performance The mean absolute deviations of PV-TE heat gain and thermal efficiency are within 10% deviations.
Aliuly et al. [26] PV-TE Steady state performance The simulated results are closer to the experimental results with good degree of accuracy.
Jayaraj et al. [27] DXSAHP Energy performance Energy performance parameters of a DXSAHP were predicted within 2% deviations.
Cai et al. [28] Indirect expansion Energy performance The energy performance parameters of a heat pump were predicted within 5% deviations.
solar assisted heat simulation
pump
Ji et al. [29,30] SPV-THP Dynamic energy Maximum COP of 8.4 was reported with an average photovoltaic efficiency of 13.4%.
performance

7
Mastrullo and SACHP and SPV- Thermo-economic Maximum exergy destruction occurs in PV-TE followed by compressor, condenser and expansion valve, respectively.
Renno [31] THP compassion
Wang et al. [32] SPV-THP Dimensionless and The relative error between the exergy consumption cost model of the SPV-THP is 1.5% for cooling and 0.3% for heating.
thermodynamic model
Torres Reyes et al. DXSAHP Exergy performance Solar collector was identified as most inefficient components in their system, which needs further modifications to improve its performance.
[33,34]
Cervantes and DXSAHP Exergy performance Maximum irreversibility occurs in the collector evaporator followed by compressor, condenser and expansion valve, respectively.
Torres Reyes
[35]
Badescu [36] DXSAHP Exergy performance Maximum losses occur in compressor and condenser. Hence, the operating parameters need to be optimized.
Dikici and DXSAHP Exergy performance The exergy efficiency of the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and solar collector are 42.1%, 83.7%, 43.2% and 9.4%, respectively. The results confirmed that
Akbulut [37] solar collector is the most inefficient component.
Eslami-nejad and SGHSHP Analytical model for Length of the boreholes can be reduced up to 33% with energy savings up to 6.5%.
Bernier [38] predicting the heat
transfer rate in boreholes.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

expression for accounting the loss of available energy due to entropy compressor work are determined using the equations given below.
generation in the irreversible systems or processes. The exergy • • • •
destruction in a system is determined by multiplying the ambient m1 = m2 = m3 = m4 (18)
temperature (dead state temperature) by the entropy increase. The •
• mr (h2 − h1)
exergy balance is expressed by the following equation: Wcomp =
ηmech × ηelec (19)
∑ Ex dest = ∑ Exin − ∑ Exout (12) •
The exergy destruction Exdest (comp ) and exergy efficiency (εcomp) of
The total exergy of a system can be divided into four components the compressor are calculated by following equations:
namely physical exergy, kinetic exergy, potential exergy and chemical • • • •
exergy: Exdest (comp ) = Ex1 − Ex2 + Wcomp (20)
Ex = Ex PH + Ex KN + Ex PT + Ex CH (13) • •
Ex2 − Ex1
Physical exergy is the major part of the exergy at different locations εcomp = •
in solar assisted heat pumps. It is defined as the work obtained when Wcomp (21)
the working fluid is brought from the reference conditions to the
ambient condition. Physical exergy is given by following equation.
3.2.2. Condenser
F •
Exphy = [F (∑ Xi hi − T0 ∑ Xi si F ) + G ( ∑ Xi hi G − T0 ∑ Xi si G )] (14) The exergy destruction Exdest (cond ) in the condenser and exergy
efficiency or condenser effectiveness (εcond) are calculated by using
Where h is the enthalpy in (kJ/kg), s is the entropy (kJ/kg K) and X is
the following equations:
the molar ratio of each component, F refers to the liquid phase, where
• • • • •
as G refers to the vapor phase. The other exergy terms were neglected Exdest (cond ) = (Ex2 − Ex3) + (Ex6 − Ex5) (22)
in this work. The exergy balance equation for a DXSAHP can be
expressed as: •
ma (ex6 − ex5)
• • • •
εcond = •
Exrad + Wcomp = ExQ + ∑ Irr mr (ex2 − ex3) (23)
(15)
Here, h2 and h3 in (kJ/kg) are the enthalpy of the refrigerant before
Exrad is the input exergy rate (kW) received in the solar collector, •
and after leaving the condenser, respectively, ma (kg/s) is the mass flow
Wcomp is the work input (kW) to the compressor, ExQw is the output
• rate of air, cpa is the specific heat of air, T5 and T6 in (K) are the
exergy rate (kW) in the condenser and Irr is the total exergy (kW) temperature of the air at inlet and outlet of the condenser, respectively.
destruction in all main components of the system.
The pressure-enthalpy diagram of a DXSAHP cycle is illustrated in
Fig. 10. The subscript i represents the system have i th component in 3.2.3. Expansion valve
the system. The processes, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4 and 4-1 representing the The expansion process in the thermostatic expansion valve is
various processes such as compression, condensation, expansion and approximately isenthalpic enthalpy processes. The exergitic destruction
•
evaporation, respectively. The processes 1-1I, and 3-3I represents the (Exdest (EV) ) and exergy efficiency (ε(EV)) are calculated by the following
superheating and sub-cooling processes, respectively. The points 1, 2, 3 equations.
and 4 represent the thermodynamic state of the refrigerant at • • •
compressor inlet (superheated vapor at evaporator pressure), com- Exdest (EV) = Ex3 − Ex4 (24)
pressor outlet (superheated vapor at condenser pressure), condenser •
outlet (sub cooled liquid at condenser pressure) and two phase fluid at Exdest
εEV = 1 − •
evaporator pressure. The state 5 and 6 represents the conditions of the Exin (25)
air before and after leaving the air cooled condenser, respectively. The
exergy analysis is carried out with following assumptions:
3.2.4. Evaporator (solar collector)
(i) All the processes are steady state, Following equations are used to calculate the amount of exergy used
(ii) Potential, kinetic and chemical effects are assumed to be negli- • •
(Exused ) in the system and amount of exergy collected (Excollected ) in the
gible,
system [20].
(iii) Compressor efficiencies are to be assumed according to prelimin-
ary experiments.
(iv) Compressor speed is to be assumed.
(v) Compressor stroke volume is to be assumed.
(vi) Ambient conditions are assumed as the reference dead state.

The specific exergy, ex (kJ/kg) at typical locations (as shown in

•
Fig. 4.1) in a DXSAHP and total exergy rate, Ex in kW are calculated
using the following equations:
ex = (h − h 0 ) − T0 (s − s0 ) (16)
• •
Ex = mex (17)

Here, h and s are specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) and entropy (kJ/kgK),

•
respectively, mr is the mass flow rate (kg/sec) of fluid.

3.2.1. Compressor
The mass flow rate of refrigerant through the compressor and Fig. 10. Pressure-Enthalpy diagram of a DXSAHP system.

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M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

• ⎡• (T − Te ) ⎤ the tube. Their computational results confirmed that, the refrigerant

Exused = ⎢mr (hro − hri ) 0 ⎥
⎣ Te ⎦ (26) mass-flow rate and solar intensity are the significant parameters
influencing the collector tube length and heat transfer coefficient. The
• •⎡ 1 ⎛T ⎞
4
4 ⎛ T ⎞⎤ proposed computational model easily matches the collector size with
Excollected = AI ⎢1 + ⎜ 0 ⎟ − ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎝ Ts ⎠ 3 ⎝ Ts ⎠ ⎥⎦ (27)
compressor capacity. In a similar work, Helvaci and Khan [22]
developed a two phase flow simulation model of a solar collector used
Here, hro and hri (kJ/kg) are the enthalpy of the refrigerant at inlet in a DXSAHP and validated with experimental results. R134a was used
•
and outlet of the solar collector, Ac and Irr are the area of the collector in their experiment for evaluating the performance. The proposed
and collector irreversibility, respectively. To Te Ts are ambient tem- model is capable of predicting the phase change characteristics of
perature, evaporator temperature and solar radiation temperature, R134a at different locations in the collector and state of the fluid at exit
respectively. The instantaneous exergy destruction (Exdest (SC)) and of the collector under the given inlet conditions. Their results predicted
exergy efficiency (εSC) of a solar collector can be calculated by using the by the simulation model are closer to the experimental results with
following equations. good accuracy. In a recent work, a mathematical model was developed
• • • by Faria et al. [23] for predicting the transient behavior of a solar
Exdest (SC ) = Excollected − Exused (28) collector evaporator with expansion valve assembly used for trans-
• critical CO2 solar assisted heat pump and validated with experimental
Exused results. The mathematical model reported in their work is based on the
ε(SC ) = •
Excollected (29) mass, momentum and energy equations. Their reported model predicts
the steady state and transient behavior of the heat pump (with
reference to solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind velocity
3.2.5. Overall system and atmospheric conditions) with good degree of accuracy.
•
Overall system exergy destruction (Ex dest (sys)) and exergy efficiency Ji et al. [24] made a theoretical simulation of a PV-TE used in a
(εsys) of a DXSAHP is given by following equations. heat pump and validated with experimental results. The line diagram of
• • • • • a PV-TE is illustrated in Fig. 11. The simulation results predicts the
Exdest (sys) = Exdest (comp ) + Exdest (cond ) + Exdest (EV ) + Exdest (SC ) (30) energy performance parameters, such as, PV-TE heat gain, power
• output of the panel, thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and overall
Exdest efficiency with relative error of 4.8%, 3.0%, 6.5%, 1.4% and 6.7%,
εsys = 1 − •
Exin (31) respectively. In their work, the photovoltaic power output variations
are found in the range between 226 W and 512 W and photovoltaic
efficiency variations are in the range from 0.124 to 0.135. Further, the
3.2.6. Relative exergy destruction dynamic performance simulation of a PV-TE used in a heat pump was
Exergy analysis of a DXSAHP using glazed evaporator can be carried out and validated with experimental results [25]. The photo-
performed using the following parameters [18]. The relative exergy voltaic electrical efficiency was reported as 12% and thermal efficiency
destruction (irreversibility) is calculated using a following equation: is 50%, which confirms that photovoltaic panel has gets better cooling
Exi
χi =
ExT (32)
Here, χi is the relative exergy destruction, Exi and ExT are the
exergy of individual component and sum of exergy destruction of all the
components.

3.2.7. Exergitic coefficient of performance

The exergitic coefficient of performance of a heat pump and for the
whole system is given by following equations [18]:
Qcond (1 − (T0 / Tcond ))
COPex, HP = •
Wcomp (33)

Qcond (1 − (T0 / Tcond ))

COPex, system = •
Wcomp + ∑ Wacces (34)
Here, Qcond is the amount of heat rejected in the condenser (W).
Tcond is the condensing temperature (K). The properties of the
refrigerants (enthalpy and entropy) can be predicted corresponding
to the pressure and temperature measured at typical locations using
REFPROP database.

3.3. Mathematical modeling of collector-evaporators

Aziz et al. [21] proposed a computational model to determine the

size of a direct expansion solar collector–evaporator using refrigerant
mixtures. The proposed energy equation incorporates the thermody-
namic and heat transfer characteristics of working fluids to determine
the tube length for the specified inlet and exit temperatures of the
refrigerant. The other parameters considered include, refrigerant mass- Fig. 11. a Photovoltaic assisted heat pump water heater (b) Sectional view of photo-
flow rate, operating pressure, tube diameter, amount of solar radiation voltaic-thermal evaporator. b Layout of photovoltaic assisted heat pump water heater
absorbed, heat transfer coefficient and the refrigerant temperature in [24].

9
M. Mohanraj et al.
effect. Their simulation results showed that, temperature, output
electricity and heat gain are closer to the experimental results. The
deviations between the predicted and measured output electricity and
PV efficiency are within 8%. The deviations of the heat gain and
thermal efficiency are 10%. Aliuly et al. [26] numerically simulated the
performance of a PV-TE for DXSAHP under three locations in cold
climates of Kazakhstan and validated with experimental results. The
simulated results are found to be closer to the experimental results with
good degree of accuracy.
3.4. Mathematical modeling of solar assisted compression heat pump
systems
A similar simulation model was developed for predicting the energy
performance of a DXSAHP [27]. The parameters such as, energy
performance ratio, condenser heating capacity, compressor power
consumption and solar energy input ratio were predicted using a
simulation model and validated with experimental results. The simula-
tion model predicts all the energy performance parameters of a
DXSAHP within 2% deviations. In a recent work, Cai et al. [28]
developed a numerical simulation model of an indirect expansion solar
assisted heat pump for space heating, space cooling and water heating
applications and also validated with experimental results. The experi-
ments were conducted in an indoor control environment. The numeri-
cally predicted results are closer to the experimental results within 5%
deviations. The COP and heating capacity of the heat pump were
increased from 2.35 to 2.57 and 1.89–2.09 kW, respectively with
increase in solar intensity from 0 W/m2 to 800 W/m2.
Ji et al. [29] have also developed a transient simulation model for
predicting the dynamic performance of a SPV-THP using R22 as
refrigerant and compared with experimental results. Their results
reported with a maximum photovoltaic electrical efficiency of about
13%. The photovoltaic power output fulfills the 85.5% of the compres-
sor power consumption. The maximum and average values of COP of
the heat pump are 7.3 and 3.42, respectively. The experimental results
were found to be in good agreement with theoretical results. The
photovoltaic output power reported in their work was about 423 W,
which was more than the compressor power consumption of 313 W.
Further, the performance of a SPV-THP was evaluated under same
meteorological conditions and reported with maximum and average
COPs of 8.4 and 6.4, respectively, with an average photovoltaic
efficiency of 13.4% [30]. In another work, a thermo-economic compar-
ison between conventional SACHP and SPV-THP was reported by
Mastrullo and Renno [31]. Their results reported with COP variations
in the range between 4.5 and 8.4. The maximum exergy destruction
was occurred in PV-TE followed by the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve, respectively. The compressor power requirement was
in the range between 0.41 and 0.46 kW with daily requirement of 3.9
kWh. The photovoltaic output varies between 0.25 and 0.87 kW with
total output of 5.3 kW h. The photovoltaic output was reported higher
than the compressor power input, which makes the heat pump self
sustainable. In another work, Wang et al. [32] established the
dimensionless and thermodynamic model of a SPV-THP under the
influence of ambient temperature and solar intensity and validated
with experimental results. In their work, the photovoltaic power output
was converted into AC output by an inverter to power the compressor.
The relative error of the exergy consumption cost model of the SPV-
THP system is 1.5% for cooling and 0.3% for heating. Similarly, for the
exergy efficiency, the mean relative error between the experimental
results and the modeling results is 0.38%.
Many researchers have optimized the SACHP systems using exergy
analysis based on second law of thermodynamics. In a related work,
Torres-Reyes et al. [33] proposed a methodology for predicting the
optimal condensing and evaporator temperatures of a DXSAHP based
on second law of thermodynamics. The proposed model predicts the
optimized condensing and evaporator temperatures of the heat pump
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
with maximum exergy efficiency. Similarly, the thermodynamic per-
formance of a DXSAHP using unglazed evaporator was predicted [34].
It was reported that the exergy efficiency and COP of their system
varies in the range between 0.067–0.14 and 2.56–4.36, respectively.
The exergy analysis of a DXSAHP confirmed that a maximum loss
occurs in solar collector-evaporator, which requires more attention to
reduce its losses. In a similar work, Cervantes and Torres-Reyes [35]
carried out exergy analysis of a DXSAHP. Their investigations reported
that the maximum exergy destruction occurs in the solar collector due
to its maximum source of irreversibility occurred in solar thermal
collectors followed by compressor condenser and expansion value.
Their results pointed out that the solar energy is not effectively
absorbed by a collector evaporator. Hence, major modifications are
required in solar collectors to improve its performance. In another
work, the exergy performance of a DXSAHP using second law of
thermodynamics was investigated [36]. It was reported that, major
exergy losses occurred in the compressor and condenser, which needs
more attention for performance enhancement. Similarly, the thermo-
dynamic analysis of a SACHP under the meteorological conditions of
Elazig, Turkey and reported with a COP of 3.08 [37]. The exergy
efficiency of the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and solar
collector-evaporator are 42.1%, 83.7%, 43.2% and 9.4%, respectively.
Their results indicated that solar collector-evaporator is an inefficient
component in the system.
Eslami-Nejad and Bernier [38] developed an analytical model for
predicting the steady state heat transfer in double U-tube boreholes,
one for storing the solar energy in the geothermal well and another for
extracting the geothermal energy for the heat pump. The schematic
illustration of double U-tubes installed in a bore hole is depicted in
Fig. 12. The performance of the SGHSHP was compared with a
conventional GSHP and single-circuit SGHSHP system for the period
of twenty years life cycle. Their results reported that the length of the
bore hole can be reduced up to 33.1% when using a hybrid SGHSHP for
a soil thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/m °C with annual energy savings
up to 6.5%.
3.5. Artificial neural network modeling
The theoretical analysis of SACHP involves more analytical equa-
tions and assumptions, whereas the experimental analysis is more
expensive due to its initial investment in developing an experimental
setup. Artificial neural network (ANN) models have been widely used
for performance prediction of refrigeration, air conditioning and heat
pump systems [39], heat exchangers [40] and energy systems [41].
ANN establishes the correlations using training data, which does not
require analytical equations and system descriptions. The multilayer
layer feed forward network was widely used for predicting the
thermodynamic performance of heat pumps [39]. The steps involved
Fig. 12. Schematic representation of the proposed SGHSHP system [38].
M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

using ANN and analysis of variance. In their work, the evaporator

capacity, solar energy input ratio, photovoltaic efficiency, photovoltaic
panel temperature were predicted with reference to ambient tempera-
ture, solar intensity, relative humidity and ambient wind velocity. The
network with 4–15-4 configuration predicts the energy performance
values with maximum fraction of absolute variance values of 0.9999
with minimum root mean square errors and coefficient of variance
values. The analysis of variance results confirmed that solar intensity
and ambient temperature are the most influencing parameters affecting
the performance of a PV-TE. The ambient wind velocity and ambient
relative humidity are having less impact of the energy performance.
However, the ambient relative humidity has affecting the long term
performance of photovoltaic panels. In a recent work, Esen et al. [47]
compared the performance prediction capability of a SGHSHP using
MLFFN and ANFIS under the metrological conditions of Turkey. Their
results reported that ANFIS has good performance prediction cap-
ability when compared to the conventional MLFFN. They also suggest
that ANFIS is a good artificial modeling approach for predicting the
performance of a SGHSHP.

3.6. Modeling of heat pumps without using refrigerant properties

A new method for predicting the performance of compression heat

Fig. 13. Flowchart of ANN modeling of energy systems.
in ANN modeling of energy systems are depicted in Fig. 13. The studies
reported with ANN modeling of SACHP systems are consolidated and
presented in Table 3.
ANN models have been successfully used for predicting the energy
performance of DXSAHPs [42,43]. In our study, the energy perfor-
mance parameters such as, compressor power consumption, condenser
heating capacity, energy performance ratio, compressor discharge
temperature and solar energy input ratio were predicted with reference
to solar intensity and ambient temperature. The energy performance
values were predicted with maximum fraction of absolute variance
values of 0.9999 with minimum coefficient of variance and root mean
square values. Further, the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of a
DXSAHP were predicted with reference to ambient temperature and
solar intensity [44]. It was reported that, exergy destruction and exergy
efficiency of the DXSAHP are closer to the experimental values with
good statistical performance values. Further, the performance predic-
tion capability of a DXSAHP was improved by integrating MLFFN with
genetic algorithm [45].
Gunasekar et al. [46] predicted the energy performance of a PV-TE
pump cycles without considering the refrigerant properties was pro-
posed by Scarpa et al. [48–50]. The conclusions are also presented in
Table 4. The first dynamic lumped model was developed as a reference,
which describes an inverse compression cycle using a detailed descrip-
tion of the refrigerant thermodynamic properties, whereas the second
model is based on inverse Carnot cycle without considering the
refrigerant properties operating between same operating temperatures.
The operation of DXSAHP is characterized by its energy usage and
compared with a simple gas burner providing the same amount of
energy. Their results proved the potential of this new approach to
capture the essential features of the heat pump with acceptable
accuracy when compared to other complicated dynamic simulation
tools. Similarly, Tagliafico et al. [51,52] developed a steady state
numerical model for predicting the performance of a DXSAHP system
for water heating and space heating applications. The energy saving
potential of a DXSAHP water heating system was compared with a
conventional gas-boiler heating system and analyzed in terms of degree
days of each site. The model reported in their work is capable of sizing
the system parameters such as, number of panels, their total surface,
their hydraulic arrangement, the heat pump power, the circulators and
pipes with maximum energy savings of about 50%. In a recent
investigation, the exergy performance prediction of a heat pump was
predicted without using refrigerant properties [53]. Their proposed
model only requires the exergy performance rating of heat pumps
provided by the manufacturers at specific secondary fluid operating
temperatures and refrigerant temperatures.
3.7. Transient system simulation tool (TRNSYS)
TRNSYS is the flexible simulation software package used for
modeling, optimization and predicting the dynamic performance of
RES for a typical meteorological year with good degree of accuracy.

Table 3
Artificial intelligence modeling for SACHP systems.

Authors [Ref.] ANN configuration Heat pump configuration Conclusions

Mohanraj et al. [42,43] MLFFN DXSAHP Predicts the energy performance with maximum correlation coefficient of 0.9999
Mohanraj et al. [44] MLFFN DXSAHP Predicts the energy performance parameters with maximum correlation coefficient of 0.9999.
Kumar et al. [45] ANN-GA hybrid DXSAHP Predicts the energy performance with high degree of accuracy.
Gunasekar et al. [46] MLFFN PV-TE Predicts the energy performance of PV-TE with maximum correlation coefficient of 0.9999.
Esen et al. [47] MLFFN, ANFIS SGHSHP ANFIS has good prediction capability when compared to MLFFN.

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Table 4
Modeling of solar assisted heat pump without using refrigerant properties.

Authors [Ref.] Modeling approach Heat pump configuration Conclusions

Scarpa et al. [48–50] DXSAHP Predicts the energy performance with maximum correlation coefficient of 0.9999
Tagliafico et al. [51,52] Steady state numerical model DXSAHP Predicts the energy performance parameters with maximum correlation coefficient of
0.9999.
Saloux et al. [53] DXSAHP Predicts the energy performance of PV-TE with maximum correlation coefficient of
0.9999.

TRNSYS tool recognize the system description language, which spe- trol and fault diagnosis in the system to ensure safe and energy efficient
cifies the system and the manner in which they are connected. The operation [56]. A summary of reviewed investigations in this paper are
TRNSYS library includes most of the components found in thermal and also consolidated in Table 6.
electrical energy systems as well as component routines to handle input Many artificial intelligent controls have been reported in open
weather data or other time dependent functions. TRNSYS has become a literature. Failures in SACHP systems have leads to abnormal perfor-
reference simulation tool to the energy engineers and researchers for mance degradation. Hence, it is essential to identify the faults and
developing an energy system. Most of the research studies on renew- failures in the system to improve the energy performance of heat
able energy source heat pumps confirmed that TRNSYS is a good pumps with cost savings. In a related work, the faults in SACHP
simulation tool to forecast the thermodynamic performance, environ- systems were identified using incomplete data and exert knowledge
mental impacts and life cycle assessments of heat pump systems. controlled using Bayesian networks (BN) from incomplete data based
on back propagation (BP) neural network with maximum likelihood
estimation (MLE) called BP-MLE and also with fuzzy set (FS) theory
3.8. Life cycle analysis
called BP-FS [57]. The BP neural network was used for assign the
missing data and the complete data sets are addressed with MLE to
Table 5 presents the outcomes of the life cycle assessments of
obtain the parameters of BN. Similarly in BP-FS, the missing data was
SACHP systems. Chaturvedi et al. [54] developed a life cycle simulation
assigned by BP. The BP-FS theory was employed to quantify the
model of a DXSAHP water heater. The simulation model includes solar
parameters of BN. Their results reported that BP-MLE has good
radiation data, economics of heat pump using life cycle cost and load
diagnosis capability and accuracy to perform fault diagnosis with
data. Their results reported that, the DXSAHP is most economical and
complete or incomplete symptoms. Moreover, the results also con-
energy efficient option for water heating applications. They also
firmed that, the developed BN has performed the fault diagnosis using
reported that the single stage heat pump was not economical for lifting
either complete or incomplete symptoms.
condensing temperature more than 70 °C. Two stage heat pumps were
Putrayudha et al. [58] optimized the energy consumption of two
suggested in their work to lift the temperature more than 70 °C
heat pumps such as, GSHP and photovoltaic-thermal assisted GSHP
condensing temperature. Similarly, a life cycle impact assessment
using fuzzy logic control and compared with conventional ON/OFF
model of a DXSAHP for domestic water heating and space heating
control. The fuzzy logic control system provides better energy efficiency
applications was proposed by Eicher et al. [55]. The life cycle
for both the heat pumps in heating and cooling modes. The fuzzy logic
assessment model consists of three phases such as, manufacturing
control has reduced about 13.3% less annual energy consumption when
phase, use phase and disposal phase. Due to the unavailability of data
compared with conventional ON/OFF control for GSHP system.
during manufacturing and disposal phase, the environmental impacts
Similarly, the photovoltaic-thermal assisted GSHP has about 18.3%
during use phase was discussed in their work. The use phase includes
less annual energy consumption when compared to conventional ON/
the environmental impacts due to direct refrigerant emissions and
OFF controller. In recent investigations, the optimal control models
indirect emissions of CO2 during power generation. The environmental
were proposed by Sichilalu et al. [59,60] for hybrid renewable energy
impacts during use phase are characterized by total equivalent warm-
source heat pump water heaters to reduce the operation cost and
ing impact (TEWI). It was reported that SACHP has lower environ-
energy consumption by considering the time of use electricity tariff as a
mental impacts when compared to the system operating on ambient
control parameter. Their results reported that the optimal control has
energy sources. Moreover, the environmental impacts due to the usage
70.7% cost savings with 51.2% savings in energy consumption of
of materials in the heat pump are negligible when compared to the
photovoltaic-wind assisted hybrid heat pump water heaters when
energy consumption. Hence, the substitution of grid electricity with
compared to the conventional controllers [59]. Similarly, the optimal
renewable energy sources could reduce about 80% reduction in
control of a fuel cell-wind-photovoltaic-grid assisted hybrid energy
environmental impacts.
source for a heat pump water heater has significant energy savings
when compared to the conventional controllers [60].
3.9. Control models for SACHP systems

Conventional controls are not suitable for SACHP operation due to 3.10. Summary
its non-linear performance variations, uncertainties and time delays.
Hence, nonlinear controls based on artificial intelligence techniques are The reported studies on analytical simulation and artificial intelli-
preferred. Artificial intelligence controls provide efficient system con- gence models for predicting the thermodynamic performance and

Table 5
Life cycle analysis.

Authors [Ref.] Factor considered Heat pump Conclusions

configuration

Chaturvedi et al. [54] Cost DXSAHP DXSAHP systems are more economical for domestic water heating applications. However,
single stage DXSAHP systems are not economical for lifting more than 70 °C.
Eicher et al. [55] Environmental impact DXSAHP Life cycle assessment was made for the period of 20 years.

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Table 6
Artificial intelligence models for control of heat pumps.

Authors [Ref.] Artificial intelligence model Heat pump configuration Conclusions

Liu et al. [57] Back propagation with fuzzy logic SACHP Predicts the faults in SACHP system with high efficiency
and good accuracy.
Putrayudha et al. [58] Fuzzy logic Photovoltaic-wind hybrid system About 18.3% energy savings are possible.
Sichilalu et al. [59] Optimal control based on time of user Photovoltaic-wind hybrid system The energy savings in heat pump is about 51.2% with
electricity tariff 70.7% cost savings.
Sichilalu et al. [60] Optimal control based on time of user Fuel cell- wind-photovoltaic-grid hybrid Significant energy savings are possible with the optimal
electricity tariff system control system.

control of SACHP systems were presented in this section. The summary

of reported studies confirmed that analytical simulations, artificial
intelligence modeling and control of SACHP systems are found to be
quite reliable, even though many developments are further expected in
this area.

4. Performance enhancements

Many research innovations have been reported on SACHP systems

for performance improvements using latent heat source, heat pipes,
absorber plate modifications and the application of variable frequency
drive compressors. A summary of reported studies in open literature
are consolidated in this section.

4.1. Latent heat source for solar thermal collectors used as

evaporators
The performance of a SACHP system is highly influenced by
fluctuations in solar intensity, which demands suitable heat storage
for its effective operation [61]. Therefore, SACHP systems are usually
integrated with a heat storage unit to provide consistent energy input to
the heat pump during off-sunshine hours [62]. The studies reported
with performance improvements of SACHP systems using heat storage
materials is consolidated and presented in Table 7. In a related work,
Morrison [63] has simulated the performance of a packaged type
DXSAHP water heater using TRNSYS simulation tool for three
different locations (namely, Sydney, Darwin and Singapore). The
refrigerant R22 was used in their work. The schematic view of
packaged type DXSAHP water heater is illustrated in Fig. 14. Their
Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of packaged type solar assisted heat pump water heater
[63]. (a) Series configuration of solar assisted heat pump for space heating applications
(b) Parallel configuration of solar assisted heat pump for space heating applications.
results reported that COP of the packaged type DXSAHP water heater
was found to be slightly lower when compared to the conventional roof
mounted evaporator. But, the evaporator provides consistent heat
input by absorbing ambient latent heat during condensation of
moisture even there is more fluctuations in sunshine. Out of the three
locations investigated, the good performance results were reported in
Singapore followed by Darwin and Sydney due to the high ambient
temperature and relative humidity. The high ambient humidity pro-

Table 7
Performance improvements of SACHP systems using heat storage materials.

Authors [Ref.] Heat storage materials Heat pump Mode of energy transfer
configuration

Morrison [63] Ambient humidity DXSAHP Condensation of ambient humidity is used as heat source.
Kaygusuz [64,65] Water CSACHP Solar energy harvested through the collector was utilized as energy input source.
Hulin et al. [66] Water DXSAHP Solar energy harvested in pond is utilized as heat source for the heat pump.
Esen [67] Calcium chloride CSACHP The solar energy is stored in calcium chloride during its phase change. The stored
energy in calcium chloride is utilized as input to the heat pump.
Yumrutas and Unsal [68] Water CSACHP Water stored in hemispherical underground tank is utilized for harness the solar
energy. The stored energy is utilized as input source to the heat pump.
Yumrutas and Kaska et al. CSACHP The COP was reached to 2.5 during cloudy day and 3.5 during the end of sunny day.
[69]
Qi et al. [70] CSACHP PCM with high thermal conductivity is required for quick and effective charging.
Tamasauskas et al. [71,72] Ice CSACHP About 86% of energy savings are possible when compared to the conventional
heating system.
Carbonell et al. [73,74] Ice CSACHP The results predicted using mathematical model is closer to the experimental results.
Qv et al. [77] PCM Solar and ambient The heating COP was improved by about 65% when compared to the ambient source
heat pump.
Qu et al. [78] Na2SO410H2O DXSAHP The collection efficiency was improved by about 50% with increase in COP of 3.5.
Han et al. [79] PCM SGHSHP COP was improved to 3.28 by integrating the heat pump with heat storage. About
12% improved performance was reported.
Scarpa and Tagliafico [80] Ambient humidity DXSAHP Condensation of moisture present in atmospheric air has provided about 20–30% of
total harvested energy.
Huang et al. [81] DXSAHP Maximum frost formation was observed during high humid climates, which provides
good energy input source to the heat pump.

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M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

vides latent heat source to the evaporator of the heat pump during
moisture condensation. Similarly, the performance of a CSACHP
system integrated with solar energy storage was investigated by
Kaygusuz [64]. In his investigation, series and parallel configurations
as depicted in Fig. 15 were considered. In series configuration, the solar
collector and heat storage unit were directly connected with an
evaporator of a heat pump. Whereas, the parallel configuration
connects the solar collector and heat storage unit directly with air flow
path. The average coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump
was reported as 4.0 and 2.5 for series and parallel heat pump systems,
respectively. High collector thermal efficiency in the range between
Fig. 16. Schematic representation of solar pond [66].
60% and 68% was reported for series configuration, whereas, the
parallel configuration has thermal efficiency in the range from 48% to
60% with average storage efficiency of about 62% for both the systems. initial investment and system performance. Their modeling results
The experimental studies revealed that, the series heat pump config- were reported to be closer to the experimental results with good
uration is energy efficient when compared to the parallel configuration. accuracy.
The series configuration combines both ambient and solar energy as a Hulin et al. [66] theoretically predicted the thermal performance of
heat source to the evaporator. Whereas, the parallel system uses the a DXSAHP using two modes namely, (i) plate evaporator maintained at
heat from solar energy and heat pump separately. Further, a mathe- ambient temperature without thermal storage and (ii) evaporator
matical model was developed by Kaygusuz [65] for a CSACHP systems placed in a solar pond with length, width and depth dimensions of
integrated with solar energy storage for space heating applications. The 1.35 m × 1.35 m × 2.7 m, which is capable of storing heat. The
collector area and heat storage capacity were optimized based on the schematic view of their set up is depicted in Fig. 16. It was reported

Fig. 15. Schematic representation of series and parallel configurations [64].

14
M. Mohanraj et al.
that COP of the DXSAHP using energy storage in solar pond has
reached the maximum value of about 8.0 when compared to the
DXSAHP without energy storage, which has maximum COP of about
3.5. In a similar work, Esen [67] has made a two dimensional transient
simulation of a SACHP using calcium chloride as PCM heat storage and
validated with experimental results for space heating applications.
Their experimental test facility consists of 30 m2 flat plate solar
collectors for space heating applications of a laboratory building with
an area of 75 m2. The schematic diagram of their proposed system is
illustrated in Fig. 17. The heat storage tank was filled with 1090 kg of
PCM. The reported modeling results were closer to the experimental
results with good accuracy. Similarly, an analytical-numerical hybrid
model was proposed by Yumrutas and Unsal [68] for predicting the
transient behavior of the performance of a CSACHP coupled with
hemispherical heat storage water tank is depicted in Fig. 18. Their
reported system consists of flat plate solar collectors, heat pump and
hemispherical surface tank to store the sensible heat using water
throughout the year. The stored energy was used in heat pumps for
space heating. Their results reported that COP value gets increased
with increase in solar collector area. They also reported that gravel has
better thermal diffusivity when compared to granite, which results in
high COP. Further, the performance of the CSACHP was integrated
with PCM and investigated its performance in Turkey [69]. The COP of
the CSACHP was reached to 2.5 and 3.5 during the end of cloudy day
and during the end of sunny day, respectively. The overall COP of the
system was reported by about 15–20% lower when compared to the
COP of a heat pump. In another work, the performance of a CSACHP
system integrated with PCM materials for space heating applications
was simulated by Qi et al. [70]. Their simulation results suggested that,
the temperature of PCM in the storage tank shall be maintained lower
than that of secondary fluid (water). Moreover, they also suggested that
PCM with high thermal conductivity is essential for quick charging and
effective heat storage.
The performance of a CSACHP system using ice slurry PCM was
investigated theoretically and experimentally by Tamasauskas et al.
[71]. The line diagram of the proposed system by them is depicted in
Fig. 19. The latent heat of water was absorbed and transferred to the
required heating applications using a heat pump. During sunshine
hours, the solar energy melts the ice and heat in the form of sensible
and latent was stored. It was reported that CSACHP system has 86% of
energy savings when compared to the conventional resistance heating
Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of a solar assisted heat pump using phase change materials for space heating applications [67].
15
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Fig. 18. Line diagram of hemispherical heat storage water tank coupled with heat pump [68].
system. Whereas, the heat pump with sensible energy storage has about
81% of energy savings. Further, the performance of a CSACHP system
with ice slurry PCM was investigated for three locations such as,
Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver in Canada [72]. Their results
reported that heat pump using ice slurry has about 66% of energy
savings in Montreal and Toronto and about 62% in Vancouver. In a
recent work, a mathematical model was developed for predicting the
performance of a CSACHP cycle using ice as latent heat storage and
also validated with experimental results [73]. The experiments were
conducted in small capacity ice storage of 1 m3. The modeling results
were found to be in good agreement with experiments. Further, a
mathematical model was developed for predicting the temperature and
energy extraction in an ice storage system buried in the ground and
compared with results obtained from experiments [74]. The model
presented in their work predicts the ice storage temperature and energy
exchanged by the heat exchangers with good accuracy with experi-
mental results.
A novel triple sleeve energy storage heat exchanger was developed
to store the solar energy through the PCM packed in the heat
exchangers for heat pump applications [75]. The proposed heat
exchanger is capable of integrating the solar energy and ambient
energy to the heat pump along with PCM, which is depicted in
Fig. 20. In a further research work, the reliability of a triplex tube
heat exchanger (TRTHE) using PCM was investigated by Qv et al. [76]
for a solar-ambient combined source heat pump. The TRTHE provides
multiple functions in the system. Their system enhances the cooling
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 19. Schematic representation of ice storage solar assisted heat pump [71].
Fig. 20. Sectional view of triple sleeve energy storage heat exchanger [75].
COP by 17% at ambient temperatures above 38 °C. Similarly, at −10 °C
ambient temperature, the system heating COP was enhanced by 65%
when compared to the conventional air source heat pumps [77].
Similarly, the energy efficiency of the dual tank latent heat storage
system installed in a CSACHP system was investigated by Qu et al.
[78]. Their results reported that the collection efficiency was increased
up to 50% using Na2SO4·10H2O as a PCM. The COP of the heat pump
using PCM was improved by 3.5 times when compared with the heat
pump system using sensible heating system. A maximum COP of about
10 was reported in their work. In a similar work, the performance of a
SGHSHP integrated with PCM an energy storage tank was numerically
simulated by Han et a1. [79]. A transient simulation model was
developed in their work to study the performance of SGHSHP in
Harbin. The COP of the SGHSHP with PCM heat storage was reported
Table 8
Research and developments with solar collectors for performance enhancements.
Authors [Ref.] Suggested modifications
Kaygusuz [83] Absorber plate area
Ito et al. [84] Increasing the collector area
Ito et al. [85] Increasing the collector area
Georgiev [86] By changing the mass flow rate of fluid through the condenser, condenser fluid
temperature, mass flow rate of fluid through the condenser and evaporator
temperature.
16
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
as 3.28 whereas, the SGHSHP without heat storage has COP value of
3.03 and GSHP has 2.16. Their results confirmed that SGHSHP with
heat storage has about 12% improved performance when compared to
the conventional GSHP systems.
Scarpa and Tagliafico [80] have investigated the performance of a
DXSAHP using bare tube evaporator, which was maintained below dew
point temperature of air. The latent heat released during condensation
of moisture present in atmospheric air was found to be about 20–30%
of the total harvested energy during off sunshine and cloudy days. The
latent heat released during condensation of moisture is a function of
dew point temperature, which improves the COP of the DXSAHP. The
moisture condensation makes the heat pump to operate with COP of
5.8 during lean sunshine house and also during night hours in the
presence of high humidity. In another work, the influence of frost
formation in a DXSAHP using bare tube evaporators was investigated
by Huang et al. [81]. The performance was evaluated in the ambient
temperatures ranging between −3 °C and 7 °C. The three different
relative humidity values of 50%, 70% and 90% at three solar intensities
of 0, 100 and 300 W/m2 were considered in their work. It was reported
that the influence of solar intensity has reduced the frost formation at
ambient temperature above −3 °C and the relative humidity is 70%.
The maximum frost formation was observed in the absorber plate at
high relative humidity of 90%. The frost formation in the case of bare
tube evaporator was observed to be lower when compared to the fin
and tube heat exchanger.
Heat pump Conclusions
configuration
DXSAHP Influence of collector-evaporator area has
minimum change in system COP.
DXSAHP No significant improvement in COP.
DXSAHP About 5–10% drop in COP was observed
due to excess pressure drop.
CSACHP All the parameters have significant
influence on COP of a SACHP system.
M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

4.2. Modifications in solar thermal collector used as evaporators of absolute variance of 0.9988.

The solar radiation has influenced the thermal performance of solar

4.4. Heat pipe assisted solar photovoltaic-thermal collector-
collector-evaporators by about 36% when compared to the conven-
evaporators
tional evaporators [82]. Hence, the research focus on solar evaporator
collector area is essential for performance improvement. Table 8
Zhang et al. [90,91] developed a heat pipe assisted SPV-THP water
consolidates the research and developments reported in connection
heater and investigated its performance experimentally under the
with solar collectors for performance enhancements. A methodology
meteorological conditions of Shanghai, China. The schematic layout
for calculating the area of collector-evaporator based on the experi-
of heat pipe assisted photovoltaic heat pump water heater is illustrated
mental exergy results of a solar assisted heat pump was proposed by
in Fig. 23. It was reported that the average electrical and thermal
Kaygusuz [83]. Their results reported that the evaporator-collector area
efficiencies of heat pipe assisted photovoltaic modules are 9.2% and
have very minimum influence on COP of the heat pump. In a similar
39%, respectively resulting in corresponding overall energy and exergy
work, the performance of a R22 based DXSAHP was investigated by Ito
efficiency of about 48% and 15%. The average COP values of thermal
et al. [85]. In their work, the heat pump with 350 W compressor rated
and PV-TE are calculated as 5.5 and 8.7, respectively. The heat pipe
capacity and collector area of 3.24 m2 were used. Their results have
assisted SPV-THP has a payback period of sixteen years with reduction
reported a COP of 5.3. Also they have confirmed that, there is no
in 12.06 t of CO2 emissions during its life cycle. The heat pipe assisted
significant improvement in COP of the heat pump by increasing the
PV-TE has 3–5% higher exergitic efficiency when compared to the
evaporator-collector area. Further, the performance a DXSAHP was
conventional PV-TE. They have concluded that, heat pipe assisted PV-
evaluated using two different types of solar collectors with 1.92 m2
TE is an economical and efficient option, which can be easily integrated
collecting area [86]. Their results reported that evaporator pressure
with heat pumps. Similarly, the energy performance of a SPV-THP
drop has 5–10% influence on COP of the heat pump. They also suggest
using heat pipe assisted PV-TE was experimentally investigated by Fu
that the sensing bulb of an expansion valve should be located close to
et al. [92] under the meteorological conditions of Hong Kong city in
the evaporator outlet to ensure stable operation. In another similar
China. The schematic illustration of a SPV-THP using heat pipe
work, Georgiev [87] tested the performance of solar thermal collectors
assisted PV-TE is shown in Fig. 24. It was reported that the heat pipe
as a heat source for a heat pump system. It was reported that, the
assisted PV-TE is more energy efficient due to its higher energy
condenser fluid temperature, mass flow rate of fluid flowing through
efficiency in the range between 62% and 82%. The average COP of
the condenser, evaporator fluid, evaporator fluid temperature were
the heat pump was reported as 4.0 during peak sun shine days. The
influencing the COP of the heat pump and collector efficiency.
energy and exergy efficiencies of heat pump using heat pipe assisted
PV-TE were varied from 36.5% to 38.4% and from 7.4% to 7.8%,
respectively, when the system was operated during peak sunshine days.
4.3. Heat pipe assisted solar thermal collector-evaporators
In a recent work, Chen et al. [93] investigated the performance of a
direct expansion solar assisted heat pump using heat pipe assisted
Earlier investigations have confirmed that heat pipe assisted solar
photovoltaic-thermal evaporator by experimentally and theoretically. It
collectors are energy efficient [88]. In Table 9, the studies reported on
was reported that, thermal COP of the heat pump was gets increased
heat pipe assisted solar thermal collector-evaporators are consolidated.
with increase of solar intensity, ambient temperature and photovoltaic
The schematic diagram of a heat pipe is illustrated in Fig. 21. In a
backboard absorptivity. Whereas, an increase in condenser inlet water
related work, the performance of the DXSAHP water heater was
temperature, photovoltaic packing factor and pitch of a heat pipe will
enhanced using heat pipe assisted solar collectors [94]. Their system
reduce the thermal COP. Moreover, the COP of the heat pump using
was operated in a heat pump mode when the solar radiation was low
heat pipe assisted photovoltaic-thermal evaporator gets increased with
and in heat pipe mode without electricity consumption when solar
increase in solar radiation and photovoltaic packing factor. An increase
intensity was high. The COP of the system in hybrid mode was reached
in ambient temperature, condenser inlet water temperature and pitch
a maximum value of 3.32 when compared to the normal heat pump
of the heat pipe are found to reduce the COP of the heat pump. The
mode, which has COP of 2.58. Similarly, the performance of a heat pipe
photovoltaic backboard absorptivity has minor influence on the
assisted heat pump using solar energy was investigated by Usta [89].
performance of the heat pump.
The schematic view of heat pipe assisted solar assisted thermal heat
pump is depicted in Fig. 22. The COP of the heat pipe assisted heat
pump using solar energy was varied in the range between 1.39 and 4.5. Modifications in photovoltaic-thermal evaporators
4.37. They also developed a mathematical model using MATLAB and
validated with experimental results. The COP of heat pump was The modifications made in the photovoltaic-thermal evaporators
predicted with reference to the solar radiation, ambient temperature (PV-TE) are consolidated and presented in Table 10. The photovoltaic
and water temperature in the condenser. The modeling results were power output was highly influenced by the ambient temperature.
found to be closer to the experimental results with a maximum fraction During winter climates, the efficiency of the photovoltaic panels was

Table 9
Research and developments on heat pipe assisted solar collector as evaporators.

Authors [Ref.] Evaporator Heat pump Conclusions

configuration configuration

Huang et al. [88] Thermal evaporator DXSAHP Improvement in system COP

Usta [89] Thermal evaporator DXSAHP Maximum COP of 4.37 was reported
Zhang et al. Photovoltaic hybrid DXSAHP Improvement of COP with reduction in CO2 emissions.
[90,91] evaporator
Fu et al. [92] Photovoltaic hybrid DXSAHP Improved thermodynamic efficiency when compared to the conventional collector-
evaporator evaporators.
Chen et al. [93] Heat pipe assisted PV-TE DXSAHP It was reported that, thermal COP of the heat pump was gets increased with increase of solar
intensity, ambient temperature. Whereas, an increase in condenser inlet water temperature,
photovoltaic packing factor and pitch of a heat pipe will reduce the thermal COP.

17
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 21. Sectional view of a heat pipe representing energy transfer.
seriously affected. In order to retain the performance, the glass cover
was placed over the photovoltaic panels. In a related work, Pei et al.
[94] compared the performance of a SPV-THP with and without the use
glass cover for the PV-TE under winter climates. It was reported that
the conversion efficiency of a PV-TE covered with glass is 18% with a
COP of 4.85. However, the conversion efficiencies of PV-TE without
cover drops to 16.4% with a COP of 3.41. Their results reported that
the efficiency drop during winter climates can be significantly reduced
by covering the photovoltaic panel with the glass. Similarly, a micro
photovoltaic panel covered with vacuum glass tube was developed for a
heat pump and investigated its performance experimentally [95]. The
illustrative representation of micro photovoltaic panel inside the
vacuum glass tube is depicted in Fig. 25. The COP of their system
was varied between 2.9 and 4.6 with an increase in solar radiation form
200 W/m2 to 800 W/m2 with a water supply temperature of 35 °C.
However, the COP was dropped from 5.2 to 3.2 with increase in
condenser inlet temperature from 25 °C to 45 °C, at solar intensity of
600 W/m2 and condenser water flow rate of 2 l per minute. The
electrical efficiency of PV-TE was improved by about 1.9% when
compared to the panel without cooling. In a similar work, a novel roof
module PV-TE was developed for heat pump applications [96]. The
Fig. 22. Line diagram of a heat pipe assisted solar assisted heat pump [89].
18
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
evaporator temperatures were measured between 0 and 10 °C and the
condensing temperatures were maintained between 50 and 70 °C.
Their results reported that thermal efficiency of a roof module PV-TE
was in the range between 54.5% and 63% with its module electrical
efficiency of about 19%. The total efficiencies were varied between
56.3% and 74%. The integration of PV-TE in a prefabricated roof has
reduced both capital and running costs when compared to the
conventional PV-TE. They also confirmed that mono-crystalline silicon
has good performance when compared to poly-crystalline photovoltaic
modules.
Xu et al. [97] improved the energy performance of a SPV-THP
using low concentrating PV-TE for water heating applications. In their
work, the parabolic concentrators were used to improve the tracking of
solar illuminations. The schematic representation of a parabolic
concentrator is illustrated in Fig. 26. An average COP of 4.8 was
reported for water heating applications for the condensing tempera-
tures between 30 °C and 70 °C on a sunny day with an average output
electrical efficiency of 17.5%. The average output electrical efficiency
was found to be 1.36 times higher when compared to the low
concentrating PV-TE without cooling. They also pointed out that the
fixed parabolic concentrators have flux concentrating rate of 1.6,
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 23. Schematic diagram of photovoltaic assisted heat pump for water heating applications [90,91].
indicating that the power output of a specific area of photovoltaic cells
was 1.6 times higher when compared to the PV panel without using
concentrator. Further, the energy performance of a SPV-THP using
modified aluminum extruded tube PV-TE for Nanjing and Hong Kong
city meteorological conditions was evaluated and compared with the
conventional circular tube configuration [98]. The schematic view of
aluminum extruded evaporator tube is illustrated in Fig. 27. Their
results concluded that, the modified aluminum extruded tube PV-TE
has improved COP and thermal efficiency by 7% and 6%, respectively
when compared to the solar assisted heat pump using conventional PV-
TE. Recently, we compared the energy performance of a SPV-THP
using circular and triangular tube PV-TE configurations as depicted in
Fig. 28 [99]. In our work, R134a was used as refrigerant. It was
reported that triangular tube PV–TE configuration has enhanced the
condenser heating capacity, COP and panel electrical efficiency by 3–
7%, 3–5% and 4–13%, respectively when compared to the circular tube
PV–TE configuration. In another work, Manzolini et al. [100] inves-
tigated the performance of a CSACHP integrated with photovoltaic
assisted roof tile solar air heater as depicted in Fig. 29. It was reported
that the COP of the heat pump was improved from 3.6 to 3.75 with 5%
energy savings. The amount of heat extracted from the tile air heater is
2 kW during winter and 7 kW during summer climates. Zhou et al.
[101] experimentally investigated the performance of a DXSAHP using
Fig. 24. Schematic view of solar photovoltaic assisted heat pump water heater [92].
19
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
a micro-channel PV-TE, which is depicted in Fig. 30. It was reported
that the average thermal, electrical and overall efficiency of the micro-
channel PV-TE were reported as 56.6%, 15.4% and 69.7%, respectively
with an average system COP of 4.7. The micro-channel evaporators
have reduced tube cross-section area, which enhance the vapor velocity
inside the channels. The enhanced vapor velocity has increased the
shear stress at the liquid-vapor interface and reduced the liquid film
thickness, which has increased the evaporation refrigeration rate in the
evaporator and also increased the heat absorption. The electrical
efficiency was also improved.
4.6. Use of variable frequency drive compressors
The thermal load acting on an evaporator of SACHP systems is not
consistent due to the fluctuations in solar intensity. Hence, the refrigerant
mass flow rate through the solar collector-evaporator needs to be varied.
In order to balance the evaporator load, a variable frequency drive
compressor was proposed. The studies reported with variable frequency
compressor for SPV-THP are consolidated in Table 11. In a related
investigation, Ji et al. [102] experimentally investigated the energy
performance of a SPV-THP under the meteorological conditions of
Hong Kong, China. The maximum and average COP of about 10.4 and
5.4 was reported in their work. The maximum and average photovoltaic
M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Table 10
Modifications in photovoltaic-thermal evaporator for performance enhancements.

Authors [Ref.] PV-TE configuration Heat pump configuration Conclusions

Pei et al. [94] Glazed photovoltaic panel DXSAHP COP of the heat pump and conversion efficiency of the panel was improved using glazing.
Chen et al. [95] Micro photovoltaic DXSAHP COP was varied between 2.9 and 4.6 with an increase in solar radiation at water supply
temperature of 35 °C.
Zhao et al. [96] Roof top DXSAHP Thermal and electrical efficiency of the PV-TE was improved. Roof top photovoltaic panels
have reduced the initial and running cost.
Xu et al. [97] Low concentrating DXSAHP Photovoltaic output was improved by about 1.6% when compared to the conventional
evaporators.
Xu et al. [98] Extruded tubes DXSAHP COP and thermal efficiency were improved by 7% and 6%, respectively when compared to
the evaporators using circular tubes.
Mohanraj et al. [99] Triangular tubes DXSAHP COP of the heat pump was improved by 3–5% with 4–13% improved electrical efficiency.
Manzolini et al. [100] Roof tile CSACHP COP of the heat pump was improved by 3.6–3.75 with 5% energy savings.
Zhou et al. [101] Micro-channel DXSAHP Average thermal, electrical and overall efficiencies are 56.6%, 15.4% and 69.7%,
respectively. Average COP of the system was reported as 4.7.

stage compression cycles are not possible to maintain the capacity

when the range of operating temperatures is high. But, certain special
applications require high temperature lift either due to the requirement
of very low evaporator temperatures or due to the requirement of very
high condensing temperatures. In such cases, the single stage compres-
sion systems become less efficient with loss of capacity. To overcome
these limitations, multistage or hybrid compression cycles were
proposed by many researchers. A summary of investigations reported
on cycle modifications are discussed in this section and also consoli-
dated in Table 12.

5.1. Two stage compression cycles

The energy consumption of two stage heat pumps working under

Fig. 25. Sectional view of photovoltaic evaporator using vacuum tube [95].
efficiency of about 16.1% and 13.4% was reported. The variable frequency
drive compressor has made significant performance improvement of the
heat pump in their work. Further, Liu et al. [103] investigated the
performance of a SPV-THP using a variable frequency compressor. It was
reported that, the system can achieve a maximum COP of 7.25 with an
average COP of 6.0. The maximum and average condenser capacities are
3170 W and 2200 W, respectively. The photovoltaic output power was
varied from 152.6W to 662.3 W with a total power output of 4.7 kWh. The
compressor power consumption was varied between 139.1 and 438.4 W,
with an accumulation of 3.6 kWh per day. The photovoltaic output full fills
the compressor power requirements. The daily averaged electrical thermal
and overall efficiencies were reported as 0.135, 0.479 and 0.625,
respectively.
4.7. Summary
The studies confirmed that performance of SACHP systems are
enhanced by modifying the absorber plate of collector-evaporators
using heat storage materials, by integrating heat pipes and using
variable frequency drive compressors. Moreover, further research is
required to standardize the absorber plate modifications according to
various applications.
5. Cycle modifications
The performance of heat pump systems was also improved by
suitable modifications in the exiting compression cycles. The single
cold climates have significant energy savings of 20–35% when com-
pared to single stage heat pumps [104]. In a related work, a two stage
DXSAHP was proposed by Chaturvedi et al. [105] for high temperature
water heating applications between 60 and 90 °C and compared with
single stage DXSAHP. They also proposed a graphical solution for
sizing the solar collectors with reference to the heating capacity of a
heat pump. In their work, a flash chamber was introduced between the
two stages of compression as shown in Fig. 31. The superheated vapor
mixes with saturated vapor in the flash chamber. The resultant cooler
vapor is compressed by the high pressure stage compressor to the
condensing pressure, followed by condensation taking place in the
second stage condenser by releasing the latent heat of refrigerant to the
water. Their results reported that the thermal performance of a two
stage DXSAHP was found to be much higher when compared to the
single stage DXSAHP especially at high condensing temperatures
around 90 °C, which makes the two stage systems more applicable
for high temperature heat pump applications.
5.2. Cascade cycles
The compressor volumetric efficiency and refrigerant mass flow rate
through the compressor of a single stage heat pump system gets
reduced and results in unreliable condenser heating capacity when the
operating temperature limits between the condenser and evaporator
temperatures are more than 40 °C. To overcome this difficulty, Wang
et al. [106] proposed a two stage heat pump system for cold weather
climates to maintain the condenser heating capacity. The schematic
diagram of a two stage heat pump working in single stage and two stage
modes for space heating applications is depicted in Fig. 32. The two
stage heat pump cycle coupled two compression refrigeration cycles
working with two different refrigerants. The intermediate heat ex-
changer couple the two compression refrigeration cycles is called
cascade heat exchanger. The refrigerant selection is the major task in
two stage cascade refrigeration cycle, which requires further research.
On the similar lines, we are proposing a two stage solar assisted

20
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 26. (a) Schematic view of a DXSAHP using parabolic concentrator [97] (b) Detailed sectional view of parabolic concentrator used for tracking of solar radiations [97].
Fig. 27. Schematic diagram of extruded tube evaporator [98].
cascade heat pump using R407C and R134a as working fluids for
extremely cold climates of Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan.
5.3. Ejector assisted compression cycles
Earlier reported investigations in open literature confirmed that
ejector assisted compression cycles (for both sub critical and trans-
critical cycles) have significant performance enhancements over the
conventional compression cycles [107]. In a related work, Zhu et al.
21
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Fig. 28. Sectional view of circular and triangular tubes [99].
[108] proposed a novel dual-nozzle ejector enhanced vapor-compres-
sion hybrid cycle for a solar ambient dual source heat pump. A
simulation model was developed in their work. The schematic view of
the proposed hybrid heat pump cycle is depicted in Fig. 33. Their
results reported that COP and heating capacity of the new heat pump
cycle was enhanced by 4.6–34.0% and 7.8–52.0%, respectively when
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 29. Sectional view of a roof tile as solar air heater [100].
Fig. 30. Sectional view of a roof tile as solar air heater [101].
compared to the conventional vapor-compression cycle. In another
work, a hybrid solar assisted ejector with compression heat pump for
water heating applications was developed by Huang et al. [109]. Their
proposed system combines the pump less ejector cooling system with
an inverter-type heat pump using R22 as refrigerant, which provides
space cooling and hot water. The schematic illustration is depicted in
Fig. 34. The ejector system was powered by the solar energy. This
ejector system was used to cool the condenser of the of a compression
heat pump to enhance its COP and reduce its energy consumption.
Their results reported that COP of the hybrid cycle was varied between
2.0 and 3.3 with ambient temperature fluctuations between 5 °C and
35 °C. The performance improvement depends on the working fluid
used and dimensions of the ejectors. In a recent study, Yan et al. [110]
simulated the energy and exergy performance of a solar assisted ejector
compression heat pump cycle and compared conventional compression
cycle. The schematic diagram of ejector assisted heat pump cycle is
depicted in Fig. 35. It was reported that system COP, heating capacity
and heating exergy output were improved by about 15.3%, 38.1% and
52.8%, respectively. In their work, R1234yf was proposed as potential
refrigerant for ejector assisted compression heat pump cycle. The
Table 11
Use of variable frequency drive compressor for performance enhancements.
Authors [Ref.] Compressor configuration Heat pump configuration
Ji et al. [102] Variable frequency drive hermetically sealed DXSAHP
Liu et al. [103] Variable frequency drive hermetically sealed DXSAHP
22
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
maximum exergy destruction was reported in the ejector nozzle
followed by condenser and evaporator, compressor, expansion valve
and solar collector, respectively. In a recent study, Chen and Yu [111]
investigated the performance of a DXSAHP using an ejector in the
conventional compression cycle, which illustrated in Fig. 36. It was
reported that the COP and the heating capacity were improved by
about 13.8% and 20.5%, respectively. The exergy destruction of a solar
collector gets increased with increase in solar intensity. But, the exergy
destruction gets decreased with increase in solar intensity. The results
also confirmed that, the maximum exergy destruction was occurred in
solar collector followed by ejectors with electronic expansion valve,
compressor, evaporator and condenser, respectively. Hence, further
detailed research is essential to optimize and standardize the dimen-
sions of nozzle ejectors to improve its thermodynamic performance
[112].
5.4. Auto-cascade cycles
The auto-cascade heat pump cycles are preferred for low ambient
temperatures, which are working with zeotropic refrigerant mixtures
[113]. In a related study, Lv et al. [114] proposed a mathematical
model for simulating the performance of novel solar assisted auto-
cascade heat pump cycle working with the zeotropic refrigerant
mixture composed of R32 and R290 (in the ratio of 20:80, by mass)
in a small heat pump water heater. In their work, a cascade heat
exchanger with a phase separator was used for performance enhance-
ment. In Fig. 37, the schematic diagram of an auto-cascade solar
assisted heat pump cycle reported in literature is illustrated. Their
results reported that solar assisted auto cascade heat pump cycle has
4.2–9.8% and 4.3–9.7% improvements in COP and volumetric heating
capacity, respectively when compared with conventional ambient
source heat pumps under the same operating conditions. However,
the zeotropic mixtures used in auto cascade systems are having two
major drawbacks such as, composition shift and temperature glide. The
compositions of the zeotropic mixtures are not possible to maintain
uniformly under leakage conditions. Hence, it is important that, during
fabrication, the flare joint connections should be reduced to avoid
leakage.
Conclusions
Maximum COP of 10.4 was reported with a maximum photovoltaic efficiency
of 16.1%.
Maximum COP of 7.25 was reported with maximum condenser capacity of
3.17 kW.
M. Mohanraj et al.
Table 12
Modifications on compression cycle modifications.
Authors [Ref.] Cycle modifications
Chaturvedi et al. [105] Two stage cycles
Wang et al. [106] Cascade cycles
Zhu et al. [108] Ejector cycles
Huang et al. [109] Ejector cycles
Yan et al. [110] Ejector cycles
Chen and Yu [111] Ejector cycle
Zhao et al. [114] Auto cascade cycles
Deng et al. [117,118] Trans critical cycles
Meng et al. [121] Trans critical cycles with absorption hybrid system
Schimpf and Span [123] Organic Rankine cycles
5.5. Trans-critical cycles
The naturally available R744 is a safe, economical and environment
friendly which can be used in heat pumps working under trans-critical
cycles [115]. The recent research and developments have improved the
performance and safety of trans-critical cycles to a level similar to the
sub-critical compression cycles [116]. The trans-critical cycle used in
heat pump cycle is depicted in Fig. 38. Deng et al. [117,118]
investigated the energy saving potential of an absorption-trans-critical
hybrid heat pump cycle. In their work, solar assisted absorption system
was integrated with conventional trans-critical CO2 heat pump cycle,
which is depicted in Fig. 39. Their results reported that the proposed
hybrid cycle has 13.7% energy saving potential with higher COP of 2.32
when compared to the conventional heat pump. Their results are
similar to the earlier research work reported on compression-absorp-
tion hybrid cycle [119]. Further, the performance of the system was
optimized using TRNSYS simulation package [120]. It was reported
that the optimized configuration of the heat pump has COP of 2.38 with
solar fraction of 0.69. The thermodynamic performance of a solar
assisted hybrid trans-critical Rankine cycle was simulated for heating
applications [121]. Their proposed hybrid cycle consists of trans-
critical CO2 heat pump powered by Rankine cycle using solar energy,
which is depicted in Fig. 40. Their results reported with a heating COP
of above 0.9. However, such heat pump cycles are preferred only for
high capacity heating applications. In a recent research, the perfor-
mance of a solar assisted CO2 heat pump for space heating applications
was investigated by experimentally and theoretically using TRNSYS
simulation package [122]. It was reported that their proposed config-
uration has the potential of 14.2% electricity savings with improvement
of solar fraction by 8% and also with 1790.8 kWh of electricity when
compared with conventional ambient source CO2 heat pump.
5.6. Organic Rankine cycles
The solar organic Rankine cycles consists of a solar collector (flat
plate or evacuated tube), storage tank, a reversible heat pump, radiant
Fig. 31. Line diagram of a two stage solar assisted heat pump [105].
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Conclusions
Most suitable for high temperature water heating applications with high energy efficiency.
Suitable for low temperature ambient conditions.
COP and heating capacity were improved by 4.6–34% and 7.8–52%, respectively.
Significant COP improvement was reported.
COP was improved by 15.3%. Heating capacity was improved by 38.1%.
COP and heating capacity were improved by about 13.8% and 20.5%, respectively.
COP was improved by 4.2–9.8% with 4.3–9.7% improvement in volumetric heating capacity.
About 13.7% energy saving potential is possible.
Preferred for high temperature heating applications.
About 14.2% energy savings are possible.
floor heating system and a ground heat exchanger, which is depicted in
Fig. 41. In a related work, Schimpf and Span [123] proposed an organic
Rankine cycle to harness the excess solar energy during the summer
climates and stored in the ground for a SGHSHP system. The proposed
SGHSHP system was used for space heating applications. In their cycle,
the scroll compressor works as a scroll expander and the working fluid
get condensed in the ground heat exchanger and charging the bore hole
and its surroundings. The performance was simulated for the 12 m2
collector area of a residential building at Ankara, Denver and Bochum
in Germany. The organic Rankine cycle has reduced the electricity
requirement by about 9% with significant cost savings during the
period of 20 years. Further, the techno-economic feasibility of the
organic Rankine cycle was evaluated [124]. The additional investments
for the newly proposed cycle consists of a pump, valves and upgraded
controls, which are estimated to be about 400 € for a single residence.
The proposed cycle in their work has not shown any improvement in
the COP of the system. However, the ground recharging processes will
reduce the depth of the bore hole, which makes reasonable profits in
various parts of Germany.
5.7. Summary
The modifications in existing SACHP cycles were discussed in this
section. The summary of reported investigations presented in this
section confirmed that, hybrid SACHP cycles showed improved per-
formance when compared to the conventional heat pump cycles.
However, the proposed cycle modifications need further research to
optimize the system configuration to maximize the performance.
6. Environment-friendly refrigerants
The halogenated refrigerants such as R22 and R134a are widely
used in SACHP systems due to its good thermodynamic and thermo-
physical properties. The refrigerants suitable for SACHP systems are
classified in Fig. 42. The refrigerant R22 and R134a are having high
global warming potential (GWP), which needs to be phased out soon.
23
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 32. (a) A Schematic view of two stage ambient source heat pumps for space heating applications (Two stage mode) [106]. (b) B Schematic view of two stage ambient source heat
pumps for space heating applications (Single stage mode) [106].
Fig. 33. Line diagram of an ejector assisted solar source heat pump [108].
Hence, it is essential to identify a long term alternative to fulfill the
needs for SACHPS applications and to meet the objectives of interna-
tional protocols [125,126]. Table 13 consolidates the thermodynamic
properties of existing refrigerants used in SACHP systems. A summary
of research investigations reported on environment friendly refriger-
ants discussed in this section are presented in Table 14.
24
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Fig. 34. Line diagram of an ejector assisted solar source heat pump [109].
6.1. Natural refrigerants
Chaichana et al. [127] proposed natural working fluids such as,
R744, R717, R290, R600, R600a and R1270 as replacements for R22
in SACHP systems based on the energy performance and thermo-
physical properties. Their results reported that R744 is not suitable for
R22 based SACHP due to its low critical temperature and high critical
M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Fig. 35. Line diagram of an ejector assisted solar source heat pump [110].

Fig. 38. Trans-critical solar assisted heat pump cycle [115].

pressure, which requires major modifications in the system. The

Fig. 36. Line diagram of an ejector assisted solar source heat pump [111].
second option, R717 seems to be more appropriate in terms of
operating parameters and performance. But R717 is not compatible
with the materials used in the conventional heat pump systems, which
requires major modifications. The operating pressures of R600 and
R600a are 50–70% lower when compared to R22. Hence, the R22
based compressors are not suitable for R600 and R600a, which
requires compressor replacement. The other two hydrocarbons such
as, R290 and R1270 have close saturation pressure with R22. The

Fig. 37. Schematic diagram of auto cascade solar assisted heat pump [114].

25
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 39. Solar assisted trans-critical solar assisted heat pump cycle [117,118].
Fig. 40. Schematic diagram of trans-critical cycle powered by Rankine cycle [121].
performance of R290 and R1270 are closer to R22. However, R290 and
R1270 are flammable, which requires more safety while retrofitting.
However, further experimental studies are required to investigate its
reliability and techno-economical feasibility.
Li et al. [128,129] simulated the performance of a SACHP using
R744 and R134a as possible alternatives to R22. It was reported that
R744 has higher COP compared to R134a at low ambient temperatures
below 13 °C. However, the performance of R744 is drastically reduced
at high ambient temperatures due to its low critical temperature. At
high ambient temperatures, R134a has better performance compared
to R22 and R744. The time required to heat the water from 15 °C to
55 °C is lower for R22 when compared to R134a and R744. The solar
energy input ratios of R22, R134a and R744 were in the ranges
between 30% and 44%, between 48% and 89% and between 39% and
73%, respectively, at all ambient temperatures. In another work, the
performance of a DXSAHP using R22 was compared against R744
[130]. The COP of a heat pump using R22 and R744 are calculated as
3.21 and 2.75, respectively during the cloudy day. Whereas, the COP
values of the DXSAHP were increased by about 20% during the sunny
day. The exergy efficiency of R22 based DXSAHP was 6.2% higher
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
when compared to R744. The R744 has more irreversibility in the
system components due to poor critical properties when compared to
R22 even though it is environmentally compatible. Hence, trans-critical
cycles are recommended for R744 based systems, which requires major
system modifications in the existing systems.
Kim et al. [131] simulated the performance analysis of a SGHSHP
system using CO2 as refrigerant. Their proposed system consists of
three circuits such as, solar collector, geothermal heat extraction and
CO2 heat pump cycle. It was reported that the pressure ratio between
inlet and outlet of the compressor was raised by 19.9%, the compressor
work increases from 4.5 to 5.3 kW and COP drops from 2.81 to 2.13
when the operating temperature was increased from 40 °C to 48 °C.
The maximum COP reported in their work is 2.81 when the ground
water temperature is 19 °C. Further, the performance of CO2 based
SGHSHP was compared with R22 under the influence of heat pump
operating temperature, solar radiation, indoor design temperature and
evaporator inlet temperature from ground [132]. The heating capacity
and COP of the heat pump using R22 was reduced by 6.2% and 20%,
respectively when the operating temperature was increased from 40 °C
to 48 °C. The COP of the heat pump using R744 was reported as 28.8%
M. Mohanraj et al.
Fig. 41. Schematic layout of an organic Rankine cycle integrated heat pump [123].
lower when compared to R22 due to its low critical pressure. Similar
performance variations for both the refrigerants were reported with
reference to ambient conditions.
6.2. Hydo-fluro-carbon refrigerant mixtures
At present hydro-fluro-carbons (HFC) refrigerants such as, R134a,
R407C and R410A are the most dominant refrigerants used in SACHP
systems. The oil miscibility and global warming are the two major
technical issues associated with HFC refrigerants. Hence, a synthetic
lubricant (polyol-ester) is recommended. In a related investigation,
Gorozabel et al. [133] theoretically predicted the performance of a
DXSAHP using R12, R22, R134A, R404A, R407C and R410A as
possible working fluids. It has been reported that the refrigerant
mixtures (R404A, R407C and R410A) gave 15–20% lower COP when
compared to R12, R134a and R22 due to its lower critical temperature.
The HFC refrigerant mixtures are not possible to retrofit in existing
R22 heat pump systems due to its lubricant oil compatibility, which
needs stringent flushing of lubricant in the system. In another work, a
zeotropic refrigerant mixture composed of R22/R124/R152a (in the
Fig. 42. Refrigerants used in solar assisted heat pump.
27
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
ratio of 20:57:23, by mass) was proposed by Nuntaphan et al. [134] for
a conventional CSACHP water heater. Their results reported that R22/
R124/R152a mixture has highest COP in the range between 2.5 and
5.0. The proposed refrigerant mixture in their work has lower GWP
when compared to R22. Similarly, Khorasaninejad and Hajabdollahi
[135] optimized the SACHP working with R123, R134a, R245fa,
R407C and R22 using multi objective particle swarm algorithm. It
was reported that, R245fa has improved COP by about 26.77%,
30.92%, 34.31% and 48.12% when compared with R134a, R123, R22
and R407C, respectively. The environmental and economical aspects of
R245fa are found to be lower (when compared to the other investigated
refrigerants), makes it a feasible option for SACHP systems.
Molinaroli et al. [136] simulated the performance of a DXSAHP
working with R407C as a refrigerant. Their results reported that R407C
has COP in the range between 2.2 and 4.3 under the influence of solar
intensity and ambient temperature with the collector efficiency ranges
between 50% and 150%. The HFC mixture R407C was reported as a
good interim substitute for replacing R22 in a DXSAHP. However, HFC
mixtures are not miscible with mineral oil, which is used as lubricant in
R22 systems. To overcome this issue, the commercial liquefied
M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Table 13
Properties of refrigerants suitable for SACHP systems.

Refrigerant Molecular weight Critical properties Boiling point (°C) ASHRAE code ODP R11=1 GWP 100 yr

Temperature (°C) Pressure MPa

R11 137.37 198.0 4.41 23.7 A1 1 4600

R12 120.9 112.0 4.14 −29.8 A1 0.82 10600
R22 86.47 96.2 4.99 −41.4 A1 0.034 1700
R123 152.93 82.0 3.66 27.8 B1 0.012 120
R134a 102.03 101.1 4.06 −26.1 A1 0 1430

Table 14
Investigations reported with alternative refrigerants.

Authors [Ref.] Refrigerant investigated Heat pump Conclusions

configuration

Chaichana et al. [127]
Li et al. [128,129]
Cho [130]
Kim et al. [131]
Chooi et al. [132]
Gorozabel et al. [133]
Nuntaphan et al. [134]
Khorasaninejad and
Hajabdollahi [135]
Molinaroli et al. [136]
Mohanraj et al. [137–139]
Kong et al. [140]
Natural refrigerants DXSAHP R290 and R1270 are reported as good substitutes for R22.
R134a and R744 DXSAHP At low ambient temperatures, higher COP was reported when compared to
R134a. But at high ambient temperatures, the COP was drastically reduced due
to its low critical temperature.
R744 DXSAHP Condenser needs to be replaced with gas coolers for R744 replacements.
R744 SGHSHP COP of the heat pump gets dropped with increase in condenser temperature.
R744 DXSAHP COP of the heat pump was 28.8% lower when compared to R22.
R12, R22, R134a, R404A, DXSAHP HFC refrigerants are not miscible with mineral oil. Hence, stringent flushing of
R407C, and R410A lubricant is essential for retrofitting. The COP of the refrigerant mixtures are
found to be 15–20% lower when compared to R12 and R22 systems due to its
lower critical temperature.
R22/R124/R152a SACHP The mixture has COP in the range between 2.5 and 5.0. This mixture is
considered as an interim alternative to R22.
R123, R134a, R245fa, R407C DXSAHP R245fa was reported as an economic and environment friendly refrigerant
option in SACHP systems.
R407C COP of the heat pump was in the range between 2.2 and 4.3 under the influence
of solar intensity and ambient temperature. The system should be leak resistant
to use R407C as refrigerant. Since, the composition is not possible to maintain
constant under leakage conditions.
R407C/LPG mixture DXSAHP R407C/LPG mixture was reported as interim substitute for R22 in existing
SACHP systems, without modifications.
R410A DXSAHP R410A is suitable for low temperature heat pump applications due to its lower
critical temperature and high operating pressure.

petroleum gas mixture was used as an additive [137]. The composition
of liquefied petroleum gas and R407C mixture was optimized (in the
ratio of 70:30, by mass) based on the thermo-physical properties,
thermodynamic properties and theoretical simulations. Further, the
optimal composition was tested in a R22 based DXSAHP [138]. It was
reported that R407C/LPG (in the ratio of 70:30, by mass) has 1.2%
higher instantaneous compressor power consumption with 1–4.5%
lower heating capacity compared to R22. The energy performance ratio
of the mixture was found to be lower in the range of 2–5% with 2 °C
lower compressor discharge temperature when compared to R22. The
solar energy input ratio of the new mixture was found to be higher than
that of R22 in the range of 7–14%. Total equivalent warming impact of
R407C/LPG was found to be lower when compared to R22. Further,
the exergy performance of a DXSAHP working with R22 and R407C/
LPG mixture was reported [139]. Their results indicated that R407C/
LPG mixture has higher exergy destruction in the compressor and
expansion valve due to its higher operating pressure, where as R407C/
LPG mixture has lower exergy destruction in the heat exchangers
(condensers and evaporators) due to its non-linear behavior during its
phase change processes. Kong et al. [140] simulated the performance of
a DXSAHP using R410A as a working fluid. Even though R410A is
having zero ODP, it is having high GWP with high operating pressure
and lower critical temperature when compared to R22. Hence, R410A
is recommended only for the systems using scroll compressors. Such
heat pumps are safe to work within 55 °C condensing temperature.
6.3. Refrigerant quantity optimization
The refrigerant inventory in heat pumps is the major parameter
needs to be optimized before refrigerant charging [141]. In a recent
investigation, Zhang et al. [142] proposed a mathematical model for
optimizing the refrigerant mass charge and structural parameters of a
DXSAHP. The simulation results showed that the refrigerant charge,
solar collector area, condenser pipe length and condenser internal tube

Table 15
Properties of interim substitutes for SACHP systems.

Refrigerant Composition by mass Replaces Molecular weight Critical temperature (°C) Critical pressure M Pa Boiling point (°C) ODP GWP
designation

R407C R32/R125/R134a 23:25:52 R22 86.2 87.3 4.63 −43.8 0 1700

R410A R32/R125 50:50 R22 72.8 72.5 4.95 −51.6 0 2000
R417A R125: R134a: R600 46.6:50:3.4 R22 106.75 89.9 4.10 −38 0 2200
R422A R125/R134a/ 85.1:11.5:3.4 R22 115.84 72.54 3.67 −49.86 0 3043
R600a

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M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

diameter are 1.65–1.75 kg, 6.0 m2, 70 m and 9 mm, respectively for Table 17
the investigated DXSAHP. Further research is required to develop a Performance comparison of solar, geothermal, ambient and its hybrid source heat
pumps.
standard mathematical model for optimizing the system and operating
parameters of SACHP systems to maximize its thermodynamic perfor- Authors [Ref.] Heat pump COP Exergy destruction
mance. configuration (kW)

Dikici and Akbulut SACHP 2.95 1.342

6.4. Future options
[143] GSHP 2.44 1.707
ASHP 2.33 1.942
The properties of interim substitutes for existing R22 based SACHP Dikici and Akbulut Solar-geothermal 3.36 2.13
systems to extend its life is listed in Table 15. The HFC refrigerant [144] Solar-ambient 2.90 2.99
mixtures such as R407C and R410A are not miscible with mineral oil. Geothermal-Ambient 2.14 3.11

Hence, the lubricant needs to be replaced while retrofitting. The

presence of R600a in R417A and R422A makes miscible with mineral
heat pump. The exergy loss in solar, geothermal and ambient source
oil. Hence, change in lubricant is not required for retrofitting with
heat pumps were reported as 1.342 kW, 1.705 kW and 1.942 kW,
R417A and R422A refrigerants. The refrigerant with low critical
respectively. Although, the COP of a solar assisted heat pump was
pressure and high critical temperature is recommended for high
reported higher, it is highly influenced by solar intensity, ambient
temperature heat pump applications working in sub-critical compres-
temperature and wind velocity. During off sunshine hours, cloudy, and
sion cycles. However, the refrigerants with high critical pressure are
monsoon climates, the performance of the solar assisted heat pumps is
operating under trans-critical compression cycles, which need major
badly affected. Hence, heat storage is essential for solar assisted heat
modifications by replacing the condenser with gas coolers. The
pump to harness the solar energy effectively during sunshine hours at it
refrigerant R134a will dominate the heat pump industry for next
can be stored for further usage. The heat pumps using PV-TE has
decade due to its favorable thermodynamic and thermo-physical
reported better COP when compared to the solar assisted heat pumps
properties for SACHP applications. The future refrigerant options with
using thermal collectors. However, the SPV-THP systems are not
zero ozone depletion potential and global warming potential less than
possible to use in cold climates due to its negative influence of
150 is essential for SACHP systems. Table 16 depicts the thermo-
photovoltaic cells, which restricts for further development. The
dynamic properties of future refrigerant options for SACHP systems.
geothermal heat pumps are influenced by soil properties and depth
of the geothermal well. The initial investment of geothermal heat pump
6.5. Summary
systems is more due to the laying of geothermal heat exchangers in
earth surface. The COP of geothermal heat pumps is lower COP when
Most of the investigations reported in open literature are using
compared to the solar assisted heat pump systems. Based on these
halogenated group of refrigerants due to its good thermodynamic and
comparisons, it is confirmed that the solar assisted heat pumps
thermo-physical properties. However, such refrigerants are having
integrated with heat storage is a good option for small capacity heating
poor environmental properties due to its high global warming poten-
systems used for room space heating, domestic water heating, drying
tial. Hence, further research investigations on refrigerants with low
and desalination applications.
global warming potential are essential.

7. Comparison of renewable energy sources for heat pumps 7.2. Comparison between hybrid energy sources

The performance comparisons of heat pump systems using solar,
geothermal, ambient and its hybrid sources are described in this
section. The performance comparisons of different heat pump config-
urations are compared in Table 17.
7.1. Performance comparison of renewable energy sources
Dikici and Akbulut [143] made a thermodynamic performance
comparison of a heat pump system assisted by ambient, solar and
geothermal energy sources. The refrigerant R22 was selected as a
working fluid. In a comparative investigation, it was reported that COP
of the solar assisted heat pump has the highest value of 2.95 followed
by 2.44 for geothermal source heat pump and 2.33 for ambient source
The GSHP systems are integrated with SACHP systems to overcome
the drawbacks associated with GSHP systems. The integration of solar
energy has reduced depth of geothermal well and also improved the
COP of the heat pump. Dikici and Akbulut [144] also made thermo-
dynamic performance comparison of various hybrid energy source heat
pumps such as, solar-ambient, solar-geothermal and geothermal-
ambient source for the purpose of space heating under the meteor-
ological conditions of Elazig, Turkey. The refrigerant R22 was selected
as a working fluid. Their studies reported that, COP of the solar-ground
source, solar-ambient source and geothermal-ambient source heat
pumps are 3.36, 2.90 and 2.14, while the exergy losses are about
2.13 kW, 2.99 kW and 3.11 kW, respectively. The integration of solar
thermal collectors with ground source heat pumps has increased the

Table 16
Properties of future options for SACHP systems.

Refrigerant designation Composition by mass Replaces Molecular weight Critical temperature (°C) Critical pressure M Pa Boiling point (°C) ODP GWP

R152a Pure fluid R134a 66.05 113.3 4.52 −24 0 140

R245fa Pure fluid R22 134 154 3.65 15.14 0 950
R1234ye Pure fluid R134a 114 109.3 3.63 −18.9 0 6
R1234yf Pure fluid R134a 114 94.7 3.38 −29.4 0 6
R290 Pure fluid 22R 44.1 96.7 4.25 −42.2 0 20
R744 Pure fluid 22R 44.01 31.1 7.38 −78.4 0 1
R1270 Pure fluid R22 42.08 92.4 4.67 −47.7 0 20
R430A R152a/R600a 76:24 R134a 64.14 118.43 4.30 −21.04 0 104
R431A R290/R152a 71:29 R22 50.46 101.51 4.32 −43.1 0 43
R432A R1270/RE170 80:20 R22 42.87 99.68 4.8 −43.12 0 20
R433A R290/R1270 30:70 R22 42.68 93.69 4.54 −46.05 0 20

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M. Mohanraj et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

seasonal performance factor for space heating and water heating

applications with significant energy savings when compared to the
solar assisted ambient source heat pumps. The solar-geothermal hybrid
heat pumps could reduce the initial investments due to the reduction in
borehole depth. However, in a comparative study among GSHP, solar-
ambient and SACHP, the maximum COP of 2.83 was reported for
GSHP, followed by solar-ambient compression heat pump systems with
2.78 and SACHP with 2.73 [145]. The comparison investigations
confirmed that SGHSHP systems have better energy efficiency with
significant energy savings. Similarly, the performance of heat pump is
also enhanced using solar-ice thermal storage. However, the concept of
solar-ice thermal storage is not popular due to the adverse effect of wet
compression.

8. Economical and environmental considerations of SACHP

systems

The scope of the SACHPS for various applications is justified with

economical and environmental aspects. An overview of the economical Fig. 43. Factors considered in life cycle assessment.
and environmental assessments is discussed in this section.

pump. The estimated scrap cost of equipment at the end of its life cycle
8.1. Economical assessments
is called residual cost. The residual cost is determined using following
equation:
The probabilistic method of life cycle cost analysis (LCC) is a
reliable for heat pump systems [146–149]. The net present value is the Initial cost−Scrap cost
Cresidual =
total cost of every investment including the initial cost, operating cost, Lifespan (38)
maintenance cost and replacement cost together. The probabilistic
method of LCC of heat pump systems in terms of net present value is The payback period the heat pump system is calculated using
expresses as: following equation:

LCC = Cinitial + Coperation + Cmain + Creplacement + Cresidual (33) Costoftheheatpump

Here, Cinitial represents the initial cost of the heat pump system,
Coperation represents the operational cost, Cmaintenance is the mainte-
nance cost, Cresidual represents the residual cost of the system.
The initial cost of the heat pump was evaluated using based on the
cost involved in system development, installation and testing. The
initial cost of heat pump is estimated using following equation.
Cinitial = Cequipment + Cinstallation + Ctesting + Ctransportation
Here Cequipment, Cinstallation, C testing, and Ctransportation are the cost involved in
equipment, installation, testing and transportation of equipment to the site.
Operating cost is derived based on energy consumption and the
energy cost. The energy consumption of the heat pump is determined
using simulation tools or by conducting experiments. The present value
of annual energy cost is given by:
⎛ 1 − (1 + r )−n ⎞
Coperation = coperation × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ (35)
Here, Coperation is the present value of operating cost, coperation is the
annual energy cost, r is the discount rate and n is the life span of the
heat pump. Maintenance cost is related with labor and materials for
maintaining the heat pump in a good operating condition. The present
value of maintenance cost is expressed as:
⎛ 1 − (1 + r )−n ⎞
Cmain = cmain × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ (36)
Here, Cmain is the maintenance cost, cmain is the annual maintenance
cost, r is the discount rate and n is the life span of the heat pump.
Further, the replacement cost includes the cost involved in replacing
the major components in the heat pump during its entire life span. The
present value of replacement cost is given by:
Creplacement = creplacement × (1 + r )−n
Here, Creplacement is the replacement cost, creplacement is the annual
replacement cost, r is the discount rate and n is the life span of the heat
P=
Costsavings (39)
Here P is the payback period in years.
8.2. Environmental impact assessments
The environmental impact assessment of SACHP systems is essen-
(34) tial to assess its CO2 emissions during its life by comparing with other
heating modes. The potential impacts during raw material extraction,
processing of materials, manufacturing and assembly of components,
usage phase and disposal phase are considered for evaluating the
environmental impacts of the system. In general, the performance was
evaluated for the period of twenty years. The environmental impacts of
SACHP was evaluated according to ISO 14040 series of standards
[150]. The steps followed in environmental impact assessments of
SACHP are depicted in Fig. 43.
8.2.1. Functional unit
The functional unit description is the main factor of environmental
impact assessment, which needs to be identified and quantified. The
functional unit is a measure of the function to be studied and it
provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related.
This enables comparison of two essential systems.
8.2.2. System boundaries
The system boundaries define the processes considered for evaluat-
ing the environmental impacts of the heat pump. Earlier reported
studies confirmed that the environmental impacts during production,
transportation and disposal stages of heat pumps are lower when
compared with the emissions during its use phase. Hence, the
environmental impacts during production, transportation and disposal
(37)
stages were ignored in earlier reported investigations due to lack of
data. The environmental impacts of a SACHP are evaluated during its
usage for comparison.

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M. Mohanraj et al.
8.2.3. Total equivalent warming impact
The concept of total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) was
established for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems
based on the direct contributions due to the refrigerant due its entire
life time and indirect contributions due to the electrical power
consumption by the compressors and other accessories in the heat
pump. The TEWI for comparing heat pump systems will be calculated
for the period of 20 years life time before the equipment goes to
disposal and recycling. The TEWI for the heat pump system is given by
following equation.
TEWI = (GWP × L × N ) + (GWP × m × (1 − α )) + (n × E × β ) (40)
Here, GWP is the global warming potential, L is the leakage rate
(%), N is the life of the system (years), m is the refrigerant mass (kg), α
is the refrigerant recycling factor, n is the system running time (h), E is
the energy consumption per day (kW.h) and β is the carbon dioxide
emission factor (kg of CO2/kWh).
9. Further research needs on SACHP systems
The following important research extensions are identified and
listed below based on the present comprehensive review of all SACHP
systems.
(i) A novel design procedure for solar collector-evaporator using
zeotropic refrigerant mixtures.
(ii) Performance enhancement of SACHP systems using packed bed
solar collector-evaporators.
(iii) Identification of suitable PCM for solar thermal collector-
evaporators.
(iv) The quantity of PCM needs to be optimized according to the
collector size.
(v) Development of corrugated absorber collector-evaporator for
DXSAHP systems.
(vi) Development of pin-fin integrated absorber collector evaporator
for DXSAHP systems.
(vii) Development of micro-channel based absorber plate for
DXSAHP systems [151].
(viii) The standardization of solar thermal collector-evaporators.
(ix) The possibility of organic Rankine and vapor compression
hybrid cycle may be explored [152].
(x) Optimization of ejector dimensions in an ejector integrated
compression cycles.
(xi) The suction super heating will influence the volumetric effi-
ciency of the compressor. Hence, further research is required to
control the super heating effect within 5 °C.
(xii) Optimization of auto cascade heat pump cycles using solar
energy.
(xiii) Identification of energy efficient and environment friendly
zeotropic refrigerant mixture for solar assisted auto-cascade
heat pump cycles [153].
(xiv) The possibility of using environment friendly refrigerants [153].
(xv) The photovoltaic panels are highly influenced by relative
humidity. Hence, the reliability of the photovoltaic panel in
high humid climates needs further research [154].
(xvi) The life cycle assessment of SACHP systems.
(xvii) Hybrid artificial intelligence techniques such as adaptive neuro
fuzzy interface (ANFIS), support vector machine (SVM) for
modeling the SACHP systems [155,156].
(xviii) The performance of photovoltaic panels is affected by low
ambient conditions. Hence, the development of new photovol-
taic panel to work more effectively under low ambient tempera-
ture is required.
(xix) The dust accumulation over the photovoltaic panels will seriously
affect the performance of photovoltaic panels. Hence, the influence
of dust accumulations needs further research investigations.
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
(xx) The reliability of new hybrid configurations such as, photo-
voltaic-wind, geothermal-wind, solar thermal-wind and solar-
wind-geothermal hybrid systems.
(xxi) Technical, economical and environmental impact assessments
of new heat pump configurations.
(xxii) Development of smart SACHP systems with necessary controls.
10. Conclusion
Many theoretical and experimental research investigations from
different regions of world have reported the energy performance of
SACHP systems. Most of the reported important investigations related
to SACHP systems were reviewed in this paper. The integration of solar
energy sources with heat pump systems plays a vital role in reducing
the consumption of conventional energy sources and its environmental
impacts. The integration of solar energy with geothermal heat pump
systems has reduced its initial investments by reducing the length of
geothermal heat exchangers. Additionally, the research investigations
have also been reported with other hybrid modes such as solar-
ambient, solar-wind, geothermal-wind and solar-geothermal-wind.
However, very limited investigations have been reported with wind
energy integration, which needs further attention to improve its scope
particularly for space heating applications. However, the location of
wind energy based systems is constrained with wind velocity potential.
The solar energy availability is not consistent throughout the day,
which demands efficient energy storage in a solar collector-evaporator
to harness the solar energy effectively. Hence, extensive research is
required to identify suitable heat storage materials to harness the solar
energy effectively in the collector evaporators. The reported investiga-
tions also confirmed that the performance of the SACHP systems is
improved by modifying the compression heat pump cycles. Further
research investigations are required to standardize the cycle modifica-
tions. Moreover, the investigations reported on SACHP systems in open
literature were used either R22 or R134a with high global warming
potential. Further research is essential to identify a good energy
efficient and environment friendly refrigerant with low global warming
potential. The scope of SACHP systems for drying, space heating, water
heating and desalination were discussed. Further research investiga-
tions are required to improve its potential. The limitations and the
scope of further research with SACHP systems were identified and
listed elaborately. A wide spectrum of research investigations on
SACHP systems were reviewed in this paper. This extensive review
work is expected to be highly beneficial to the new researchers working
with SACHP systems and also to the heat pump industry concentrating
on solar energy integration.
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