CHAPTER 1

POWER GENERATING STATIONS

In this modern world, the dependence on electricity is so much that it has become a part and
parcel of our life . This is achieved with the help of suitable power producing units, known as
POWER PLANTS OR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATING STATIONS.

1.1 HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS

1.1.1 INTRODUCTIONh

The hydroelectric stations convert the energy stored in water into electric power by the use of
water turbines coupled with generators. The water stored at higher altitudes is allowed to
impinge on the blades through penstocks, thus the potential energy of water is first
transformed into mechanical energy and then to electrical energy.

Fig.1.1 General Layout of H.E. Power station

1.1.2 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION

These stations have the following advantages: -

 The plant is simple in construction, robust and requires low maintenance.

 It can respond to changing loads without any difficulty.

1
  No fuel is burnt.

 The efficiency of the plant does not decrease with time provided maintenance is
carried out.

 A single unit of very high output can be used.

 The water after running the turbines can be used for irrigation and other purposes.

1.1.3 DISADVANTAGES

In addition to the above advantages, the Hydroelectric Power Plants have the following
disadvantages:-

 The cost of the plant including the cost of dam is very high.

 The transmission process is quite expensive as long transmission lines are

required.

 Dependence on nature: As the power generation depends upon the quantity of

water. Therefore, long fry season may affect the generation.

 It requires large area for the reservoir and dam.

Fig. 1.2 Layout of Baglihar Dam

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1.1.4 VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT

1.1.4.1 Catchment area:

The surrounding area of hydro electric power plant from where water is collected into the
reservoir is called catchment area.

1.1.4.2 Storage reservoir:

A large storage tank is called a reservoir. A reservoir may be natural lake or an artificial
one. Artificial reservoirs are made by constructing one or more dams across flowing
streams. The reservoirs must have huge capacity and large catchment area so that
continue flow of water is available throughout the year.

1.1.4.3 Dam:

It creates a water head provide storage or diversion facility. A storage wall with large base,
behind which water is stored, is called Dam.

A dam according to its structural material may be masonry dam, rock filed dam or
earthen dam. It performs the following functions:

 It creates water head.

 Stores the water in the reservoir.

1.1.4.4 Spillways:

The way or passage for water to be released from the dam, when water increases beyond
its safe level are called spillway.

1.1.4.5 Valve House

The cabin in which the controls are kept to the valves of the gates of the penstock is
called valve house. It is situated at the start of the penstock and contains main slice valve
which controls the water flow.

1.1.4.6 Surge tank:

It is a small reservoir or tank located on a high ground to protect the penstock from water
hammer effect following pressure variation due to increase or decrease in the demand. A
Surge Tank is built just before the turbine. In case of sudden closing of the water turbine,
the surge tank absorbs the water hammerage that may damage the penstock.

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1.1.4.7 Penstock:

It connects the fore bay or surge tank to the scroll case of the turbine. It is a huge steel or
reinforced pipe that carries large quantity of water from the valve house top to the
turbine.

1.1.4.8 Valves and gates:

These are used to shut off the flow and dewater the turbine.

1.1.4.9 Tail race:

Water after moving the turbine is discharged through the tail race. Draft tube discharge
water flows through the tail race moving out of the turbine.

1.1.4.10 Draft tube:

It is connected at the bottom of the scroll case of the turbine and provides outlet for the
water coming out from the rotor (wheel). It is provided in the power plants to increase
the head acting on the water turbine.

1.1.4.11 Prime mover or water turbine:

It converts the energy of the falling water into rotational energy. A device or machine that
converts the potential energy of water into mechanical energy (Rotatory motion) is called
a turbine or water wheel. The type of water turbine used in any hydroelectric power plant
depends upon the head of water. It is further of two types:-

a) Impulse Turbine b) Reaction turbine:

1.1.4.12 Alternator:

It is also known as a.c generator. An alternator is coupled with the turbine which converts
the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

4
CHAPTER 2

BAGLIHAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PROJECT

The hydropower potential of Jammu & Kashmir is estimated to be in the range of 18000
MW. The Chenab River and its tributaries have the largest potential with an estimate capacity
of 8000 MW.

Fig. 2.1 Initial Works at Baglihar H.E. Project

2.1 PROJECT AREA

The Baglihar Hydro-Electric Project is located in the Ramban Tehsil of Doda district of
Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir State. The project area lies in mountainous and
rugged terrain Middle Himalayas with the relief ranging from lowest elevation of 700m at the
river bed level to a maximum of 3020m. The river Chenab is the main drainage system of the
area.

2.2 POWER INTAKE

The intake has been designed for a discharge of 430 cumec. The inlet level of the intake has
been kept at EL 840m, i.e. 10m above the spillway crest level. The intake of Stage I will have
two inlet opening of 10m (W) x 7.5 (H). The intake for stage

II project which may come in future will also be constructed along with the intake of Stage I.
Both stages are shown in Fig.

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 Fig. 2.2 Power Intakes Stage – i & ii

2.3 CONTRACT FEATURES

Contract title : Baglihar Hydroelectric Project (450X2)MW

Date of Signature : 10 April, 1999

Owner : The Jammu and Kashmir State Power

Development Corporation

Owner‟s Representative : Lahmeyer International, Germany

Contractor : Jaiprakash Associates Limited.

Commencement Date : 01-01-2000

Completion Date : 30-06-2006

Contract Price : Rs.4600 crores

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CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS OF BAGLIHAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER

PROJECT

The Baglihar Hydro-Electric Power Project Consists of two main components:

1. Dam site. 2. Power House.

3.1 BAGLIAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC DAM SITE

The Dam of Baglihar Hydro-Electric Project is solid gravity concrete dam which is about 317
meters long . Top level of dam is about 845 meters and bottom level is about 700 meters.
Height of the dam is about 144.5 meters. 317 meters long concrete dam is constructed
246000 cumecs of flood flow land
provided with 3 penstocks intakes. A very important section of DAM construction is the
building up of Dam galleries. There are four galleries provided in the Bhaghliar hydroelectric
Project Dam.

3.1.1 ROCK FILL DAM

The 125 meters high ,750 meters long and 600 meters in the wide sat portion. Rock fill dam
involved a total of 90 lac income of material comprising 70 lac of shell material , 10 lac
income of filter and about 15 lac income of clay. The Rock fill dam is constructed
departmentally. About 400 different kinds of Heavy Earthmoving equipments operated by
above 3000 skilled workmen is employed on this major work .

Fig. 3.1 A View Of The Spillway Bays Of The Baglihar Project Dam

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3.2 SPILLWAYS BAYS

The Dam of Baglihar Hydro-Electric Power Project consists of 5 spillway bays which are
located on the River Bed Portion and the discharge is about 126000 cummec. The spillways
bays also has gates which is known as Radial Gates with Hydraulic Hoists and whose
dimensions is about 6 x 3 meters (width x height).The spillway crest elevation is about 808
meters from the sea level.

3.2.1 AUXILLARY SPILLWAY BAYS

The Dam of Baglihar Hydro-Electric Power Project consists of 1 auxiliary spillway bay
which is about 837 meters above from the sea level. The auxiliary spillway bay has a gates
which is known as Radial Gates with Hydraulic Hoists and whose dimensions is about 6 x 3
meters (width x height).

3.2.2 CHUTE SPILLWAY BAY

The Dam of Baglihar Hydro-Electric Power Project consists of 3 chute spillway bays which
is located on the left flank. The discharge through this chute spillway is about 3900 cumecs
and it is located about 821 meters above from the sea level.

Like Auxiliary spillway bay and spillway the chute spillway bay also has gates which is
known as Radial Gates with Hydraulic Hoists and whose dimensions is about 10 x 10.5
meters (width x height).

Fig. 3.2 A View of Main And Chute Spillway Bays

8
3.3 PENSTOCKS

3 Penstocks, 196.44 , 193.65 , 215.46 meters long and 5.5 meters dia each leading to the semi
under-ground power house were fabricated from the boiler Quality plates. The Penstocks are
circular in nature and each penstock is designed to carry 7500 cummec of water. Pressure of
penstock 13 Bars

Fig. 3.3 penstock

3.4 HEAD RACE TUNNEL

It is a 2080 m. long, 10.15 m dia concrete lined and grouted circular water conductor system
to carry a design discharge of 430 cumecs with a maximum velocity of 5.28m/sec. It has been
constructed by conventional method of drilling, blasting and mucking.

Fig. 3.4 A View of Headrace Tunnel From Inside

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3.5 SURGE SHAFT

A restricted orifice type surge shaft has been provided at the end of HRT. The surge shaft is
77 m high having 27.5m finished diameter. The area for the orifice is provided by an
opening of 6.14 m dia in orifice slab. The surge shaft is fully underground.

3.6 PRESSURE SHAFTS AND PENSTOCK

The three turbines of the powerhouse are fed through separate pressure shafts of 5.5 m dia
each starting from the bottom of the surge shaft. The pressure shafts negotiate a drop of
84.425m between centre line of HRT at junction with the surge shaft at EL 780.425 and
centre line of machine EL 696 m. The length of pressure shafts PS # 1, PS # 2 & PS # 3 is
215m, 196m and 193m respectively.

3.7 D.G. STATION

The D.G Station is combination of Ten A.C. generator and six steps up transformers and near
to it there is a grid station, which receives 33 KV from Chanderkote grid station and step
down this voltage to 11 KV for Dam site supply. The purpose of D.G Station is to supply
continuous power in case of fault or failure in power supply from Chanderkote grid station.
All the generators of are of similar rating. The output of generator is 415 V and this voltage is
converted to 11 KV by using 6 steps up transformer. Synchronization of all generators is
done by two ways:

Following section describe a typical scheme for auto synchronizing of DG sets to a common
bus in a plant

Fig. 3.5 A View Of D.G. Station

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CHAPTER 4

POWER HOUSE COMPLEX

The powerhouse complex is located on right bank of Chenab river opposite Chanderkote
Village. Powerhouse complex consists of three parallel Big halls namely:

 Machine hall [121 x 24 x 50m]

 Transformer hall [112.25 x 15 x 24m]

 Collection gallery [75 x 12.5 x 44m]

4.1 MACHINE HALL

The powerhouse of Baglihar Hydro-electric project consists of 6 Francis turbines, 3 turbines

used for stage 1 remaining 3 turbines for stage 2. To each turbine alternator is coupled
through shaft.

Such turbines develop power partly due to velocity of water and partly due to the difference
in pressure acting on the front and back of the runner buckets. In these turbines water glides
over the blades with a small and fairly constant velocity and exerts a pressure. The water
flows radially inwards and changes to a downward direction while passing through the
runner. As the water passes over the rotating blades of the runner, both pressure and velocity
of water are reduced causing reaction force driving the turbines. After doing work, water is
discharged to the tailrace through a closed

Fig. 4.1 Power House Inside Showing 3 Alternators

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tube of increasing cross-section, called the draft-tube. It increases the effective head by an
amount equal to difference of runner outlet level and tailrace level. Moreover the water
leaving the runner still possesses kinetic energy and this kinetic energy is reduced as the
water flows through the draft tube to the tailrace and results in setting up of negative pressure
head at the runner outlet. Both of these factors increase the net effective head and thereby the
output and the efficiency of the turbine.

4.2 POWER PLANT EQUIPMENT

4.2.1 TURBINES

The Power House of Baglihar Hydro-Electric Project consists of 6 Francis turbines. 3

turbines used for stage 1 and remaining 3 turbines for stage 2.

4.2.2 DETAILS OF TURBINES USED

Types : Francis

No. of Turbines : 3

M.I. Valves : Butterfly type located in M/C hall

Diameter of Runner : 3600 mm

Nominal speed of rotation : 187.50 Rpm

Max. Head : 102 meters

Min. Head : 94.50 meters

Optimum Efficiency : 92.50%

No. of guide vanes : 24

Type of spiral casing : Metallic

Type of turbine : Reaction

Net Head (H) : 125m.

Discharge (Q) : 130 m3/S.

O/P Power : 151.1MW

No of Wicket Gates : 20

Maximum Angle of Wicket Gate 30

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Manufacturer : VA-Tech Escherwyss Ravensburg

Fig. 4.2 A View of Turbine Runner

4.2.3 ALTERNATORS [HYDRO-ELECTRIC GENERATORS]

The generators employed in Hydro-electric power plant are three phase alternating current
synchronous generators, called the alternators. The power house of Baglihar hydro-electric
project consists of 6 alternators. Three alternators are used for stage 1 and remaining three
alternators are used for stage 2. The max. rated output is 166.67 MVA and the rated voltage is
11KV. The power factor is 0.9 (lagging) and the operating frequency is 50 Hz. The turbines
are coupled with three alternators in stage 1 and remaining three turbines are coupled with
three alternators in stage 2 in order to fulfill the requirement of 900 MW power output.
Rating in tabular form is given below: -

Type : Vertical shaft Suspension

Rated O/P : 168 MVA

Operated frequency : 50 Hz

Power factor : 0.9 (lagging)

Rated speed : 187.5 rpm

No. of units : 6
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Rated current : 5878A

Runaway speed : 350 rpm

Rated voltage : 16500 V

No. of poles : 32

No. of phases : 3

Made : Sao Paulo Brazil

Stator Winding Connection : Star (Y)

Diameter of Shaft : 3730 mm

Manufacturer : Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation

Rated Excitation Voltage : 458V

Rated Excitation Current : 971A

No Load Excitation Current : 573A

Maximum Weight for assembly 2745 KN

Temperature Rise Limit

Stator Winding : 125▫C

Rotor Winding : 130▫C

Maximum Cooling Air Temperature 40▫C

Maximum Cooling Water Temperature 20▫C

Rotation Clock Wise

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CHAPTER 5

THE TRANSFORMER HALL

5.1 TRANSFORMER

The power house of Baglihar Hydro-electric project consists of 20 transformers. 10

transformers are used for stage 1 and remaining 10 transformers are used for stage 2. Out of
10 transformers that is used in state 1, 9 transformers which are used in stage 1, 3
transformers are connected to first alternator, 3 transformers are connected to the second
alternator, and remaining 3 transformers are connected to the third alternator with ultimately
step up the o/p power.

5.2 TRANSFORMER RATINGS:

Made : Ukraine (Zaporozhtransformator)

Type : EPOXY core type (step up)

Rating : 60 MVA 1- Phase 50 HZ

Rated voltage H.V. L.V.

420//3 KV 16.5KV

Rated current : 247.4A 3636A

Connections : Delta/Star

Cooling : Water forced oil cooled

Fig. 5.1 Transformer

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5.3 COLLECTION GALLERY/TAIL RACE WORKS

The tailrace works consist of a collection gallery. The collection gallery will also function as
downstream surge chamber.. The tail race tunnel which is 135m long will be 10m wide. The
outlet structure at the end of TRT will have two bays. The top of outlet structure will be EL
725.0m which is much above the maximum tail water level.

Fig 5.2 Tail-Race Tunnel

5.4 COOLING WATER SYSTEM

Water is taken from Draft Tube/Tail Race Tunnel (TRT) and is supplied through Common
Cooling Water Header for Stator Winding Cooling, Thrust Bearing Cooling and Generator
guide Bearing (UGB) Cooling, Ventilation Systems and 400 KV GSU Transformers Cooling.
Fifteen pumps have been installed for this purpose.

Fig 5.3 A View Of Cooling Water System

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5.5 CONTROL AND MONOTRING SYSTEM

Control and monitoring system of the hydroelectric power plant includes Control, Indications
and Fault Annunciation for each Turbine, Generator Unit, and Common Auxiliaries, HV lines
and Auxiliary Transformer and Circuit Breakers.

5.5.1 MODES OF CONTROL

The various modes of sequence control are:

 Automatic

 Step by Step

 Automatic Inactive

Normally automatic mode is used for all starting, stopping and change over operations. Step
by step mode is to be used for testing purpose. Auto inactive mode may be used in case
automatic sequence control is faulty of when operation of individual device or auxiliary
equipment is to be checked. In all the three modes of control, shutdown sequence is initiated
if emergency stop command is given or protection command is received by auto sequence.
All selected modes are cancelled and automatic mode is restored automatically in such case.

5.6 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The energy generated at the Baglihar project is evacuated through 400 KV double circuit
transmission line from the station switchyard to Kishanpur station (near Udhampur) on
Northern Grid. The transmission line has a length of 67.93 km with 215 towers.

5.7 BUS DUCT CABLE /SWITCH YARD

Three “D” shaped bus shafts carry 16.5 K.V isolated bus ducts for evacuating power from
generating units to transformers. From GIS power is evacuated through cable tunnel up to pot
head yard through 400 KV XPL cables for further transmission to grid. The switch yard has
pots, isolators, wave traps, CVT and lightning arrestors.

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 Fig. 5.4 A View of GIS Floor

5.7.1 EQUIPMENTS IN THE SWITCHYARD

1. Circuit breakers

2. Isolators

3. Current transformer

4. Potential transformer

5. Capacitive voltage transformer

6. Lightening arrestor

7. Bus Bar & conductor

8. Earth switch

9. Wave trap

10. Insulators (post & Suspension)

11. Control & power cables

12. Clamps

13. Fire fighting equipments

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 Fig. 5.5 A View Of Switchyard

5.8 CIRCUIT BREAKER

In this switchyard mainly two types of circuit breakers were used, one is SF6 and another one
is MOCB. SF6 breakers in Unit# 4,5,6 .

5.8.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

SF6 GAS in pure state is inert, exhibits exceptional, thermal stability and has excellent arc
quenching property as well as exceptional high insulating properties. It is one of most stable
compounds, inert, nonflammable, and non-toxic and odorless. The density of gas is about 5
times that of air and heat dissipation in it is also much more than in air. At atmospheric
pressure the dielectric strength is about 2.4 times that of air and at 3Kg/cm 2 it is same as that
of oil.

Fig 5.6 Circuit Breaker

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5.8.1.1 Construction

This is single-phase auto reclosing type circuit breaker. The three phases have their own
mechanism and air reservoir inter connected electrically and pneumatically.Single pole
of the breaker consisting of interrupting unit, supporting unit and mechanism housing.

5.8.1.2 Interrupting Unit

The interrupter is a single phase puffer type, which consists of puffer cylinder and
position, stationary contact and its assembly. Over conductors are connected to the upper
and lower terminal pads.

5.8.1.3 Opening Operation

The opening is affected by pulling down the insulating rod, piston rod, puffer cylinder,
moving contact, moving arc contact and nozzle. After some contact wiping the stationary
and moving arc contacts separate there by generating arc. During downward movement
the gas pressure in puffer cylinder builds up and high pressure gas flows through nozzle
and quenches the arc.

5.8.1.4 Closing Operation

In closing operation insulating rod, is pushed up and all the parts move in reverse order
of opening operation. Also SF6 gas taken into the puffer cylinder.

5.8.1.5 Support Unit Assembly

It consists of support and insulating pull rod, this provides insulation between live parts
and ground SF6 gas filled containers in interrupting and support unit at rated pressure.

5.8.1.6 Air System

Compressed air is required for operating of the breaker. It is stored in inter connected
chamber 70 Lt. each which act as source. This system is provided with motor compressor
unit. The capacity of compressor is 90 L/M. the governor switch compressor system
maintains the pressure between 14.5 to 15.5 Kg/ cm

5.8.1.7 Specifications

Rated voltage : 245KV

Rated insulation level : 1050KV (peak)

Rated frequency : 50Hz

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Rated normal current : 3150A

Rated short circuit breaking current : 40KA

Rated short circuit making current : 100KA

Rated break time : 60ms (3 cycles)

Rated short time current : 40KA for 3 sec

Operating mechanism : spring closing, pneumatic

tripping

Operating pressure(air) : 15Kg/ cm2

SF6 gas pressure : 6 Kg/ cm2

Opening time : 30 ms

Closing time : 100 ms

Pole discrepancy : 3.3 ms

Make : CGL

5.8.2 MOCB (MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER)

220KV MOCB having two breaking units per pole, normally this can vary between one and
four, depending on the rate voltage, insulation level and short circuit current breaking
capacity. The double breaking unit per pole is connected together to form V Shaped breaking
unit.

The breaking units are mounted on post insulator, which constitute the insulation of the pole
to earth. Earth post insulator supports one double breaking unit. The post insulator erected on
a low concrete pedestal.

The breaking unit consists of an oil container with an arc control device of cross blast type.
The oil container consists of a porcelain tube reinforced with a glass fiber tube on the inside,
fixed contact mechanism housing cast in light metal and gas tight top cap. The breaking unit
is hermetically sealed and pressurized with N2 gas. The top cap is, therefore fitted with a
pressure control valve. The circuit breaker is operated with a motor operated spring – closing
device of the type BLG. The operating device is connected with mechanism of the breaking
units via a pull rod system, link gears and operating insulators. The circuit is closed by
operating device, which contains the closing spring. When closing, the opening springs,

21
which are tightly joined, to the outer end of the rod system are charged. The opening catch in
the operating device keeps the CB in the closed position for opening all that is required is to
release the opening latch. Each breaking unit contains 53 lt.

Fig. 5.7 MOCB Fig. 5.8 Current Transformer

5.8.2.1 MOCB SPECIFICATION

TYPE : HLR 245/2502 E

RATED VOLTAGE : 245 KV

IMPULSE with stand voltage : 1050 KV

RATED NORMAL CURRENT : 2500 A

RATED SHORT TIME CURRENT : 40 KA

BREAKING CAPACITY : 40 KA

RATED MAKING CURRENT : 100 KA

GAS PRESSURE : 0.3 to 0.7 Mpa

MAKE : BHEL

5.9 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Current transformers are instrument transformers to measure current in high circuit and for
protection purpose. The current transformer connected always in series with line. The CT‟s
installed in switchyard is oil filled hairpin type of 220 KV. The hair pin arises out of fact that
the HV primary winding is of that shape, comprising a tube having graded insulation of oil

22
impregnated in which metal foils are inter posed at suitable intervals. The outer most of these
coils is connected to earth via an insulated terminal and link enabling dielectric loss angle
measurements be taken to check up the quality of insulation. This foil further acts as earth
shield between primary and secondary winding.

The secondary winding with own cores are mounted over the legs of hairpin. In this type of
design up to 4 secondary cores can be accommodated, an alternative design allowing
accommodation for five secondary. Each unit is completely oil filled and sealed to ensure that
the oil cannot come in to contact the atmosphere and hermetically sealed with N2 gas at 0.35
kg/cm2

The flexible oil reservoir in the top housing above the high voltage terminal chamber ensures
this by preventing the creation of undue pressure or depressions.

Unit side CT‟s having 4 core and outgoing feeder CT‟s having 5 core. Unit CT‟s core 1 is for
link line protection, core 2 is for LBB protection, core 3 is for bus differential main zone
protection and core 4 is for metering, bus differential check zone protection. Ratio is
800/600/400.

The feeder side CT‟s core 1 is for main 1 distance protection and fault locator, core 2 is for
main 2 distance protection and disturbance recorder, core 3 is for bus bar main zone
protection, core 4 is for bus bar check zone protection and core 5 is for LBB protection and
metering. CT‟s ratio is 800:1, make BHEL and CGL.

5.10 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformer is instrument transformer for high voltage measurement purpose and
protection purpose. In this switch yard two types of voltage transformers are using. For bus
bar potential transformers and for out going feeders capacitive voltage transformer. The bus
bar voltage transformer having one primary and two secondary winding. The primary
winding connected across phase and earth through neutral link. The secondary winding one is
for measurements and another one is for disturbance recorder. The secondary winding
positive terminal connected through 15aA fuse and negative earthed through neutral link.
The PT is oil filled with 300 lt.

5.10.1 SPECIFICATION

INSULATION LEVEL : 460/1050 V

PRIMARY VOLTS : 127KV

23
SEC-WDG. 1 : 63.5V

BURDEN : 500VA

SEC-WDG. 2 : 63.5 V

BURDEN : 50 VA

CLASS : 5.0

MAKE : BHEL

5.11 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

When the higher voltage of 110 KV and above the electro magnetic design is a costly item,
and an economical is found in the capacitive voltage transformer. This comprises a capacitor
divider unit in which capacitors are connected in series between line earths. A taping is made
at convenient voltage(inter mediate voltage), which is usually at 20/1.732 or 12 KV. The
secondary burden is connected to this taping via a reactor and inter mediate transformer, the
later being is electro magnetic type. The reactor and transformer combined in one unit and oil
filled, hermetically sealed.

The CVT is using as a filter circuit for PLCC. The inductive reactance of combination is such
as to balance the capacitive reactance of the coupler at rated frequency. The primary and inter
mediate voltage capacitors being housed in the ceramic insulators and sealed to prevent air
and moisture coming in to contact with the insulation oil.

The HF terminal of CVT is for to send or receive high frequency communication signal. The
CVT and wave trap and the impedance combined form as a pie filter for PLCC.

Fig. 5.9 Voltage Transformer Fig.5.10 Capacitive Voltage Transformer

24
5.11.1 SPECIFICATIONS

PRIMARY CAPACITANCE : 4840 pF

SECONDARY IMPEDANCE : 48400 pF

HF IMPEDANCE : 4400 Pf

RATED BURDEN : 100 VA

5.12 ISOLATORS

Isolators are off load operating switches. These may have either vertical or horizontal break.
For 33 KV and 66 KV systems may have vertical or horizontal breaking. The EHV out door
isolators is horizontal center single or double break type with two or three post insulators.
The operating mechanism of isolators either manual, motor or hydraulic operated. The centre
single break type isolator having two post insulators for each phase post insulators are
connected through common operating shaft. At the time of operation both post insulators of
each phase rotating separate the elements of switchblade at the central contact system. The
contact system must have adequate current carrying ability; both for continuous and short
time rating. Isolators are always operated in the load condition only. Isolators with earth
switch are installed in the switchyard. The outgoing feeders having this type of arrangement.
The function of the earth switch is after opening of line isolators the earth switch should be
closed to earth the line charging currents.

5.13 LIGHTENING ARRESTOR OR SURGE ARRESTOR

Over voltages, which appear on electrical systems, are internal and external over voltages.
The internal over voltages are due to operation of circuit breaker when switching inductive
and capactive loads, sudden earthing of one phase of system disconnection of generator
which over speeds, sudden load removing etc. these over voltages rarely exceeds 3to 5 times
of normal voltage. External over voltages are caused by atmospheric discharges. These
voltages are cause considerable stress on insulation. The need to avoid breakdown of primary
insulation due to over voltages on the system, requires the CB, Transformer, post and tension
insulators and other apparatus have a with stand voltage level greater than the protective
levels of devices provided to give over voltage protection, e.g. surge diverters. Diverters
which provide these feature comprises one or more air gaps mounted in series with non liner
resistors, the function of air gap being to keep the circuit through the arrestor to earth open
under all normal power frequency to flash over and close the circuit when abnormal voltages

25
appear at the diverter terminal. In this switchyard we used Zinc oxide non-linear gap less
arrestor. Elpro make arresters having 3 blocks each 66Kv, W.S. make having 4 arrester with
49.5 KV voltages.

Fig. 5.11 Isolators Fig. 5.12 Lightning Arrestors

5.13.1 SPECIFICATIONS

Make : ELPRO INSULATORS

Rated discharge current : 10 KA

Rating voltage : 66 KV

Make : W.S. INSULATORS

Rated discharge current : 10 KA

Rated voltage : 49.5 KV

5.14 BUS BAR AND CONDUCTORS

Alternators are used in a power system where they are in parallel with many other alternators.
Bus Bar main function is to connect different alternators with common voltage and frequency
to deliver Power. In this sub station double Bus system., i.e. Bus A&

Bus B coupled through Bus coupler CB. Here three machines are connected in one bus and
another 3 machines are connected in another Bus. The out going feeders are connected on

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Bus A and Bus B. Due to different loads on different feeders the buses are not operating on
split mode. The Bus conductor is twin tarantula (All Aluminum) conductor. Each phase of
bus having two conductors (bundle conductor).

Fig. 5.13 Feeder to Kishenpur

5.14.1 SPECIFICATIONS

No. of strands : 37

Outer dia : 36.67 mm

Conductor : AAC (tarantula)

The conductor from machine to bus and bus to out going feeder are zebra conductor.

5.14.2 SPECIFICATION

Conductor : ACSR (Aluminium conductor steel reinforced)

Nominal size : ZEBRA

Strands : 54 Al + 7 steel (3.18mm)

Dia : 28.62 mm

Area : 484.480 mm2

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5.15 EARTHING

5.15.1 Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection
to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the
maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical
damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to
operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotential
bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.

In designing the substation, three voltage have to be considered.

5.16 TOUCH VOLTAGE

This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthed
equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.

5.17 STEP VOLTAGE

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet
while not touching any other earthed equipment.

5.18 MESH VOLTAGE

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.

5.19 SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM

5.19.1 GENERAL

Synchronization operation can be classified in two ways:

First classification includes,

Synchronization of generator with bus bars.

Synchronization of bus bars.

Second classification includes,

Manual synchronization

Automatic synchronization

Semi-automatic synchronization.

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5.20 SYNCHRONIZING METHODS

Synchronizing can be done in any of the following ways. Each procedure has same steps
including opening and closing of circuit breakers etc. with controls in manual or auto as the
case may be.

5.20.1 MANUAL SYNCHRONIZATION

The impulse to close circuit breaker is given just before needle of synchroscope reaches the
vertical mark, to allow for the breaker closing time. It is a convention that synchronization is
done „fast‟ i.e. when the needle rotating clockwise.

5.20.2 AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZATION

Synchronizer relay judges the actual instant of closing. Its supply is taken for respective
buses and compared. For synchronizing machine with bus, PT for L.V. side of power
transformer is used to take the supply instead of taking H.V. supply of transformer is known.
To take this supply PT is used to get 30 phases shift, which compensates for the phase shift in
unit step up transformer.

5.21 SYNCHRONIZING EQUIPMENTS

Separate hinged type synchronous panels for different bus bar systems have been provided in
the control room. These instruments measure and observe the frequency, voltage and phase of
incoming and running units at the time of synchronization. These equipments are as under:

5.22 VOLTMETER
One voltmeter is provided for running and other for incoming unit. The P.T. Supply to this
voltmeter is taken from the bus or the machine, which ever is to be synchronized.

5.23 FREQUENCY METER

There is only one frequency meter for each system, along with a change over switch, from
where the meter can be connected to either running or incoming voltmeter voltages.

5.24 SYNCHROSCOPE

Indicates the magnitude and sign of speed difference as well as the phase angle between
incoming and running voltages. If it rotates clockwise at (say) 1 revolution per second than
coming frequency is more than the running frequency by 10 CPS. If synchroscope needle is
vertical than phase difference is zero. Speed matching is done as regards the „slow‟ or „fast‟

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rotation of needle. For example, if needle is rotating clockwise(fast), then frequency of
system bus is more than that of incoming machine(assuming that the machine is to be
synchronized with system bus). Thus, the speed level of machine must be reduced to attain
matching.

Drawback of synchroscope is the frequency difference is too large than immediately as it is

switched „ON‟ needle will not rotate owing to rotational inertia. But it is not serious as when
difference in frequency is large, it is known which the frequency is higher. A needle starts
rotating as the speed is adjusted. Another drawback is that synchroscope has a limit to
frequency difference detection. Thus, for a frequency, it goes out of use as does the frequency
meter which has got frequency limits.

5.24.1 AUTO SYNCHRONIZING EQUIPMENTS

Speed matching relay consisting of two synchronous motors driven by incoming and running
voltages. Difference is output of these moves the speed control contact.

5.24.2 VOLTAGE MATCHING RELAY

It is a balanced beam type relay, one end of the beam being attracted by the running voltage
and the other end by the incoming voltage.

5.24.3 SYNCHRONIZER RELAY

This relay performs two important functions. Firstly the relay blocks operation in case the
frequency difference in greater than the permissible and secondly it will close its contacts
when phase difference is nearly zero. Final synchronizing impulse will be transmitted at the
instant when all the three contacts are closed.

5.25 COMMISSIONING

The first phase of the Baglihar Dam was completed in 2008. On completion on 10 October
2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India dedicated the 450-MW Baglihar hydro
electric power project to the nation.[1] in the Ist stage the Second unit commissioned by
JKPDC on 30th Oct 2008 and the third Unit is also commissioned on 30th Nov., 2008

The project generates 2800 million units of energy in a 90% dependable year. It will also
promote pisciculture, Traininig ism & water sports in the area.

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5.26 BENEFICIARY STATES

The beneficiary states from the Baglihar Hydro-Electric Project are Jammu and Kashmir ,
Haryana , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh , Utter Pradesh , Rajasthan , Chandigarh etc.

2nd Stage was commissioned on 7th Nov. 2015 by Hon‟bale Prime Minster of India Narinder
Modi

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
An Industrial Training is the most important part of our course. In an industrial Training we
came to see and know more about those things which we just had been seeing in our books.

My Industrial visit to Baglihar Hydro-Electric Power Project was full of excitement as it was
a big organization and there was lot of things to learn.

To see those big things like Alternators, Turbines, etc. and the way in which the workers and
officers work together was really very informative. One thing which I felt good was that there
was no difference between a worker and an Engineer at the plant. They both have to work
hard in the same conditions, which were very intolerable.

After being for almost a month in the Baglihar Hydro-Electric Power Project I have set my
mind to work hard to enter in such a big organization and to utilize my knowledge over there.

I just pray to GOD to give me the strength to work hard so that I am able to fulfill this aim of
mine.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] www.darvill.clara.net/altenergy/hydro.htm

[2] www.ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

[3] www.mannvit.com/hydroelectricpower/hydroelectricpowerplants

[4] www.nhpcindia.com

[5] www.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydroelectricity

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PHOTO GALLERY

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 At the entrance gate of BHEP Chander Kote

Photo along with External Supervisor Er. Narinder Mehta

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