NADEEM AKBAR

Assistant Director
Fragrance & Flavour Development Centre,
Kannauj (UP)- 209 726
NUETRAL, CHEMICAL NONPOLAR
SUBTANCE.
LIQUID AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.
IMMISCIBLE WITH WATER.
SOLUBLE IN ALCOHOLS OR ETHERS.
ESSENTIAL OILS.
FIXED/VEGETABLE/CARRIER
OILS.
MINERAL OILS.
 A NONVOLATILE OIL.
 DERIVED FROM FATTY PORTION OF A
PLANT, USUALLY SEEDS, KERNELS OR
THE NUTS.
 A MIXTURE OF ESTERS OF FATTY
ACIDS, USUALLY TRIGLYCERIDES.
 CARRY ESSENTIAL OIL INTO THE SKIN.
 COLOURLESS, ODOURLESS,
LIGHT WIEGHT MATERIALS.
 MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS.
 DERIVED FROM PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS.
 JOJOBA OIL
 APRICOT OIL
 WHEAT GERM OIL
 COCONUT OIL
 OLIVE OIL
 CARROT SEED OIL
 GRAPE SEED OIL
 CUCUMBER SEED OIL
 ALMOND OIL
LIQUID PARAFFINS
DIETHYL PHTHALATE - DEP
DIOCTYL PHTHALATE - DOP
DIBUTYL PHTHALATE - DBP
PROPYLENE GLYCOL -PG
DI PROPYLENE GLYCOL - DPG
TRIPROPYLENE GLYCOL - TPG
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL - PPG
Distillation may be carried out either by
boiling the plant material or the
essential oil with water, and creating
the necessary steam within the still or
by introducing live steam through open
or perforated steam coil generated in a
separate steam boiler .
 Volatile oils of aromatic plants and have concentrated
aroma.
 Extracted by steam or hydro distillation method.
 Density is less as compared with water.
 All E.Os have vapour pressure.
 Mixture of various class of chemicals such as
terpenes, Oxygenated terpenes, Phenols, Aliphatic
compounds.
 Different from fixed oils which are not volatile.
 Used as raw materials for the preparation of high valued
perfumery chemicals / products.
 Also used in pharmacy and Aromatherapy.
 All are same products.
 Extracted by solvent extraction method.
 Names are different due to use of different
materials in process.
 If material is floral : product is concrete
 If material is spice : product is oleoresin
 If material is wood : product is resinoid
A mixture of Volatile oil as
Essential oil.
Fixed oil which is alcohol soluble
Gums
Waxes
Resins
Colouring pigments
 A mixture of Volatile oil as
essential oil and
 Fixed oil which is alcohol
soluble.
o Hydro/water distillation
o Water-Steam distillation
o Steam distillation
o Solvent Extraction
o Supercritical fluid Extraction
o Enfleurage
 Material to be distilled comes in direct contact
with water or submerged in water.
 The water is boiled by any of the usual
methods i.e., direct fire, steam jacket, closed
steam coil & open or perforated steam coil.
 Steam penetrates the plant tissues and breaks
the oil glands to vaporized all volatile
substances.
 Suitable for floral material like Rose, Jasmine,
Tagetes, Kewra, Vetiver, etc. or preparation of
Attars.
 Rosa Damascena

Vetiver
Bela Vetiveria zizanioides
J. Sambac

Tagetus erecta Pandanus

Odoratissmus

Rose
Lawsonia Inermis
Tagetus minuta Rosa damascena
Clevenger’s apparatus Traditional distillation units (Bhabhka)

Water/Hydro-Distillation
Copper Deg or
Steel

Lid or
Bamboo connector Kuppi or
Sharposh
Bhapka or or Chonga leather bottle
Receiver
 The cost of process equipment is extremely low.
 The design of the still, condensers and collection
flask are simple.
 There is no need of electricity.
 The plant material has tendency to agglomerate
or agglutinate into an impenetrable mass when
steam is passed through it ( like rose petals).
 The water distillation is preferred method of oil
isolation.
One unit contains:-
 One copper deg or still, three receivers
or Bhapka also copper make and one
bamboo pipe.
 Capacity : 40-60 Kgs flowers
 Volume : 100 Liters
 Distillation time : 4 hours
 Cost of the unit: Rs 1.0 Lakh
Active components:
 Rhodinol or Leavo citronellol 20-35%
 Geraniol 20-35%
 Nerol 10-15%
 Linalool 1-4%b
 Rose oxide 0.03-0.15%
 Phenyl ethyl alcohol 3-7%
 Susquiterpenes 10-15%
Active components :
 Phenyl ethyl methyl ether as
PEME 65-85%
 Terpenene -4ol 9-18%
 Para cymene 1-3%
Active components :
 (Z)-beta- ocimene 30-45%

 Dihydrotagetone 5-16%

 (Z)-tagetone 3-9%

 (Z)-tagetenone 20-35%

 Ocimenone (Z&E) 8-15%

Active components are-
 Benzyl alcohol
 Benzyl acetate
 Methyl salicylate
 Linalool
 Cost of the equipment (1 No.) : Rs. 1.00 Lakh
 Min. set of equipments required(05 Nos.) : Rs 5.0 Lakh
 Yield of oil : 0.020-0.025%
 Cost of flowers per kg : Rs. 70-80/-
 Production of 1 kg. oil requires : 4000-5000 kgs flowers
 Cost of labours( 5 nos.)per day : Rs 1000/-
 Fuel cost per day : Rs 1500/-
 Other expenses per day : Rs 500/-
 Total process time( 4 hours per day) : 20-25 days
 Total cost of Flowers approx. : Rs 3.5 Lakh
 Total cost of labour,fuel---- : Rs 0.75 Lakh
 Final cost of the oil : Rs 4.25 Lakh
 PRODUCTION OF ROSE WATER

 Yield of Rose water : Ratio 1:1(flowers:water)

 100 kg Rose water requires : 100 kg flowers
 Unit required : 02 Nos.
 Cost of flowers : Rs. 7000-8000/-
 Other expenses : Rs 1000 per day
 Total process time( 4 hours per day) : One day
 Cost of Rose water per kg : Rs 80-90/-
 Floral Attars may be defined as the distillates
obtained by the hydro distillation of flowers
over Sandalwood oil or other materials like
DOP, DEP, Paraffin etc.
 Production of Attar depends upon the
concentration of the flowers over the base
material
 Min. flowers required : 40,80,200 and 400 kgs
 Min. base material required : 5 kgs
 The plant material is supported on a perforated grid or
mesh inserted some distance above the bottom of the
still.
 The lower part of the still is filled with water, to a level
somewhat below this grid.
 The water may be heated by direct fire, closed steam
coil and perforated steam coil.
 Typical feature of such type of distillation is that steam
is always fully saturated, wet and never super-heated.
 Plant material is in contact with steam only and not with
boiling water.
 Suitable for herbs and grassy materials-e.g. Mint,
Citronella, Palmarosa, Basil, Lemongrass, etc.
Ocimum basilicum Lemongrass Citronella
Cymbopogon citratus
Cympogon nardus
FIELD DISTILLATION UNIT
 Components of the oil are less susceptible to hydrolysis
and polymerization (the control of wetness on the
bottom of the still affects hydrolysis, whereas the
thermal conductivity of the still walls affects
polymerization).
 If refluxing is controlled, then the loss of polar
compounds is minimized .
 Oil quality produced by steam and water-steam
distillation is more reproducible.
 Steam and water-steam distillation is a faster process
than water distillation so it is more energy efficient.
 Cost of the unit depends upon the material of
construction.

 Capacity : One tone material

 Volume : 3000 liters

 Cost of the unit : 1.5 lacs ( fully MS make)

 : 4.5 lacs (fully SS make)

 : 3.0 lacs( except still all part of SS)

Active components :
 Geraniol 75-85%
 Geranyl acetate 5-12%
 Linalool 3-4%
Active components :
 Methyl chavicol 70-75%
 Linalool 10-15%
Active components :
 Citronellal 28-36%
 Citronellol 8-15%
 Geraniol 25-30%
 Geranyl acetate 3-5%
 Elemol 3-5%
 Limonene 2-4%
Active components :
 Citral -a or Neral 30-40%
 Citral-b or Geranal 40-45%
Active components are-
 L-Menthol 68-75%
 Menthone 6-10%
 Isomenthone 4-6%
 Menthol isomers 2-3%
 Cis-3-hexanol 0.2-0.5%
 Octanol 0.1-0.5%
 Menthyl acetates 4-8%
 Live steam, saturated or super heated is introduced
through open or perforated steam coil below the
charge at pressure higher than atmosphere.
 Material must be evenly charged into the still.
 Temperature within the still can be modified
according to plant material.
 Rate of distillation is high.
 Yield of oil is generally good.
 Suitable for woody & hard material e.g. Sandal Wood,
Nagarmotha, Sugandh Mantri, Kapoor Kachri, Thuja,
Dill seed, Celery seed etc.
 Patchouli
Pogostemon cablin Chamomile
German
Geranium Matricaria
chamomillia
Pelagonium
graviolens
 Retort

 Goose neck or
vapour pipe line

 Condenser

 Receiver

 Steam generator or
Boiler
 The technique of returning water to
mother liquor at the point of steam
generation is known as cohabation.
This technique is regularly used in
hydro-distillation.
 Advantages
 To maintain the fluid level in the tank.
 To maintain the loss of components of
oils dissolved in distilled water.
 No. of extractors : 3- 4
 Extractor charging capacity : 500 kg
 Total charging capacity : 1500-2000 kg
 Boiler capacity : 1.5 tone
 Disintegrator capacity : 200 kg per hour
 Cooling tower : 4 TR
 Cost of the unit : 25.0 Lakh
Active components are-
 Alpha Santalol
 Beta santalol
 Bergamotol
 Nuciferol
 Calciferol
 Lanceol
 Santalyl acetate
Active components are-
 Cyperene
 Cypriol
Active components are-
 Rhodinol
 Geraniol
 Citronellyl formate & Geranyl
formate
 Geranyl tiglate & Citronellyl
tiglate
Active components are-
 1, 8, Cineole
 Alpha pinene
 Beta pinene
 Paracymene
Active components are-
 Patchouli alcohol
 Alpha -patchoulene
 Alpha –bulnesene
 Alpha -guainene
Active components are-
 Linalool
 Linalyl acetate
 Lavandulyl acetate
Active components are-
 Chamazulene
 Alpha bisabolol
 Alpha bisabolol oxide-a & b
 Hydro-distillation method : 0.010
- 0.030%
 Water-steam distillation method :
0.50 - 1.5 %
 Steam distillation method : 0.40 –
> 10 %
Method Water Distillation Water-Steam Steam Distillation
Distillation
Type of Plant Finely powdered, Well suited for herb Well suited for seed, root and
material flowers, not well and leaf materials wood material containing
adopted for high boiling high boiling oils.
constituents.
Mode of charging Material must be Material must be Material must be evenly
completely covered by evenly charged charged
water

Temperature within About 100C About 100C Can be modified according to

the still the plant material
Rate of distillation Relatively low Fairly good High

Yield of oil Relatively low Good , if no Good , if plant material is

Due to hydrolysis excessive wetting properly comminuted, evenly
and lumping of the charged and distillation
plant charge properly conducted.
occurs.
Good
Quality of oil Good Usually good
 Extraction with volatile solvents
systematically at room temperature.
 Volatile solvent should be purified.
 Solvent penetrates the material and dissolve
the essential oil, non-volatile oil together with
wax, gums & coloring pigments.
 Filtrate is evaporated and concentrated at low
temp.
 Finally vacuum is applied to remove all traces
of solvent.
 Product concrete is obtained.
 Extractor
 Evaporator
 Foam breaker
 Condenser
 Receiver
 Solvent Charging
pump
 Solvent storage
tank
 Hexane
 Benzene
 Acetone
 Ethyl Acetate
 Iso-propanol
 Ethyl Alcohol
 Petroleum Ether
 Dichloromethane
 Dichloroethane
 Carbon tetrachloride
 Methyl Alcohol
 Solvent should be selective (Quickly dissolve all
Odoriferous components)
 Low boiling point
 Insoluble with water
 Chemically inert
 Uniform boiling point (during evaporation, it must
not leave any residue).
 Low priced
 Non flammable if possible
 Easily available
Extractor
Evaporator
Foam breaker
Condenser
Receiver
Solvent Changing pump
Solvent storage tank
Siphon line
 Mechanically press the rinds of the
fruit.
 Spray it down with water to ensure
all the oil and pulp is captured.
 Centrifuge the mixture where the
essential oil is separated.
 Suitable for Citrus fruit peel.
 At high pressure and lower temperature, the
Co2 liquefies and act as solvent.
 The liquid Co2 is added in the material and
extracts the oil along with other
constituents.
 Within the minutes, the pressure is
decreased and the Co2 returns to its natural
state and evaporates off, leaving the pure
extract completely free of solvent.
 The process involves layering fat
over the flower petals.
 The fat absorbs the essential oil.
 Ethyl alcohol is used to separate and
extract the oil from the fat.
 The alcohol is then evaporated and
the essential oil collected.
 Aroma water
 De-oiled aromatic plant
 Essential oil / Absolute /
Concrete/ Oleoresin /
Resinoid.
 Cohobation
 Flavour industries
 e.g. Rose Water & Kewra water
 Herbal Industries
 e.g. Sandal water & Basil water
 Future Potential
 e.g. Agarbatti & cosmetic Industries
 Agarbatti
 Dhoopbatti
 As a fuel
 Face pack
 Natural
colour
E
x C
t o
r h extraction
a o
c b
a
t
t
i i
o o Aroma Extract Fragrance & Flavour
n n +
F Aroma Water Flavour,
u Herbal Products
e
+
l De-oiled Aromatic Plant

Agarbatti, Dhoopbatti & Face Pack