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BASIC
ELECTRICAL
DEE 1113 / DMT 1113 / DEI 1003
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY I /
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
FUNCTION :
• to reduce the flow of electricity in a circuit.
• to divide voltages
• adjust signal levels
• bias active elements
• terminate transmission lines, among other uses
Capacitors
A basic capacitor has two parallel plates
separated by an insulating material
A capacitor stores an electrical charge
between the two plates
The unit of capacitance is Farads (F)
Capacitance values are normally smaller, such
as µF, nF or pF
Capacitors
Basic capacitor construction
Dielectric
material
Plate 2
The dielectric material is an
insulator therefore no
current flows through the
capacitor
Plate 1
Capacitors
Capacitors store charge. They
have two metal plates where
charge is stored, separated by
an insulating dielectric.
Symbol
Good Blown
fuse fuse
Electrons
Current
AC and DC CURRENT
Volts
(almost) instantly so
on a graph it looks
like this. 0 Time
1 sec
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Alternating Current
Current that is produced by a voltage source
that changes polarity, or alternates, with time.
In alternating current the voltage goes to PEAK positively then
reverses to zero, the current then goes to PEAK in the negative.
When the electrons have gone once in each direction makes
cycle and is represented with a sine wave as seen in the graph.
Volts
0
_
+ + +
Damped current
exponential current
+ -
W
V
Q + -
+ e-
-
Work is done as a charge is
+ -
moved in the electric field
from one potential to another. + -
+ -
Voltage is the work per charge
done against the electric field. + -
+ -
+ -
Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall
Chapter 2
Voltage
Definition of voltage
W
V
Q
Voltage
Voltage is responsible for establishing current.
Sources of voltage
e-
include batteries, solar +
e-
(rectification)
Voltage Current
-
Chapter 2
Basic Circuit
A basic circuit consists of
a voltage source,
a transmission system and
a load
a control apparatus.
An example of a basic circuit is the flashlight,
which has each of these.
Switch Metal strip
Active Elements/Devices
• Sources expend energy and are considered active
devices
Passive Elements/Devices
• A passive transducer device functions only when
energized by a source in a circuit
Passive devices can be modeled by a resistance
50
A DIGITAL BASIC ELECTRICAL
MULTIMETER (DMM) is a
test tool used to measure two or
more electrical values—principally
INSTRUMENTS
voltage (volts), current (amps) and An OSCILLOSCOPE is a laboratory instrument
resistance (ohms).
commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of
electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the
instantaneous signal voltage as a function of time.
53
Scientific Notation
• Scientific notation is a way of writing very large
and very small numbers in a compact form.
• A number written in scientific notation is
written in the form:
a × 10b
Where: a is a number greater than 1 and less than 9.99
b is an integer
Examples:
3.24 × 105
1.435 × 10-7
3.29× 106
7.3 × 10−2
54
Writing A Number in Scientific Notation
• Shift the decimal point so that there is one digit
(which cannot be zero) before the decimal point.
• Multiply by a power of 10, equal to the number of
places the decimal point has been moved.
• The power of 10 is positive if the decimal point
is moved to the left and negative if the decimal
point is moved to the right.
55
Scientific Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 5630 in scientific notation.
56
Scientific Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 5630 in scientific notation.
Solution:
5630 = 5630.0 = 5.630 × 103
3 Moves
Note: Because the decimal point was moved to the left, the power of 10 is positive.
57
Scientific Notation: Example #2
Example:
Express 0.000628 in scientific notation.
58
Scientific Notation: Example #2
Example:
Express 0.000628 in Scientific Notation.
Solution:
0.000628 = 6.28 × 10-4
4 Moves
Note: Because the decimal point was moved to the right, the power of 10 is negative.
59
Engineering Notation
• Engineering notation is similar to scientific
notation. In engineering notation the powers
of ten are always multiples of 3.
• A number written in engineering notation is
written in the form:
a × 10b
Where: a is a number greater than 1 and less than 999
b is an integer multiple of three
Examples:
71.24 × 103
4.32 × 10-6
320.49× 109
60
123.452 × 10−12
Writing A Number in Engineering Notation
• Shift the decimal point in “groups of three” until
the number before the decimal point is between
0 and 999.
• Multiply by a power of 10 that is equal to the
number of places the decimal point has been
moved.
• The power of 10 is positive if the decimal point
is moved to the left and negative if the decimal
point is moved to the right.
61
Engineering Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 16346000000 in engineering notation.
62
Engineering Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 16346000000 in engineering notation.
Solution:
16346000000 = 16346000000.0 = 16.346 × 109
9 Moves
Note : Because the decimal point was moved to the left, the power of 10 is positive.
63
Engineering Notation: Example #2
Example:
Express 0.0003486 in engineering notation.
64
Engineering Notation: Example #2
Example:
Express 0.0003486 in engineering notation.
Solution:
0.0003486 = 0.0003486 = 348.6 × 10-6
6 Moves
Note : Because the decimal point was moved to the right, the power of 10 is negative.
65
SI Prefixes
• SI prefixes are a shorthand way of writing
engineering notation for SI numbers.
66
Commonly Used SI Prefixes
Value Prefix Symbol
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f 67
SI Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 27500 using standard SI notation.
(Note: is the Greek letter omega. In electronics, it is the symbol used for resistance.)
68
SI Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 27500 using standard SI notation.
(Note: is the Greek letter omega. In electronics, it is the symbol used for resistance.)
Solution:
27500 = 27.5 × 103 = 27.5 k
69
SI Notation: Example #2
Example:
Express 0.000568 Volts using standard SI notation.
70
SI Notation: Example #2
Example:
Express 0.000568 Volts using standard SI notation.
Solution:
0.000568 Volts = 0.568 × 10-3 Volts = 0.568 mVolts
0.000568 Volts = 568.0 × 10-6 Volts = 568.0 Volts
71