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Chapter
electricity
In silicon, all four electrons in the outer shell are shared among
neighbouring atoms to form covalent bonds.
The free electrons leave behind electron holes in the atoms
where neighbouring electrons can move to fill them.
In this way, the ‘holes’ seem to behave like positively-charged
particles, moving in the opposite direction to the electron flow.
(+) (-)
Ions are highly mobile and when oppositely charged electrodes are dipped in
an ionic solution, the ions move to oppositely charged electrodes to complete
the circuit.
Q = It
measured in
measured in measured in seconds
coulombs amperes
T : Period of the a.c. voltage. The period is the time taken for one
complete cycle. It can be measured between any two corresponding points in
successive cycles.
VP : Peak voltage. This is the maximum value of voltage in either direction.
f : Frequency of the a.c. voltage. This is the number of cycles completed per
second. The measurement unit for frequency is the hertz, Hz.