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32 g§nmXH$s` g§nH©$ … 022-22882888
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 3
 dmMZmMm AmZ§X...
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nmhmd`mg [_imds Agmhr hoVy hmoVm.
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A[YH$mar ì`º$sH$Sy>Z [_imds åhUOo XwYmV gmIaM hmo`!
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nmûd©^y_sda n[anyU©VoMm H$moUVmhs Xmdm H$aUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhs, ho gmaoM OmUVmV.
Ë`m-Ë`m joÌm§Vrb VÁkm§Mo [M[H$ËgH$ boI Am[U Ë`mgmo~VÀ`m J«§Wm§À`m `mÚm ho `m A§H$mMo EH$
d¡[eîQ>ç R>abo Amho. Ë`m{edm` {Okmgy dmMH$mÀ`m Kar {H§$dm J«§Wmb`mV hdoVM Aem J«§Wm§À`m H$mhr
ñdV§Ím `mÚmhr Amåhr à{gÕ Ho$ë`m AmhoV."_amR>sVsb gm[hË`boUr' hs _hmamîQ´> Q>mBågZo 1985 gmbs
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[Z[_ÎmmZo àW_M bmoH$m§g_moa `oV Amho. `mÚm§À`m _m§S>Us_Ü`o EH$dmŠ`Vm Agmds `mgmR>s Amåhs à`ËZ
Ho$bo AmhoV; nU, Ë`m H$m_s H$mhs _`m©Xm nS>ë`m, ho H$~yb H$arV AmhmoV.

4
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AmhoV ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV `oV Amho. nwñVH$m§À`m `mÚmhs A§[V_ ñdê$nmÀ`m ZgyZ dmMH$ Amnë`m
AmdS>sà_mUo Am[U Hw$dVsà_mUo Ë`mV ^a Kmby eH$VmV ho gdmªZs H¥$n`m bjmV ¿`mdo.
_w»`_§Ìs _hmoX`m§Zs Amnë`m _ZmoJVmV _m§S>bobm "kmZmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWo'Mm _wÔm Am[U "embo`
[ejUmV éMsnyU© Am[U Adm§Va dmMZmda ^a' XoÊ`m~m~V Ho$bobo à[VnmXZ A[Ve` _m¡[bH$ ñdê$nmMo
AgyZ, Vo Zì`m [dMma_§WZmbm OÝ_ XoUmao R>ê$ eH$Vo. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo AkmZ ho gÎmmH$maUmMo ^m§S>db
am[hbo ZgyZ kmZm[Y{îR>V g_mOaMZm hs H$mimMs JaO R>abs Amho, hm Ë`m§À`m _ZmoJVmVsb Ame`
_hmamîQ´>mbm àJ{VnWmda nwTo> KoD$Z OmB©b, `mV e§H$m Zmhs.
emgH$s` J«§W[Z[_©Vs Am[U J«§W àgmamÀ`m AZwf§JmZo _m[hVs XoUmam EH$ [d^mJ A§H$mV g_m[dîQ>
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ho$di nm`m^yV gw[dYm [Z_m©U H$aUo, EdT>oM emgZmMo H$m_ ZgVo. amÁ`mMs ~m¡[ÕH$
g‘¥Õr dmT>[dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo emgZ H$m` H$aV Amho, Ë`mMs EH$ PbH$ Ë`m ^mJmVyZ gmè`m§Zm nmhmd`mg
[_iUma Amho. emgZmÀ`m OmoS>sZoM [d[dY ñd`§gods g§ñWm, [dÚmnsRo>, ImOJs joÌmVsb ì`º$s, CÚmoJnVs,
boIH$-H$bmd§V EH$Ì Ambo Am[U dmMZ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m OmonmgZogmR>s Ë`m§Zs H$mhs CnH«$_ hmVs KoVbo Va
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H$m`©H«$_ n[ÌHo$da dmMZ g§ñH¥$VsMs OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mMm _wÔmhs KoVbm nm[hOo, ho _w»`_§Í`m§Mo à[VnmXZ `m
nmûd©^y_sda ~mobHo$ Amho.
Am_Mo gd©M A§H$ Amåhs [ZXm}f H$aÊ`mMm nwaonya à`ËZ H$aVmo. Varhs H$mhs C[Udm amhÿZ Joë`m AgVsb.
"Jwao Oes MaVm MaVm A[YH$ gH$g Mmam AgUmè`m Hw$aUmH$So> AmnmoAmn OmVmV Ë`mà_mUo dmMH$hs EH$Xm
dmMm`bm bmJbm H$s Vmo AmnmoAmn Mm§Jë`m nwñVH$mH$So> OmD$Z nmohmoMVmo' Ago ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> `m§Zs EHo$$
[R>H$mUs åhQ>bo Amho. gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$mbm EH$ [Xdm XmIdmdm, [Xì`mZo [Xdm COiV Omdm Am[U Ë`m
àH$memV gmam _hmamîQ´> COiyZ [ZKmdm, Aes Amem hm A§H$ H$mT>VmZm _Zmes ~miJbs Amho... dmMH$m§Zs
hm gmam IQ>mQ>mon JmoS> H$ê$Z ¿`mdm. "A[YH$ Vo gaVo Ý`yZ Vo nwaVo' _mZyZ `m [deofm§H$mMm Am{U EH§$XarVM
dmMZmMm AmZ§X ¿`mdm, hr [dZ§Vs.

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_mo. 9619346362

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 5
 dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMr OmonmgZm...
[Xgm_mOs H$mhs Var Vo [bhmdo &
àg§Js AI§[S>V dm[MV Omdo &&
MZmMo _hÎd eãXmV gm§JUo \$maM
dm H$R>sU Amho. g_W© am_Xmgm§Zs _mÌ
da CX²Y¥V Ho$boë`m íbmoH$mV Vo Zo_Š`m
eãXm§V AYmoao[IV Ho$bo Amho.
AmOH$mb H$a_UwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mm A[VaoH$ Pmbm
Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a OmJ[VH$ Am§VaOmbmgmaIs
_mÜ`_o, _m[hVs V§ÌkmZmVsb H«$m§Vs Am[U
g§nH©$gmYZm§Ms gwb^Vm `m_wio _m[hVs [H§$dm kmZ
[_i[dUo VwbZoZo gmono Pmbo Amho. `m
gdmªMm n[aUm_ dmMZ H$_s hmoÊ`mV hmoV
Amho. dmMZ hm EH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm ^mJ
Amho. ao ~«°S>~ar `m [dMmad§VmZo åhQ>bo
Amho H$s, You don’t have to burn
books to destroy a culture, just
get people to stop reading them.
åhUyZM dmMZg§ñH¥$VsÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>s
gdmªZs nwTo> `oUo hs ~m~ AmO A[Ve`
[ZH$S>sMs Pmbs Amho.
_mÂ`m ì`{º$_Îdmda dmMZmMm,
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hm Oar _mÂ`m CnOs[dHo$Mm ^mJ Agbm
Var [ZË` Zdo dmMZ, kmZmO©Z hs _mPs
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_`m©[XV CÔoe Agy Z`o, `m _VmMm _s Amho.
kmZàmás hm dmMZmMm _w»` CÔoe Agbm nm[hOo.
J«§Wm§Zm Jwê$ åhQ>bo OmVo, Vo `mM AWm©Zo. _mJm©aoQ>
\y$ba åhUVmV H$s, Today a Reader, tomor-
row a Leader. H$moUË`mhs joÌmV Vwåhmbm
`eñds ìhm`Mo Agob, [eIa JmR>m`Mo Agob Va
Vwåhmbm gVV Ë`m joÌmVsb ZdZdo kmZ, ZdZds
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[XgV Zmhs.
dmMZmMs AmdS> H$_s hmoV Mmbbs Amho, Aes
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nyU©V: gh_V Zmhs. H$maU, _amR>sVsb àH$meZ
ì`dhma dmT>Vmo Amho, _amR>sV _moR>çm g§»`oZo
nwñVHo$ àH$m[eV hmoV AmhoV Am[U Vs InVhs
6 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
AmhoV. A[Ib ^maVs` _amR>s gm[hË`
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n¥ÏdsamO MìhmU, ‘w»`‘§Ìr
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CVadm _m[hVs, Agm gJim _m_bm Amho.
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nmbH$m§Zs Ë`m§Zm wear the old coat
and buy a new book `m Am°{ñQ>Z
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bhmZnUsM nQ>dyZ Úm`bm hdo.
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g§H$ënZm Amho. nU VimJmimVë`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m
H$mis g_mOmV H$m` ñWmZ hmoV§ `mMm H$moUs
B[VhmgmV C„oI H$aV Zmhs. CXmhaUmW©, [edmOs
_hmamO `m JS>mdê$Z Ë`m JS>mda MT>mB© H$aV hmoVo,
Voìhm _hmamîQ´>mVbm eoVH$ar H$m` noaV hmoVm, Hw$R>bs
[nH§$ KoV hmoVm, Ë`m dois H$m_Jma dJ© hmoVm H$s
Zmhs, CËnmXZ§ H$moUVs hmoVs, Ë`m doiM§ ImÚOsdZ
H$em àH$maM§ hmoV§,- Zì`m g§H$ënZobm Zmd [Xb§,
Subultern history. J«m_MsÀ`mM g§H$ënZoVyZ nwT§>
[Z_m©U Pmbobs g§H$ënZm åhUOo ‘History from
below’. X[bV dmL>²_` Ë`m AWm©Z§ - Literature
from below. hs ‘History from below’
g§H$ënZm B§J«Os_Ü`o éObs. `m ‘History from
below’ M§ AmH$f©U dmQy>Z _s OZ Am[U _hmOZ `m
XmoKm§g§~§Ys _m[hVs Jmoim H$aV am[hbmo.
J«m_MsÀ`m nwT§> OmUmam EH$ [dMma \«o$¨M
B[VhmgH$mam§Zs _m§S>bm. \$ZmªS> ~«m°So>b `m
B[VhmgH$mamZ§ àË`oH$s 20 dfmªÀ`m H$mbI§S>mZ§Va
VsZ I§S> [b[hbo. Vmo Á`m VÎdàUmbsMm hmoVm,
B[Vhmg-boIZ na§naobm \«o$¨M_Ü`o "A°Z[bg ñHy$b'
åhUVmV. H$maU _mH©$ ãbm°I Am[U ë`y[g`Z \$m~«
`m XmoKm§Zs Annales ZmdmM§ [Z`VH$m[bH$ gwê$
Ho$b§ Am[U Ë`mVyZ Amnbs "gdmªJsU B[Vhmgm'Ms
(History in Totality) g§H$ënZm am~dm`bm
gwédmV Ho$bs hmoVs. \$ZmªS> ~«m°So>b hm Ë`m§Mm [eî`.
Va A°Z[bg ñHy$bM§ åhUU§ hmoV§ H$s gd© ~mOy§Zs
gdmªJm§Zs B[Vhmg nmhm`bm nm[hOo. gm_mÝ`m§nmgyZ
A[^OZm§n`ªV Vmo B[Vhmg AmUbm nm[hOo. eoVH$ar
H$m` H$aV hmoVm, bmoH$m§À`m ImÊ`mÀ`m gd`s H$m`
hmoË`m, ñd`§nmH$mgmR>s ^m§S>s H$em àH$maMs dmnabs
OmV, Vo H$nSo> H$m` KmbV hmoVo, ho Oo gd© [df`
nyduÀ`m B[VhmgH$mam§Zm Ë`mÁ` dmQ>V hmoVo. AmVm
hiyhiy ho [df` B[VhmgH$mam§Zm AmdSy> bmJbo
AmhoV. EH$m AWm©Z§ B[Vhmg hm g_mOemómV
ê$nm§V[aV hmoD$ bmJbm, hohs [VVH$M Ia§.
_s BW§ \$º$ B§J«Os nwñVH$m§MoM g§X^© [Xbo
`m~Ôb _m\$s _mJVmo. nU _bm EdT§>M gm§Jm`M§
Amho H$s, _s B§J«Os [eH$bmo `mM§ AmO _bm ~a§
dmQ>V§. H$maU Ë`m_wioM _bm hm EdT>m _moR>m
I[OZm [Xgbm, O_dVm Ambm. AOyZ Ë`mVbs
H$mhs nwñVH§$ dmMm`Ms AmhoV. H$mhs Zì`mZ§
dmMm`Ms AmhoV. BVa `wamons` ^mfm§Vbs nwñVH§$
B§J«OsV AmUÊ`mMm _moR>m CÚmoJ Amho. Ë`m_wio
B§J«Os J«§Wm§À`m gmømZ§ OmJ[VH$ dmL>²_`mMs
AmoiI hmoD$ eH$Vo. [Zd¥ÎmsZ§VaM§ ho "ßb°[Z¨J"
Amho.
[db S>çwamÝQ>À`m ‘Pleasures of Philosophy’
øm nwñVH$mVbm EH$ g§X^© _s eodQ>s XoUma Amho. `m
J«§WmVë`m EH$m àH$aUmV Ë`m§Zs AdZV, ^«îQ>
bmoH$emhsM§ dU©Z Ho$b§ Amho. Vo åhUVmV:
“Democracy without education means
hypocrisy without limitation. It means the
degradation of statesmanship into politics.
It means the expensive maintenance, in
addition to the real ruling class, of a large
parasitic class of politicians whose function
it is to serve the rulers and deceive the
ruled.
The last stage of the matter is gangmen
rule. Criminals flourish happily in our larg-
er cities because they are guaranteed the
full protection of the law. If they belong to
the organisation or have friends in it, they
have every assurance that if they commit a
crime they will not be arrested; that if
arrested, they will not be convicted; that if
convicted, they will not be sent to jail; that
if jailed, they will be pardoned; that if
unpardoned, they will be permitted to
escape. If, in the practice of their profes-
sion, they should be killed, they will be
buried with grandeur and ceremony due to
a member of the rulling class and memori-
al tablets will be erected in their honour.
This is the denoument of the municipal
democracy.”
AmOÀ`m Amnë`m n[a{ñWVsM§ V§VmoV§V dU©Z
[db S>çwa°ÝQ>Z§ 1929 gmbsM H$ê$Z Ro>db§ Amho.
_s B§J«OsV à[gÕ Pmbob§ dmL>²_` dmMy eH$bmo
ZgVmo, Va Aem àË``H$mar dU©ZmMm AmñdmX _bm
H$gm KoVm Ambm AgVm?
(16 Zmoìh|~a 96 amoOs "dmMZg§ñH¥$Vs' `m
[df`mda _w§~B©À`m ^ynoe Jwám ^dZmV [Xboë`m
ì`mImZmVsb H$mhs ^mJ. "Aja[ZîR>m§Ms
_m§[X`mis' `m amohZ àH$meZmÀ`m nwñVH$mV _yi
^mfU OgoÀ`m Vgo XoÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ [Okmgy§Zs Vo
Adí` [_idyZ dmMmdo.)
g§nH©$ : aroontikekar@gmail.com
‘o 2011 11
 ì`mnH$ OrdZXe©Z...
J«§ Wàgma `mÌoVë`m XmoZ AmR>dUs _ZmV
H$moê$Z ~gë`m AmhoV. `mÌoVsb
~mdsg gsQ>a ~g Am[U ZD$ gsQ>a Q|>nmo
`mÌoV dma§dma Pmbo.
Xwgam àg§J ~meuMm. gmobmnya-n§T>anya-
Cñ_mZm~mX Aem Ë`m nÅ>çmV Am_À`m ~amo~a dg§V
[H$Vs [^S>bo Amho, Ë`mMmM Vmo XmIbm hmoVm.
^maVmÀ`m ^y_sVsb dmL>²_`na§nam Amho XoIsb
_moR>s. Vs nma am_m`U-_hm^maVmnmgyZ gwê$ hmoVo,
H$amS>hyZ gmVmè`mbm `oV hmoVo. Vmgm-XsS> VmgmMm g~Zsg, [d.Am. ~wdm, e§H$a gmaS>m Ago n§MV§Ìmgma»`m àH$mam§_YyZ Am[U Joë`m XmoZ
àdmg. H$ds Zmam`U gwd} ~g_Yë`m gm[h{Ë`H$ hmoVo. g~Zsg-~wdm Ë`mM àXoemVbo. eVH$m§Vsb [d[dY AmYw[ZH$ gm[hË`àH$mam§_YyZ
gm[h{Ë`H$m§~amo~a OmÊ`mEodOs Q|>nmoVë`m ~meubm gH$misM nmoMbmo hmoVmo. H$m`©H«$_ Amnë`mn`ªV, [dÚ_mZ-[Od§V-gw[e[jV
H$m`©H$Ë`mª~amo~a Jßnm _maV nwTo> [ZKmbo. S´>m`ìhaZo g§Ü`mH$mis hmoVm. J«§W àXe©Z _m§Sy>Z Pmbo hmoVo. EH$ _mUgm§n`ªV `oD$Z nmoMVo. Ym[_©H$-AmÜ`m{Ë_H$
H$mhs JbVs Ho$bs åhUm H$s AÝ` H$mhs H$maUmZo ~°M nwTo> ~sS>-A§~mOmoJmB©H$So> admZmhs Pmbs hmoVs. gm[hË`mMm, g§Vgm[hË`mMm ~mOM doJim. Ë`mVsb
Q´>°[\$H$ nmo[bgm§Zs Q|>nmo AS>dbm. S´>m`ìha CVabm, _Ü`o doi hmoVm, Va ~meuÀ`m dmMZmb`mV OmD$ na_mW© Amnë`m ^m¡[VH$ Am[U bm¡[H$H$ OsdZmes
nmo[bgm§H$So> Jobm, J`md`m H$ê$ bmJbm. nmobsg Ago R>abo. dmMZmb`mV gm[h{Ë`H$m§Mo ñdmJV [dg§JV dmQ>bm. Var Ë`mZo `oWsb _mZds OsdZmbm
H$mhs nQo>ZmV, Voìhm H$m`©H$V} CVabo, Ë`m§Zs nwTo> gÝ_mZmZo Pmbo. J«§Wnmbm§Zs J«§Wg§nXm XmIdbs. hs _moRo> A[YîR>mZ [Xbo Amho.
hmoD$Z gm§[JVbo, H$s AmV Zmam`U gwd} AmhoV. Vo gm[hË` N>mnsb nwñVH$ê$nmZo Amnë`mH$So>
eãX Xya A§Vamda Cä`m Agboë`m nmobsg [XZH$a Jm§Jb AdVabo Vo XmoZeo dfmªnydu. Ë`mAmYs Vo
[ZarjH$mÀ`m H$mZmV [eabo, Vmo YmdVM nwTo> ldUna§naoVyZ, H$Wm- H$sV©ZmVyZ, hñV[b[IVm§À`m
Ambm. Q|>nmoV MT>bm. Ë`mZo gwd} `m§Zm gÝ_mZmZo JmoîQ> [S>g|~a 1982 Ms. J«§Wnmbm§Zs _J hiyM àVt_YyZ àg¥V hmoV hmoVo, na§Vw gm[hË`mbm
Imbs CVadyZ KoVbo. Ë`m§Mo Am[VÏ` Ho$bo. dg§V g~Zsg `m§Mo OwZo-1956 gmbMo EH$ nwñVH$ OZ_mÜ`_mMo ñdê$n Ambo Vo N>nmB© gwê$
nmo[bgm§Mm ZyaM nmbQ>bm. gwd} gdmªesM gai, H$mTy>Z XmIdbo. g~Zsg haIyZ Jobo. gdmªZmM Pmë`mZ§Va. `wamonmV Vo nmMeo dfmªnydu KS>bo-
gmYonUmZo, AmnwbH$sZo ~mobV Am[U Ë`m_wio AmZ§X Pmbm. gmaS>m åhUmbo, "g~Zsg' Ë`m Ooìhm O_©ZsV JQo>Z~J©Zo N>mnÊ`mMo `§Ì emoYyZ
bmoH$m§Ms _Zo [O¨H$V. _J Vo nmobsg [ZarjH$ gwd} nwñVH$mda ghs H$am. 2056 gmbs EImXm dmMH$ H$mT>bo Am[U Ë`mda n[hbm Z_wZm åhUyZ `wamonmVsb
`m§À`m~amo~a Jßnm _maV Am_À`m~amo~a ~gZo `oD$Z Vo nwñVH$ CKSo>b Voìhm åhUob,"e§^a ~m`~bÀ`m hOmamo àVs CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xë`m.
gmVmè`mbm [ZKmbo. dfm©nyduM§, boIH$mÀ`m ghsM§ nwñVH$ Amho!' gmaS>m Ë`mVyZ àm°Qo>ñQ§>Q> hm H«$m§[VH$maH$ Zdm Y_©n§W CX`mbm
`moJ Agm H$s, AmUIs dsg-n§Mdsg [_[ZQ>m§Zs `m§Mm S>m°Š`w_|Qo>eZMm hm goÝg O~aXñV Amho, nU Ambm Am[U "[aZogmÝg'bm MmbZm [_imbs. EH$
Q|>nmo nwÝhm AS>dbm Jobm, nU AmVm VoWo nmobsg Ë`m§À`m `m H$ënZoVsb eŠ`Vm OmUdyZ gdmªZmM àH$mao, _mZds OsdZmbm Zdm AW© [_imbm, Zdo
ZìhVo Va JmdH$ar añË`mda `oD$Z C^o hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm hfm}ëhmg dmQ>bm. diU bm^bo. Joë`m eVH$m-XmoZ eVH$m§V
gm[h{Ë`H$m§Zm nmhm`Mo hmoVo - nwñVHo$ ¿`m`Ms gm[hË`mMo gZmVZËd, [Ma§VZËd Amnë`m _Zs gm[hË`mMo ê$n _mhsV Amho Vo Ago. Ë`m_wio Va
hmoVs. Am_Mo H$m`©H$V} d JmdH$ar `m§Mm Vmo JbH$m
em§V hmoVmo` Vmon`ªV Am_Ms ~g _mJyZ `oD$Z VoWo
WS>H$bs. ~g_Ü`o X`m ndma, AéU gmYy, Hw$_ma
Ho$VH$a, AZ§V ^mdo, _w½Ym [MQ>Usg Ago gmao hmoVo.
gd©OU Imbs CVabo. nwñVH$m§Ms [dH«$s \$ma
ZìhVs, nU CËgmh, AJË`, H$m¡VwH$ \$ma hmoVo.
VemV EH$ IoSyV [~MH$V [~MH$V nwTo> Ambm.
Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV KS>çm KmVboë`m ZmoQ>m hmoË`m. Vmo
Ë`m nwTo> H$am`bm g§H$moMV hmoVm. Am_À`mn¡H$s
H$moUsVar Ë`mbm _Ü`o IoMbo. Ë`mbm H$m` hdo
Aes dma§dma [dMmaUm Ho$bs. Voìhm Ë`m§Zo ~wOV
~wOV gm§[JVbo, H$s Ë`mÀ`mOdi gmV én`o AmhoV
Am[U X`m ndmaMo "~bwV§' Ë`mbm hdo Amho. Ë`mMs
[H¨$_V ZD$ én`o Amho. X`mZo nwTo> hmoD$Z "~bwV§'Ms
àV ghs H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV Ro>dbs. Vmo YÝ`
Pmbm hmoVm. nU Ë`mÀ`mnojmhs Amåhm gdmªZm Ë`m
àg§JmZo ^ê$Z Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mMs nwñVH$m~ÔbMs
AmoT> Am[U g§H$moM, XmoÝhs JwU _ZmV R>gyZ Jobo
AmhoV. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo Ago CËH$Q> Xe©Z Ë`m

12 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
"Vbdmarnojm boIUs A[YH$ g_W©' Aem
Ame`mMs [dYmZo V`ma Pmbs. [H¨$dm Zonmo[b`ZMm
H$[WV [H$ñgm à[gÕ Amho. Vmo åhUVmo H$s eÌyMo
EH$ hOma g¡[ZH$ ~§XwH$m KoD$Z g_moa Ambo Var
Ë`m§Mm [Z:nmV H$ê$ eHo$Z, nU Vmo VsZ boIH$ -
g§nmXH$m§Zm KoD$Z Ambm Va _s Z¸$s Zm_mohaU
hmoB©Z!
boIZ-_wÐU-dmMZ ì`dhmamZo OJmVsb Jobs
nmMeo df} Ho$di nwZsV Zìho Va [dMmad¡^dmZo
g_¥Õ Pmbobs AmhoV. _mZds g§ñH¥$VsV EdT>m
d¡Mm[aH$ dmagm J«sH$-amo_Z g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m Am[U
d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m H$mimVM [Z_m©U Pmbobm
[XgVmo. boIZ-_wÐU-dmMZ hs _mUgmbm
bm^bobs Anyd© XoUJs Amho. Ë`m_wio kmZd§Vm§Ms
[_amg g§nwîQ>mV Ambs Am[U gd©gm_mÝ` _mUyg
gj_ ~Zbm. Ë`m_wioM \«o$¨M amÁ`H«$m§Vs KS>bs,
A_o[aHo$VyZ B§J«Om§Ms gÎmm ZîQ> Pmbs Am[U ñdV§Ì
gmd©^m¡_ `wZm`Qo>S> ñQo>Q>g² [Z_m©U Pmbo. Oo\$agZ-
[b¨H$Z `m§Zs Omo dmagm [Z_m©U Ho$bm Ë`mbm VmoS>
Zmhs. A_o[aHo$Ms eº$s XmoZ H$maUm§Zs C^s am[hbs
Ago gm§[JVbo OmVo.EH$Va Ë`m§Zs Ama§^H$mimVM
XmoZeo dfm©nydu Xoe^a J«§Wmb`m§Mo Omio [Z_m©U Ho$bo
Am[U Xwgao åhUOo Joë`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mbm Xoe^a
_hm_mJm©Mo Omio [dUbo.
`wamon-A_o[aHo$Vsb d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§VsnmgyZ ñ\w$aU
KoD$Z Om§^oH$a-\w$bo [Q>iH$-amZSo>-JmoIbo Vo
Am§~oS>H$a `m gdmªZs gìdmeo dfmªV
(EH$mo[Ugmì`m-[dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m) ^maVmV,
[deofV: _hmamîQ´>mV Oo OmJaU KS>dbo Ë`mMm
AmYma _w[ÐV eãX hmM hmoVm. Ë`m_wio g_mOmbm
àoaUm [_iV Jobs Am[U g§KQ>Z d Am§XmobZ C^o
am[hbo Ë`mbmM _hmamîQ´>mVsb à~moYZH$mi Ago
åhUVmV.
Am_OZVon`ªV hm ~moY nmoMm`Mm Va _hÎdmMs
AS>MU hmoVs-Vs [ZajaVoMs. Xoembm ñdmV§Í`
bm^ë`mZo Vs Xya Pmbs. [ejU gd©Ì ngabo.
Á`m§À`m KamKam§V hOmamo dfmªV [ejU [eabo
ZìhVo, VoWsb VéU [eHy$ bmJbo- H$m°boOm§n`ªV
nmoMbo. Aem nXdsYam§Ms n[hbs [nT>s 1960 À`m
Amgnmg Ambs. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va doJdoJù`m
Om[Udmhs OmJ¥V Pmë`m. g_mOmg_moa g_ñ`m,
AS>MUs, àíZ `m§~m~V [d[dY VèhmZs Ib gwé
Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m [ZdmaUmgmR>s VesM [d[dY
Cnm``moOZm. Ë`mV nwÝhm OmUsdOmJ¥VsMm ^mJ.
Ë`m_YyZ [d[dY dmQ>m [Xgy bmJë`m. Ë`mVbo H$mhs
_mJ© Am§XmobZm§Mo, MiditMo, g§Kfm©Mo hmoVo, Va
H$mhs [dYm`H$VoMo , g_Ýd`mMo, g§dmXmMo. Agm Vmo
OmJ¥V AñdñWVoMm H$mi hmoVm. IamoIarM, 1960
Z§VaMs n§Mdsg-Vsg df} YJYJVs,
g_mOOmJ¥VsMs hmoVs. Am_À`m hmVs Ë`mH$aVm
hË`ma hmoVo Vo N>mnsb eãXm§Mo.
J«§Wmbs dmMH$ MidisMm OÝ_ Aem AñdñW
dmVmdaUmV Pmbm. OwZmQ>nUmMs H$m|S>s \$moS>m`bm
_Zo ZdsZ AmYw[ZH$ KS>dUo JaOoMo hmoVo. g_mO
Zdm KS>V hmoVm, OwÝ`m Mm¡H$Q>s ^oXm`À`m hmoË`m.
g_mOm§VJ©V `m gd© KS>m_moS>s KS>V hmoË`m, nU
Ë`m§Zm _mÜ`_ ZìhVo. Vo _mÜ`_hs g_mOmZoM [Z_m©U
Ho$bo. "J«§Wmbs'Mm OÝ_ Agm CËñ\y$V© KSy>Z Ambm.
Ë`m_wio g_mOmVyZ à[VgmX VgmM [_iV Jobm.
"J«§Wmbs' åhUOoM Amåhs gd© H$m`©H$V}, ho g_mOmZo
[Z_m©U Ho$bobo d g_mOmÀ`m hmVmVbo gmYZ
AmhmoV AesM Amåhm gdmªMs ^y[_H$m hmoVs. Z§Va
Ë`m Midis_YyZ EH$ ñWm`s g§ñWm [Z_m©U Pmbs
Amho. [VMs C[ÔîQo> VsM AmhoV. Zdo, VéU [nT>sMo
Q´>ñQ>s ~moS©> [dÚ_mZ "J«§Wmbs'Mm H$ma^ma nmhV
Amho.
WmoSo> _mJo diyZ nwÝhm [ZdoXZ H$amd`mMo Va
gÎma-n§MmhÎmaMm H$mi AmR>dmdm bmJob. {ó`m,
H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar, X[bV Ago Cno[jV dJ©
MT>mB©À`m n[dÍ`mV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ñdV:M A{ñVËd,
Ë`m§À`m Ý`mæ` h¸$m§Ms OmUsd Pmbs hmoVs.
Ë`m_YyZ gm_m[OH$ Am[U ì`{º$JV nmVisda
hw§H$ma C_Q>V hmoVo. "J«§Wmbs'Zo Ë`m§À`m
ì`º$sH$aUmgmR>s ì`mgnsR> CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbo.
Ë`mgmR>s nwñVHo$, éMs ho _m[gH$ Am[U VèhoVèhoMo
gm§ñH¥$[VH$ H$m`©H«$_ ho _mÜ`_ hmoVo. H$m`©H«$_m§Mo
ñdê$n AmOÀ`m "Bìh|Q>'gmaIo Ago, nU
AmOÀ`mgmaIo Ë`m§Mo ì`mnmar ñdê$n ZìhVo. àË`oH$
H$m`©H«$_mbm CÔoe Ago. Xa _[hÝ`mbm Zì`m
nwñVH$mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo MMm© hmoV. Ë`m_Ü`o VéU
Aä`mgH$ [Z~§Y [bhyZ dmMZ H$aV. OsdZmMo Ago
EH$ A§J Zgob Á`mda "J«§Wmbs'Zo MMm©-n[ag§dmX
`moObm Zmhs Am[U _hmamîQ´>mV Aes EH$
bm¡[H$H$àmá ì`º$s Zgob H$s Os "J«§Wmbs'À`m
ì`mgnsR>mda Ambs Zmhs. Amem ^mogbo `m§Ms
n[hbs àH$Q> _wbmIV "J«§Wmbs'Zo `moObs Am[U
Hw$_ma J§Yd© `m§Ms g§JsV [df`H$ gàmË`[jH$
ì`m»`mZo àW_ `moOUmar "J«§Wmbs'M hmoVs. _s
"J«§Wmbs', "J«§Wmbs' Ago dma§dma åhUV Amho,
H$maU "J«§Wmbs'Mo ñdê$n J«m_g^ogmaIo hmoVo.
J«m_g^o_Ü`o Ogo hOa amhUmar _mUgo [ZU©`
H$aVmV d Vmo _mÝ` hmoVmo. "J«§Wmbs"V VgoM KSo>.
JmdmoJmd KSo>. [dH|$[ÐV nÜXVsZo H$m`©H«$_ hmoV
Am[U Ë`m§Mo g§`moOH$, Aml`XmVm d bm^YmaH$
Ago gmao H$mhs dmMH$ AgV. "JǤWmbs" hs dmMH$
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 15
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16 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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dfmªnyduMo Amho.
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BVHo$M H$m`, eoŠg[n`a (1564 -
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 19
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Bån°ŠQ' hmgwÕm nydu Ë`m§À`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m gd©
20 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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g§nH©$ : 9821524131
B©-‘ob : ketkarkumar@gmail.com
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 21
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28 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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g§nmXH$ H$sa, _mbeo, \$S>Ho$
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[dbmg g§Jdo
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g§nmXH$ - har ZaHo$
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7. amOfs emhy Jm¡ad J«§W
- _hmamîQ´> emgZ
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- _hmamîQ´> emgZ
9. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a - I§S> 1 Vo
12, Mm§.^. I¡a_moSo>
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12. bmoH$amOm emhy - a_oe OmYd
13. bmoH$_mÝ` Am[U N>ÌnVr emhÿ
-S>m°. `. [X. \$S>Ho$
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- Jmo.nw. Xoenm§So>
15. _hmË_m - adtÐ R>mHy$a
16. à^§OZ - A[ZéÕ nwZd©gy
17. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
- ~s. gs. H$m§~io
18. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ - YZ§O` H$sa
19. _hmË_m \w$bo M[aÌ - YZ§O` H$sa
20. amOfu emhy M[aÌ - YZ§O` H$sa
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H$moUVs Anojm Amho Am[U Vs nyU© H$aU§ hmM eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V {ó`m§Zm gm_m[OH$ MmbyM Amho.
Amnbm Y_© Amho Ag§ _mZUmè`m {ó`m§[df`s H$m`©H«$_mV àdoe ZìhVm. n§[S>Vm a_m~mBªZs g§nH©$ : 9922691650
[b[hVmZm Vmam~mB© åhUVmV, ""ósY_© åhUOo `mg§X^m©V _moRo>M nmD$b CMbobo [XgVo. Ë`m§Zs B©-‘ob : mangalaathlekar@yahoo.com
H$m`? Va... [Za§Va nVsMs Amkm nmiUo, Ë`mMo Amnë`m ^mfUmVyZ nwéfdJm©Ms gUgUsVnUo

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 33
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34 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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(H$ënZm g§MoVs, bmoH$gÎmm 30 E[àb
2011 MVwa§J nwadUsVyZ gm^ma)
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 37
Hw$Us H$aVmZm [XgV Zmhs ømMs H$miOs dmQ>Vo.
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(hs gyMs ÌmoQ>H$ Amho. OmJoÀ`m _`m©Xo_wio AZoH$ gm[hË`H¥$VtMm

g_mdoe H$aVm Ambobm Zmhs, `mMs dmMH$m§Zs H¥$n`m Zm|X ¿`mds.)
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~mbH$ds : Am§ZXs AmZ§X JSo> : J_^Z A\$mQ>amd B. H$[dVm g§J«h : _moOo
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: g§nm[XV - _m¡O [M_wH$b B. H$[dVm g§J«h : gwaoe EOÝgs,
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Zsbm§Js, aËZmH$a B. H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b _hm^maV, AmdS>Ë`m JmoîQ>s B. : Á`moËgZm
XwJm© ^mJdV : bhmZs [Xbsn à^mdiH$a : ~moŠ`m gmV~§So> :
~._mo. nwa§Xao : _hmamO, nwa§Xè`m§Ms Xm¡bV, gaH$ma amOh§g
dmS>m, eobma [I¨S>, JS>g§M (7 ^mJ) B. : nwa§Xao àH$me Zmam`U g§V : dZdmg, emaXm g§JsV
^mb~m Ho$iH$a : eoabm°H$ hmoåg (AZw.) : _m¡O
^m.am. ^mJdV : \$mñQ>a \o$Uo, ^wVmis OhmO, AZ§V ^mdo : nQ>nQ>nya, hgmo hgmo : Aja
V¡_ya b§JmMm ^mbm, gy`m©da ñdmar, T>ã~y amOm, B. O`§V ZmaisH$a : ào[fV : _m¡O
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gB© nam§Ono : hadboë`m IoiÊ`m§Mo amÁ`, gimo H$s nimo, eonQ>sMm emn, `mIoarO Hw$_ma Mm§Xmo~m, [H$emoa, amZdmam, N>mÌà~moYZ B. [Z`VH$m[bHo$,
Pmbs H$m` J§_V, OmXyMm e§I B. : _m¡O Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, àW_ ~wŠg, D$Om©, gmHo$V `mgmaIs H$mhs àH$meZo
AmMm`© AÌo : H$mdù`m§Ms emim, \w$bo Am[U _wbo : naMwao _wbm§gmR>s XO}Xma gm[hË`[Z[_©Vs H$aV AgVmV.
qd.Xm. H$a§XsH$a: nar J nar, ~mJwb~wdm B. H$[dVm g§J«h : nm°ß`wba
g§nH©$ :(‘mYwar nwa§Xao) : 020 - 25467895

38 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
 OwZo OmD$ Úm _aUmbmJwZs...
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Amho.
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gwH$a ìhmdo `mH$[aVm eoVH$è`m§Zs nwT>sb H$mhs
nwñVHo$ dmMUo AJË`mMo d A[Zdm`© Amho. hs
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nwñVHo$ Cn`wº$ R>aVsb `m [dûdmgmZo d AmeoZo hs
`mXs `oWo XoV Amho.

eoVsdaMs [ZdS>H$ nwñVHo$

1. Productivity of water and Land 18. h[aVH«$m§Vs Xwgar ([M¨VZ) - eaX
: Dr. Madhav Chitale, Dr. Jayant Patil ndma `m§Ms ^mfUo
2. EH$m H$mS>mVyZ H«$m§Vs - \w$Hy$AmoH$m _mgmZmo~w 19. qb~wdJu` \$bmoËnmXZ - S>m°.
3. Indian Agriculture - Prof. [dZm`H$ [edUH$a, S>m°. [dZmoX d§Omar, S>m°.
V.M.·Dandekar í`m_[g¨h
4. _hmamîQ´>mVsb XwîH$mi Am[U 20. \$io - aU[OV[g¨J
Obg§nÎmsMo [Z`moOZ (n[ag§dmX ) g§nmXZ: 21. \$iPmS>m§À`m bmJdS>sMs Am[U
S>m°. AmÊUmgmho~ [e¨Xo \$io [Q>H$dyZ Ro>dÊ`mMs
5. eoVs BòmB©bMs - S>m°. gwYsa ^m|Jio VÎdo Am[U nÕVs - S>m°. aK~sabmb
6. H¥$[fqMVZ - S>m°. gwYsa ^m|Jio ZmJnmb
7. qgMZ [M¨VZ - g§nmXZ - S>m°. [X._m. _moao 22. eoVsMo H$m`Xo - eoIa
8. qgMZ à~moYZ- g§nmXZ - S>m°. [X._m. _moao Jm`H$dmS>
9. AmYw[ZH$ [g¨MZ nÕVs - S>m°. Eg.~s. dèhmSo> 23. eoVsMs H$maImZXmar - S>m°.
10 nmUs dmnamMo V§Ì - dmë_s n{ãbHo$eZ, S>s.EZ. Hw$bH$Uu, S>m°. H$éUm Hw$bH$Uu
Am¡a§Jm~mX 24. Handbook of Agriculture -
11. Xwwgè`m Ob d [g¨MZ Am`moJmÀ`m Singh
AhdmbmVsb eoVs nmÊ`mg§~§Ys [b[hbobo 25. CndZ [dZmoX ([H¨$dm d¥j Am`wd}X)
Mm¡Wo àH$aU ema§JYa nÕVs 1300 dfmªnydu eyanmb `m§Zs
12. H¥$fr namea - 1100 dfmªnydu F$fs namea [b[hbobm J«§W
`m§Zs [b[hbobm J«§W 26. Guide to Agriculture in India - Shovam
13. H¥$fr gwº$s - H$mí`n 27. EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a - dsUm JdmUH$a
14. ~¥hV² g§[hVm - damh [_hsa 28. ZsbH«$m§VsMm nX[MÝho - S>m°. _mYd [MVio
15. H$m§Xm bmJdS> - S>m°. [H$gZ EH$ZmW bdm§So> 29. ICID- Watsave- Edited - Dr. Madhav chitale
16. CndZ [dZmoX eyanmb - eyanmb g§nH©$ : 9823057485
17. XyY ì`dgm[`H$m - gwYmH$a Omoes B©-‘ob : sudhirbhongle@gmail.com

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 39
 J«m_sU OsdZmM§ à[V[~¨~
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~m H$mX§~ar 1857 gmbs à[gÕ Pmbs.
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OmVo. _amR>sVbs n[hbs J«m_sU H$mX§~ar H$moUVs hm
[dMma WmoS>m doi ~mOybm Ro>dbm Var EH$ _mÌ Iao
H$s, _amR>sVë`m n[hë`m ZmJar H$mX§~arZ§Va [H$Vs
Var C[eam _amR>sVë`m n[hë`m J«m_sU H$mX§~arMm
OÝ_ Pmbobm Amho. Ago hmoÊ`mMo H$maU AWm©VM
ñnîQ> Amho. Ë`m H$mimVbm dmMH$ nyU©V: ZmJa
hmoVm. J«m_OsdZmMm AZw^d JmR>ses AgUmam
boIH$ Ë`m H$mimV OÝ_mbm `oUohs eŠ` ZìhVo. EH$
_mÌ Iao H$s H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a, YZwYm©ar (am.[d.
[Q>Ho$H$a), a.dm. [XKo, J.b. R>moH$i AmXs J«m_sU
boIH$m§Zs _amR>sVsb Amnë`m Z§VaÀ`m [nT>sVsb
J«m_sU boIH$m§gmR>s nm`dmQ> nmS>ë`mMo _mobmMo
Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$m_ Ho$bo.
1940À`m Amgnmg _amR>s boIH$m§Mm B§J«Os
dmL²>_`mes g§nH©$ dmT>bm. [edm` J«m_OsdZmMm
àË`j AZw^d Agbobo Zd[e[jV J«m_sU VéU
[ejUmÀ`m, ZmoH$arÀ`m, ì`dgm`mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo
ehamV `oD$ bmJbo. ehamV ñWm[`H$ hmoD$ bmJbo.
Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s gO©ZmMs j_Vm Agbobo VéU J«m_sU
gm[hË` [Z[_©Vs H$ê$ bmJbo. B§J«Os dmL²>_`mÀ`m
g§nH$m©_wio Ho$di ZmJarM Zìho, Va J«m_sU
boIH$m§À`m dmL²>_`sZ Om[Udm [dH${gV hmoD$
bmJë`m. `m J«m_sU d ZmJar boIH$m§n¡H$s ì`§H$Qo>e
_mS>JyiH$a, J§JmYa JmS>Jsi, nw.^m. ^mdo, Aa[d¨X
JmoIbo ho à_wI boIH$ hmoV.
1940À`m AJmoXa _amR>s gm[hË` åhUOo
H$mX§~ar ho g_sH$aU ê$T> Pmbobo hmoVo. 1940Z§Va
_amR>sV [Z`VH$m{bHo$ N>mnbs OmD$ bmJbs.
Ë`m_wio H$mX§~ar ~amo~aM H$Wm, H$[dVm AmXs
ñdê$nmMo boIZhs OÝ_mbm `oD$ bmJbo. ì`§H$Qo>e
_mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m boIZmMm [deof Agm H$s,
Amnë`m AJmoXa [b{hë`m Joboë`m J«m_sU
gm[hË`mVbm _mUyg MwH$sMm Amho, A[Va§OsV Amho,
40 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
AdmñVd Amho, IamIwam, ñdV:Mo a§Jê$n Agbobm
J«m_sU _mUyg àW_M _amR>s gm[hË`mV AmUsV
AmhmoV, Ë`m_wio _amR>s dmMH$m§es Ë`mMm ZsQ>ZoQ>H$m
n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm`bm hdm. ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a
Amnë`m H$Wm H$mX§~è`mVyZ XoemVë`m _mUgm§À`m
am. a§. ~moamSo>
MohaonÅsMs, a§Jê$nmMs, gd`s-bH$~tMs,
doe^wfm§Ms, MmbsarVsMs, OsdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m
nÕVsMs EdT>s hw~ohw~ dU©Z§ H$m H$aVmV `mM§ H$maU
AmnUmg `oWo [XgV§. EH$ _mÌ Iao H$s ì`§H$Qo>e
_mS>JyiH$am§Zs _amR>s J«m_sU _mUgm§Ms H$ê$Z
[Xbobs AmoiI BVH$s n[anyU© hmoVs, BVH$s n¸$s
hmoVs H$s Ë`m§À`m Z§VaÀ`m J«m_sU boIH$m§Zm J«m_sU
_mUgm[df`s [b{hVmZm MmMnS>md§ bmJb§ Zmhs.
e§H$a nmQ>sb d X._m. [_amgXma ho ì`§H$Qo>e
_mS>JyiH$am§À`m [nT>sVbo XmoZ _hÎdmMo J«m_sU
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[dZmoXs H$Wm boIZmda. e§H$a nmQ>sb ho J«m_sU
_mUgm§À`m _Zmbm [^S>bo. Ë`m§À`m _ZmMs ñn§XZo
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Ia§ Agb§ Var Ë`mbm [ejUmMs Amob
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Zmhs. _amR>s J«m_sU gm[hË`mMm [dMma H$aVmZm hs
~m~ [deofËdmZo bjmV ¿`mds bmJVo. [ejUmÀ`m
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boIH$ àË`j eoVs ì`dgm`mda Adb§~yZ
AgUmè`m eoVH$è`m§À`m KamVbo. AmZ§X `mXd,
Zm.Ymo§. _hmZmoa, am.a§. ~moamSo>, M§ÐHw$_ma ZbJo,
X.Vm. ^mogbo hs Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhs R>iH$ Zmd§.
n[hë`m [nT>sVë`m _amR>s J«m_sU gm[hpË`H$m§À`m
gm[hË`mV JmdmVbm _mUyg Ambm, KamVbm _mUyg
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dmMH$m§Zm n[aM` KS>bm.
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[b{hbs Iar; nU, `m OmZnX JsVm§Zm H$[dVm
åhUU§ AdKS> Amho. J«m_sU gm[hË`mÀ`m n[hë`m
[nT>sV J«m_sU H$[dVm boIZ Pmë`mM§ A^mdmZ§M
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J«m_sU H$[dVm [b[hbs. AmO [b[hë`m OmV
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Jobs. [d{hardaMs _moQ> Jobs. B§[OZ Ambo. Zm§Ja
Jobm. Zm§JamMs OmJm Q°>ŠQ>aZo KoVbs. JmdmoJmds
emim [ZKmë`m. VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds _hm[dÚmb`o
[ZKmbs. IoS>çmnmS>çmVbo gw[e{jV VéU
ZmoH$arÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo, ì`dgm`mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo
ehamV Ambo. ehar Pmbo. J«m_OsdZmV Pmbobm
~Xb J«m_sU gm[h{Ë`H$m§Zs Amnë`m gm[hË`mVyZ
Zo_Ho$nUmZ§ [Q>nbm.
`mM H$mimV J«m_sU gm[hË`mMs Midi gwê$
Pmbs. hs Midi Ho$di Qy>_ åhUyZ gwê$ Pmbs
ZìhVs Va n[a{ñWVsMm EH$ An[ahm`© ^mJ åhUyZ
gwê$ Pmbobs hmoVs. J«m_sU ^mJmVë`m Zd
[e[jVm§_Ü`o PnmQ>çmZo dmT> hmoV Mmbbs hmoVs.
Zd[e[jVm§À`m `m dmT>s~amo~aM ZdboIH$m§À`m
g§»`oVhs dmT> hmoV Mmbbs hmoVs. Zd[e[jVm§À`m
dmT>s_wio ZmoH$arÀ`m g§YsV KQ> hmoV Mmbbs hmoVs.
Ë`m_wio VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds XoIsb ZmoH$ar [_i[dUo
d dmñVì` H$aUo ^mJ nS>V hmoVo. n`m©`mZo Zì`mZo
[b[hUmè`m J«m_sU boIH$m§Zm VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds
dmñVì` H$aÊ`m[edm` Ë`m§À`mg_moa AÝ` n`m©`
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J«m_sU boIH$m§Mo dmñVì` _moR>çm ehamV H$m Amho
d Ë`m H$mimVë`m AWdm Ë`m§À`mZ§VaÀ`m
H$mimVë`m Zì`mZo [b[hUmè`m J«m_sU boIH$m§Mo
dmñVì` VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds H$m Amho ho `mdê$Z
ñnîQ> hmoB©b. Odinmg gJis à[g{Õ_mÜ`_§
_moRçm ehamV AmhoV. hs _mÜ`_§ n[hë`m d Xwgè`m
[nT>sbm [OVH$s Odi hmoVs [VVH$s Z§VaÀ`m
[nT>sVë`m boIH$m§Zm ZìhVs. dmL²>_`sZ
dmVmdaUmMmhs A^md hmoVm. `m boIH$m§Zm hs
à[g{Õ_mÜ`_§ doR>sg YarV hmoVs. Aem n[apñWVsV
H$m` [bhm`bm hd§ Am[U H$g§ [bhm`bm hd§ `mM§
^mZ AmOÀ`m boIH$m§Zm `m`bm hd§ hmoV§. `mM
[ZH$S>sVyZ J«m_sU gm[hË`mMs Midi gwê$ Pmbs.
`m MidisZ§ ho AmË_^mZ XoUmè`m J«m_sU gm[hË`
Midi Mmb[dUmè`m Xwgè`m [nT>sÀ`m da [ZX}e
Ho$boë`m boIH$m§à_mUoM Xwgè`m d [Vgè`m
[nT>sÀ`m gs_odaÀ`m ^mñH$a M§XZ[ed, dmgwXod
_wbmQo,> S>m°. ZmJZmW H$moVmn„o AmXs boIH$m§Mmhs
g_mdoe hmoVm. J«m_sU gm[hË`mÀ`m [Vgè`m
[nT>sVë`m boIH$m§_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo [dûdmg nmQ>sb,
gXmZ§X Xoe_wI, ~m~mamd _wgHo$, amOZ Jdg,
eofamd _mo[hVo, ^r_amd dmKMm¡ao, B§Ð[OV ^mboamd
AmXs boIH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. J«m_sU gm[hË`
MidisZ§ Amåhmbm Zm AmË_^mZ [Xb§ Zm
AmË_~i [Xb§ Zm [Xem [Xbs Ag§ `m [nT>sVë`m
Hw$Ê`m boIH$mM§ åhUU§ Agob Va "eŠ` Amho'
‘mPr AmdS>Vs nwñVHo$
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gw[MÌm àH$meZ, _§w~B©
AmB© Amho eoVmV - a.dm. [XKo - boIZ dmMZ
^m§S>ma, nwUo
~ZJadmS>s - ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a
YJ - CÕd O. eoiHo$ - nm°ß`wba àH$meZ,
_w§~B©
JmoVmdim - AmZ§X `mXd - _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©
amZmVë`m H$[dVm - Zm.Ym|. _hmZmoa - AO~
àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya
amVdm - M§ÐHw$_ma ZbJo - AO~ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya
~mb_wR>sVbo [Xdg - X.Vm. ^mogbo - gmHo$V
àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX
Om§^H$S>ìh - ^mñH$a M§XZ[ed - à[V^mg
àH$meZ, na^Us
[dfd¥jmÀ`m _wù`m - dmgwXod _wëmmQ>o - ñdê$n
àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX
PmS>mPS>Vs - [dûdmg nmQ>sb - amOh§g
àH$meZ, nwUo
Ag§ `mda Am_M§ åhUU§ Agob. [dH$mgmÀ`m
ZmdmImbs ^H$mg hmoV Mmbbobs IoS>s,
g_ñ`mJ«ñV eoVH$è`m§M§ OJU§ `m [nT>sVë`m
gm[hpË`H$m§Zs eãXm§{H$V Ho$b§.
J«m_sU gm[h{Ë`H$m§Ms MdWs [nT>s gÜ`m J«m_sU
VUH$Q >- amOZ Jdg - gmHo$V àH$meZ,
Am¡a§Jm~mX
YyinoaUs - eofamd _mo{hVo - Xoe_wI H§$nZs,
nwUo
Q>mhmo - B§Ð[OV ^mboamd - à[V^mg àH$meZ,
na^Us
amZIiJs - ^s_amd dmKMm¡ao - gmHo$V
àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX
~mamo_mg - gXmZ§X Xoe_wI - H$m±{Q>Z|Q>b
àH$meZ, nwUo
A¡go Hw$U~s ^ynmi - ^maV H$mio - Xoe_wI
H§$nZs, nwUo
nmS>m - AemoH$ H$m¡[VH$ H$mois - eãXmb`
àH$meZ, lsam_nya
BS>m[nS>m Q>imo - Amgmam_ bmo_Qo> - Xoe_wI
H§$nZs, nwUo
am¢Xim - H¥$îUmV ImoV - nm°ß`wba àH$meZ,
_w§~B©
MmaIUs - [dO` Omdio - OZeº$s dmMH$
Midi, Am¡a§Jm~mX
gm[hË`[Z[_©Vs H$arV Amho. `m gm[hpË`H$m§_Ü`o
àm_w»`mZo Amgmam_ bmo_Qo>, H¥$îUaV ImoV, AemoH$
H$m¡VsH$ H$mois, [dO` Omdio, AO` H$m§S>a,
àH$me [H$ZJmdH$a, EH$ZmW nmQ>sb, g§Vmof ndma,
bú_U _hm{S>H$, Ho$ed Xoe_wI, ~mbmOs B§Jio,
H$ënZm XwYmi AmXs gm[hpË`H$m§Mm g_mdoe
Amho.eoVsMs [deofV: H$moaS>dmhy eoVsMs dmT>Vs
XwadñWm, `m XwadñWo_wio [Zame, hVme
Pmbobm eoVH$ar, J«m_sU amOH$maU, ZmoH$è`mVb§
dmT>V§ AW©H$maU, `m AW©H$maUm_wio gw[e{jV
~oH$ma J«m_sU VéUm§À`m dmT>Ë`m g§»`o_wio [Z_m©U
Pmbobo àíZ, ho Am[U `mgmaIo AÝ` [df` ho
gm[h{Ë`H$ g_W©nUo eãXm§[H$V H$arV AmhoV.
J«m_sU gm[hpË`H$m§À`m àdmhmZ§ Ho$di _amR>s
gm[hË`mMm àdmh g_¥Õ Ho$bm Ago Zmhs, Va _amR>s
J«m_sU _mUgmM§ ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrb OJU§
AYmoao{IV Ho$b§.
g§nH©$ : 9422203373
A‘o[aHo$Mm {dH$mg Pmbm XmoZ JmoîQ>t‘wio :
EH$ åhUOo añË`m§Mo Omio Am{U Xwgao åhUOo
J«§Wmb`m§Mo Omio...
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 41
 H$moem§Mm Ym§S>moim !
_ amR>sV ZmZm[dY [df`m§Zm dm[hbobo H$moe
AmhoV. Joë`m eVH$mV AZoH$ H$îQ>m§Zm
Vm|S> XoV S>m°. Ho$VH$am§Zs _amR>s
kmZH$moemMo Vodsg I§S> [Z_m©U Ho$bo; Va _hmamîQ´>
amÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va [dûdH$moemMo I§S> H«$_e:
à[gÕ hmoD$ bmJbo. _wbm§gmR>sgwÕm
[dûdH$moe[Z[_©Vs Mmby Amho. n§. _hmXodemós
Omoes øm§Zs "^maVs` g§ñH¥$[VH$moem'Mo g§nmXZ
Ho$bo. lsam_ nm§Sw>a§J H$m_V øm§Zs "_amR>s [dûd
M[aÌH$moem'Mo XmoZ I§S> à[gÕ Ho$bo.
doUs_mYdemós Omoes d Zmam`U har Omoes øm
g§nmXH$Û`m§Zs "Am`wd}Xs` _hmH$moe' (XmoZ I§S>)
g§nm[XV H$ê$Z Am`wd}XmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Ms _moR>s
gmo` Ho$bs Amho. d¡[XH$ dmL>²_` d AÝ` g§ñH¥$V
J«§WmV AZoH$ ñWim§Mo C„oI `oVmV. Ë`m Ë`m
ñWim§Ms _m[hVs XoVmZm [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd øm§Zs
Ho$di g§ñH¥$VMm AmYma Z KoVm n[e©`Z, J«sH$,
~m¡Õ, O¡Z, [MZs gm[hË` d [ebmboI øm§_Ysb
_m[hVsMo narjU H$ê$Z [ÛI§S>mË_H$ "àmMsZ
^maVs` ñWbH$moe' [bhyZ _mobmMs ^a KmVbs
Amho. b.Jmo. [d¨Po øm§Zs "g§ñH¥$V-_amR>s
gw^m[fVH$moem'V g§ñH¥$V ûcmoH$m§~amo~a ñda[MV
_amR>s ûcmoH$ XoD$Z Cn`wº$Vm dmT>[dbobs Amho.
darb gd© H$moem§Mm g§ñH¥$Ves Hw$Ro> Zm Hw$Ro> g§~§Y
Amho. Ë`m_wio [Okmgy§Ms _moR>s gmo` Pmbs Amho.
_amR>sV [d[dY H$moem§Ms na§nam hiyhiy ê$T> hmoV
Amho. _méVs [MV_n„s øm§Mm "n[jH$moe', e._.
^mboamd øm§Mm ^maVs` "g[aVmH$moe' ho XmoZ H$moe
C„oIZs` AmhoV. n[jH$moemV nú`mMo aoIm[MÌ,
Ë`mMs AÝ` ^mfm§Vsb Zmdo Am[U emós` _m[hVs
[Xë`m_wio Ag§»` n[j[_Ìm§Zm EH$ _moR>m _mJ©Xe©H$
bm^bm Amho. ømnydu S>m°. gbs_ Abs øm§Zs
B§J«OsV [d[dY nwñVHo$ [b[hbs hmoVs. ^mboamd
_yiMo B§[OZrAa. Ë`m§Zs AWH$ n[al_mZo ^maVmVsb
XmoZ hOma ZÚm§Ms _m[hVs "g[aVmH$moem'À`m VsZ
I§S>m§V EH$Ì [Xbs Amho. gm_m[OH$ "kmZH$moe' d
"AW©emóH$moe' ho S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eZ øm àH$meZ
g§ñWoZo à[gÕ Ho$bo AmhoV.
_amR>sV [d[dY [df`m§daMo H$moe CnbãY Agbo
Var dmZJsXmIb H$mhtMm da C„oI Ho$bm Amho. øm
boImÀ`m _`m©XoV Ë`m§À`m~Ôb g[dñVa [b[hUo
eŠ` Zmhs. Ë`m_wio eãXH$moe d ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe
øm§À`mnwaVm nam_e© KoVbm Amho.
AJXs n[hbm H$moe `mXdH$mimV g§ñH¥$VÀ`m
YVuda ZmWn§Ws`, _hmZw^mds d ho_mÐs g§àXm`s
42 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
n§[S>Vm§Zs Ho$bm Agmdm. VWm[n, n§Yamì`m eVH$mV
XÎmamO _hmZw^md ømZo _hmZw^md n§WmVsb gmV
à_wI J«§Wm§Vsb H$R>sU eãXm§Mm H$moe [b[hbm Ë`mg
"Q>sn' Ago Zmd [Xbo. amOdmS>çm§À`m nmhÊ`mV
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eãXH$moe Odi Odi EH$mM dois V`ma hmoV hmoVo.
nU Oo.Q>s. _moëgdW© d H±$S>s øm§Zs g§nm[Xbobm H$moe
XmoZ dfmªZ§Va åhUOo 1831_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbm.
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H$moe, H°$aoMm H$moe, JUoe _ZmohaÀ`m dmŠàMma d
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hmoVo.
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ZìhVo.
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hmoVo.
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h§gH$moemMo gmhmæ` KoVbo. VWm[n, hm H$moeXoIsb
darb H$moemà_mUo embmon`moJs dmQ>Vmo.
bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$m§Mo ñZohs _mYdamd Zm_Omoes
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[Z~§Y_mbm, [eën[dÚm, ZmZm[dY Y§Xo, H$bm,
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AesM Amho.
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~è`mM ÌwQ>s AmhoV.
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am_H¥$îU XmVo d [M¨Vm_U JUoe H$d} `m§Zs _hmamîQ´>
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_amR>sVsb dmŠàMma d åhUtMm øm H$moemV
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Ho$bm.
"_hmamîQ´> eãX H$moe'À`m ñdmV§Í`H$mimV Xwgar
d [Vgar Amd¥Îms à[gÕ Pmbs Agbs Var øm
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Amd¥VsV Agbobo Xmof Hw$Ro>hs XwéñV Ho$bobo
ZmhsV. CXmhaUmW©, S>m°baMs ì`m»`m Ë`mÀ`m
A_o[aHo$Vsb gmoÝ`mMo ZmUo Aes Ho$bs Amho.
dmñV[dH$, 1968_Ü`o S>m°baMo ZmUo,
A{ñVËdmVM ZìhVo Am[U gmoÝ`mÀ`m S>m°ba
EH$mo[Ugmì`m eVH$mV nmS>bm OmV hmoVm.
"n[jUs'Ms ì`m»`mXoIsb AMyH$ Zmhs. nydu
à[gÕ Pmboë`m AZoH$ H$moem§Vsb eãXmW© OgoÀ`m
Vgo CMbbo AgyZ Ë`m§À`mda g§nmXH$mMm qH$dm
_w[ÐVemoYH$mMm hmV [\$abobm Zmhs.
`.Z. Ho$iH$a øm§Mm "Eo[Vhm[gH$ eãXH$moe'
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Ho$bs. Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmsV Zì`m eãXm§Ms ^a
KmVbobs Agbs Var nwadUs eãX AH$ma[dëho
[Xbobo ZmhsV. AJmoXa Agbobo eãXhs nwadUsV
OgoÀ`m Vgo _wÐUXmofm§gh [Xbobo AmhoV. gdmªV
_moR>s CUsd åhUOo g§X^©J«§Wm§Ms `mXs [Xbobs
Zmhs. Ë`m_wio eãXm§À`m ñnîQ>sH$aUmW© [Xbobs
AdVaUo H$moUË`m nÌmVyZ AJa ~IarVyZ KoVbr
AmhoV Vo H$iV Zmhs.
_amR>s - B§J«Os Û¡^m[fH$ H$moe ~m~m nX²_ZOs
øm§Zs A compendium of marathi & English
Dictionary øm ZmdmZo 1863_Ü`o à[gÕ Ho$bm.
_moëgdW© d _oOa H±$S>s øm H$moemÀ`m AmYmao
AmnU H$moe [Z_m©U Ho$bm, Ago nX²_ZOs `m§Zs
àñVmdZoV àm§ObnUo Z_yX Ho$bo. _amR>s-B§J«Os-
_amR>s Agm [Û^m[fH$ H$moe _YwgyXZ ls[Zdmg
ga_moH$X_ `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`mMm n[hbm I§S>
The New Standard Dictionary øm ZmdmZo
à[gÕ Pmbm.
EZ.~s. amZSo> øm§Ms The Twentieth
Century English-Marathi Dictionary e§^a
dfmªnydu à[gÕ Pmbs, Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobo g[dñVa
[ddoMZ AmOhs CÎm_ _mZmdo bmJVo. Ë`m
ImbmoImb gmohmoZs øm§À`m {S>ŠeZarbm _mZ Úmdm
bmJob.
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Aä`mg H$aVmZm Cn`wº$ R>aUmam H$moe åhUOo A
Dictionary of old Marathi hm hmo`.
g§VdmL²>_`mMo JmTo> Aä`mgH$ e§.Jmo. Vwinwio d
A_o[aH$Z g§emoYH$ _°Z \o$ëS>hm°g øm XmoKm§Zs
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[Xbs AmhoV. AMyH$VoMm d [Z:g§[X½YnUmMm
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 43
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eãXH$moemBVH$mM _hÎdmMm åhUOo
ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe hmo`. "_amR>s ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe' hm EH$_od
H$moe CnbãY Amho. Vmo H¥$.nm§. Hw$bH$Uu øm§Zs
[b[hbm hmoVm. nwadUsgh [Vgar Amd¥Îms
1993_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbs. _mÌ, _yi H$moe à[Vê$n
_wÐUmZo d nwadUs g§JUH$mZo Ho$bs Amho. [edm`
ewÕboIZmV Iyn \$aH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio EH$mM
H$moemV XmoZ àH$maMo _wÐU d ewÕboIZ ZOaog
IQ>H$Vo.
B§J«OsV eoŠg[nAaÀ`m dmL>²_`mda AmYmabobo
H$moe AmhoV. Vem àH$maMm AmÌo `m§À`m "JmdJmS>m'
øm g_mOemós` J«§Wmda AmYmabobm "JmdJmS>mMm
CXy©, \$maes BË`mXs ^maVs` ^mfm§~amo~a \«o$¨M,
nmoVw©JsO dJ¡ao `wamo[n`Z ^mfm§Mm AmYma KoVbm
Amho. Aem àH$maMm [dñV¥V _amR>s eãXH$moe
([H¨$~hwZm H$moUË`mhs ^maVs` ^mfoVsb H$moe)
AÚm[n [b[hbm Om`Mm Amho.
eãXH$moem§~amo~a g_mZmWu d [déÕmWu
eãXm§À`m H$moem§Mm [dMma Ho$bm nm[hOo. Aem
àH$maMm n[hbm H$moe åhUOo A_aH$moe. Vmo
A_a[g¨hmZo g§ñH¥$V_Ü`o ghmì`m eVH$mV [b[hbm.
Vmo nsQ>a _mH©$ amoOo (Roget) ømÀ`m nmhÊ`mV
Ambm. Ë`mbm Vmo \$magm ng§V nS>bm Zmhs. VarnU
Ë`mnmgyZ àoaUm KoD$Z 1852_Ü`o Thesauras of
English Words and phrases à[gÕ Ho$bm. hm
H$moe ~m~m nX²_ZOs øm§À`m AdbmoH$ZmV Ambm
B_maVsMr ^y[_H$m [H¨$dm nm`m Amho Ago g_Omdo.
Ë`m B_maVsMm ~oV `oWo gm§JdV Zmhs, d [VMm
ZH$mem H$mTy>Z XmI[dÊ`mMs JaOhs [XgV Zmhs.'
_amR>sV g_mZmWu eãXmH$moe ~aoM à[gÕ Pmbo.
AbsH$So> åhUOo 1995_Ü`o X.Zm. _hmOZ øm§À`m
A[^Zd g_mZmWu Am[U [déÕmWu _amR>s eãXH$moe
Am[U `.Zm. dmbmdbH$a øm§À`m "g_mZmWu' Am[U
"[déÕmWu eãXH$moe' à[gÕ Pmbo. Va _mo.[d.
^mQ>dSo>H$a øm§Mm "_amR>s n`m©`s eãXm§'Mm H$moe
Am[U [d.e§. R>H$ma øm§À`m A[^Zd _amR>s-
_amR>s-B§J«Os n`m©` eãXH$moe ho XmoZ EH$mM dfu
åhUOo 2000_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbo.
_wimV ho H$moe _w»`V: g_mZmWu [H¨$dm n`m©`
eãXH$moe AmhoV. Ë`mVhs ~hwVoH$ eãX [ZdSyZ

1. XmVo, `ed§V am_H¥$îU d H$d} [M§Vm_Us JUoe
"_hmamîQ´> eãXH$moe' _hmamîQ´> H$moe _§S>i, nwUo,
[d^mJ
n[hbm d gmVdm øm§À`m àñVmdZm
2. _amRo>, X.A. amOH$moe, J«§Wmbs, 12 \o$~«wdmar
1986
3. ghò~wÕo, A[dZme, OwÝ`m _amR>s H$mì`mVsb
Xw~m}Y eãXm§Mm d¡[eîQ>çnyU© H$moe, _hmamîQ´>
Q>mBåg, 6 E[àb 1991
4. Yule, Henry and Burnell, A.C Hobson-
Jobson, 1986 reprint published by Rupa
& co. New Delhi, 2002
5. ^mQ>dSo>H$a, _mo.[d. _amR>s n`m©`s eãXm§Mm
H$moe, gmYZm àH$meZ, nwUo, 25 _mM© 2000,
àñVmdZm
6. H$èhmS>H$a, Ho$.gs. ~m~m nX²_ZOs : H$mb d
H$V¥©Ëd, _hmamîQ´> amÁ` gm[hË` Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs
_§S>i, _w§~B©, 1979 n[a[eîQ> "eãXaËZmdbs'
7. dmKo, gwaoe nm§Sw>a§J, g§H$ënZmH$moe : I§S>
n[hbm, J«§Wmbs, _w§~B© 25 Am°JñQ> 2010
8. fQ>²emómVsb Xw~m}Y eãXmWmªMm g§»`mdmMH$
eãX, AZ_mob àH$meZ, E[àb 2001
eãXH$moe' hm Aem àH$maMm n[hbm H$moe Amho.
B§J«OsV [~«[Q>em§Ms Am°Šg\$S©> [S>ŠeZar Va
A_o[aHo$V doãñQ>a [S>ŠeZar AmXe© _mZbs OmVo.
H$Z©b hoÝar `yb d E.gs. ~Z}b øm XmoKm B§J«Om§Zs
hm°ãgZ Om°ãgZ ZmdmMm H$moe 1886_Ü`o à[gÕ
Ho$bm. Ë`m H$moemV AZoH$ ^maVs` eãXm§À`m
Hw$iH$Wm gmYma AdVaUm§gh XoÊ`mV Amë`m
AmhoV. "_moha' eãXmMm gZ 1200nmgyZ
1829n`ªVMm B[Vhmg XoD$Z àË`oH$ [R>H$mUs
AdVaUo [Xbs AmhoV. boIH$Û`tZs _amR>s, [h¨Xs,
9.The students New Sanskrit Dictionary: [S>g|~a 1995
Sanskrit into English, Marathi & Gujrati, 15. OmYd am.J. d XogmB©, d.X. 5 Vo 10 ds
Devathali, G.V. et all 11th reprint K.B. ls[dÚm embo` _amR>s eãXH$moe, ls[dÚm
Dhawale, Mumbai, April 2004 àH$meZ nwUo, Am°JñQ> 1995
10. hU_§Vo, ls. em. g§»`m g§Ho$VH$moe, 16. gm_§V gÎdesbm, eãXmZ§X ([Ì^m[fH$
V¥Vs`md¥Îms, àgmX àH$meZ, nwUo, 1980 H$moe), S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eÝg
11. Dowson, John ,`A classical 17. ^mQ>dSo>H$a, _mo.[d., amOh§g ì`mdhm[aH$
Dictionary of Hindu mythology and _amR>s eãXmW© H$moe, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo.
18. _hmamîQ´> gaH$maMs àH$meZo
_hÎdmMo H$moe 19. _amR>s H$ÞS> eãXH$moe
20. Vm_si _amR>s eãXH$moe
21. CXw©-_amR>s-[h¨Xs eãXH$moe, lsnmX Omoes,
Religion, Geography, (n[hbs Amd¥Vs : _hmamîQ´> gaH$ma, Xwgar Amd¥Vs:
History and Literature, third reprint [ZVsZ àH$meZ )
Rupa & co., 1987 22. nR>mU, `y. _. \$meu-_amR>s ì`wËnÎms H$moe
12.A{¾hmoÌs, X. h. "A[^Zd _amR>s-_amR>s 23. nQ>dY©Z, _mYd (_mYd Oy[b`Z) \$meu-
eãXH$moe, ìhsZg àH$meZ, nwUo, Am°ŠQ>mo~a _amR>s eãXH$moe
1983 24. e.Am. namS>H$a, d¡km[ZH$ nm[a^m[fH$ g§km
13.AmnQo>, dm.Jmo. [dñVm[aV eãXaËZmH$a, daXm (dZñnVsemó-ì`m»`mg§J«h) gm[hË` Am[U
~wŠg, 1993 g§ñH¥$[V _§S>i, _hmamîQ´> amÁ`, _w§~B© 1977.
14. ~ZhÅ>s, ls.Zm. d Y_m©[YH$mar ^mD$, gwJ_
_amR>s eãXH$moe, gw[dMma àH$meZ _§S>i, nwUo,
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[H¨$dm [dñVma àXe©H$ 4853 eãX AmhoV. Xwgè`m amoOoÀ`m [Wgm°agMs [Vgar Amd¥Îms 1978_Ü`o
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44 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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dmMm`bm hdrV Aer nwñVHo$

1. gË`mMo à`moJ : _hmË_m Jm§Ys 13. H¥$îUmH$mR> : `ed§Vamd MìhmU
2. AmYw[ZH$ ^maV : AmMm`© e§.X. OmdSo>H$a 14. n[WH$ : Z.[d. JmS>Jsi
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"ì`dñWmnZmMs _ybVÎdo' hm Ë`mMm AZwdmX H$m°nm©oaoQ> OJVmVsb CƒnXñW emoYyZ XoÊ`mMm hm [M[H$Ëgm `.h. Xoenm§So> `m§Zs "H$mhs Am[W©H$ H$mhs
àH$me Amë_oS>m `m§Zs Ho$bm Amho. `m nwñVH$mV ì`dgm`. Vmo `wamonmV _moR>m Pmbm Agbm, Var gm_m[OH$'_Ü`o Ho$bs Amho. YZ§O`amd JmS>Jsi ho
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AmhoV. `m AmOmar _wbmZo Os [H$_`m gmYbs, Ë`mÀ`m H$m_ Ho$bo, VgoM _hmamîQ´>mVsb ghH$mar
H°$åbsZMo g§ñWmnH$ H$mH$mgmho~ Xm§So>H$a `m§Mo YS>nS>sMs H$hmUs gw_oY dS>mdmbm ([ag~yS>) `m§Zs Midis_mJo àoaUm Ë`m§MsM hmoVs. JmS>Jsim§Àmo

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 47
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g§nH©$ : 9820479688
B©-‘ob : hemvdesai@rediff.com

`ed§Vamdm§À`m XmoZ AàH$m[eV AmR>dUs

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B§½b§S>_Ü`o JmOV hmoVo. B§½b§S>À`m Xm¡è`mda AgVmZm AmdOy©Z doi H$mTy>Z `m
ZmQ>H$mMm à`moJ `ed§Vamd nmhyZ Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m àíZmZo Oã~ma Am[U
H§$nZsbm AmíM`m©Mm Y¸$m ~gbm. WmoS>çm doimZo `ed§Vamd AmV Jobo Am[U
Ë`m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m nwñVH$mMs àV KoD$Z ~mhoa Ambo. "amhy Úm Amnë`mH$So>' Ago
åhUV Ë`m§Zs Vs àV Ooìhm S>m°. nQo>b `m§À`m hmVmV [Xbs, Voìhm gmaoOU M¸$
CS>mboM!
"S>moh' `m JmOboë`m nwñVH$mMo boIH$ ls[Zdmg [dZm`H$ Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zs
`ed§Vamdm§À`m dmMZ-doS>mMs AesM EH$ AmR>dU gm§[JVbs. Vs dmMy`m AmnU
ls[Zdmg [dZm`H$ `m§À`mM eãXmV.
"S>moh' à[gÕ Pmë`mda _s Vo `ed§Vamdm§Zm nmR>dbo H$m, Ago _bm nw. b.
Xoenm§So> `m§Zs [dMmabo. _s "Zmhs' åhQ>ë`mda nw. b. Xoenm§So> åhUmbo, "H$m§
nmR>dbo Zmhs? `ed§Vamd _moRo> a[gH$, Mm§Jbo boIH$, Vwåhs Ë`m§À`m JmdMo'. _s
åhQ>bo, Q>nmbmZo nmR>dbo Va Vo Ë`m§À`mn`ªV nmoMob H$s Zmhs Ago _bm dmQ>bo.
H$amS>mV Vo nwîH$iXm `oVmV. nU Ë`m§À`m AdVs^dVs àM§S> JXu AgVo H$s Vs
^oXyZ _s Ë`m§À`mn`ªV H$gm nmoMUma Agohs _bm dmQ>bo. nw. b. åhUmbo, "Ago
hmoUma Zmhs. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z nmoM `oB©b.' Am[U _s Vo nmoñQ>mZo nmR>dbo.
Zm. `ed§Vamdm§Mo "S>moh'nmoMë`mMo gw§Xa nÌ Ambo.
H$mhs [Xdgm§Zs Zm. `ed§Vamdm§À`m, 1 H$mog© amoS> `m Kar OmÊ`mMm `moJ
Ambm. ~mhoaÀ`m hm°b_Ü`o Ë`m§Ms nwñVH$m§Ms H$nmQo> hmoVs. Zm. `ed§Vamdm§Zs,
"S>moh' _s dmMbo Amho H$s Zmhs Vo nwñVH$ H$mTy>Z nhm' Ago åhQ>bo. _s åhQ>bo
AmnU Vo dmMë`mMo H$idbo Amho. Ë`mda Vo åhUmbo, "S>moh' H$mTy>Z nhm' _s Vo
CKSy>Z nmhy bmJbmo. OmJmoOmJs Ë`m§Zs dmMë`mÀ`m no{ÝgbÀ`m IwUm hmoË`m.
Ë`m§Zm Vo dmMm`bm doi [_imbm `mMo AmíM`© dmQ>bo. \$ma AmZ§X dmQ>bm. _mPo
_Z ^ê$Z Ambo. EdT>m ì`mn Agbobo Zm. `ed§Vamd _mÂ`mgma»`mMo nwñVH$
dmMm`bm Hw$Ry>Z doi [_idV AgVsb? Ë`m§Ms H$nmQo> [d[dY g§X^© Agboë`m
nwñVH$m§Zs ^ê$Z Jobobs hmoVs. _s n§[S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Ms "[Ì_yVu'_Ybs
ì`{º$JV bm`~«ar ~[KVbs hmoVs. Ë`mVë`m [df`m§À`m d¡[dÜ`mZo _s hadyZ Jobmo
hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m bm`~«arVë`m EH$m nwñVH$mMo Zmd hmoVo. SNAKES IN FACTS
AND FICTION Zm. `ed§Vamdm§Ms nwñVHo$ ~KVmZm _bm ho AmR>dV am[hbo.

48 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
 IwUmdUmao [j[VO
n Þmg dfmªnydu _mPm H$Wmàdmg
gwê$ Pmbm. Ë`m àdmgmV H$moëhmnya
Vo _w§~B© Ago, _mÂ`m \$º$
d¡`{º$H$ OsdZmÀ`m Zìho, Va dmL²>_`sZ
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~hwa§Js ehamV _s Ambo. Vshs EImÚm CnZJamV
Zìho, Va Hw$bmã`mgma»`m _w»`V: A_amR>s,
doJù`m OsdZe¡bsV d g§ñH¥$VsV OJUmè`m,
gwIdñVy n[agamV. Ë`mÀ`mes OwidyZ KoVmZm
Ama§^s WmoSo> OS> Jobo. [edm` amOmÜ`jm§À`m
Hw$Qw>§~mMo diU ~«m÷Us ZìhVo. Vohs _bm, _s
H$moëhmnyabm ImZXmZs _amR>m Hw$Q§>w~mVsb d
gmañdV Hw$Qw>§~mVsb _¡[ÌUsV dmT>bo hmoVo Var,
An[a[MV hmoVo. nU, `m Zì`m KamMo diU nyU©V:
Xoes hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM OwidyZ KoUo gmono Pmbo.
Ama§^sÀ`m XmoZAS>sM dfmªV _s \$º$ J¥[hUs hmoVo.
Vmo AZw^d \$ma Cn`wº$ R>abm. naŠ`m JmoîQ>s
Amnë`mem H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ë`m à[H«$`oV _mPm _yi
^mdwH$ ñd^mdhs dmñVm[^_wI Pmbm. Owb¡ 1960
Vo OyZ 1963 `m H$mimV _s [gS>Zh°_ d Bñ_mBb
`wgy\$ `m XmoZ _hm[dÚmb`m§V Ambo. E[ë\$ÝñQ>Z ho
Ë`m H$mimVbo à[V{îR>V, EH$m AWm©Zo dgmhVdmXs
OsdZe¡bsMsM AmR>dU XoUmao, B§J«Os ^mfoVM
~ìh§es ì`dhma H$aUmao _hm[dÚmb`. VoWohs
Ama§^s WmoSo> ~wObo; nU, A§[V_V: Mm§Jbs éibo.
ho EdT>çm g[dñVanUo gm§[JVbo `mMo H$maU,
Hw$bm~m d E[ë\$ÝñQ>Z _hm[dÚmb` `m XmoZ
n[agam§Zs _mPs AmYw[ZH$ OsdZmes AmoiI H$ê$Z
[Xbs. _w§~B©V Amë`mda, amOmÜ`jm§_wio EH$ Zdo
dmL²>_`[dûd _mÂ`mg_moa Iwbo Pmbo hmoVo. _amR>s
Vgo B§J«Oshs. AmYw[ZH$ OsdZmÀ`m AmoiIs_wio
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gmnS>V Jobs. VèhoVèhoMo dmMmdo hs AmoT>hs
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dmT>sg bmJbs. E[ë\$ÝñQ>Z_Ysb _amR>s
[dÚmÏ`mªes Va _mPm öX`gdm§X Owibm.
nU, AmíM`© åhUOo VoWsb A_amR>s [dÚmWu
d ghH$mar `m§À`mes _hm[dÚmb`mVsb H$mhs
_hÎdmÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m gm§^miVmZm N>mZ _¡Ìs
Pmbs. ho OJ _s AmË_s`VoZo ñdV:V gm_mdyZ
KoVbo Am[U Z§Va _mÂ`m H$Wm§Vhs [M[ÌV Ho$bo.
("AZnT') _w»` åhUOo `m OJmZo _mÂ`m bm¡[H$H$
d dmL>²_`sZ Aem XmoÝhs ì`{º$‘Îdm§Zm ZdsZ,
nyaH$ n[a_mUo [Xbs. EH$m CXma, _moH$ù`m,
AÚ`mdV OJmMs hs AmoiI gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Y¸$m
XoUmar Z R>aVm, Zì`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMs OmU XoUmar
R>abs. `m AWm©Zo H$moëhmnya Vo _w§~B© ho _mÂ`m
Am`wî`mVsb EH$ d¡`{º$H$ Va IaoM, nU _hÎdmMo
dmL>²_`sZ ñWbm§Vahs R>abo.
`m ñWbm§VamZo H$mhs Zdo AZw^d d
H$mhs Zì`m Om[Udm [Xë`m. Ë`m Om[Udm \$º$
ñWbm§Vam_wio Zìho, Va dmT>V Agboë`m
d`m_wiohs Pmë`m. _mÂ`m Ama§^sÀ`m H$Wm§V \$º$
[dO`m amOmÜ`j
H$modù`m d`mVsb EH$ ^mdwH$ VéUs - ào`gs -
EdTo> EH$M ósMo ê$n _bm [Xgbo hmoVo. hiyhiy Vo
~XbV Jobo. _s nËZs Pmbo, _mVm Pmbo;
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_bm H$mhs Zdo AZw^d [Xbo; [VÀ`mV AÜ`möV
Agboë`m VèhVèhoÀ`m ZmVog§~§YmMs OmUsd
[Xbs. Ë`mVyZ _mÂ`m H$WoMm n[aga [gÕ hmoV
Jobm, Am[U _mPo AmñWm[df`hs n¸o$ hmoV Jobo.
àm¡T> d`mV Ë`m§À`mVsb d¡`{º$H$Vm H$_sH$_s hmoV
Jobs Am[U Ë`m§Mo gmYmaUsH$aU hmoD$ bmJbo.
Ë`m_wio AZw^d EH$m§Js Z amhVm g§[_l hmoV Jobm.
Vmo \$º$ _mPmM Zìho, Va _mÂ`m ^y[_Ho$Vë`m
BVam§Mmhs H$gm Agy eHo$b-[ZXmZ BVam§Zm Ë`m
AZw^dmes ñdV:bm H$go OmoS>Vm `oB©b - ho C_Jy
bmJbo. _J "_s' \$º$ "_s' am[hbo Zmhs. Vs
"_s'nUmMs d¡`{º$H$VoMs H$jm Amobm§S>ë`m_wio
H$mhs Am§V[aH$ d H$mhs ~mø Aem Zì`m Û§Ûm§Ms,
Zì`m VmUm§Ms OmUsd Pmbs. H$mbm§VamZo àm¡T>
d`mVyZ _s g§[YàH$memÀ`m dfm©V-åhUOo
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duhs H$mhs AmOma, H$mhs _¥Ë`y Am[U Ë`m§À`mV
gm_mdbobs AJ[VH$Vm _s AZw^dbs hmoVs. nU,
CÎmamYm©V àdoe Ho$ë`mda dmQ>bo, _mUgmZo BVŠ`m
AJ[VH$nUo H$mhs ñdsH$mê$ Z`o. ñdV:_Ysb eº$s
AmoiImds, g§Kf© H$amdm Am[U CÎmao emoYmdsV,
[ZU©` ¿`mdoV. Ad¿`m Am`wî`mbm EH$ Zds [Xem
XmIdUmao Ago Vo gH$mamË_H$ [ZU©` AgmdoV.
_mÂ`m ì`{º$aoIm§VyZ _mPs hs ÑîQ>s à[V[~¨[~V
hmoD$ bmJbs. AmOda Var VsM ÑîQ>s àm_w»`mZo
_mÂ`m H$Wm§À`m H|$ÐñWmZs Amho. AmVm Vs \$ma
~Xbob Ago _bm dmQ>V Zmhs. [Z[_©VsV AZno[jV
diUo AgVmV ho _bm R>mD$H$ Amho. nU, nwTo>nwTo>
diUo g§nVmV Am[U EH$M gai dmQ> [Xgy bmJVo.
Ë`m dmQo>dahs ImMIiJo AgVmV. nU, Ë`m
dmQo>daM EH$ XyaMo [j[VOhs [XgVo. AmVm _bm
VoM IwUmdVo Amho. Ë`mÀ`mOdi nmoMUo O_bo
VaM _bm Ë`m ImUmIwUm§Mm AW© g_Oob Am[U
H$Xm[MV Ë`m [j[VOmMm eãXhs EoHy$ `oB©b. nU,
BVH$s nwT>Ms AZw_mZo H$mTy> Z`oV, Á`m dmQo>dê$Z
Mmbbo, Os diUo KoVbs, Ë`m àdmgmV Oo noQ>Uo-
[dPUo, nmhUo-gmhUo AZw^dbo VoM nwÝhm EH$Xm
AZw^dmdo, Ago gÜ`mVar dmQ>Vo Amho.
Vmo AZw^d XsK©H$mb KoV AgVmZm
Pmbobs AJXs n[hbs OmUsd hs, H$s _s ós
Amho. åhUyZ _s àm_w»`mZo ósÀ`mM H$Wm
[b[hë`m. AZwf§JmZo Ë`mV doJdoJù`m ^y[_H$m§Vsb
nwéf Ambm, BVa _mUgohs Ambs. nU, "ós' hmM
_mPm àYmZ AmñWm[df` am[hbm. AJXs
Ama§^sÀ`m H$Wm§V [VMo Oo ^md[dûd emoYbo,
Ë`mbm \$ma H$_s A§Jo hmoVs. nU, Ë`m
^md[dûdmMsM nwîH$i doJis A§Jo _bm nwTo>
gmnS>V Jobs. hs ós ^yVH$mimes OmoS>bobs
AgVo. ^mdwH$, hids AgVo; Hw$Qw>§~mMm gm§^mi
H$aVo; ñdV:bm [ZamYma dmQ>V AgVmZmhs
Hw$Q§>w~mbm AmYma XoVo; nVs, _wbJs, _wbJm
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 49
 (H§$gmVsb H$Wm gdm©[YH$ AmdS>Vs)
1.VbmdmVbo Mm§XUo - J§JmYa JmS>Jsi
(VbmdmVbo Mm§XUo)
2._§Owim - Aa[d¨X JmoIbo (_§Owim)
3.gVamdo df© - nw.^m. ^mdo (gVamdo df©)
4.H$mis AmB© - ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a (H$mis
AmB©)
5.[eadm - em§Vmam_ (Ima)
6.nmonQ>s Mm¡H$Q> - [dÚmYa nw§S>bsH$ `m§À`m
H$Wm (g§nm[XV) (dmS©> Z§. 7)
7.[X.~m. _moH$mes `m§À`m H$Wm - (g§nm[XV)-
[X.~m. _moH$mes (Am_moX gwZm[g Ambo)
8.ê$n_hmb - aU[OV XogmB© (ê$n_hmb)
9.D$Z - e§H$a nmQ>sb (D$Z)
10._mÂ`m ~mnmMs n|S> - X._m. [_amgXma
(ì`§Hy$Ms [eH$dUs)
`m§À`mda ào_ H$aVo; H$Ys Ë`m§Mm Xwamdm
OmUdë`mZ§Va `oUmar [d\$bVmhs AZw^dVo; Vs
ì`dgm`mVhs H$V©ì`Xj AgVo; Ë`m joÌmV
Agy`oMm dmg Amë`mda AñdñW hmoVo; ¹$[MV
nwéfmMm [dnarV AZw^d Amë`mZ§Va g§VmnVo, nU
Ë`mbm j_mhs H$aVo; AZoH$ AmKmS>çm§da
AWH$nUo MmbV AgVo; Ë`m dois [Vbm `oUmam
H§$Q>mim VmËnwaVm AgVmo; [VMo J§§wVUo hoM emûdV
AgVo; Vgo J§wVVm `oUo hsM [VMs eº$s AgVo.
Ë`m eº$s[Zes Vs gd© Anojm^§J, nam^d, Xwamdo,
[d`moJ `m§Zm Vm|S> XoVo. ^yVH$mimes OmoS>bobs
AgyZhs [VMs ÑîQ>s ^[dî`mH$So> AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vs
~ÕVoVhs _wº$s emoYy eH$Vo - [ZXmZ Ë`m _wº$sMs
ñdßZo nmhVo. åhUyZM Vs AmemdmXs amhyZ,
gH$mamË_H$ [ZU©` KoVo. CX²ÜdñV Z hmoVm éOUo-
ñdV:V, BVam§V Am[U EH§$XarZo Am`wî`mV éOUo
hm [VMm [ZYm©a AgVmo. Am`wî` OgOgo nwTo>
gaH$Vo VgVgm hm [ZYm©a A[YH$ e{º$embs hmoV
OmVmo - Am[U `m eº$sMs [Vbm ñnîQ> OmUsd
AgVo. hs ós n[anyU© AgVo Ago Zmhs. [VMohs
nmD$b H$YsVar MwH$Vo. Ë`m_wio [Vbm AnamYs
dmQ>Vo; Ë`m AnamYm§Mm H$~wbsO~md Úmdm Agohs
dmQ>Vo. Am[U Vmo XoÊ`mMs D$_u [VÀ`mVsb
eº$s_wioM _moH$is hmoVo. H$Ys Vs EImÚm
gm_m[OH$ ^modè`mV AS>H$Vo; H$Ys EImÚm
_mZ{gH$ noMàg§JmV. Ë`mVyZ [Vbm Zoh_sM dmQ>
[XgVo Ago Zmhs. Vs ¹$[MV \$gVohs. H$Ys j_m
H$aVo Va H$Ys _ËgamZo noQ>Vo; H$Ys d§MZoMo Xw:I
50 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
AmdS>Vo H$Wmg§J«h
11.Am¡Xw§~a - ls.Xm. nmZdbH$a (`mnm[a
gm§Sy>[Z X_`§Vs)
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(CXH$m[M`m AmVu)
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14. a§J - H$_b XogmB© (~mB©, gì`m© K§Q>m
Pmë`m)
15.n{íM_H$S>m - Vmam dZmago (n{íM_H$S>m)
16. em§VdZ - A§{~H$m gaH$ma (em§VdZ)
17. _madm - Amem ~Jo (_madm)
18. AdH$me - gm[Z`m (AdH$me)
19. Amho ho Ag§ Amho - Jm¡ar Xoenm§So>
(H$mdù`m [M_UsMs JmoîQ>)
20. Amob hadbobs _mVs - ZsaOm (Amob
_yH$nUo gmogVo, Va H$Ys Ë`m[déÕ ~§S> H$aVo...
Aes Ag§»` ós ê$no, Am[U Ë`m§Mo Ag§»`
AZw^d _mÂ`m H$Wm§V AmhoV. Am[U Varhs _bm
ós nyU©nUo gmnS>bobs Amho Ago AOyZhs dmQ>V
Zmhs. Ë`m_wio [VMm emoY _s AOyZ KoVoM Amho.
EH$ _mÌ [Z{íMVnUo OmUdbo Amho : hs ós
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nm§T>anoes Hw$Q§>w~mV dmdaVo. Ka ho [VÀ`m
hadbobs _mVs)
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aoJo (MmH$moè`m)
23. qnJimdoi - Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu (H¡$ar)
24. h§g AHo$bm - _oKZm noRo> (H$m°bZs)
25. gZB© - [M.Í`§. ImZmobH$a (gZB©)
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(Zdm JS>s)
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(_mPo XÎmH$ dS>sb)
28. é{Š_Us - O`d§V Xids (é{Š_Us)
29. doMH$ _Yw _§Joe H$[U©H$ - _Yw _§Joe
H$[U©H$ (_moa)
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AmYma Amho. ho ZmH$mê$Z Am`wî` OJUmar ós _s
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åhUyZM _mPs OmUsd _s ós Amho `m CJ_mnmgyZ
Amåhs {ó`m AmhmoV `m A§Vmn`ªV nmoMVo.
(AÝd`mW© `m _m¡O àH$meZ J¥hmV\}$ à[gÕ
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_hÎdmMm Amho VgoM Ë`m§Zs nÚ~§Ym§V Ho$bobo
à`moJhs _hÎdmMo AmhoV. B§J«Os gm°ZoQ>dê$Z Ë`m§Zs
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Am§XmobZmgmR>s didbo.
Ame`-A[^ì`º$sMo [ZamionU, Zì`m
_yë`g§H$ënZm§Mm Am[dîH$ma, H$[dVo[df`sMs Zds
^y[_H$m, H$[dVoVsb à`moJesbVm `m JmoîQ>t_wio;
Ho$edgwV ho `wJàdV©H$ H$ds R>abo. Ho$edgwVm§À`m
H$[dVonmgyZM nwTo> _mÌmd¥Îmm§Mm ñdsH$ma H$aUmar,
na_mWm©es g§~§Y ZgUmar, bm¡[H$H$ [df`m§Zm
([deofV: gm_m[OH$-amOH$s`) àmYmÝ` XoUmar
nÚ~§Ym§_Ü`o doJdoJio à`moJ H$aUmar, àXsK©
ZgUmar, ñ\w$Q> H$[dVm àMmamV Ambs.
AmË_m[dîH$mamË_H$ ^mdH$[dVoMm OÝ_ Pmbm,
Zìho, CÎmamoÎma ^mdH$[dVm hsM H$[dVm `m
gm[hË`àH$mamÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZs Ambs.
~mbH$dtÀ`m H$[dVm dmMVmZm gd©àW_ bjmV
`oUmar JmoîQ> åhUOo, Ë`m§Zs gmÜ`m gmoß`m
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EH$ d¡[eîQ>ç Amho. "AmZ§Xs AmZ§X JSo>, BH$So>
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dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$
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H$[dVoMo Vo nmoV Amho. Ho$edgwVm§À`m H$[dVoVyZ
AJXs [Zamim Agm KmQ> ~mbH$dtZs KS>dbm Amho.
Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§dahs Ho$edgwVm§Mm à^md Agbm
Var Ë`m§Mm [n¨S>hs Ho$edgwVm§hyZ [Zamim Amho.
Ho$edgwVàd[V©V g§àXm`mVM Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§Mmhs
g_mdoe hmoVmo; H$maU, Ho$edgwVm§à_mUo
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Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§Ms eãXm§da Agbobs hwHy$_V Ho$edgwV
d ~mbH$ds `m§À`mhyZ [^Þ VèhoMs Amho. ~mbH$ds
ho [ZgJm©Mo H$ds åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobo. H$maU,
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[IÞCXmg Aes XmoÝhs ê$no, Am[dîH¥$V Pmbs
AmhoV. Jmo[d¨XmJ«O ho "ào_mMo emhsa' R>abo.
ào_^mdZoÀ`m [d[dY N>Q>m Ë`m§À`m H$[dVoVyZ
[XgVmV; [H¨$~hwZm, Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§À`m ~hwg§»`
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WmoS>s Amho, [d\$b àsVsMsM A[YH$ Amho.
ñdV:À`m A{ñVËdmesM hs ào_^mdZm [ZJ[S>V
Pmbs hmoVs, ho Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ H$[dVm§VyZ [XgVo.
Amnbs ^mdZm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>s Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§Zs
doJisM g¥îQ>s aMbs Amho. Ë`mVyZM Ë`m§À`m
"H$WmË_' H$[dVm§Mm CX` Pmbm Amho.
^mñH$a am_M§Ð Vm§~o ho AmZ§XdmXs H$ds hmoV.
^maVs` Xe©Z Am[U ^maVs` gm[hË`emó `m§À`m
g§ñH$mamVyZ Ë`m§Ms H$[dVm KS>bs. [dewÕ gm¢X`©dmX
Am[U AT>i Am{ñVŠ`dmX hs Vm§~o `m§À`m
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^modVsÀ`m [ZgJm©VyZ Am{ñVŠ`mMm àË``,
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`m§À`m Jo` H$[dVobm A[YH$ bmoH$[à`Vm bm^bs.
1920 gmbs bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$m§Mo [ZYZ Pmbo.
1920n`ªVÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV XÎm, Ho$edgwV,
[Q>iH$, [dZm`H$, _mYdmZwO, Jmo[d¨XmJ«O,
~mbH$ds, a|XmiH$a `m H$dtMs Os[dV`mÌm g§nbs
hmoVs. M§ÐeoIa, ~s. Vm§~o, Jmo[d¨X, ~[hUm~mB©
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AmZ§Xamd Qo>H$mSo>, _mYd ho H$ds h`mV hmoVo; Am[U
H$mì`g_mYZoV _¾ hmoVo. 1920À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a_Ü`o
H$ds AZ§VVZ` Am[U H$ds AkmVdmgs `m§Zs
"_hmamîQ´> emaXm_§[Xa' `m g§ñWoMs ñWmnZm Ho$bs.
`m g§ñWoes `ed§V, X.b. JmoIbo, [Jare, ls.~m.
amZSo>, _mYdamd nQ>dY©Z, e§.H$m. JJ} ([XdmH$a),
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 51
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_§S>imÀ`m H$[dVoVyZ C_Q>bobo [XgV ZmhsV. ehar,
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H$bmàH$ma' hs H$ënZm hiyhiy ê$T> hmoV Agë`mMo,
`m H$mimV [XgyZ `oVo. Ë`mVyZM I§S>H$mì`, JµOb,
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ñdê$nmMo I§S>H$mì` hs a[d[H$aU _§S>imMs [Z[_©Vs
Amho. "gwYmaH$', "[dahVa§J', "ZHw$bmb§H$ma'
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([Jare), "O`_§Jbm', "~§Xsemim' (`ed§V)
BË`mXs I§S>H$mì`o [b[hbs Jobs.
1939 Vo 1947 hm H$mbI§S> OJmÀ`m Am[U
^maVmÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo H$R>sU Agm H$mi hmoVm. 1 gßQ|>~a
1939 Vo 2 gßQ|>~a 1945 `m H$mimV Mmbboë`m
Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmV A§XmOo Mma Vo gmSo>Mma H$moQ>s
_mUgo _¥Ë`y nmdbs, bmImo _mUgo ~oKa Am[U
OÝ_mMs Om`~§Xs Pmbs, AãOmdYs én`m§À`m
_mb_Îmm§Mm MwamS>m Pmbm, [hamo[e_m Am[U
ZmJmgmH$s `m eham§da Q>mH$boë`m AUw~m°å~Zo,
Am{ÊdH$ Aóm§Ms g§hmaj_Vm XmIdyZ [Xbs,
A_o[aH$m Am[U a[e`m `m [dûdgÎmm CX`mg
Amë`m. `mM H$mimV ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
bT>çmMm ^mJ, åhUyZ em§VVm_` Am[U [h¨gH$ Aes
XmoÝhs àH$maMs Am§XmobZo Pmbs. 1942_Ybo "{¹$Q>
B§[S>`m' Am§XmobZ, 1943_Ybm ~§Jmb_Ybm
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à[VàíZ [dMmabm : "ào_mM| bìhmi|, gm¢X`© Zìhmi|
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dmñVdmÀ`m `m Om[UdoZo _T}>H$am§Zm a[d[H$aU
_§S>imVsb H$ds, _§S>iH$mbsZ H$ds Am[U
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52 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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Zds H$[dVm åhUOo CamV YJYJ H$aUmam Zdm
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`mV nwîH$iM A§Va Amho. XmoKohs g_H$mbsZ
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AZw^dm§Ms A[^ì`º$s H$aVmV; nU, Ë`m§À`m
^y[_H$m doJù`m AmhoV, Ñ{îQ>H$moZ doJio AmhoV.
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^m§S>dbemhsVsb A§V[d©amoYm§Mo ^oXH$ [MÌU Amho.
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AJ[VH$ Am[U Aghm` _mUgm§Vsb bwá-gwá
gy`m©Mm emoY Amho.
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hm g§J«h Am[U `.X. ^mdo `m§Mm "AmÐm©' hm g§J«h
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Xwgam eãX Ro>dÊ`mVyZ A[VdmñVd nmVis bm^Vo.
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nmdVs, dmiboë`m [O^m§Mm bwim ÐmoU, A[ZéÕ
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AW©ñVam§Zm gm_mdyZ KoVbobs AgVo.
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[b[hUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m H$dt_Ü`o _Zmoha AmoH$,
^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>, dg§V XÎmmÌo` JwO©a, gVse
H$migoH$a, M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb, Vwbgs na~ `m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mM H$mimVsb AÝ` C„oIZs`
H$ds [dbmg gma§J, JwéZmW Ywar Am[U dg§V
Am~mOs S>hmHo$ ho AmhoV.
Ame` Am[U A[^ì`º$s `m ~m~VsV nm§T>anoes
_Ü`_dJu` H$[dVohyZ [Zamis Aes H$[dVm `m
H$mimV [b[hbs OmD$ bmJbs. Vs åhUOo X[bV
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Am§~oS>H$admXs H$[dVm, Ago åhUUo g_n©H$ hmoB©b.
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n[hë`m§Xm H$[dVoVyZM. X[bV H$[dVoV ehar Am[U
J«m_sU dmñVdmMo àIa [MÌ C_Q>bo Amho. J«m_sU
^mJmVsb Añn¥í`Vm, Kmoa Xm[aÐç, AË`mMma,
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dñVsV amhUmè`m, [JaÊ`m-H$maImÝ`m§V [nMUmè`m
_mUgm§Mo [MÌU Ago XmoÝhs OJmMo ^oXH$ Ñí`,
X[bV H$[dVoV C_Q>bo Amho. `m H$[dVoV AmH«$moe
Amho VgmM [dÐmohhs Amho. ~m~yamd ~mJyb, Ho$ed
_olm_, Zm_Xod T>gmi, àH$me OmYd, dm_Z
[Z¨~miH$a, \$._w§. qeXo, X`m ndma, `ed§V _Zmoha,
àëhmX M|XdUH$a, Í`§~H$ gnH$mio, AOw©Z S>m§Jio,
O.[d. ndma, ^s_goZ XoRo>, [ham ~ZgmoSo>, Á`moVs
bm§Oodma Aem AZoH$ H$dtZs, CËH$Q> gm_m[OH$
^mZ Agbobs H$[dVm [b[hbs. ^mdZm Am[U
[dMma `m§À`m A[^ì`º$sdaM bj H|$[ÐV Ho$bobo
Agë`mZo à`moJesbVobm dmd ZìhVm; na§Vw, Á`m
OJÊ`mMo [MÌU H$[dVoV An[ahm`© Pmbobo Amho
Ë`m OJÊ`mMs ^mfmhs ñdm^m[dH$M `m H$[dVobm
bm^bs. Ë`m ^mfoZo Am[U H$[dVoVsb [dMmamZo
_amR>s H$[dVobm EH$ Zdo n[a_mU [_imbo `mV e§H$m
Zmhs; [H¨$~hwZm, X[bV H$[dVoZo, X[bV gm[hË`mZo
EH§$XarV dmL>²_`ì`dhmamH$So>, Ë`m_mJÀ`m
gm_m[OH$-amOH$s` ì`dhmamH$So> nmhÊ`mMs
gd©ñds Zds ÑîQ>s [Xbs.
Ho$Mo, J«og, H$mOo, am_mUs, nmoVXma, gmQ>_
BË`mXs H$dt~amo~a Ë`m H$mimV àM[bV H$[dVoÀ`m
dmŠàMmamMm ñdsH$ma Ho$bobs Ho$ed _olm_ `m§Ms
H$[dVm 1960-65 `m H$mimV ~Xbbs d [VZo
gm_m[OH$ [dÐmohmÀ`m ^mfoMm Adb§~ Ho$bm.
`ed§V _Zmoham§Ms H$[dVm àm`: _wº$N§>XmVbs
[dÐmohmMm [dMma _m§S>Umar H$[dVm Amho. Ë`m§À`m
H$[dVoÀ`m A[^ì`º$sÀ`m nÕVsMm _w{º$~moYm§À`m
H$mì`m[^ì`º$ses g§~§Y OmoS>Vm `oB©b.
dº¥$ËdàYmZ, AmoOñds Am[U d¡Mm[aH$ Jm^m
Agbobs H$[dVm Ë`m§Zs [b[hbs. dm_Z
[Z¨~miH$am§À`m H$[dVoV J«m_sU dmñVdmMo [MÌU
Amho.
X`m ndmam§Ms H$[dVm g§`V [dÐmoh ì`º$ H$aUmar
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 53
 1. Xoenm§So> Zm.K., IyUJmR>s, _m¡O
2. nmS>JmdH$a _§Joe, gbm_, _m¡O
H$mhr _hÎdmMo H${dVmg§J«h 28. g§[hVm ([d¨Xm H$a§XsH$am§Ms [ZdS>H$
H$[dVm) (g§nmXH$ : _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a)
3. A[Zb XenXs, _m¡O H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
4. bmodboH$a ^mbM§Ð, MmoabH$mR>, _Ü` àXoe _amR>s gm[hË` g§K àH$meZ, 29. Hw$gw_mJ«O, ag`mÌm (g§nmXH$ : ~moaH$a-d¡Ú) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
^monmi, Xwgar Amd¥Îms, 1994 30. _olm_ ^wO§J, A^wO _mS>, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
5. ~moaH$a ~m.^., [MÌdsUm, _m¡O, [Vgar Amd¥Îms, 1984 31. AñdñW eVH$mMs H$[dVm ([ZdS>H$ dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$)(g§nmXH$
6. H$mobQ>H$a AéU, [^OH$s dhs, àmg àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2003 A[^[OV Xoenm§So>)
7. J«og, M§Ð_mYdsMo àXoe, nm°ß`wba, 1977 bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
8. _hmZmoa Zm.Ym|., nú`m§Mo bj Wdo, nm°ß`wba, 1990 32. [ZÐmhsZ amÌsÀ`m H$R>moa H$mVimda ([ZdS>H$ aOsZ néioH$a)(g§nmXH$ :
9. AmaVs à^y, ZjÌm§Mo XoUo, _m¡O, 1975 ZsaOm)bmoH$dmL>²_`
10. _Zmoha AmoH$À`m E|es H$[dVm, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 1996 J¥h
11. gma§J [dbmg, H$[dVm 1969-1984, _m¡O, 1986 33. H$mio AéU, Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
12. nmQ>sb M§ÐH$m§V, ~m`H$m Am[U BVa H$[dVm, nm°ß`wba, 1993 34. ndma àkm X`m, Amanma b`sV àmUm§[VH$, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
13. ^Q> gwaoe, P§PmdmV, gm[hË` àgma H|$Ð, ZmJnya, 1994 35. ~m§XoH$a àdsU XeaW, IoiI§S>mo~mÀ`m ZmdmZ§, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
14. JwO©a dg§V XÎmmÌo`, AaÊ`, dmMm àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1973 36. B§[Xam g§V, _¥Ê_`s (g§nmXH$ : a_oe V|Sw>bH$a)
15. na~ Vwbgs, Hw$~S>m Zm[g©gg, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 2002 37. _T}>H$a ~mi gsVmam_, _T}>H$am§Ms H$[dVm, _m¡O
16. _Zmoha `ed§V, CËWmZJw§\$m, à~moYZ 38. Ho$edgwVm§Ms g_J« H$[dVm
17. Xoenm§So> _._., A§V[aj [\$abmo, nU... (g§nmXH$ : X.[^./_.[d. Ym|S>) 39. H$mio _§Joe Zmam`Uamd, V¥Vs` nwéfmMo AmJ_Z, A[^YmZ§Va
nÙJ§Ym, nwUo 40. T>gmi Zm_Xod, [Zdm©Um AJmoXaMs nsS>m, Am`©Z
18. Ho$Mo _YwH$a, [X¨S>s Jobs nwTo>, H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b 41. nmQ>sb AZwamYm, dmiyÀ`m nmÌmV _m§S>bobm Ioi, Vwbm àH$meZ,
19. Zo_mSo> ^mbM§Ð, XoIUs, nm°ß`wba Am¡a§Jm~mX
20. H$migoH$a gVse, [db§[~V, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h 42. eoI _[bH$m A_a, _hmZJa, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a à~mo[YZs
21. [MÌo [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_, EHy$U H$[dVm 1, 2, 3 nm°ß`wba 43. dmK gbsb, [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§H$bZ : O`§V JmS>Jsi) _Zsfm
22. gwd} Zmam`U, _mPo [dÚmnsR>, nm°ß`wba 44. _hmOZ H$[dVm, VËnwéf, Vwbm, Am¡a§Jm~mX
23. Jmo[d¨XmJ«O, [n¨ninmZ (g§nmXH$ : Hw$gw_mJ«O) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b 45. Hw$bH$Uu-H$dRo>H$a, Zmam`U, ho _mÂ`m JdVmÀ`m nmË`m, _m¡O
24. ~mbH$ds, \w$bamUs (~mbH$dtMs [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm), (g§nmXH$ : 46. gmoi§H$s dO}e, VVnn, A[^YmZ§Va
Hw$gw_mJ«O) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b 47. [eboXma à\w$„, OJÊ`mÀ`m ngmè`mV, nm°ß`wba
25. _w{º$~moYm§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : `ed§V _Zmoha) gm[hË` AH$mX_s 48. Ywar JwéZmW, bmbH$modim H$mimoI, _m¡O
26. [ZdS>H$ gXmZ§X aoJo (g§nmXH$ : dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$) gm[hË` AH$mX_s 49. eVH$mVsb Am[Xdmgs H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : [dZm`H$ Vw_am_) h[ad§e, M§Ðnya
27. nw.[e. aoJo `m§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : àH$me Xoenm§So>) gm[hË` 50. [d.Xm. gmdaH$am§Ms ñ\w$Q> H$[dVm
AH$mX_s 51. JUmoaH$a à^m, [ddV©, nm°ß`wba
Amho, Va Í`§~H$ gnH$mio Amnë`m H$[dVoV néioH$a, _[bH$m A_a eoI, ZsaOm, A{ûdZs àdsU XeaW ~m§XoH$a, dsaYdb na~, AO` H$m§S>a,
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVsb d§MZoZo C[Û¾ hmoD$Z "ho Ym|JSo>, àkm ndma, AZwamYm nmQ>sb BË`mXs gbsb dmK, g§Osd Im§So>H$a, g[MZ Ho$VH$a, _ZmoO
^maV_mVo! Ëdm§ _bm ào_-dmËgë` Ho$ìhm [Xbo' Agm H$d[`ÌtÀ`m H$[dVm§VyZ ósdmXs Om[Udm ì`º$ nmR>H$, [XZH$a _Zda ho `m [nT>sVsb à_wI H$ds
àíZ [dMmaVmV. àëhmX M|XdUH$am§Zs Pmboë`m AmhoV. nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$VsZo dfm©Zwdf} AmhoV. H$mì`me` Am[U H$mì`^mfm `m XmoÝhs
añË`mañË`mda XUmUV Agbobm "X[bVm§Mm ósMo _mZ[gH$ d emar[aH$ emofU H$go Ho$bo Amho, ÑîQ>tZs `m [nT>sMs H$[dVm doJis Amho. [VMo ZmVo
[~ZYmñV AmdmO' [Q>nbm Amho. `mMm àIa Cƒma [deofV: _[bH$m A_a eoI, 1960À`m XeH$mVsb H$mobQ>H$a-[MÌo `m§À`m
gÎmaÀ`m XeH$mV ehar Am[U J«m_sU {ó`m aOZs néioH$a, ZsaOm, àkm ndma `m§À`m H$[dVm§VyZ H$[dVoes Agbo Var [Vbm ñdV:Mm Moham Amho.
EH$m d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$sda Amnë`m ^mdZm§Mm, Pmbobm Amho. [Z{íMV Aem H$moUË`mhs [dMmagaUses Z
[dMmam§Mm Am[dîH$ma H$ê$ bmJë`m. E|esÀ`m XeH$mV dg§V nmQ>UH$a, X.^m. ~m§Ybobs nU àIa amOH$s` ^mZ Agbobs hs
qbJ^oX hm [nV¥gÎmmH$ nwéf-H|$[ÐV Ym_UñH$a, AemoH$ ~mJdo, [Za§OZ COJao, AemoH$ H$[dVm Amho. E|es-ZìdXÀ`m XeH$m§À`m gs_odaMo
g_mOì`dñWoVyZ [Z_m©U Pmbobm àmW[_H$ Am[U Zm`JmdH$a, eXa gmQ>_, Zmam`U Hw$iH$Uu- ^wO§J _olm_ Am[U AéU H$mio `m§À`m H$[dVm§Zs
_yb^yV ^oX Amho. `m ^oXm§VyZM ì`{º$JV Am[U H$dRo>H$a, CÎm_ H$moiJmdH$a BË`mXtMs H$[dVm H$mobQ>H$a-[MÌo-T>gmi `m§À`m H$[dVoÀ`m nwT>Mm
gm_m[OH$ nmVisdaÀ`m g§~§Ym§Zm gÎmm-g§Kfm©Mo ~hamV hmoVs. 1990Z§Va H$dtMs EH$ Zds [nT>s Q>ßnm JmR>bobm Amho.
ê$n `oVo. ós Am[U nwéf hm [b¨J^oX Agbm; Var Ambs. A[^Ym, A[^YmZ§Va, eãXdoY BË`mXs AmVmhs AZoH$ H$dtMs AmûdmgH$ H$[dVm
"ósËd' Am[U "nwéfËd' hm [b¨J^md _mZd[Z[_©V, A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ `m [nT>sMs H$[dVm àH$m[eV àH$m[eV hmoVo Amho. e§^a-gìdmeo dfmªVë`m
_w»`V: nwéf-[Z[_©V Amho. nwéfH|$Ðs g_mOmV hmoD$ bmJbs Am[U [VZo ñdV:Ms AmoiI [Z_m©U H$[dVoÀ`m `m AmT>mì`mV gdmªMm g_mdoe hmoD$
[ZgJ©[Z[_©V ^oXmÀ`m AmYmao emofU Ho$bo OmVo. Ho$bs. `m H$[dVobm OmJ[VH$sH$aUmMm, `m eH$bobm Zmhs `mMs boIH$mbm OmUsd Amho.
Aem àH$maMo EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ ^mZ Amboë`m {ó`m§Zs AdñWoVsb Am[W©H$, amOH$s`, gm_m[OH$ ~Xbm§Mm g§nH©$ :9890362703
[b[hboë`m H$[dVobm, gmYmaUnUo, "ósdmXs g§X^© Amho. lsYa [Vido, ho_§V [XdQo>, _§Joe B©-‘ob : vasantdahake@gmail.com
H$[dVm' åhQ>bo OmVo. à^m JUmoaH$a, aOZs Zmam`Uamd H$mio, dO}e gmob§H$s, à\w$„ [eboXma,

54 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
 _amR>s H$mX§~arMo Ý`yZ !
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n[a_mU OmUyZ KoVbo Zmhs, Va AmnU T>m|Js R>ê$.
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56 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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H$mimV hm Jm^m hadbm. JOmZZ Í`§~H$
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H$mX§~è`m§_Ü`o amOH$maUmMs nmûd©^y_s AmUÊ`mMm
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1978) `m§Zs H$mX§~arÀ`m ^mfobm _wbm`_, bmKds
d àdmhs ê$n XoD$Z AmH$f©H$ Ho$bo. Im§So>H$am§Zs
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hmoVm.
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^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm. Zohê§$À`m n§Mdm[f©H$ `moOZm§Zs
1. h.Zm. AmnQo> : nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo, Cf:H$mb
2. ZmW_mYd : gmdù`m Vm§So>b (1915)
3. dm._. Omoes : am[JUs (1915-16)
4. ls. ì`§. Ho$VH$a : ~«÷H$Ý`m (1930)
5. ^m.[d. daoaH$a : [dYdm Hw$_mar (1928), YmdVm
YmoQ>m (1933)
6. [d.g. Im§So>H$a : XmoZ Y«wd (1934), ``mVs
(1959)
7. Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$ : Xm¡bV (1929)
8. nw.`. Xoenm§So> : ~§YZm§À`m nbrH$So> (1927)
9. J.Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a : _wº$mË_m (1933)
10. [d^mdar [eéaH$a : H$ù`m§Mo [Z…ûdmg (1933),
~is (1950)
11. nm§.g. gmZo (JwéOs) : í`m_Ms AmB© (1935)
12. X.a. H$dRo>H$a : aoe_mÀ`m JmR>s (1942)
13. [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a : aUm§JU (1940)
14. a.dm. [XKo : nmUH$im (1939)
15. Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a : [eVy (1953)
16. ls.Zm. n|S>go : Jma§~sMm ~mny (1952), aWMH«$
(1962)
17. eaƒ§Ð _wº$s~moY : [jàm (1954)
18. ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a : ~ZJadmS>s (1955)
19. CÕd eoiHo$ : YJ (1960)
20. aU[OV XogmB© : ñdm_s (1962)
21. [M.Í`§. ImZmobH$a : amÌ H$mis KmJa H$mis
22. [edmOs gmd§V : _¥Ë`w§O` (1964)
23. ^mD$ nmÜ`o : dmgyZmH$m (1965)
24. O`d§V Xids : MH«$ (1963)
25. ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> : H$mogbm (1963), [h¨Xy
(2010)
26. Jm¡ar Xoenm§So> : EHo$H$ nmZ Jimd`m
27. AmZ§X `mXd : JmoVmdim (1971)
28. Zm_Xod T>gmi : hmS>H$s hmS>dim
29. am.a§. ~moamSo> : nmMmoim
30.J.à. àYmZ : gmVm CÎmamMs H$hmUs
31. _Yw _§Joe H$[U©H$ : _mhs_Ms ImS>s
32. [XdmH$a H$m§~is : nai (1968)
33. h._mo. _amRo> : [ZînU© d¥jmImbs ^a Xwnmar
34. à^mH$a n|T>maH$a : ama§JT>m§J
35. [dûdmg nmQ>sb : nm[ZnV
36. a§JZmW nmR>mao : Q>moH$Xma gmdbsMo dV©_mZ
37. í`m_ _Zmoha : H$i
38. dg§V Zaha \o$Uo : g|Q´>b ~g ñQo>eZ
39. a_oe B§Jio CÌmXH$a : [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m
40. H$_boe dmbmdbH$a : ~mH$s eyÝ`
41. H$[dVm _hmOZ : ~«
42. _oKZm noRo> : Zm[VMam_s
43. adtÐ emo^Uo : nS>K_
J«m_sU H$mX§~è`m
44. gXmZ§X Xoe_wI : ~mamo_mg
45. gw^mf am_M§Ð I¡ao : JmoB©_mB©
46. H¥$îUmV ImoV : e¢Xmim
47. e§H$a gImam_ : EgB©PoS>
48.^maV H$mio : Eogo Hw$U~s ^ynmi
49. ~~Z [^¨So> : gË`mJ«h
50. BgmXmg ^S>Ho$ : ~m{áñ_m Vo Y_mªVa
51. adtÐ emo^Uo : nm§T>a
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àgmamMs JVs d ì`más dmT>bs. [ZdS>UwH$m§Zs
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g§ñH$mam§Zm No>X XoUmè`m Ë`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m§Zs.
daU^mV Vyn, VmH$ Aem gm{ËdH$, n[dÌ
nXmWmªEodOs Ë`m§Zs _amR>s H$mX§~arÀ`m VmQ>mV
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d dmñVd `m§Mo ISo>nUmZo Am[U geº$ ^mfoVyZ
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g_sjH$ C^o Ho$bo. Nw>ns AnamYs _mZ[gH$Vm ([JëQ>
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B©-‘ob : sadhu.arun@gmail.com
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 57
 dmL>²_`sZ [Z`VH$m[bHo$ : YmoŠ`mÀ`m diUmda
b Ky A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms gwédmV _amR>s
gm[hË` [dûdmV "gË`H$Wo'Mm EH$N>Ìs
A§_b gwê$ AgVmZmM Pmbs. eãX
(1955), [Xem (1955), Zdo boIZ (1958),
ê$nJ§Ym (1959), ê$n (1961), a§J (1961)
AWd© (1961), Agmo (1962), AmVm (1964)
^mê$S> (1964), ho_m (1964), Ajao (1967),
\$º$ (1967), [Q¨>~ (1968), Vmngs (1968),
`oé (1968), dmMm (1968), X¡[ZH$ MH«$dVs
(1969), eãX (1969) g.Z.[d.[d. (1969),
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n[hë`m XsS> eVH$mVsb bKy [Z`VH$m[bHo$ d
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gyMsV Ogm H$mhs hm¡es, An[an¹$ bKy
58 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho VgmM H$mhs [H¨$dm Á`m dmL>²_`sZ, gm§ñH¥$[VH$, gm_m[OH$,
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A[YH$ g_¥Õ, _moH$is, ñdsH$maesb Pmbs.
bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m AñVmZ§Va 1975 Vo
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gJù`mM gm[hË`mgmR>s ho h¸$mMo ì`mgnsR> ~Zbo.
Va Zì`mZoM gwê$ Pmboë`m "g_w[MV'Zo
A{ñ_VmXe©À`m g_m§Va OmUmè`m ^y[_Ho$VyZ hm
narK A[YH$ é§XmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
`m H$mbI§S>mV gwê$ Pmbobo "AZwîQy>^' (1977)
ho EH$_od _hÎdmMo [Z`VH$m[bH$ åhUVm `oB©b. ho
[Z`VH$m[bH$ Joë`m 34 dfmªnmgyZ gwê$ Amho. a_oe
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Amho.
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ho Û¡_m[gH$ H$[dVobm dm[hbobo [Z`VH$m[bH$. nydu
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[Z`VH$m[bHo$hs [ZKmbs. gmR>moÎma H$mbI§S>mV
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g_sjogmR>s [ZKmbobo _m[gH$ ñdê$nmVsb
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[Z`VH$m[bH$ hmoVo.
`m H$mbI§S>mÀ`m eodQ>s 1986_Ü`o eoJmd `oWyZ
eãXdoY Am[U 1988_Ü`o ehmnya `oWyZ A[^Ym hs
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hs A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ R>iH$nUo g_moa Ambs.
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gwê$ Pmbo Zmhs. _mÌ, ZìdXnyd© H$mbI§S>mV gwê$
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(1987) hs XmoZ A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ `m H$mbI§S>mV
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Ho$bs. Xm.Jmo. H$mio `m§Zs eoJmd `oWyZ gwê$ Ho$boë`m
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 59
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H$m°bZsOdi, Am¢Y, gs-411007.
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Amho. b{bVÀ`m "bjdoYr` nwñVHo$ {H$§dm
JmS>Jsi añVm, nwUo-411030.
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Aem XO}Xma gm{h{Ë`H$m§Mo boIZ Am{U dg§V
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gË`M Amho. nU, Aem n[a{ñWVsV gmYZm,
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g§nH©$ : 9822003411
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 61
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bmdyZ XmI[dÊ`mMm à`ËZ boñbs hmQ©> `m§Zs
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ì`º$sbm CnOV àmá Pmbobm AgVmo; VgoM
àË`oH$mMm hm nQ> doJdoJim AgVmo, Hw$Umbm EImXs
~w[Õ_Îmm Vsd«VoZo Va Xwgar EImXs Aënm§emZo àmá
Pmbobs AgVo, Agm [dMma nwTo> AmUbm. Joë`m
n§MdsgoH$ dfmªV `m [dMmambm gmd©[ÌH$arË`m
_mÝ`Vm [_iVo Amho Ago [XgVo. hm°dS©> JmS©>Za
`m§À`m Zmdmda dsg-n§Mdsg J«§W AmhoV. nU,
Á`m§Zm ~hw[dY ~w[Õ_ÎmoÀ`m [gÕmÝVmMm àmW[_H$
nU g[dñVa Aä`mg H$am`Mm Agob Ë`m§Zs,
Ë`mn¡H$s dmMboM nm[hOoV, Ago J«§W åhUOo
"_{ëQ>nb B§Q>[bOÝgog' (1993) Am[U
"B§Q>[bOÝg [a\«o$åS>' (1999) ho hmo`.
AmH$bZ[df`H$ emó
hm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§Zs _m§S>bobm ~hw[dY
~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm [dMma Am[U Ë`mMm AmOÀ`m åhUOo
àM[bV [ejUmes VgoM doJù`m, Zì`m
[ejUmes Agbobm g§~§Y CbJS>Umao Am[U
CÚmÀ`m [ejUm[df`s H$mhs gm§JUmao Ago AZoH$
boI ñdV: JmS©>Za `m§Zs [b[hbobo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s
[ZdS>H$ boIm§Mm EH$ Aà[V_ g§J«h "X [S>ìhbn_|Q>
A±S> EÁ`wHo$eZ Am°ìh X _mBªS>' `m ZmdmZo 2006
gmbs àH$m[eV Pmbm Amho.
1956 gmbsM [ejUmbm nm`m^yV Ago Zdo
[ejUmemó CX`mbm Ambo Amho. `mbm
"AmH$bZ[df`H$ emó' (H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg) Ago
åhUVmV. da dU©Z Ho$boë`m [d[dY
[dMmaàdmhm§_wio d Ë`m_mJsb eara[dkmZ,
_mZgemó, ^mfmemó, _mZdd§eemó Am[U _w»`
åhUOo _ÁOmemó d H¥$[Ì_ ~w[Õ_ÎmoMo emó
`m§_Ysb g§emoYZm§_wio ho emó doJmZo [dH$[gV hmoV
Mmbbo Amho. [ejUì`dhmamV AgUmè`m gdmªZm
ho emó A[Zdm`© [df` åhUyZ [eH$mdo bmJUma
Amho. Ë`mgmR>s AWm©VM Amnë`mH$S>sb S>s.ES>.,
~s.ES>., E_.ES>.Mo Aä`mgH«$_ ~XbÊ`mMs
[ZVm§V JaO [Z_m©U Pmbs Amho. Zo_Š`m `m
[df`mMm B[Vhmg d ñdê$n gm§JUmam nm`m^yV J«§W
åhUyZ _s, hm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§À`m "X _mBªS>g² Ý`y
gm`Ýg' (1995) `m J«§WmMm C„oI H$arZ.
AmVm ho AmH$bZ[df`H$ ([ejU) emó doJmZo
[dH$[gV hmoV Amho. gmh[OH$M `m [df`mda
Zì`mZo AZoH$ J«§W [b[hbo OmV AmhoV d g§nm[XV
Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, H°$amo[bZ gmo~ob `m§Mo
"X H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýgog-A°Z B§Q>a[S>g{ßbZar
A°àmoM' (2001), Zsb {ñQ>qb½O d BVa `m§Mo
"H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg-A°Z B§Q´>moS>ŠíZ' (1995),
AWdm _m`Ho$b nm°gZa `m§Zs g§nm[XV Ho$bobo
"\$mD§$So>eZ Am°ìh H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg' (1989) ho
H$mhs Z_wÝ`mMo J«§W. Aä`mgH«$_ aMZmH$mam§Zs `m
Am[U Aem J«§Wm§Mm AmYma ¿`m`bm haH$V Zmhs.
~mb[ejU
[ejU ì`dhmamÀ`m àË`j CVa§S>sV gdmªV
ImbÀ`m ñVamda Agbobm Am[U åhUyZ [H¨$~hwZm
Xwb©[jV am[hbobm [ejUñVa åhUOo ~mb[ejU
hmo`! ~mb[ejU åhUOo _wbm§Mo gmYmaUnUo
ghmì`m dfm©n`ªVMo [ejU _mZbo OmVo. `mMm EH$
^mJ åhUOo d`mÀ`m gmYmaUnUo AS>sM dfm©n`ªV
_wbm§Mo KarM d ^modVmbÀ`m n[agamV hmoUmao
ghO[ejU. Xwgam ^mJ åhUOo, AS>sM Vo gmSo>VsZ
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 63
`m d`mgmR>s AgUmar IoidmS>s, gmSo>VsZ Vo
gmSo>Mma `m d`mgmR>s AgUmar [eewdmS>s Am[U
gmSo>Mma Vo gmSo>nmM `m d`mH$[aVm AgUmar
~mbdmS>s `m WmoS>çmem Am¡nMm[aH$ ì`dñWm§_Ü`o
hmoUmao AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejU. ^maVmV Am[U AWm©VM
_hmamîQ´>mVhs ho [ejU AmVm gmd©[ÌH$arË`m CnbãY
hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. na§Vw, Ë`mMo g§nyU© emó AdJV
H$ê$Z, {e{jH$m§Zs VÁkVm àmá H$ê$Z, ~mbH$m§À`m
embo`nyd© [ejUmMm KmQ> KmbUmè`m ~mbemim
A^mdmZoM AmT>iVmV, Am[U ho [MÌ ËdaoZo
~XbÊ`mMs JaO Amho.
^maVmVsb ~mb[ejUmMo n[hbo
Am§XmobZ [JOw^mB© ~YoH$m, Vmam~mB© _moS>H$,
gabmXods gmam^mB© `m§Zs 1920À`m XeH$mV
C^mabo. Ë`mZo ~mb[ejU Xoe^a AmoiIsMo Pmbo
Am[U Ë`mMo ñdV:Mo åhUyZ H$mhs emó Amho `mMs
OmUsdhs [ZXmZ [e[jV g_mOmV ngê$ bmJbs.
_hmamîQ´>mV Vmam~mB© _moS>H$, AZwVmB© dmK, [g¨YwVmB©
A§[~Ho$ `m§Zs J«m_sU ~mb[ejUmMo AZoH$ à`moJ
H$ê$Z H$mhs emós` Z_wZohs [gÕ Ho$bo. ~mbdmS>s,
A§JUdmS>s, [dH$mgdmS>s, Hw$aUemim `m ZwgË`m
A_yV© g§H$ënZm ZìhË`m Va emós` nm`m§darb
à`moJm§VyZ _m§S>boë`m Am[U g_mO-JaOoVyZ [Z_m©U
Pmboë`m ì`mdhm[aH$ g§H$ënZm hmoË`m. àË`oH$
~mbdmS>s-A§JUdmS>s [e[jHo$Zo Am[U Ë`m§À`m
g§ñWmMmbH$m§Zs hm ~mb[ejUmMm B[Vhmg, ho
nm`m^yV emó g_OmdyZ KoD$Z A§JrH$maë`m[edm`
emim Mmbdy Z`oV. `m H$m`m©V Agboë`m§Zs Iyn [Z
[d[dY VèhoMo ~mb[ejU[df`H$ dmL>²_` [Z_m©U
Ho$bo Amho. _amR>s [ejUào_tgmR>s VsZ J«§Wm§Ms
[e\$mag H$aVm `oB©b. EH$ Amho "[ejUVÁk
Vmam~mB© _moS>H$' ho nÙOm \$mQ>H$ `m§Zs [b[hbobo
Vmam~mBªMo M[aÌ; XmoZ, "H$mog~mS>À`m Qo>H$S>sdê$Z' ho
AZwVmB© dmK `m§Mo M[aÌ (1980) Am[U VsZ,
[g¨YwVmB© A§[~Ho$ `m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ "dQ>d¥jm§À`m
gmdbsV' (2005).
_hmamîQ´>mV emós` ~mb[ejUmÀ`m
gmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>s "_hmamîQ´> ~mb[ejU
n[afXo'À`m ñWmnZoZo (1994) nwZíM Zì`mZo
Am§XmobZ C^o am[hbo Amho. `m g§ñWoÀ`m
~mb[ejUmgmR>s AZoH$ nw{ñVH$m àH$m[eV Pmë`m
AmhoV. `m n[afXoÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio 1995 gmbs,
_hmamîQ´> "amÁ`ñVar` ~mb[ejU g[_Vs' JR>sV
Ho$bs. `m g[_VsMm, ~mb[ejU emómMs OmU
XoUmam Am[U ì`dhma gm§JUmam Aà[V_ Ahdmb
emgZmbm 1996 gmbs gmXa Pmbm. `m AhdmbmMo
ImOJs _wÐU, "emim§Mo H$m|S>dmSo> ZH$moV,
64 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
AmZ§XdmS>çm hì`mV!' `m ZmdmZo 1998_Ü`o à[gÕ
Pmbo Amho. ~mbemim§Zs `m emgH$s` AhdmbmÀ`m
AmYmao Amnë`m ~mbemim ~oVm`bm haH$V Zmhs.
emós` ~mb[ejUmMm B[Vhmg gm§JUmar XmoZ
nwñVHo$ _amR>sV CnbãY AmhoV. EH$ Amho Vo ls. eof
Zm_bo `m§Mo "^maVs` ~mb[ejUmMm B[Vhmg'
(1986) ho nwñVH$ d Xwgao Amho àm. a_oe nmZgo
`m§Mo "~mb[ejU ñdê$n d [Xem' (2005).
~mb[ejUmMo Zdo emó
~mb[ejUmMo emóhs AmVm ~XbVo Amho.
Zdg§emoYZm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Vo [d[dY A§Jm§Zs
[dH${gV hmoV Amho. [deofV: VsZ A§Jm§Zs
~mb[ejUmMo _hÎd Zì`mZo _m§S>bo OmV Amho.
1. _|Xy[df`H$ AbsH$S>À`m g§emoYZmVyZ
Ago bjmV Ambo Amho H$s _|Xy hm _mUgmMm
[eH$Ê`mMm Ad`d Amho. OÝ_ë`mnmgyZ _|XyÀ`m
Z¡g[J©H$ j_Vm§À`m AmYmao d Ë`m§À`m [dH$mgmÀ`m
nm`è`m§Zs, ~mbH$ Amnbo [ejU AmnU H$arV
OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m~m~VsV _|Xy[dH$mg hsM
_hÎdmMs KQ>Zm AgVo. Agohs bjmV Ambo Amho H$s
gmYmaUnUo AmR> dfmªn`ªVMo d` ho _|Xy KS>UsMo d`
AgVo. Ë`m_wio _|Xy KS>Usbm nyaH$ AgUmao Am[U
_|Xy KS>Usbm KmVH$ ZgUmao Ago ~mb[ejUmMo
ñdê$n Zì`mZo R>a[dbo OmV Amho.
2. AbsH$So> àË`j à`moJm§VyZ Agohs [XgyZ
Ambo Amho H$s Á`m§Mo ~mb[ejU emós` nÕVtZs,
AmZ§X_` dmVmdaUmV Am[U VmUa[hV Ago hmoVo.
Ë`m§Mm _|Xy nwT>sb nmVù`m§darb Am¡nMm[aH$
[ejUmgmR>s A[YH$ Mm§Jbm V`ma hmoVmo. ì`º$sÀ`m
nwT>sb gd© [ejUmbm nm`m^yV åhUyZ ~mb[ejU
_hÎdmMo _mZbo OmV Amho. Vo gd©M ~mbH$m§Zm
g_mZVoZo [_iUo, ho bmoH$emhses gwg§JV Am[U
nwT>sb [nT>çm A[YH$ gj_ H$aUmao Ago YmoaU Rê$
eHo$b.
3. [ejU[df`H$ AW©emómVsb
g§emoYZm§VyZ ~mb[ejUmMs EH$ à^mds Aes ~mOy
àH$memV Ambs Amho. ^m¡[VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m ^m§S>dbs
J§wVdUwH$snojm _mZds ^m§S>dbmV Pmbobs J§wVdUyH$
A[YH$ à_mUmV Am[W©H$ bm^ XoVo ho nÞmg
dfmªnyduM [gÕ Pmbobo Amho. AmVm, Ago bjmV
Ambo Amho H$s Cƒ [ejUmnojm àmW[_H$ [ejUmda
Am[U Ë`mhsnojm ~mb{ejUmda Ho$boë`m
J§wVdUwH$sda [_iUmam d¡`{º$H$ d gm_m[OH$
ñdê$nmMm Am[W©H$ bm^ hm àM§S> à_mUmda AgVmo.
`m g§X^m©V, AW©emómMo Zmo~ob nm[aVmo[fH$ àmá
Ho$bobo àm. hoH$_Z `m§Mo ~mb[ejUmdarb
J§wVdUwH$sMo g§emoYZ _mÝ`Vmàmá Amho.
emós` ~mb[ejUmMo _hÎd gm§JUmao BVahs
AZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. na§Vw, _bm àH$fm©Zo _hÎdmMo
dmQ>bobo VsZ KQ>H$ `oWo [Xbo AmhoV. àm_w»`mZo
`mVyZM ~mb[ejUmMo Zdo emó AmVm ê$n KoD$
bmJbo Amho. `mg§X^m©V H$mhs J«§Wm§Mm, `m Zì`m
[XeoZo nU diÊ`mgmR>s Amnë`mbm Cn`moJ hmoD$
eHo$b. EH$ åhUOo, "Qy>ëg Am°ìh X _mBªS>' hm
~mb[ejUm[df`sMm dm`JmoQ>{ñH$`Z Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
gm§JUmam, 1996Mm J«§W, EboZm ~moÐmodm d So>~moam
[bAm±J `m bo[IH$mÛ`m§Mm Amho. Vmo EH$ Zds [Xem
XoVmo. gwPmZ H$modm[bH$ `m A_o[aHo$Vsb EH$
[ejUVÁk [dXwfs. Ë`m§Zs ~mb[ejUmMo EH$
à[V_mZ Zì`mZo ~m§Ybo Amho. Ë`mbm "B§[Q>J«oQo>S>
[W_°[Q>H$ BÝñQ´>ŠeZ (ITI) _m°So>b' Ago [VZo Zmd
[Xbo Amho. `mM ZmdmZo [VZo, Amnbo à[V_mZ
g[dñVanUo _m§S>Umam J«§W V`ma Ho$bm Amho
(1994). AmVm, ~hw[dY ~w[Õ_Îmm§À`m A§JmZohs
~mb[ejUmVsb ì`dhmamMs Zds _m§S>Us Ho$bs OmV
Amho. H$modm[bH$mÀ`m à[V_mZmV _|Xy g§emoYZmMm
AmYma KoVbobm AmhoM; nU ñdV§ÌnUogwÕm, _|Xy
AmYm[aV [ejUmÀ`m [dMmam§da AmYm[aV Aes
~mb[ejUmMs Zì`mZo _m§S>Us hmoV Amho.
_hmamîQ´>mVsb "J«m__§Jb g§ñWm' `m [XeoZo H$m`©aV
Amho.
_hmamîQ´>mVsb _amR>s emim§nwTo> Amnë`mV ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm àñVmd _s Ro>dsV Amho. Ë`mgmR>s
hs gmar J«§Wg§nXm [Xem Úm`bm g_W© Amho. _amR>s
emim§Zs g§K[Q>V ìhmdo, [ejU n[adV©ZmMo C[ÔîQ>
g_moa Ro>dmdo, EH$Ì `oD$Z [ejH$-g§MmbH$m§Mo
Aä`mgJQ> [Z_m©U H$amdoV, à`moJ ìhmdoV,
[dMmam§Ms [Z AmMmam§Ms XodKod ìhmds; Am[U
`m§VyZ [ejU A[YH$ XO}Xma ìhmdo, [dÚmWu
A[YH$ gj_, gOJ d g_W© ìhmdoV; Am[U ho gmao
hmoÊ`mgmR>s B§Q>aZoQ>darb A_mn dmL>²_` Am[U
ZdZdo J«§W `m§Ms dmMZnyOm hmoV amhmds, Ago
dmQ>Vo.
Zì`m [ejUmgmR>s Zds [Xem XoUmao Zdo
JǤW
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: ^mñH$a bú_U ^moio, gmHo$V ~m~m ^m§S>, gmHo$V
àH$meZ àm.[b., 115, _. Jm§YsZJa, ñQo>eZ amoS>,
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3. [ejm [~Zm ~moP Ho$ : `enmb, ^maV
gaH$ma, _mZd g§gmYZ [dH$mg _§Ìmb`, [ejm
[d^mJ, ZB© [X„s.
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11. Brain/Mind Learning principles in
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A[ZVm
Xoe_wI ~oëhoH$a, ^maVs` AW©[dkmZd[Y©Zs,
AW©~moY, 968/21-22, goZmnVs ~mnQ> _mJ©,
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Of technology, A brad ford book, the
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J«m__§Jb, aí_s 3/9, `els H$m°bZs,
ZdghçmÐs, [dÇ>b _§[Xam_mJo, H$d}ZJa, nwUo
411052 (2005)
25. emim§Mo H$m|S>dmSo> ZH$moV, AmZ§XdmS>çm
hì`mV : am_ Omoes, [Z[Ib dmJio, Aja
àH$meZ, 7-8
nm§Sx>a§J [~ëS>tJ, 178, O_eoXOs amoS>, _mhs_,
_w§~B© 400016 (1998)
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a_oe nmZgo, XÎmmÌ` J. nmîQo>, S>m`_§S>
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gXm[ed noR>, J«mhH$ noRo>Odi, [Q>iH$amoS>,
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B©-‘ob : panse_r@hotmail.com
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 65
 ì`mH$aU Am[U ^mfmì`dhma
H$m imÀ`m AmoKmV ^mfm ~XbVo.
g_mOmVsb ^mfoMo ñWmZ ~XbVo.
^m[fH$ JaOm d ^mfm[ejUmMo
àmYmÝ`H«$_ ~XbVmV. gm_m[OH$ dmñVdm~amo~a
^m[fH$ dmñVdhs ~XbV Agë`m_wio ^m[fH$
dmL>²_`mMo ñdê$n Va ~XbVoM nU dmMH$dJ©hs
~XbVmo. ^mfmä`mg d AÝ` emómä`mg `m§À`m
g§`moJmVyZ Am§Va[dÚmemIs` ñdê$nmMo ^m[fH$
dmL>²_`hs AmOÀ`m H$mimV [Z_m©U hmoVmZm [XgVo.
Ë`m_wio ^m[fH$ dmL>²_`mMm dmMH$dJ© [dñVmabobm
[XgVmo. dV©_mZ ^mfmì`dhmambm OmJ[VH$sH$aU d
_m[hVs-V§ÌkmZ `m_wio AZoH$ n[a_mUo àmá
Pmë`m_wio AmOMo ^m[fH$ dmL>²_` åhUOo Ho$di
ì`mH$aU d ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ J«§W Ago am[hbobo Zmhs.
Ë`mMs ì`más IynM [dñVmabobs d ì`m[_l
~Zbobs Amho.
_amR>s ì`mH$aUmbm gw_mao e§^a dfmªMs na§nam
Amho. ì`mH$aU hm ^mfoMm EH$H$m[bH$ Aä`mg
Agë`m_wio [d[eîQ> ^mfoÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMo nwZb}IZ
d nwZ[d©Mma hs [ZË`mMs d ñdm^m[dH$ ~m~ R>aVo.
Ë`mMo à[V[~¨~ _amR>s ì`mH$aUmÀ`m eVH$^amÀ`m
dmQ>MmbsV C_Q>bobo [XgVo. _amR>sÀ`m
ì`mH$aUna§nao[df`s H$mhs R>iH$ JmoîQ>s bjmV
`oVmV Ë`m Aem:
_amR>s ì`mH$aUmda g§ñH¥$V d B§J«Os ì`mH$aUm§Mm
à^md am[hbobm Amho. ^mfm[ejUm~amo~a ^mfoMo
à_mUsH$aU H$aUo hohs Ama§^sÀ`m H$mimVsb
ì`mH$aUboIZmMo à`moOZ [XgVo; Am[U [Vgar
_hÎdmMs JmoîQ> åhUOo øm na§naoV ñdV§Ì
ì`mH$aUJ«§W AmT>iVmV Ë`mà_mUo
ì`mH$aU[M[H$Ëgm d àM[bV ì`mH$aUmMs g_sjm
H$aUmar nwñVHo$hs AmT>iVmV.
Á`m§Zm _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMs hs na§nam
g_OyZ ¿`m`Ms Amho Ë`m§Zs "_hmamîQ´> ^mfoMo
ì`mH$aU' (XmXmo~m nm§Sw> a§J VI©S>H$a), "emós`
_amR>s ì`mH$aU'(_moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo) AmXs _amR>s
ì`mH$aUJ«§W Va dmMmdoVM nU AmYw[ZH$ H$mimV
_amR>s ì`mH$aU[dMmamV bjUs` ^a KmbUmao H¥$îU
ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a øm§Zs _amR>s
ì`mH$aUaMZoMs d na§naoMs [M[H$ËgH$ d gmjons
_m§S>Us H$aUmam Omo "_amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm B[Vhmg'
[b[hbm Amho Vmo Adí` dmMmdm.
_amR>s ì`mH$aUaMZoMm Iam àma§^ [dë`_
Ho$arÀ`m A GRAMMAR OF THE MAHARAT-
TA LANGUAGE (1805) øm ì`mH$aUmZo Pmbm
66 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Agbm Var _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm [df` [ZKVmo Voìhm
AmOhs XmXmo~m-Xm_bo `m§À`m ì`mH$aUJ«§Wm§Mm
[deof C„oI hmoVmo. Xm_bo `m§Mo "emós` _amR>s
ì`mH$aU' ho _amR>sMo n[hbo ~¥hV² ì`mH$aU
Agë`m_wio Ë`mMs MMm© hmoUo ñdm^m[dH$ Amho.
nU, Joë`m eVH$^amV _amR>s_Ü`o doJdoJù`m
H$maUm§gmR>s XIb ¿`mds Ago ì`mH$aU[df`H$
[dnwb boIZ Pmbobo Amho. Ë`m§V "_amR>s ^mfoMo
ZdsZ ì`mH$aU' (H¥$îUemós JmoS>~mobo), "àm¡T>~moY
_amR>s ì`mH$aU' (am. [^. Omoes), "AmYw[ZH$
_amR>sMo CƒVa ì`mH$aU' (_hmXod nm§Sw>a§J
g~Zsg) AmXtMm C„oI H$amdm bmJob.
S>m°. àH$me na~
Á`m dmMH$m§Zm _amR>s ì`mH$aUmVsb g_ñ`m§À`m
AZwamoYmZo Pmboë`m boIZmV ag Amho Ë`m§Zs "_amR>s
ì`mH$aUmda [Z~§Y' (H¥$îUemós [MniyUH$a),
"ì`mH$aU[df`H$ boI' (am.[^. Jw§OsH$a),
"_amR>sMo A§Va§JXe©Z' (Jmo[d¨X H¥$îU _moS>H$),
"_amR>sÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMm nwZ[d©Mma' (Aa[d¨X
_§Jê$iH$a), "_amR>s ì`mH$aU : dmX Am[U àdmX'
(H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a) hs nwñVHo$ Adí`
dmMmds. AbsH$S>À`m H$mimV e¡j[UH$ C[ÔîQo> d
[dÚmWu-dJ© ZOaog_moa Ro>dyZ _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm
n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmar d H$mhs à_mUmV [M[H$Ëgm
H$aUmar nwñVHo$hs [b[hbs Jobs AmhoV - [b[hbs
OmV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, "_amR>sMo ì`mH$aU'
(bsbm Jmo[dbH$a), "_amR>s ì`mH$aU [ddoH$'
(_m.Zm. AmMm`©) VgoM _mo.am. dmi§~o øm§Zs
embo` [dÚmÏ`mªgmR>s Ho$boë`m _amR>s ì`mH$aU d
ewÕboIZ[df`H$ boIZmMm C„oI _wÔm_ H$amdm
bmJob.
ì`mH$aU hm ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo ^mfm[dMma Agbm
Var Vmo ^mfm[d[eîQ> AgVmo. ^mfoMm gm_mÝ` d
emós` nmVisdarb [dMma hm AWm©VM ì`mnH$
AgVmo. ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ Aä`mg åhUyZ Vmo AmoiIbm
OmVmo. B§J«OsÀ`m VwbZoV _amR>sV ^mfmd¡km[ZH$
ñdê$nmMo boIZ AË`ën Am[U Aì`má Agbo Var
Joë`m H$mhs dfmªV Aem àH$maMo boIZ J«§Wê$nmV
_amR>s dmMH$m§nwTo> `oV Amho. [dÚmnsR>s` ñVamda
_amR>sÀ`m nmR>çH«$_m§V gm[hË`m~amo~a ^m[fH$
Aä`mgmbmhs [_imbobo ñWmZ ho Ë`mMo EH$ H$maU
åhUVm `oB©b. Eo[Vhm[gH$, dU©ZmË_H$,
g_mOgmnoj, Cn`mo[OV Aem [d[dY A§Jm§Zs
Ho$bobm ^mfmä`mg e¡j[UH$ à`moOZmVyZ àH$m[eV
hmoV Amho. Aem àH$maÀ`m J«§WdmMZmZo Amnbs
^mfm[df`H$ g_O Va dmT>VoM [edm`
^mfmOm[Udmhs [dñVmam`bm _XV hmoVo.
[ZdS>H$ J«§WgyMs- _amR>sVsb ì`mH$aUoVa
^m[fH$ dmL>²_`mV Os R>iH$ [df`gyÌo AmT>iVmV
Vs Aes-
1._amR>s ^mfoMs {ñW[VJVs, _amR>snwT>sb
AmìhmZo d _amR>sMs Midi; 2. ^mfoMm g¡Õm{ÝVH$
Aä`mg; 3. _amR>s ^mfoMm CX` d [dH$mg; 4.
à_mU _amR>sMm d _amR>sÀ`m ~mobtMm Aä`mg; 5.
^mfmewÕs Am[U _amR>s ewÕboIZ[dMma; 6.
_amR>sMm bKwjoÌ[d[eîQ> dmna-àemg[ZH$,
Ý`m`mb`sZ B.; 7. ^mfmÜ``Z d ^mfmÜ`mnZ; 8.
^mfmì`dhma[df`H$ [ZarjUo-ñ\w$Q> boIZ, ñV§^
boIZ; 9. ^mfm§Va; 10. ^mfm Am[U _m[hVs-
V§ÌkmZ.
_amR>sV gm[hË`g_sjo~amo~a ^m[fH$
dmL>²_`mVhs _hÎdnyU© ^a Q>mH$Umao Am[U _amR>sbm
AmYw[ZH$ ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ g§H$ënZmMm n[aM` H$ê$Z
XoUmao n[hbo Zmd g_moa `oVo Vo S>m°. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a
`m§Mo. Ë`m§Zs [b[hbobs "d¡Iar' Am[U "_Ü`_m' hs
nwñVHo$ Ë`m§À`m ^mfm[df`H$ boIm§Ms g§H$bZo
Agbs Var ^mfo[df`s __©ÑîQ>s XoUmar AmhoV.
^mfm[dkmZmMo Aä`mgH$M Zìho, Va gd©gm_mÝ`
dmMH$m§Zshs Vs AmdOy©Z dmMmds Aes AmhoV.
Zm.Jmo. H$mbobH$a `m§Ms "^mfm Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs',
"^mfm: B[Vhmg Am[U ^yJmob', "Üd[Z[dMma' hs
nwñVHo$ AmO n[a^mfoÀ`m d g§H$ënZm§À`m nmVisda
OwZs dmQ>V Agbs Var EHo$H$mis _amR>sV ^m[fH$
 1 _hmamîQ´> ^mfoMo ì`mH$aU - XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§J VI©S>H$a 14 _Ü`_m
2 _amR>s ì`mH$aUmda [Z~§Y - H¥$îUemós [MniyUH$a 15 _amR>s Xs[nH$m
3 am_M§Ð [^H$mOs Jw§OsH$a `m§Mo g§H$[bV boI - am.[^. Jw§OsH$a 16 _amR>s ^mfm : dmT> Am[U [~KmS>
4 emós` _amR>s ì`mH$aU - _moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo 17 _amR>s ^mfoMm B[Vhmg
5 AmYw[ZH$ _amR>sMo CƒVa ì`mH$aU - _hmXod nm§Sw>a§J g~Zsg 18 _amR>s ^mfoMo _yi
6 nm[UZs` ì`mH$aU Am[U ^mfm-VÎdkmZ - dm_Zemós ^mJdV 19 d¥Õr
7 _amR>sÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMm nwZ[d©Mma - Aa[d¨X _§Jê$iH$a 20 XIZs ^mfm
8 _amR>s ì`mH$aU : dmX Am[U àdmX - H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a 21 _amR>sMo [ejU
9 _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm B[Vhmg - H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a 22 ewÕboIZ-[ddoH$
10 `wamo[n`Zm§Mm _amR>sMm Aä`mg d godm - ls._. [n¨Jo 23 AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ : [gÕmÝV d Cn`moOZ - [_[b¨X _mbeo
11 ^mfm Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs - Zm.Jmo. H$mbobH$a 24 PmS>s ~mobs - ^mfm Am[U Aä`mg - h[aíM§Ð ~moaH$a
12 ^mfm[dMma Am[U _amR>s ^mfm - J§.~. J«m_monmÜ`o 25 ~ob^mfm
13 d¡Iar - AemoH$ Ho$iH$a
dmL>²_`mMs nmoH$is ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMo Eo[Vhm[gH$ ^mfoMo ñdê$n' (gwhm[gZs bÔÖ) hs nwñVHo$ dmMVm
H$m_ Ë`m§Zs Ho$bo Amho. `oVsb. "àemg[ZH$ _amR>s ^mfoMm [dH$mg' (JsVm
AbsH$S>À`m H$mimV [dÚmnsR>s` JaOoVyZ ^mJdV), "Ý`m`mb`sZ ì`dhma Am[U _amR>s
AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZmMm Zì`m n[a^mfogh n[aM` ^mfm' (`ed§Vamd MìhmU à[VîR>mZ-J«§Wmbs) hs
H$ê$Z XoUmar AZoH$ nwñVHo$ _amR>sV CnbãY Pmbs nwñVHo$ [d[eîQ> ì`dhmajoÌmVsb _amR>sÀ`m dmnam-
AmhoV. Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhs nwñVHo$ g§nm[XV AmhoV. CXm. da àH$me Q>mH$VmV. AmOH$mb ^mfm§Vambm Iyn
_mbeo-BZm_Xma-gmo_U [H¨$dm H$mio-gmo_U `m§Zs _hÎd [Xbo OmVo. ^mfm§VamÀ`m Vm{ÎdH$ MM}bm
g§nm[XV Ho$bobs AZwH«$_o "^mfm[dkmZ- dU©ZmË_H$ dm[hbobs AZoH$ nwñVHo$ _amR>sV AmhoV. CXm.
d Eo[Vhm[gH$, "AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ' hs nwñVHo$. "^mfm§Va_s_m§gm' (g§nm. H$mio-gmo_U), "^mfm§Va
"AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ- [gÕmÝV d Cn`moOZ' emó H$s H$bm' (_§.[d. \$mQ>H$, aOZs R>H$ma).
(S>m°.[_[b¨X _mbeo) øm nwñVH$mVyZ ^mfmä`mgmÀ`m Á`m§Zm _amR>sÀ`m àmXo[eH$ ~mobt_Ü`o ag Amho
AmYw[ZH$ g§H$ënZm d emImonemIm `m§Mm Mm§Jbm Ë`m§À`mgmR>s _amR>sÀ`m [d[dY ~mobtMo Aä`mg
n[aM` hmoVmo. _amR>s ^mfoMs CËnÎms, [VMm [dH$mg nwñVH$ê$nmV CnbãY AmhoV. "dèhmS>s bmoH$^mfm
`m§[df`s _amR>sV ~arM nwñVHo$ AmhoV. CXm. - ^mfmemós` Aä`mg' (à[V_m B§Jmobo), "PmS>s
"_amR>s ^mfm CX²J_ Am[U [dH$mg'- H¥$.nm§. ~mobs - ^mfm Am[U Aä`mg' (h[aíM§Ð ~moaH$a)
Hw$bH$Uu, "`mXdH$mbsZ _amR>s ^mfm'- e§.Jmo. hs H$mhs CXmhaUo. gw_Z ~obdbH$a (~ob^mfm),
Vwinwio, "^mfm[dMma Am[U _amR>s ^mfm' - J§.~. A[dZme [~[Zdmbo (^mfm-Amnbs gdmªMsM,
J«m_monmÜ`o, "_amR>s ^mfoMo _yi' - [dûdZmW I¡ao, ^mfmH$maU) `m§Zs ^mfmì`dhmamMm _m[_©H$ doY
"_amR>s ^mfoMm B[Vhmg' - J§.Zm. OmoJioH$a. KoUmao ñ\w$Q> boIZ, ñV§^ boIZ Ho$bo Vo
^mfmewÕs d ewÕboIZ ho [df` _amR>sV gVV nwñVH$ê$nmVhs CnbãY Amho. _amR>s ^mfoMs
MM}V am[hbobo AmhoV. ^mfmewÕsÀ`m g§X^m©V ñdm. {ñW[VJVs, [VÀ`mnwT>sb AmìhmZo hm _amR>s
gmdaH$a (_amR>s ^mfoMo ewÕsH$aU) d _mYdamd ^mfmào_tMm, Aä`mgH$m§Mm gVV [M¨VoMm d
nQ>dY©Z (^mfmewÕr-[ddoH$) hs Zmdo gdmªÀ`m [M¨VZmMm [df` am[hbobm Amho. [Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ
n[aM`mMs AmhoV. _amR>sÀ`m ewÕboIZmbm gw_mao øm [df`mda àM§S> boIZ PmboM; nU, Ë`mn¡H$s
e§^a dfmªMm B[Vhmg Amho. øm [df`mda H$mhs nwñVH$ê$nmVhs Amnë`mbm dmMm`bm [_iVo.
nwñVH$ê$nmV [OVH$s MMm© CnbãY Amho Ë`mÀ`m "_amR>s Xs[nH$m' ([d.[^. H$mobVo), "_amR>s ^mfm :
[H$VsVar nQ>sZo Vs g^m-g§_obZm§VyZ d dmT> Am[U [~KmS' (ls.Ho$. jsagmJa), "_amR>sMo
[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ Pmbobs Amho. øm[df`mMs ^[dVì`' (g§nm. A[dZme AmdbJmdH$a,
_m[hVs H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>s - "_amR>sMo ewÕboIZ' _¥Um[bZs ehm), "_§WZ' (_hmamîQ´> emgZ) hs
(dg§V XmdVa), "ewÕboIZ-[ddoH$' (X.Z. H$mhs R>iH$ CXmhaUo.
JmoIbo) hs nwñVHo$ Adí` dmMm`bm hdsV. AJXs AbsH$So>, _amR>s ^mfoÀ`m g§dY©Zmbm
à_mU^mfm åhUyZ _amR>sMs OS>UKS>U H$es Pmbs dm[hboë`m "_amR>s Aä`mg H|$Ð' øm ñd`§gods
ho g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s "`wamo[n`Zm§Mm _amR>sMm g§ñWoZo àH$m[eV Ho$boë`m H$mhs nw{ñVH$m§VyZ _amR>s
Aä`mg d godm' (ls._. [n¨Jo), "_amR>sÀ`m à_mU ^mfonwT>sb {ñW[VJVsMm d {VÀ`mnwT>sb
- AemoH$ Ho$iH$a
- [d.[^. H$mobVo
- ls.Ho$. jsagmJa
- J§.Zm. OmoJioH$a
- [dûdZmW I¡ao
- [XZoe _mhwbH$a
- ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu
- dg§V XmdVa
- X.Z. JmoIbo
- gw_Z ~obdbH$a
AmìhmZm§Mm MidisÀ`m A§JmZo nU dñVw[ZîR>nUo
doY KoVbobm [XgVmo. dV©_mZ _amR>s ^mfonwT>sb
AmìhmZo Am[U Ë`mg§X^m©V H$am`Ms Cnm``moOZm
g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s nwT>sb nw{ñVH$m dmMm`bm hì`mV
- "_amR>sMm OmhsaZm_m', "`w[ZH$moS> d g§JUH$mda
_amR>sMm dmna', "bT>m _amR>s emim§Mm',
"_amR>sÀ`m Cƒ [ejUmMs Xem Am[U [Xem',
"Ý`m`mÀ`m àVsjoV _amR>s'. àemgZmVsb _amR>s
^mfoMm dmna, gaH$mar _amR>s `m§da AZoH$Xm Q>sH$m
hmoV Agbs Var nm[a^m[fH$ _amR>s, àemg[ZH$
boIZ Am[U Img A_amR>s ^mfH$m§gmR>s _amR>s `m
[df`m§V amÁ` emgZmÀ`m ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mZo d
amÁ` _amR>s [dH$mg g§ñWoZo Oo nm`m^yV ñdê$nmMo
H$m`© Ho$bo Amho Vo àe§gZs` Amho. àemg[ZH$
boIZ, amO^mfm n[aM` øm nwñVH$m§~amo~a [d[dY
n[a^mfmH$moem§À`m, [deofV : "nXZm_ H$moe' d
"emgZ ì`dhma H$moe' `m§À`m àñVmdZm dmMë`m
AgVm àemg[ZH$ _amR>sÀ`m OS>UKS>UsgmR>s amÁ`
emgZmZo Ho$boë`m à`ËZm§Ms H$ënZm `oVo. gm[hË`
_hm_§S>imZo V`ma Ho$boë`m ewÕboIZmbm emgZ
[ZU©` nm[aV H$ê$Z _mÝ`Vm [Xë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm àgma
ìhmdm Am[U ì`dhmamV boIZmMo àm_mÊ` Onbo
Omdo åhUyZ Zm__mÌ XamV ewÕboIZmÀ`m nw{ñVH$m
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV àW_ emgZmZoM nwT>mH$ma
KoVbm. OmVm OmVm, "^mfm Am[U OsdZ'
_amR>s Aä`mg n[afX, nwUo øm ^mfmì`dhmambm
dm[hboë`m Ì¡_m[gH$mMm C„oI H$am`bm hdm.
AmOda à[gÕ Pmboë`m AZoH$ A§H$m§VyZ øm
[Z`VH$m[bH$mZo _amR>sVsb ^mfm[dMmamMo
^aUnmofU Ho$bobo Amho. J«m§[WH$ boIZmBVHo$M
Ë`mMohs _hÎd Amho. _amR>s Aä`mg n[afX, nwUo.
g§nH©$ : 9892816240
B©-‘ob : parabprakash8@gmail.com
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 67
 Aja-H$ënd¥jmMm ~ha
àm¡ T> [ejU [H¨$dm àm¡T> gmjaVm hm [df`
gd©gmYmaU gw[e[jV _mUgm§À`m
AmdS>sMm [H¨$dm [Oìhmù`mMm \$magm
H$Yshs ZìhVm. [ZajaVo_wio `oUmè`m AS>MUs
AWdm hmoUmar Hw$M§~Um `m§Mm Ë`m§Zm ñdV:bm
H$YsM gm_Zm H$amdm bmJbm Zmhs. Ë`m_wio àm¡T>
gmjaVoMs Amg [H¨$dm AmM ~hwg§»` gw[e[jVm§Zm
OmUdbsM Zmhs. Ë`m H$maUmZo `m [df`mg§~§Ym§V
H$mhs dmL²>_`[Z[_©Vs hmoUo AeŠ`àm` hmooVo ho CKS>
Amho.
^maVm_Ü`o [Zaja àm¡T>m§À`m [ejUmMs àW_
XIb KoVbs Jobs Vs [~«[Q>e gaH$maZo Zo_boë`m
1882-83 À`m h§Q>a Am`moJmZo. [Zaja àm¡T>m§gmR>s
h§Q>a Am`moJmZo amÌemim§Ms [e\$mag Ho$bs. `m
[e\$maesZwgma H$mhs à_mUmV amÌemim gwê$
Pmë`m. Ë`m§Mo H$m`© 10 dfmªn`ªV ~è`mn¡H$s Mmby
am[hbo. nU, Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ AS>MUt_wio
amÌemim§Ms bmoH$[à`Vm g§nwîQ>mV Ambs.
^maVmVsb àm¡T> gmjaVoMo Am§XmobZ Iè`m
AWm©Zo _hmË_m Jm§YtZs gwê$ Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`bT>çmV
gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoMm à^mds gh^mJ
[_i[dÊ`mgmR>s gmjaVoMs AË`§V JaO Amho, ho
Ë`m§Zs AmoiIbo Am[U Ë`m§À`m àoaUZo
ñdmV§Í`bTçmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZM gmjaVoMo dJ©
gwê$ Pmbo. _hmË_mOtZs gmjaVoÀ`m Midis~m~V
~aoMgo ñ\w$Q>boIZ Ho$bo. na§Vw, àm¡T> gmjaVoMo
VÎdkmZ dm ñdê$n [deX H$aUmao J«§WboIZ Ho$bo
Zmhs.
"àm¡T> [ejU dmL²>_`' `m [df`mMm [dMma
H$aVmZm Ë`mMo VsZ ^mJ H$amdoV Ago dmQ>Vo:
1. àm¡T>gmjaVoMo VÎdkmZ d ñdê$n [deX
H$aUmao dmL²>_`.
2. [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm gmjaVm [eH$dÊ`mgmR>s
V`ma Ho$bobo dmL²>_`.
3. gmjaVoMo AÜ``Z nyU© H$ê$Z Zdgmja
Pmboë`m àm¡T>m§gmR>s V`ma Ho$bobo dmMZ gm[hË`.
`mn¡H$s ^mJ 1_Ü`o _moOHo$M gm[hË`
CnbãY Amho. _mÌ, ^mJ 2 d ^mJ 3_Ü`o [Z_m©U
Pmbobo gm[hË` [dnwb Am[U [d[dYVmnyU© Amho.
`m VsZhs ^mJm§Mm EH$-EH$ H$ê$Z AmT>mdm KoD$
`m.
àm¡T>gmjaVoMo VÎdkmZ d ñdê$n
[deX H$aUmao gm[hË`
1. h§Q>a Ahdmb-1882-83 `m AhdmbmMo
ñdê$n d _hÎd `mAmYsM Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho.
68 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
2. [ejU Am`moJmMm Ahdmb 1964-66
[ejUVÁk S>m°. S>s.Eg. H$moR>mar `m§À`m
AÜ`jVoImbs Zo_boë`m Am`moJmMm hm Ahdmb
[ejUmMo VÎdkmZ `m [df`mMm àmÜ`mnH$
Agboë`m nmdbmo \«o$AarMo ho nwñVH$ åhUOo
[ejUjoÌmVsb d¡Mm[aH$ _dminUmda Q>mH$bobs
^maVs` [ejU joÌmgmR>s nm`m^yV _mZbm OmVmo. EH$ H«$m§[VH$maH$ [R>UJsM Amho.
`m AhdmbmZo [ejUjoÌmÀ`m [d[dY A§Jm§Mm "emo[fVm§Mo [ejUemó' ho EH$ Ago gmYZ Amho
gdªH$f nam_e© KoVbm Amho. àm¡T> [ejU `m H$s Á`m_wio emo[fV Am[U emofH$ ho XmoKohs
[df`mgmR>s 18 nmZo XoÊ`mV Ambs AmhoV. (422 A_mZdsH$aUmMoM Am[dîH$ma AmhoV, `mMm
Vo 439) `m_Ü`o àm¡T>[ejUmMs g§H$ënZm, ñdê$n [ZUm©`H$ gmjmËH$ma emo[fVm§Zm hmoVmo. hs
d JaO `m§Ms _m¡[bH$ _s_m§gm H$aÊ`mV Ambs [ejUnÕVs Aes Amho H$s Os emo[fVm§À`m
Amho. Z_wÝ`mgmR>s EH$ N>moQ>m CVmam Imbs XoV _mUygnUmMo nwZéÁOsdZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m AWH$
Amho:- bT>çmMm A[d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~ZVo. hs [ejUnÕVs
"AmYw[ZH$ OsdZmMs {ñWVs [Zajam§Zm [ZH¥$îQ> emofU d Ë`mMs H$maUo `m ~m~tda emo[fV ì`º$tZm
OsdZ OJUo ^mJ nmS>Vo. C[MV Am[W©H$ [_iH$VsMo [M¨VZ H$am`bm bmdVo. `m [M¨VZmVyZM Ë`m§À`m
_mJ© Ë`mbm \$mago CnbãY ZgVmV. A[e[jV _wº$sÀ`m g§Kfm©V Ë`m§Mm Amdí`H$ Vmo gh^mJ
_mUyg hm IamoIa ñdV§Ì ZmJ[aH$ Zmhs. gmd©[ÌH$ KSy>Z `oB©b. hm g§Kf© gVV Zds Zds ê$no YmaU
ñdê$nmVsb [ZajaVm Am[W©H$ d gm_m[OH$ àJVs H$arV amhsb.'
"_wº$s [_idÊ`mÀ`m H$m_[JargmR>s Cn`moJmV
AmUm`Ms AMyH$ H«$m§[VH$mar nÕV åhUOo g§dmX.
S>m°. _wabsYa JmoSo> AmnU Amnë`m _wº$sgmR>s bT>bo nm[hOo, Agm
R>m_ [dûdmg emo[fVm§À`m _ZmV H«$m§{VH$mar
ZoV¥Ëdm_wio Zìho, Va Ë`m§À`mV Pmboë`m
AmË_OmJ¥Vs_wio [Z_m©U hmoVmo. g§dmXm[dZm
[dMmam§Ms XodKod Zmhs d [dMmam§À`m
XodKods[edm` Iao [ejU eŠ`M Zmhs.'
Va Ago hmoVo nmdbmo H«o$AarMo àIa [dMma. `m
[dMmam§Zs [ejUjoÌmV EH$ Zdm bT>mD$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
éOdbm.
4. Cultural Action For Freedom-Paulo
Freire
ho nwñVH$ [ejUemómÀ`m d [deofV: àm¡T>
[ejUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo àM§S> Amho. [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm
gmjaVm XoÊ`mMm EH$ AmJimdoJim \§$S>m Ë`mZo
gmXa Ho$bm. "_yH$g§ñH¥$Vs' hs Zds g§H$ënZm _m§Sy>Z
Jar~ d emo[fV [Zajam§Zs gd©M ~m~VsV H$go _m¡Z
ñdsH$mabo Amho, ho Ë`mZo XmIdyZ [Xbo. `mVyZ Ë`m§Zm
~mhoa H$mT>Uo åhUOo _yH$ g§ñH¥$Vs VmoS>Uo. `m
nmûd©^y_sda \«o$Aar Ago åhUVmo H$s, gmjaVm
åhUOo eãX, Ajao, dmŠ`o `m§Ms [bImnT>s Zìho,
Va ñdV:À`m XwadñWoVyZ _wº$s [_i[dÊ`mgmR>s
^mfoMo hË`ma dmnaÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` hmo`.
amoIVo, Am[W©H$ CËnmXZj_VoMs, bmoH$g§»`m nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`m VoOñds [dMmagaUs~m~V
[Z`§ÌUmMs, amîQ´>s` EH$mË_VoMs, gwajoMs d [bhmdo VodTo> WmoSo>M Amho. [Okmg§yZs hs XmoÝhs
ñdÀN>VoMs hmZs H$aVo.' nwñVHo$ _wimV dmMm`bm hdsV.
3. Pedagogy Of the oppressed-Paulo 5. Some Perspective of Non-Formal
Friere Education - J.P. Naik
 Am§VaamîQ´>s` »`mVsMo [ejUVÁk Agboë`m
ls. Oo.ns. ZmB©H$ `m§Zs `m nwñVH$mV AZm¡nMm[aH$
[ejUmMs g§H$ënZm [deX Ho$bs Amho. Am¡nMm[aH$
AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejUmVsb \$aH$ ñnîQ> Ho$bm Amho.
Amnë`m XoemMs àM§S> bmoH$g§»`m d VwQ>nw§Os
g§gmYZo bjmV KoVm AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejUmÀ`m
H$doV gdmªZm gm_mdyZ KoUo AeŠ` Amho. Ë`m_wio
emio~mhoa Agboë`m _wbm§gmR>s AZm¡nMm[aH$
[ejUmMs gw[dYm VgoM [Zaja àm¡T>m§gmR>s àm¡T>
gmjaVoMs gmo` CnbãY H$am`bm hds.
VgoM [ejUmÀ`m n[aKmV `oD$ Z eH$Umè`m
_wbm§Zm [ejUmÀ`m àdmhmV AmUUo AË`§V
_hÎdmMo Amho.
(II) [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm gmjaVm [eH$dÊ`mgmR>s
V`ma Ho$bobo dmL²>_`.
1. `m àH$mamV n[hbo CnbãY Agbobo
àma§[^H$ nwñVH$ åhUOo H¥$.J. ghò~wÕo `m
àmW[_H$ [ejH$m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobo 1935 gmbMo
"àm¡T>gmja' ho nwñVH$. `m_Ü`o n[a[MV dñVy§Ms
[MÌo XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo Zm_Xe©H$ eãX nwTo> [Xbo AmhoV.
Mma eãXm§Mm EH$, `màH$mao nmM JQ> V`ma H$ê$Z
Ë`m_Ü`o "A' Vo "k'n`ªV Ajam§Ms _m[hVs H$ê$Z
[Xbs Amho. `mZ§Va eãXm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z dmŠ`ohs
~Zdbs AmhoV.
2. `mZ§Va 1939 gmbs nwT>sb nwñVHo$ à[gÕ
Pmbs. A) bmoH$[ejU_mbm nwñVH$ n[hbo-dm.am.
Hw$bH$Uu; ~) àm¡T> gmjaVm àgma_mbm-XodHw$io d
[e¨Xo; H$) g§KQ>H$ [ejH$-AjaAmoiI-e§.am.
^mJdV. `m VsZhs nwñVH$m§V Ajao [eH$dÊ`mgmR>s
eãX nÕVsMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho.
3. 1942 gmbs _§Ìs d XodHw$io `m
boIH$Û`tZs [b[hbobs g_mO [ejU àgma_mbm
^mJ 1 d 2 hs àma§[^H$ nwñVHo$ AË`§V d¡[eîQçnyU©
AmhoV. n[hë`m ^mJmV _wimjao d d¥Õs AgyZ, hm
Aä`mgH«$_ gmYmaU Mma _[hÝ`m§Mm Amho. Xwgè`m
^mJmV Vm|S>s [hemo~, ~oarO, dOm~mH$s, a§OH$
JmUs, _VXmZ, Amamo½` B.Mm g_mdoe Amho.
n[hë`m ^mJmVsb n[hë`m YS>çmVsb,
JO|Ð_mojmÀ`m _Zmoha H$WoMo H$WZ H$arV H$arV
H$_i, _i, _mi, _mim, H$i, H$mi, H$mim Ago
eãX [eH$dÊ`mMs A\$bmVyZ H$ënZm `mV Amho.
~mH$sMs dU©_mbmhs AesM JmoîQ>s-JmÊ`mVyZ gmXa
Ho$bs Amho. àm¡T>[ejUmgmR>s hs XmoÝhs nwñVHo$ Iyn
bmoH$[à` R>abs. Ë`m§À`m dsgnojmhs OmñV
Amd¥Î`m [ZKmë`m.
4) 1961_Ü`o _hmamîQ´>mV A^yVnyd© Aes
J«m_[ejU _mohs_ gwê$ Pmbs. `m _mo[h_ogmR>s
lsd„^ d XÎmmÌo` AdMQ> `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobo
J«m_[ejU dmMZnmR> ho àma§[^H$ nwñVH$ 1962
gmbs àH$m[eV Pmbo.
e¡j[UH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMo åhUOo AJXs
gwédmVsnmgyZ Ho$ìhmhs àm¡T> gmjaVoÀ`m àma§[^H$
nwñVH$m§_Ü`o "ls JUoem' [H¨$dm "J_^Z' Aem
_wimja nÕVsMm Adb§~ Ho$bobm Zmhs. àm¡T>m§gmR>s
gwg§JV Aem eãXnÕVsMmM dmna Ho$bm Amho.
5) 1978 gmb ho ^maVmÀ`m àm¡T>[ejUmÀ`m
B[VhmgmV _¡bmMm XJS> R>amdo Ago Amho. H$maU,
`m dfu amîQ´>s` àm¡T>[ejU H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Pmbm.
nyU©V: Xoeì`mns nmVisda gwê$ Ho$bobm Amnë`m
XoemVsb hm n[hbmM àm¡T> [ejU H$m`©H«$_. Xwgao
åhUOo Ho$di gmjaVm ho H$m`©H«$_mMo C[ÔîQ> Z
Ro>dVm gmjaVoÀ`m ~amo~arZo OmUsd OmJ¥Vs d
H$m`m©Ë_H$Vm ho XmoZ KQ>H$ OmoS>Ê`mV Ambo. AmYs
C„oI Ho$boë`m nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`m [dMmam§MmM hm
à^md hmoVm.
"OmUsd OmJ¥Vs'_Ü`o [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zs Amnë`m
OsdZg_ñ`m§Ms _m[hVs H$ê$Z ¿`mds, Ë`mda gd©
A§Jm§Zs MMm© H$amds Am[U g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>s
ì`{º$JV AWdm gm§[KH$ nmVisda ñdV: à`ËZ
H$aÊ`mg [gÕ ìhmdo hs Anojm hmoVs. Va
"H$m`m©Ë_H$Vm' åhUOo d¡`{º$H$ OsdZmV [H¨$dm
AmnU H$aV Agboë`m ì`dgm`mV Amdí`H$
H$m¡eë`o àmá H$ê$Z gj_Vm XmI[dUo Aem VèhoZo
àm¡T>gmjaVm åhUOo OsdZ n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ åhUyZ
J[a~m§À`m OsdZmMo A[d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zbo.
àm¡T> [ejUmMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZM ~Xbë`mZo Vo
[eH$dUmè`m gm[hË`mMo ê$nhs Am_ybmJ« ~XbUo
An[ahm`© hmoVo. nmR>m§Mo [df` g_ñ`m§es [ZJ{S>V
~Zbo. CXm. H$m_, H$_mB©, g\$mB©, PmonS>nÅ>s,
~m`H$m§Mo nyaH$ CÚmoJ, Xmê$Mm Ìmg, ~oH$mar B.
`m àma§[^H$ gm[hË`mMm [MÌH$mahs AmVm Ho$di
gOmdQ>H$ma ZìhVm, Va Vmo àoaH$ [MÌm§Mm [MÌH$ma
hmoVm. àoaH$ [MÌ åhUOo Ago [MÌ H$s Oo
[Zajam§À`m OsdZmes g§~§[YV Agob d Vo
nm[hë`mda Ë`m§Zm ~mobmdogo dmQo>b. CXm. nS>Š`m
PmonS>sV \$mQ>Š`mVwQ>Š`m bwJS>çmV Mwbsnmes
^mH$è`m ^mOVm ^mOVm CÚmÀ`m [M¨VoV JT>bobs
~mB©, Xmê$À`m ZeoV ~m`H$m nmoam§Zm ~S>dUmam [H¨$dm
JQ>mamV bmoiUmam _mUyg, PmonS>sMs S>mJSw>Os
H$aUmam _mUyg B.
B§[S>`Z B{ÝñQ>QçyQ> Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZ, nwUo `m§À`m
amÁ` gmYZ H|$ÐmZo V`ma Ho$bobo àma§[^H$ nwñVH$
d¡[eîQçnyU© Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o Jar~ OZVoÀ`m g_ñ`m
_m§S>ë`m AmhoVM. [edm` ho àíZ gmoS>[dÊ`mgmR>s
AmnU H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vmo, `mMmhs [dMma àm¡T>m§À`m
_ZmV `mdm Aes dmŠ`m§Ms aMZm Amho. AZoH$
nmR>m§Mm eodQ> àíZmW©H$ dmŠ`mZo Ho$bm Amho. hoVy hm
H$s nmR> g§nVmZm Ë`m§À`m [dMmaà[H«$`obm MmbZm
[_imds.
6. nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`mM [ejUàUmbsda
AmYm[aV _w§~B© eha g_mO [ejU g[_VsZo
kmZXsn àdo[eH$m ^mJ 1 d 2 hs nwñVHo$ V`ma
Ho$bs. Ë`m§Mm bú`JQ> ehar [Zaja hm hmoVm.
_mÌ, _w§~B© eha g_mO [ejU g[_VsZo EH$
nmD$b gdmªÀ`mhs nwTo> Q>mH$bo. kmZXsn àdo[eH$m
^mJ 1_Ysb 60 nmR> _w§~B© XyaXe©Zdê$Z
ZmQçê$nmZo gmXa Ho$bo. `m XyaXe©Z H$m`©H«$_mMo Zmd
hmoVo "kmZXsn'. hm H$m`©H«$_ BVH$m bmoH$[à` Pmbm
H$s Vmo XyaXe©ZMm EH$ H$m`©H«$_ åhUyZ nwTo> AZoH$
df} Mmby am[hbm.
Zdgmja Pmboë`m àm¡T>m§gmR>s
V`ma Ho$bobo dmMZgm[hË`
ZdgmjaVm åhUOo àm¡T>gmjaVoÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mVyZ
Zì`mZo boIZ-dmMZmMo H$m¡eë` àmá Ho$bobs
ì`º$s. Zì`mZo àmá Ho$bobo ho H$m¡eë` _O~yV d
[Q>H$mD$ ~ZdÊ`mgmR>s Zdgmjam§Zm ^anya dmMZ
gm[hË` XoÊ`mMs JaO AgVo. AÝ`Wm WmoSçmM
H$mimV Vo nwÝhm [Zaja ~ZVmV Agm AZw^d Amho.
_mÌ, Zdgmjam§gmR>s dmMZ gm[hË`
OmUsdnyd©H$ doJio V`ma H$amdo bmJVo. Zdgmja ho
AZoH$ dfmªnmgyZ OsdZ OJV Agbobo,
OsdZì`dhma H$aUmao nyU© ì`{º$_Îd AgVmV.
Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo AZw^d, g_OwVs, Amem-AmH$m§jm
AgVmV. `m gmè`m§Mo à[V[~¨~ Zdgmja dmL²>_`mV
AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
Zdgmja àm¡T>m§Zm H$Wm A[YH$ AmdS>VmV ho
Ü`mZmV KoD$Z AJXs 1940À`m XeH$mVhs Ho$ed
[^H$mOs T>dio, OJVmn H$maio, [Ma§Osd, AZmW
[dÚmWuJ¥h Aem _mV~a àH$meH$m§Zs H$Wm§À`m
nwñVH$m§Ms CÎm_ [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs.
Zdgmja gm[hË` [e[~a : _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo
1955-56 gmbmV ^moa `oWo KoVboë`m [e[~amMm
AmdOy©Z C„oI H$am`bm hdm. `m [e[~amV Zm_d§V
àmÜ`mnH$, boIH$ gh^mJs Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zs
Zdgmja àm¡T>m§À`m eãXg§nÎmsMo gd}jU H$ê$Z
H$mhs AmS>mIo ~gdbo d Ë`mZwgma nwñVH$m§Ms
[Z[_©Vs Ho$bs. `m [e[~amÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo àW_M
Zdgmja gm[hË` [Z[_©Vsbm H$mhs emós`
g§emoYZmMs OmoS> XoÊ`mV Ambs. g§emoYZmÀ`m
AmYmao Zdgmjam§À`m Hw$dVsZwgma Ë`m§À`m VsZ
loUs H${ënÊ`mV Amë`m. n[hbs loUs, Xwgar loUs
d [Vgar loUs Am[U _OoMm ^mJ åhUOo AmVm 50
df} CbQ>ë`mZ§Vahs amîQ´>s` gmjaVm [_eZZo
Zdgmja gm[hË`m~m~VÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§_Ü`o
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 69
 "g_mO [ejU_mbm' hs nwUo `oWo
ls.H¥$.^m.~m~a `m§Zs 1950 gmbÀ`m Xg-`mbm
gwé Ho$bs. _mboMo n[hbo àH$meZ hmoVo ls.~m~a
`m§ZsM [b[hbobo "Xgam-[Xdmis' ho nwñVH$ Xwa§Js
[MÌmÀ`m gw§Xa _wIn¥îR>mZo ZQ>bobo d J«oQ> àm`_a
ãb°H$ Q>mB©n_Ü`o _OHy$a gmH$maUmao H«$mD$Z
gmB©O_Ybo ho 32 nmZs nwñVH$ 20 Am°ŠQ>mo~a
1950 bm àH$m[eV Pmbo. g_mO [ejU _mbm
gwé H$aVm§Zm ls.~m~a `m§À`m _ZmV gmYs H$ënZm
Aes hmoVs H$s g_mOmVë`m gd©gmYmaU bmoH$m§Zm
dmMZmMs JmoS>s bmJmds. J«§Wm§es Ë`m§Ms _¡Ìs ìhmds
d Ë`m`moJo Ë`m§Mm ~m¡{ÜXH$ [dH$mg hmoD$Z kmZmMs
Zds Zds H$dmSo> CKS>V Joë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo OsdZ
gdmªJmZs g_¥ÜX ìhmdo.
IoS>monmS>s bmoH$ gmja hmoVmV Vo ZmdmnwaVo. nwÝhm
X¡Z§[XZ àmn§[MH$ aJmS>`mV AmnU H$Ys H$mis
H$mhs [eH$bmo hmoVmo. hohs Ë`m§Zm AmR>dV Zmhs.
AmnU Oo kmZ àmá Ho$bo Vo [dgê$Z OmÊ`mgmR>s
Zìho Va Ë`mMo MsO ìhmdo, Ë`mbm gVV COmim
g_mO [ejU _mbm
(Zdgmja gm[hË`mÀ`m H§$R>mVsb aËZ_mbm)
Úmdm, Ë`mV ^a KmVbs Omds Agm ~moY Ë`m§Zm
gmjam§Zm Úm`Mm hmoVm. `m ÑîQ>sZo Zdgmja IoSy>V
AJa H$m_Jmam§À`m [H¨$dm [dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mhs Cn`moJs
nS>mds åhUyZ Ë`m§Zs _mbm gwé Ho$bs. n[hbo nwñVH$
20 VmaIobm à[gÜX Pmbo. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m àË`oH$
_[hÝ`mMo nwñVH$ 20 VmaIobmM àH$m[eV
H$aÊ`mMm Zo_ H$Q>mjmZo nmiÊ`mV `oV Ago.
ls.~m~a `m§À`m gw[dÚ Am[U Zm_d§V bo[IH$m
Agboë`m H$Ý`m S>m°.gamo[OZs ~m~a _mboÀ`m
g§nmXH$nXmMs Ywam g_W©nUo dmhV hmoË`m.
S>m°.gamo[OZs~mBªZs [b[hbobo AZw^d d
_mbo~ÔMo [dMma _Zmok AmhoV :
"_mboMs dm[f©H$ dJ©Us Ë`mdois gmSo>VsZ én`o
hmoVs. bmoH$m§Mm à[VgmX Mm§Jbm hmoVm. Amåhmbm
Iar IQ>nQ> H$amds bmJbs, Vs Amåhmbm nm[hOo
Agboë`m gmoß`m ^mfoVsb boIZ [_idÊ`mgmR>s.
boIZ ghmæ` H$aÊ`mg ~arM _§S>is V`ma hmoVs.
nU Ë`m§Zm gmono [b[hUo O_V Zgo.'
"Ago åhUVmV H$s EdT>`m gmVË`mZo d
[Z`[_VnUmZo g_mO [ejU _mboIoarO g_mO
[ejU joÌmV AÝ`Ì Xwgar VmoS> gmnS>V Zmhs! hs
JmoîQ> H$Xm[MV Iar Agobhs nU Vgo Agob Va
Ho$dTo> ^m½` åhUmdo Am_Mo! '
1950 Vo 1996 Aes 46 df} g_mO [ejU
_mbm AI§S> Mmbbs. ZddmMH$m§À`m OsdZmV
[VZo ^anya dmMZmZ§X nwadbm. EHy$U 550 nwñVHo$
_mbo_m\©$V àH$m[eV Pmbs. Odi Odi 175
boIH$m§Mm `mV gh^mJ hmoVm. nwñVH$mV
hmVmiboë`m [df`m§Ms [d[dYVmhs bjUs`
Amho.
~m~a Hw$Qw>§[~`m§Zs _hmamîQ´>mVsb V_m_
ZddmMH$m§gmR>s YJYJV Ro>dboë`m kmZmÀ`m
A{¾hmoÌmbm "bmoH$amÁ`' À`m _mÜ`_mYyZ eVe:
àUm_!

AemM VsZ loUtMm A§V^m©d Ho$bm Amho.
[Z`VH$m[bHo$ : àm¡T>[ejU joÌmV
[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms hOoar bjUs` Amho.
1. Adult Education and Development-
Publisher: DVV Inter-national Ronald
Schwartz, Germany.
2.Indian Adult Education Journal-Indian
Adult Education Association, New Dellhi.
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\$mago CËgwH$ dm CËgmhs [XgV ZmhsV Ë`m_wio 3. Pedagogy of the Oppressed-Paulo
boIH$ [e[~ao KoD$ZM àm_w»`mZo gm[hË`[Z[_©Vs Friere-1970 Publisher: New York: Seabury
H$amds bmJVo. gXa gm[hË`mMo JwUmË_H$ _yë` Va (Also available From Prnguin Education)
AmhoM; nU, g§»`mË_H$ _yë`hs ZOaoAmS> 4. Cultural Action for Freedom-Paulo
H$aÊ`mOmoJo Zmhs. g§nyU© gmjaVm A[^`mZmMo \$[bV Friere-1970 Publisher:Same as Pedagogy
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AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>s àM§S> à_mUmV Zdgmja dmMZ 5. Some Perspectives & Non-Formal
gm[hË`mMs JaO Amho. bmIm|À`m g§»`oVsb `m Education- J.P. Naik-1977
ZddmMH$m§Ms dmMZV¥îUm e_dÊ`mgmR>s bmIm|À`m Publisher : Allied Publishers Private Ltd.
g§»`oV nwñVHo$ [Z_m©U ìhmds bmJVsb. XmoÝhs amÁ` Bombay.
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Amnbm Wmoa _Ü`_dJ© - [dlm_ Jwáo
- bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h g§nH©$ : 9820479688
26. X Q>Zob Am°\$ Q>mB_ - Ama.Ho$. bú_U B©-‘ob : nandini.atma@ gmail.com

78 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 85
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àmMsZ (àmMsZ d CÎma àmMsZ),
_Ü``wJsZ (~hm_Zs d _wKb-_amR>m),
AmYw[ZH$ (1800 Vo 1857 d 1857 Vo 1947)
Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. AbrH$So> nwamVÎd emómZo
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ImB©V hmoanibm OmV AgVmZm 1877_Ü`o [X„sV
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hOa hmoVo. `mdê$Z a§OZdmX [H$Vs Imobda éObm
Amho ho OmUdVo. hoM amOH$s` njmVsb
KamUoemhsMo _yi hmo`.
B§J«Om§Zs B[Vhmg boIZmgmR>s EH$ [dn`©ñV
86 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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nbsH$So> AmnUmg H$mhs B[Vhmg Amho ho _mÝ`
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boIZ H$aÊ`mMm AZoH$ doim à`ËZ Pmbm. Ë`m_Ü`o
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[S>H$giH$a (_hmamîQ´>mMm àmMsZ B[Vhmg), àm.
eooUmobsH$a d BVa (_hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$Vs) Am[U S>m°.
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hmoVmo. `m [dÛmZm§Zs _hmamîQ´> B[Vhmg d g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m
[Za[Zamù`m n¡byda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
Ho$di ghò~wÕo `m§Zs B.g. ny. 235 Vo B.g. 1947
åhUOo gmYmaUV: _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m ~mdsg eVH$m§À`m
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doJdoJù`m H$mimda, n¡byda VWm d¡km[ZH$ d
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^mfoV Agë`mZo Vo OZ-gm_mÝ`m§n`ªV åhUmdo Vgo
nmPabo Zmhs. Ago Agbo Var AÚmnhs `m
joÌmVsb ~aMgo H$m`© ~mH$s Amho. AmÎmmn`ªV
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B[VhmgmMo Am[U gd© g_mdoeH$ g§ñH¥$VsMo H$mhs
n¡by àH$memV Ambo AmhoV.
`m n¡by§Mm [dMma H$aVm Ago ñnîQ>nUo OmUdVo
H$s ^maVmMm Eo[Vhm[gH$ àdmh Am[U _hmamîQ´>mMm
Eo[Vhm[gH$ àdmh ho C^`Vm g_m§Va dmhV Agbo
Var, Ooìhm Ooìhm ^maVs` B[Vhmg VWm g§ñH¥$VsMm
àdmh jsU Pmbm Voìhm _hmamîQ´>mZo Vmo geº$ H$ê$Z
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XeH$m§VM Ë`mMm A§V Pmbm.
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gm_«mÁ` [Z_m©U H$ê$Z gmam X[jU ^maV d CÎmaoVsb
Z_©Xon`ªVMm ^yàXoe Amnë`m gm_«mÁ`mV g_m[dîQ>
Ho$bm.
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EH$m[YH$ma àñWm[nV H$ê$Z ì`mnmadmXmMm
Am[dîH$ma Ho$bm. gmè`m J«sH$ d amo_Z ~mOmanoR>m
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d H¥$fs joÌmV H«$m§Vs KS>dyZ AmUbs. Ë`m§Zs eH$,
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nm§.dm.H$mUo
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8. gmVdmhZ H$mbsZ _hmamîQ´>, ^maVs`
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21._hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$Vs , bmoH$gÎmobm X§S>gÎmoMo
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_hmamîQ´>mVsb ñWmnË` d H$bm-
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24._amR>dmS>`mVsb `mXdH$mbsZ _amR>s [ebmboI,
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27.Mmdm©H$-JUoe [WQo>
28.ZmW g§àXm`-_.am.Omoes
29._hmamîQ´>mVsb H$mhs Vm_«nQ> d [ebmboI,
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30.dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm B[Vhmg-e§.dm.Xm§So>H$a
31.g_mO Am[U Y_©-O`§V JS>H$ar
32._hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$Vs OS>U Am[U [dH$mg-
h.ls.eoUmobsH$a (d BVa)
_hÎdmMo J«§W
Jm§dJmS>m-[Ì.Zm.AmÌo
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34._amR>s bmoH$m§Ms g§ñH¥$Vs , _hmamîQ´> EH$
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36._wgb_mZ nyduMm _hmamîQ´> ^mJ 1-2,
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37.Ð[dS> _hmamîQ´> , ^maVs` [_Ï`m§Mm _mJmodm-
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Am§~oS>H$a-YZ§O` H$sa
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_hmamîQ´>mVsb Am[XdmgtMo geó
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d Am¡a§JOo~ , _wKb Xa~maMs ~mV_snÌo-
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1-2- Jmo.Í`§.Hw$bH$Uu (g§nm.)
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69._amR>çm§Mm B[Vhmg I§S> 1 Vo 3-
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70._amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm CËH$f© -(_amR>s AZwdmX)
Z. a.\$mQ>H$,Ý`m._.Jmo.amZSo>
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73.noedoH$mbsZ ós OsdZ-emaXm Xoe_wI
74.am_Xmg Am[U am_Xmgs-e§.ls.Xod
75.Ho$gar à~moY,_hmamîQ´>mMm nÌén
B[Vhmg-X. [d.AmnQo> (g§nm.)
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A.O.H$a§XsH$a
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78.S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Ms ^mfU-
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79.[Z~§Y_mbm-[dîUyemós [MniyUH$a
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83.amîQ´>s` EH$mË_Vm Am[U ^maVs` _wgb_mZ -
h_sX XbdmB©
84._wbImdoJim- amOmAßnm n§V
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nmÜ`o/ls.am.[Q>Ho$H$a
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dg§V _yZ
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89.^maVs` ñdmV§Í` g_a-~miemós haXmg
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91.AmYw[ZH$ ^maV-e§.Xm.OmdSo>H$a
92.`wJm§Va -`ed§Vamd MìhmU
93.Xn©U-~miemós Om§^oH$a
94.eVnÌo-Jmo.h.Xoe_wI (bmoH$[hVdmXs)
95._hmamîQ´>mVsb _hm_§WZ-bmbOs n|S>go
96._hmË_m \w$bo Am[U Y_©, Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z-
Am.h.gmiw§Ho$
97.OmJa, _Zwñ_¥[V H$m§hs [dMma-Zaha Hw$é§XH$a
98.àmMsZ ^maVmVsb Jwbm_[Jar-XodamO MZmZm
(^maVs` B[Vhmg g§emoYH$ _§S>i,nwUo, [dX^©
g§emoYH$ _§S>i ZmJnya, B[Vhmg d g§ñH¥$Vs _w§~B©,
[dûdH$mof dmB©, amOdmSo> g§emoYZ _§S>i,Ywio `m§Ms
g§~§[YV àH$meZo ñWimA^mds gdmªMs [dñV¥V Zm|X
KoUo O_bo Zmhs.)
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 87
gm[hË` joÌmbm amOml` XoD$Z à[VîR>mZ (n¡R>U)
`oWo [dÚmnsR> [Z_m©U Ho$bo. _hmamîQ´>mbm d¡^dmÀ`m
[eIamda ZoUmao Vo AmÚ amOKamUo hmo`. åhUyZ
AbsH$So> Ë`m§À`m H$mimbm gwdU©`wJ _mZÊ`mMm
àKmV Amho. JwUmT>çmMo H$Wmg[aËgmJa, hmb
gmVdmhZmMs JmWmgÎmgB© Am[U gømÐsÀ`m
nR>mamdarb eoH$S>mo ~m¡Õ boÊ`m Ë`m§À`m g§nÞVoMs
½dmhs XoVmV. åhUOo ^maVmMo n[hbo gwdU©`wJ
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m nR>mar ^y_sV gmH$ma Pmbo, ho [H$Vs
bmoH$m§Zm kmV Amho? gwdU©`wJ åhQ>bo H$s Jwám§Mm
H$mbI§S> AmR>dVmo. nU, Ë`mnyduM Vo _hmamîQ´>mV
Am[U gmVdmhZ H$mimV [Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo.
[edm` 450 dfmªH$[aVm amÁ` H$aUmao ^maVs`
nmVisdarb VoM EH$_od amOKamUo hmo`.
Ë`m§À`mZ§Va Amboë`m dmH$mQ>H$m§À`m H$mbI§S>mV
A[O¨R>çmMs OJà[gÕ boUs AmH$mamg Ambs.
H$bmH$ma _hmamîQ´>s`M hmoVo. Aes boUs OJmV
BVaÌ ZmhsV ho [deof. ho dmMë`m[edm` H$go
g_Oob?
Z§Va Amboë`m amOKamÊ`m§_Ü`o amîQ´>Hy$Q> ho
AgoM EH$ namH«$_s KamUo. à[VHy$b n`m©daUmes
Pw§O XoV Ë`m§Zs _hmamîQ´>mda VsZ eVHo$ dM©ñd
JmO[dbo. Amnë`m gÎmoMm Ë`m§Zs ^maV^a Xamam
[Z_m©U H$ê$Z gd© g_H$mbsZ à[V{îR>V
amOKamÊ`m§es d¡dm[hH$ g§~§Y OmoS>bo. Z_©Xm
Imoè`mnmgyZ H¥$îUm Imoè`mn`ªVÀ`m àXoemMo Vo
ñdm_s hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mM H$mimV doéiMo nmfmU
[eën, H¡$bmg boUo AmH$mamg Ambo. Ë`m§À`mM
88 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
H$mimV IOwamhmo `oWsb [dûd[d»`mV _§[Xam§Ms
[Z[_©Vs Pmbs. VoWsb H§$Ym[a`m _hmXod _§[Xa d
nmûd©ZmW _§[Xa `m§À`m [Z[_©Vs_Ü`o amîQ´>Hw$Q>m§À`m
H$bmH$mam§Mm gh^mJ Agë`mMo H$bmjoÌmVsb
OmUH$ma gm§JVmV. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV H$mZS>s
gm[hË`mMo gwdU©`wJ Pmbo ho H$Þ[S>Jm§Zm _mhsV
Zgmdo. doéi Am[U A[O¨R>m hs AmO OmJ[VH$
dmagm ñWio, hs _hmamîQ´>mMs \$ma _moR>s [Z[_©Vs
hmo`. Vs nmhÊ`mgmR>s gmao OJ à[Vdfu dmT>Ë`m
g§»`oZo _hmamîQ´>mbm ^oQ> XoV AgVo. `mZ§VaMm
`mXdH$mi ho AÜ`mË_mMo `wJ _mZbo OmVo. `mM
H$mimV _amR>s ^mfoMs OS>U-KS>U Pmbs.
kmZoûda, Zm_Xodm§gmaIo OJX²{d»`mV g§V [Z_m©U
Pmbo. à[VHy$b n[a{ñWVsda _mV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zs
_hmamîQ´>mMs A{ñ_Vm OmJ¥V Ho$bs d AmÜ`m{Ë_H$
g_VoMs ÜdOm (VsM dmaH$ar n§WmMs ÜdOm)
C^mê$Z OmVs-nmVsÀ`m, H$_©H$m§S>mÀ`m,
~wdm~mOsÀ`m, e¡d-d¡îUdmÀ`m VWm _mojmÀ`m
^«m_H$ H$ënZm§Zs _moSy> nmhUmam _hmamîQ´> Ë`m§Zs
EH$m ÜdOmImbs AmUÊ`mMm H$gyZ à`ËZ Ho$bm.
dsg-~mdsg dfmªÀ`m kmZXodm§Zm Am`wî`mV Oo
eŠ` hmoVo (_mÂ`m ~mhs å`m ì`mo_ H$i[dbo) Vo
H$ê$Z _amR>sbm A_¥VmMs JmoS>s CnbãY H$ê$Z
[Xbs. (A_¥VmVo hs n¡Om [O¨Ho$) Ë`m§Mm XoXrß`_mZ
dmagm Mmb[dÊ`mg AmnU H$_s nS>bmo.
Z§VaÀ`m _w{ñb_ amOdQ>sV gm_§VemhsMm
AdmOds àgma, H$_©H$m§S>mMm Cƒm§H$ d _amR>s
_ZmMm èhmg `m VsZ XwJw©Um§Zs _hmamîQ´> ÌñV Pmbm.
V_mo`wJ [Z_m©U Pmbo. n¡R>UÀ`m EH$ZmWm§Zs
dmñVdmMo Xe©Z KS>[dÊ`mMs [eH$ñV Ho$bs.
am_Xmg-VwH$mam_m§Zs hmM dmagm nwTo> Mmb[dbm.
g_mO gwYmaUoMo à`ËZ Ho$bo. `mZ§Va N>ÌnVs
[edmOsÀ`m ê$nmZo [edmMm AdVma Pmbm. hm
gmam B[Vhmg _hmamîQ´>s` _mUgmbm kmV Amho.
Ë`m§Zs [Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m àoaUoVyZM
AmnUmg B§J«Om§[déÕ bT>Ê`mMs ñ\y$Vu [_imbs.
`mM H$mimV dmgwXod ~id§V \$S>Ho$, am_Os
^m§Jam, gmdaH$a, H$mÝhoao, amOJwê$ AmXs
H«$m§[VH$maH$ [Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m hm¡VmËå`mZo gmam
^maV T>diyZ [ZKmbm.
bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$m§Zs ^maVs` amîQ´>dmXmbm
g§K[Q>V H$ê$Z B§J«Om§[déÕ ì`mnH$ bT>m C^mabm.
Ë`m§Zs EH$m H«$m§{V`wJmbm OÝ_ [Xbm. Zm_Xma
JmoIbo, AmJaH$a, \w$bo `m§Mo `moJXmZ _hmamîQ´>mbm
bbm_^yV Amho. Z§Va ^maVaËZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zs [Xbobm bT>m d [b[hbobs KQ>Zm
gd©lwV Amho. Zì`m [nT>sbm `mMm n[aM` ìhmdm,
Ë`mZo Ë`mMo dmMZ d _ZZ H$amdo åhUyZ H$mhs
Cn`wº$ J«§Wm§Ms Zmdo gmo~V [Xbs AmhoV. J«§Wm§Ms
[ZdS> H$aVmZm Ho$di _amR>s J«§Wm§MsM OmUsdnyd©H$
[ZdS> Ho$bs Amho ho dmMH$m§Zs [dgê$ Z`o. VgoM
`m_Ü`o Ho$di 1947n`ªVÀ`m B[Vhmg d
g§ñH¥$Vsdarb J«§Wm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. `m_Ü`o
AbsH$S>sb àH$meZo KoVbs ZmhsV.
g§nH©$ : 0240-2353275
 [edH$mbsZ B[Vhmg
_ amR>çm§Mo B[VhmgH$ma [edH$mbmMs
_`m©Xm B.g. 1600 Vo 1707 Aes
_mZVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o N>ÌnVs [edmOs
_hmamOm§Ms H$maH$sX© _w»` Agbs Var Ë`m§À`m
H$m`m©Ms nmíd©^y_s 25/30 df} AJmoXanmgyZ V`ma
hmoV hmoVs, ho bjmV KoD$Z [edH$mbmMm àma§^
gw_mao gZ 1600 Agm Yabm OmVmo. [edmOs
_hmamOm§À`m [ZYZmZ§Va _amR>çm§§Zs [h¨Xds
ñdamÁ`mÀ`m ajUmgmR>s Omo 25/26 df} bT>m
[Xbm, Vmohs H$mbI§S> [edH$mbmMmM EH$ ^mJ
_mZbm OmVmo. `mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo `m bT>çmV
_hmamOm§Ms ñdmV§Í`mMs [eH$dU hsM _amR>çm§À`m
bT>çmMs Iar àoaUm hmoVs. gZ 1707_Ysb
~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZo hm bT>m g§nbm
Am[U EH$m AWm©Zo [edH$mbmMm AñV Pmbm.
~mXemhs H¡$XoVyZ gwQy>Z ñdamÁ`mV Amboë`m
emhyamOm§Zs [edmOs _hmamOm§Mo ñdmV§Í`mMo,
gmd©^m¡_ËdmMo VÎd gmoSy>Z [Xbo Am[U Ë`m~amo~a
EH$ Zdo nd© _amR>çm§À`m B[VhmgmV gwê$ Pmbo.
S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma
ñdV§Ì gÎmm åhUyZ Zìho, Va ~mXehmMo _m§S>[bH$
åhUyZ _amR>çm§Zs Amnbs gÎmm [h¨XwñWmZmV
dmT>dbs. `m H$mbI§S>mg "noedmB©' Ago Zmd [Xbo
Jobo.
AmnUmg àñVwV [edH$mbmÀ`m B[Vhmgmda
[Z_m©U Pmbobs J«§Wg§nXm nmhmd`mMs Amho. `m
J«§Wg§nXoMo XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV : 1. gmYZJ«§W Am[U
2. [gÕJ«§W. [edemhsMs H$mJXnÌo, ~Iar,
Vdm[aIm BË`mXs gm[hË` Á`m_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbobo
Amho Vo gd© gmYZJ«§W hmoV; Am[U `m
gmYZJ«§Wm§À`m AmYmao Oo B[Vhmg [b[hbo Jobo Vo
gd© [gÕJ«§W hmoV. CXmhaUmW©, B[VhmgmMm`©
amOdmS>çm§Ms "_amR>çm§À`m B[VhmgmMs gmYZo' `m
ZmdmMs JǤW_mbm, ho gmYZJǤW AmhoV, Va
[a`mgVH$ma gaXogmBªÀ`m "_amR>s [a`mgVs' ho
[gÕJ«§W hmoV. `oWo [edH$mbmÀ`m B[VhmgmÀ`m
[gÕJ«§WmMs gyMs XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Amho.
hs gyMs \$º$ _amR>sV à[gÕ Pmboë`m J«§Wm§Ms
Amho. B§J«Os, nmoVw©JsO, \«o§$M, \$maes BË`mXs
naH$s` ^mfm§Vsb J«§Wm§Mm `mV g_mdoe Ho$bobm
Zmhs. H$maU Vgm Vmo A[^àoV Zmhs. Iao åhUOo
[edH$mbmda AmVmn`ªV gd© àH$maMo [_iyZ
bhmZ_moRo> Ago [H$Vs JǤW Pmbo, `mMmhs H$gyZ
emoY ¿`m`bm hdm. _mÂ`m A§XmOmZwgma Aem
J«§Wm§Ms g§»`m ghO 500n`ªV Omds. AWm©V, `mV
B[Vhmgmbm dm[hbobs Ì¡_m[gHo$ d N>moQ>çm_moR>çm
nw{ñVH$m§Mmhs g_mdoe H$amdm bmJob.
àñVwVÀ`m gyMsV _mbmoOsamOo ^mogbo
`m§À`mnmgyZ _hmamUs Vmam~mB©n`ªVÀ`m _amR>m
amÁ`H$Ë`mª§Mo M[aÌJ«§W Va AmhoVM, [edm`
_amR>çm§Zm Á`m EH$m ~bmT>ç eÌyes bT>mdo bmJbo
Ë`m Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmÀ`m M[aÌmMohs J«§W Zm|Xdbo
AmhoV. H$maU, _amR>çm§Mm ñdmV§Í`mMm bT>m g_OyZ
¿`m`Mm Pmbm Va Am¡a§JOo~ H$moU hmoVm, ho _mhsV
H$ê$Z KoUo, JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a `m gyMsV
_amR>m amÁ`mVsb [H$ëë`m§darb J«§Wm§Mmhs g_mdoe
Ho$bm Amho. `mMohs H$maU CKS> Amho. H$maU,
_amR>çm§Mo "ñdamÁ`' `m [H$ëë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZoM
C^o am[hbo, `m [H$ëë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZoM [dñVmabo
Am[U `m [H$ëë`m§À`m _XVsZoM Ë`mMo ajUhs
Pmbo. [edmOs _hmamOm§Ms amOZsVs gm§JV AgVm
"g§nyU© amÁ`mMo gma Vo XwJ©' Ago Oo CX²Jma
am_M§Ðn§V A_mË`mZo Amnë`m "AmkmnÌmV' H$mT>bo
AmhoV, Vo Eo[Vhm[gH$ gË`mbm Yê$ZM AmhoV.
Voìhm _amR>çm§À`m [H$ëë`m§Mo B[VhmgJ«§W
amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m M[aÌJ«§Wm§BVHo$M _hÎdmMo AmhoV.
[H¨$~hwZm _amR>s amÁ`H$Ë`mªMs M[aÌo [H$ëë`m§À`m
B[VhmgmZsM gOdbs Jobs AmhoV. am`JS>,
amOJS>, [g¨hJS>, nÝhmim, [demiJS> Aem
EHo$H$m [H$ëë`mda nwîH$i nwñVHo$ [b[hbs Jobs
AmhoV. `m gdmªMm BWo [dñVmamZo C„oI Ho$bobm
Zmhs. nU, AZoH$ [H$ëë`m§Mm B[Vhmg gm§JUmè`m
_moOŠ`mM J«§Wm§Mm Oê$a g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.
`m ~amo~aM [edH$mbsZ g_mOì`dñWm,
amOZsVs, àemgZZsVs, aUZsVs BË`mXs
[df`m§darb H$mhs [ZdS>H$ J«§Wm§Mmhs [ZX}e gyMsV
Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mdê$Z AmnUmg [edH$mbsZ
g_mOOsdZmMo VgoM amOZsVs- aUZsVsMo `WmW©
Xe©Z KS>Vo. gd©gm_mÝ` B[Vhmgào_tZm bT>m`m§Mo,
em¡`©namH«$_mMo B[Vhmg AmdS>VmV. amÁ`o
namH«$_m§Zs C^s amhVmV ho Iao, nU Vs [Q>H$VmV,
amÁ`H$Ë`mªZs A§JrH$maboë`m amOZsVsÀ`m,
àemgZZsVsÀ`m VgoM aUZsVsÀ`m JwUm§_wio.
åhUyZM `m [df`m§darb J«§WmMo _hÎd A[YH$
Amho.
eodQ>s _amR>s dmMH$m§À`m ZOaog EH$ JmoîQ> AmUy
B{ÀN>Vmo. Vs åhUOo hs gyMs H$mhs A§[V_ Zìho.
Ë`mV H$mhs _hÎdmÀ`m J«§Wm§Mm Zm_[ZX}e amhyZhs
Jobm Agob. Zìho, Ves A[YH$ eŠ`Vm Amho. `m
_`m©Xo[Zes dmMH$m§Zs `m gyMsMo AdbmoH$Z H$amdo,
hs [dZ§Vs.
(gyMr nwT>rb nmZmda)
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 89
_mbmoOsamOo, ehmOsamOo
d amO_mVm [OOm~mB©
1. _mbmoOsamOo Am[U ehmOs _hmamO `m§Ms
[d[M[H$ËgH$ M[aÌo - dm.gs. ~|Ðo
2. _amR>s [a`mgV : I§S> 1 : ehmOsamOo ^mogbo -
Jmo.g. gaXogmB©
3. ls ehmOsamOo ^mogbo - lsYa VobH$a
4. ehmOsamOo ^mogbo - S>m°. Eg.E. ~mhoH$a
5. amO_mVm [OOm~mB© - _m.gm§. H$Þ_dma
6. amîQ´>_mVm [OOmD$ - S>m°. Eg.E. ~mhoH$a
7. [OOmD$gmho~ - _XZ nmQ>sb
8. [dídd§Ú [OOmD$ - àm. CÕd H$moino
N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO
9. _amR>çm§Ms ~Ia : _yi J«§W (History of the
Maharashtra - Ooåg J«±Q>
S>\$ : AZw. H°$. So>[dS> Ho$nZ.
10. _amR>s gÎmoMm CX` : _yi J«§W- (Rise of the
Maratha Power) Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZSo>
AZw.- àm. Z.a. \$mQ>H$.
11. _amR>s [a`mgV I§S> 1 : eH$H$Vm© [edmOs -
Jmo.g. gaXogmB©.
12. Aìdb _amR>emhsMo A§V:ñdê$n : B.g.
1644 - 1707 - Jmo.g. gaXogmB©
13. j[Ì`Hw$bmdV§g N>Ìn[V [edmOs _hmamO `m§Mo
M[aÌ - H¥$.A. Ho$iygH$a.
14. ls [edmOs _hmamO - dm.H¥$. ^mdo
15. [edmOs d [edH$mb (_yi JǤW- Shivaji
and His Times), - ga OXwZmW gaH$ma
: AZw. [d.g. dmH$gH$a.
16. XJb~mO [edmOs - Ho$ed gsVmam_ R>mH$ao.
17. _amR>m ñdamÁ`g§ñWmnH$ ls [edmOs _hmamO
- [M§.[d. d¡Ú.
18. [edmOs [Z~§Ymdbs - 1 d 2
g§nm.- Z.[M¨. Ho$iH$a d X.[d. AmnQo>,
([edM[aÌ H$m`m©b`, nwUo)
19. [edM[aÌ [Z~§Ymdbs - g§nm.- Z.[M¨. Ho$iH$a
d X.[d. AmnQo>, ([edM[aÌ H$m`m©b`, nwUo)
20. _hmZ ~§S>Imoa (_yi J«§W-the Grand Rebel)
- So>[Zg [H$ÝHo$S> : AZw. àm. ^Jd§Vamd Xoe_wI.
21. [MÌ_` [edmOs : `.Z. Ho$iH$a.
22. ls N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO : I§S> 1 d I§S> 2
- dm.gs. ~|Ðo.
23. N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO
- nwUo [dÚmnsR> - [X.[d. H$mio.
24. àVmnJS>Mo `wÕ - H°$. J.dm. _moS>H$.
25. ls [edN>ÌnVs - Í`§.e§. eoOdbH$a.
26. _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg : _amR>m H$mbI§S> :
[edH$mb : B.g. 1630-1707
S>m°. [d.Jmo. Imo~aoH$a.
27. [edM[aÌ - n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.
28. [edM[aÌ-EH$ Aä`mg-n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.
29. ~hy AgmoV g§wXa - n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.
30. nwÊ`íbmoH$ N>ÌnVr [edmOs : I§S> 1 Vo 4 -
~miemós haXmg.
31. amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~._mo. nwa§Xao.
32. N>ÌnVs [edam` : I§S> 1 d 2 - [dO` Xoe_wI.
33. [edM[aÌmMo n¡by - _._. XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma.
90 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
34. [edamOmgs AmR>dmdo
- emgH$s` _Ü`dVu _wÐUmb`.
32. _amR>çm§Mm B[Vhmg : I§S> 1 d 2 - g§nm.
àm. J.h. Iao d S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu
(_hmamîQ´> [dÚmnsR> J«§W[Z[_©Vs _§S>i)
33. N>ÌnVs [edmOs - gæ`X A_sZ.
34. [edH$ë`mU amOm - ~mi gm_§V.
35. ls amOm [edN>ÌnVs : I§S> 1 Vo 3
- JOmZZ ^mñH$a _oh|Xio.
36. N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO-S>m°. à.Z. Xoenm§So>.
37. doY _hm_mZdmMm - S>m°. ls[Zdmg gm_§V.
38. [edemhsMm emoY - àm. dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a.
39. [edmOs H$moU hmoVm? - H$m°. Jmo[d¨X nmZgao.
40. j[Ì`Hw$bmdV§§g N>ÌnVr [edmOs _hmamO -
àm. am.Am. H$X_.
41. [edN>ÌnVs - EH$ _mJmodm - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd
ndma.
42. [edM[aÌmnmgyZ Amåhs H$m` [eH$mdo? - S>m°.
O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
43. _amRo>emhsMo A§Va§J - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
44. eH$H$V} ls amOm [edN>ÌnVs
- am.Zm. MìhmU.
45. [edN>ÌnVs : g_O - Ang_O
- AmZ§X KmoanSo>.
46. à[V - B[Vhmg, ([ed- B[VhmgmMo
gË`ñdê$n) - M§ÐeoIa [eIao.
47. [edmOs N>ÌnVs - í`m_H$m§V OmYd.
N>ÌnVs g§^mOs, N>ÌnVs amOmam_ d _hmamUs
Vmam~mB©
48. (_amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ : B.g.
1681- 1707)
49. Y_©dsa N>ÌnVr g§^mOs_hmamO `m§Mo g§[já
M[aÌ - ^mD$gmho~ ndma.
50. N>ÌnVr g§^mOs _hmamO - dm.gs. ~|Ðo.
51. [ednwÌ g§^mOs - S>m°. H$_b JmoIbo.
52. N>ÌnVs g§^mOs ñ_maH$ J«§W
- S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
53. Ádb‚dbZVoOg g§^mOsamOm
- S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo.
54. goZmnVs h§~saamd _mo[hVo - S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo.
55. hwVmË_m N>ÌnVs g§^mOs amOo - S>m°. Eg.E.
~mhoH$a.
56. A{ÛVs` N>ÌnVs ls g§^mOs _hmamO : I§S> 1 Vo 3
- A°S>. AZ§V [d. XmadQ>H$a.
57. hwVmË_m g§^mOs - e§H$aamd gmd§V.
58. ñdamÁ`ajH$ N>ÌnVs g§^mOs - AmZ§X
KmoanSo>.
59. [d[dY H$mbI§S>mVsb H$V¥©ËddmZ g§^mOs -
àXsn gmoiw§Ho$.
60. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` g_a : N>ÌnVr g§^mOs -
àm. e.ls. nwam[UH$.
61. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í`g_a : N>ÌnVr amOmam_ d
Vmam~mB© - àm. e.ls. nwam[UH$.
62. ls N>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamO Am[U ZoV¥ËdhsZ
qh§Xds ñdamÁ`m§Mm _moJbm§es PJS>m
- dm.gs. ~|Ðo.
63. qhXds ñdamÁ` Am[U _moJb - n§.
goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.
64. _hmamUs Vmam~mB© - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
65. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ
- S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
66. goZmnVs g§VmOs KmoanSo>
- S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
67. N>ÌnVs amOmam_ d Vmam~mB©
- S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo.
68. KmoS>Xm¡S> g§VmOsMs - à^mH$a ^mdo.
69. A{ÛVs` goZmZs g§VmOs KmoanSo>
- ~mimgmho~ _mZo.
70. aUPw§Pma goZmnVs g§VmOs KmoanSo>
- _hoe V|SwbH$a.
~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~
71. Am¡a§JOo~mMm B[Vhmg : (A Short History of
Aurangzib) ga OXwZmW gaH$ma : AZw. S>m°. ^.J. Hw$§Qo>
72. [Z`VsÀ`m [di»`mV Am¡a§JOo~ - n§. goVw_mYdamd
nJS>s.
73. Am¡a§JOo~ : eŠ`Vm Am[U emoH$m§[VH$m - adtÐ
JmoS>~mobo.
JS>H$moQ> - [H$„o
74. _hmamîQ´>mMs YmamVsW} - n§. _hmXodemós Omoes.
75. XwJ©^«_U JmWm - Jmo.[Z. Xm§So>H$a.
76. [H$„o - Jmo.[Z. Xm§So>H$a.
77. ObXwJmªÀ`m ghdmgmV - à.Ho$. KmUoH$a.
78. gmX gømÐsMs, ^Q>H§$Vs [H$ëë`m§Ms - à.
Ho$. KmUoH$a.
79. S>m|Ja`mÌm - AmZ§X nmi§Xo.
80. XwJ© - gVse AH$mobH$moQ>.
81. JS>H$moQ> - ^JdmZ [Mbo.
82. doY ObXwJmªMm - ^JdmZ [Mbo.
83. JS>[H$„o _hmamîQ´>mMo - à_moX _m§So>.
84. _amR>çm§Ms YmamVsW} - àdrU ^mogbo.
84. gm§JmVs gømÐsMm - `§J [P¨Jmamo Q´>o[H¨$J Šb~.
85. _hmamîQ´>mVsb Cno[jV XwJmªMm B[Vhmg
- I§S> 1 d 2 - S>m°. Os.~s. ehm.
86. [edN>ÌnVtÀ`m g_mYsMm emoY d ~moY
- B§Ð[OV gmd§V.
[edH$mbsZ g_mO, amOZsVs, àemgZZsVs d aUZsVs
87. _hmamîQ´>mMm gm_m[OH$ B[Vhmg : [edH$mbsZ
_hmamîQ´> - dm.H¥$. ^mdo.
88. [edmOsMs amOZsVs - ^mñH$a dm_Z ^Q>.
89. Adm©MsZ _hmamîQ´>o[VhmgH$mbmVsb amÁ`H$ma^mamMm
Aä`mg - B.g. 1600 - 1680- e§.Zm. Omoes.
90. N>ÌnVtMm amOH$moe, (amÁ`ì`dhmaH$moe)
- g§nm. A.X. _amRo>.
91. _amR>m A§_bmMo ñdê$n - S>m°. [d.Jmo. Imo~aoH$a
92. [edH$mbsZ amOZsVs Am[U aUZsVs
- lsYa a§JZmW Hw$bH$Uu
93. [edH$mbsZ _hmamîQ´> - S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu.
94. Aes hmoVs [edemhs - S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu.
95. _amRo> d _hmamîQ´> - S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu.
96. [edN>ÌnVtMs Ý`m`ZsVs - S>m°. Q>s.Q>s. _hmOZ.
97. _hmamOm§À`m bT>m`m - _o. _w.Zm. Omoes ([Z.)
g§nH©$ : 0231-23222642
 ^md[ZH$ Am[U ~m¡[ÕH$ _mZX§S>
dm L>²_`[Z[_©Vs XmoZ àH$maMs AgVo.
[Zìdi d¡Mm[aH$ ImÚ nwa[dÊ`mè`m
J«§Wm§Mo godZ H$aUmam dJ© àË`oH$
g_mOmV bhmZM AgVmo. gO©Zesb gm[hË`hs
d¡Mm[aH$ ImÚ nwadVo. \$º$ Ë`m ImÚmbm H$mì` dm
H$WoMo ê$n XoD$Z nmH$H¥$Vs nMdmd`mg gmons Ho$bs
OmVo. [edm` d¡Mm[aH$ ImÚmV ~w[Õàm_mÊ` OmñV
AgVo Va gO©Zesb ImÚmV ^mdZmàYmZVm A[YH$
AgVo. XmoÝhs àH$maÀ`m dmL>²_`[Z[_©VsV g§»`mË_H$
A§Va [OVHo$ H$_s AgVo [VVH$m Vmo g_mO
gm§ñH¥$[VH$ÑîQ>çm A[YH$ ls_§V hmoVmo. Amnë`m
g_mOmV ~w[Õàm_mÊ`dmXs J«§W[Z[_©Vs H$_s à_mUmV
hmoV Amho Va ^mdZmàYmZ gm[hË` A[YH$m[YH$
à_mUmda [Z_m©U hmoV Amho. `mo½` à_mU amImd`mMo
Agob Va àË`oH$ g_mOKQ>H$mbm Am[W©H$ Q§>MmB©À`m
d YmdnisÀ`m OsdZmVhs H$mhs K[Q>H$m dmMZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>s Ama[jV Ro>dUo AJË`mMo R>aob. `m
H$m_s emgZ nwañH¥$V d AÝ` g§ñWm nwañH¥$V ñdñV
[H¨$_VsV CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xboë`m A[^OmV
d¡Mm[aH$ d gO©Zesb gm[hË`mMm dmQ>m A[YH$
R>aUma Amho.
IaoVa, dmMH$mMs gX²[^éMs hs
Zoh_sÀ`m e¡j[UH$ Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ KS>V Jobs
nm[hOo. nU, e¡j[UH$ [dH$mg H$s [dñVma `m noMmV
nS>boë`m emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmVyZ [_imboë`m
[ejUmVyZ ho KS>Uo eŠ` Amho Ago dmQ>V Zmhs.
Ë`m_wio AÝ` à`ËZm§ZsM ho KS>[dVm `oB©b, Ago
dmQ>Vo. [d[dY gm[hË`g§ñWm§Zs `m H$m_s nwT>mH$ma
KoVë`mg _mJ© gwb^ hmoB©b. àH$meH$m§Zs Ho$di
Jëë`mda ÑîQ>s Ro>dy Z`o, boIH$m§Zshs "_mJUs Vgm
nwadR>m' ho YmoaU A§_bmV AmUy Z`o. ñdV:g H$mhs
[Z{íMV gm§Jmd`mMo Agob VaM [bhmdo. dmQ>ë`mg
[bhmdo hdo VodTo;> nU, Ë`mVsb _hÎdmMo VodTo>M
à[gÕ H$amdo. ho gd© gm§JUo gmono Amho `mMs H$ënZm
Amho. nU, gdmªZs Amnë`m boIZ d [dMma
ñdmV§Í`mbm AmnU hmoD$Z [H$_mZ XOm©Ms _`m©Xm
KmbyZ KoVë`m[edm` [MÌ nmbQo>b Ago [XgV
Zmhs. "_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'Zo 29 OyZ 1986À`m
a[ddmaÀ`m A§H$mV XsS>eo _amR>s gm[hË`boÊ`m§Ms
`mXs N>mnÊ`mMm Omo CnH«$_ Ho$bm Vmo _bm ì`{º$e:
ñdmJVmh© AemgmR>s dmQ>bm H$s, Ho$di A[^OmV
gm[hË` dmMm AWdm nyd©gwatMo ^mZ Ro>dm Ago
gm§JÊ`mZo gm_mÝ` dmMH$mbm \$mago [X½Xe©Z hmoUmao
Zmhs. dmMZmMs AmdS> AgUmè`mbm ~è`mMXm
H$m` dmMmdo ho H$iV Zmhs. H$moUmg [dMmamdo Va
^sS> AmS>ds `oVo. åhUyZM H$moUsVar A[^OmV
gm[hË`mMs `mXs H$amd`mg hds hmoVs. AWm©V,
Aem àH$maMs `mXs H$aUo ho WmoSo> YmS>gmMoM H$m_
AgVo. H$maU, A[^OmV gm[hË`mMo bjU R>a[dUo
H$_©H$R>sU AgVo. EImÚmÀ`m AmOmamda Zo_Ho$ d
_moOHo$ Cnm` EImXm d¡Ú gm§Jy eHo$b; nU,
A[^OmV gm[hË`mMo JwU Aem Zo_Š`m d _moOŠ`m
eãXm§V gm§JVm `oV ZmhsV Am[U Ë`m_wioM A[^OmV
AéU [Q>Ho$H$a
gm[hË`mMs gmons d gai ì`m»`m H$aVm `oV Zmhs.
Mm§Jë`m gm[hË`mMo gd©_mÝ` JwU Á`m
dmL>²_`H¥$VsV AmhoV d Os H$mimÀ`m àdmhmV
[Q>Ho$b [Vbm A[^OmV åhQ>bo OmVo. dmMZmMs JmoS>s
bmdmd`mMs Va _amR>s ^mfoVsb Aem A[^OmV
gm[hË`H¥$VtMs `mXs Zì`m dmMH$mÀ`m hmVs nS>Uo
Amdí`H$ hmoVo, nU gdªH$f [ZH$fm§da `mXs V`ma
H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ AdKS> Amho. åhUyZM
gd©gmYmaUnUo _mÝ` hmoB©b Aes `mXs H$amd`mMo
AZoH$ à`ËZ Pmbo, Varhs ~hwVm§e A`eñds Pmbo.
Aes `mXs V`ma H$ê$Z Vs à[gÕ H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g
"_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'À`m g§nmXH$m§Zs XmI[dbo. `m
Ë`m§À`m `eñds à`ËZmMo ñdmJV Pmbo. _w»` åhUOo
d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hs `mXs gm_mÝ`
dmMH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMbs.
"_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'Zo à[gÕ Ho$boë`m XsS>eo
[ZdS>H$ d Ë`mZ§Va dmMH$m§À`m [e\$magtda
AmYmaboë`m OmoS>-`mXsVsb gÎmmdsg Aem EH§$Xa
EH$eogÎ`mhÎma J«§Wm§Ms hs `mXs, n[hë`m XsS>eo
J«§Wm§Ms `mXs à[gÕ H$aVmZm g§nmXH$s` [Q>ßnUs_Ü`o
åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, "Á`m _amR>s J«§Wm§Zs _hmamîQ´>s` _Z
à^m[dV Ho$bo. _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm _moham ~Xbbm,
[dMmam§Ms Zds [Xem XmI[dbs, Zì`m Om[Udm
[Z_m©U Ho$ë`m, Zdm gm[hË`àH$ma ê$T> Ho$bm, VgoM
Oo J«§W _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m ^md[ZH$ Am[U ~m¡[ÕH$
[dH$mg_mJm©V _mZX§S> hmoD$Z am[hbo. WmoS>Š`mV,
Á`m gm[hË`H¥$Vs [nT>çmZ²[nT>çm dmMë`m Joë`m
AmhoV [H¨$dm dmMë`m OmVsb Aem XsS>eo [ZdS>H$
J«§Wm§Ms hs H$mbmZwH«$_o Ho$bobs `mXs
MH«$Yañdm_tÀ`m bsimM[aÌmnmgyZ Vs gwê$ Pmbs
Am[U WoQ> 1985V à[gÕ Pmboë`m J«§Wmn`ªV `oD$Z
Ro>nbs.
H$mhs MmoI§Xi dmMH$m§À`m d gm[hË`J«UsÀ`m
gëë`mZo V`ma Ho$bs Agbs Var Aem àH$mao \$º$
XsS>eo J«§Wm§Ms `mXs H$aUo åhUOo Zì`m dmXmbm Vm|S>
XoUo ho "_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'À`m g§nmXH$m§Zs AmYsM
VmS>bo Agmdo. H$maU, `mM g§nmXH$s` [Q>ßnUs_Ü`o
Ë`m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "_amR>s dmL>²_`mÀ`m ^mam^a
g§gmamVyZ \$º$ XsS>eo _mohao [ZdS>Ê`mMo H$m_
AWm©VM XwîH$a Amho. hs `mXs IynM [dMmanyd©H$
Ho$bobs Agbs Var Aem àH$maÀ`m `mXsV
EH$dmŠ`Vm AgUo eŠ` Zmhs `mMshs OmU Amho.
nU, hs `mXs à[gÕ H$aÊ`m_mJMm Ë`m§Mm hoVy
gwOmU d BÀNw>H$ _amR>s dmMH$mbm Vs _mJ©Xe©H$
R>amds EdT>mM Agë`mMo Ë`m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho; Am[U
Vmo ~ìh§es `eñds Pmbm Amho ho [Z{íMV.
hs `mXs JǤWmbs A[^Zd dmMH$ Midi
nw{ñVHo$À`m ñdê$nmV à[gÕ H$ê$Z gm_mÝ`
dmMH$m§À`m hmVs XoV Amho d AYw§H$ COoS> XoUmè`m
nUVsbm A[YH$ _m[hVsÀ`m ê$nmZo A[YH$ _moR>s
VobdmV bmdyZ Ro>dV Amho. hmhs gm_mÝ`
dmMH$mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo Mm§Jbm `moJm`moJ Amho. `m
VobdmVsÀ`m nUVsMo ê$nm§Va A[YH$ àH$me
XoUmè`m [Xì`mV hmodmo. _amR>s dmMH$m§Ms Am[U
Ë`mVhs gwOmU dmMH$m§Ms g§»`m dmT>mo. _amR>s
boIH$ d àH$meH$m§Zm g§»`mË_H$ ÑîQ>snojm XOm©À`m
ÑîQ>sZo _amR>s dmL>²_` g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mMo ^m½` bm^mo
hsM BÀN>m.
(‘amR>rVrb gm[hË` boUr `m nw{ñVHo$Vrb
àñVmdUoMm H$mhr ^mJ. g§nyU© `mXr nwT>rb nmZm§da)
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 91

[ZdSH$> J«§Wm§Ms hr `mXs _hmamîQ´> Q>mBågÀ`m [X. 29 OyZ 1986À`m a[ddma Amd¥ÎmsV à[gÕ Pmbs hmoVs. Vr V`ma
Ho$br hmoVr : JmoqdX VidbH$a, nw.b. Xoenm§S>o, AéU AmR>ë`o Am{U AéU {Q>Ho$H$a `m ‘mÝ`dam§Zr!
hr ‘m{hVr AmVm àW‘M dmMH$m§g‘moa `oV Amho.
bsimM[aÌ
ls. MH«$Yañdm_s
boIZH$mi eHo$ 1208 nydu
_hmamîQ´> amÁ` gm[hË` g§ñH¥$Vs _§S>i,
_w§~B©, 1978
--------------------
Zm_XodmMo A^§J
Zm_Xod (eHo$ 1192-1272)
B§[Xam, nwUo
eHo$ 1830
--------------------
kmZoûdar
kmZoûda (kmZXod)
boIZH$mi-eHo$ 1212
--------------------
VwH$mam_~mdm§À`m A^§Jm§Ms JmWm
VwH$mam_
boIZH$mb-eHo$ 1546 Z§Va
--------------------
Xmg~moY
g_W© am_Xmg
aMZmH$mb-eHo$ 1581
--------------------
ZdZsV
g§nmXH$-naewam_ ~„mi JmoS>~mobo
gaH$mar [dÚmImVo, _w§~B©, 1858
--------------------
`_wZmn`©Q>Z AWdm
qhXwñWmZmVsb [dYdm§À`m
{ñWVsMo [Zê$nU
~m~m nX²_ZOs, Q>m°_g J«°h_ `mMm N>m.
_w§~B©, 1857
--------------------
doXmoº$Y_©àH$me
[dîUw~m~m ~«÷Mmar
JUnV H¥$îUmOs, _w§~B©
eHo$ 1781
--------------------
AmkmnÌ
am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` ~mdSo>H$a
boIZH$mb-21-11-1716
--------------------
Wmoabo _mYdamd noedo
[dZm`H$ OZmX©Z H$sV©Zo
B§XwàH$me N>mnImZm, 1861
_amR>sVsb gm[hË`boUs
--------------------
_w§~B©Mo dU©Z
Jmo[d¨X Zmam`U _mS>JmdH$a
B§XwàH$me, 1863
--------------------
bmoH$[hVdmXtMs eVnÌo
Jmonmi har Xoe_wI
à[gÕs-1848-1850
g§nmXH$-lsnmX am_M§Ð [Q>Ho$H$a,
Cfm àH$meZ, Am¢Y, 1940
--------------------
_moMZJS> (n[hbs Eo[ Vhm[gH$
H$mX§~ar)
am_M§Ð [^H$mOs Jw§OsH$a
nwéfmoÎm_ Jmo[d¨X ZmS>H$Uu, Z°eZb,
_w§~B©, 1871
--------------------
eoVH$è`mMm AmgyS>
_hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo, 1883
--------------------
^{º$_mJ©àXsn
g§J«m. b.am. nm§JmaH$a
VÎd[ddoMH$, _w§~B©, 1904
--------------------
[Z~§Y_mbm
[dîUwemós [MniyUH$a
ls[edmOs, nwUo
am_OmoesH¥$V bmdÊ`m
am_Omoes (1758-1812)
OJ{hVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1889
--------------------
^mD$gmho~m§Ms ~Ia
H¥$îUmOs í`m_amd
g§nmXH$-H$m.Zm. gmZo,
[edmOs, nwUo, 1886
--------------------
Á`mo[V[d©bmg AWdm
amÌsMs XmoZ KQ>H$m _m¡O
e§H$a ~miH¥$îU Xs[jV, nwUo
--------------------
nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo?
har Zmam`U AmnQo>
Am`©^yfU, nwUo,
1893
--------------------
dmB©H$a ^Q>Os
YZwYm©ar (am.[d. [Q>Ho$H$a)
nyU©M§ÐmoX`, ~S>moXo, 1898
--------------------
g§JsV emaXm
Jmo[d¨X ~„mi Xodb
Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1899
--------------------
H$mi nÌmVsb [ZdS>H$ [Z~§Y
[edam_ _hmXod nam§Ono
boIZH$mb-1900 Vo 1908, nwUo
--------------------
g§JsV gm¡^Ð
AÊUmgmho~ [H$bm}ñH$a, 1882
--------------------
_mPm àdmg
AWdm gZ 1857 gmbÀ`m
~§S>mMs h{H$H$V
[dîUw^Q> JmoS>go
g§nmXH$-[M¨Vm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú
B§XwàH$me, _w§~B©, 1907
--------------------
Am_À`m Am`wî`mVsb
H$mhs AmR>dUs
a_m~mB© amZSo>
_w§~B© d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1910
--------------------
H$sMH$dY
H¥$îUmOs à^mH$a Im[S>bH$a
[MÌemim, nwUo, 1907
--------------------
gwXmå`mMo nmoho
AWm©V AR>am YmÝ`m§Mo H$S>~moio
lsnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a
_w§~B© d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1910
--------------------
Vm§~o `m§Ms g_` H$[dVm
^mñH$a am_M§Ð Vm§~o, 1935
Am`m©^maV
_moamon§V namS>H$a
boIZH$mi 1772 Vo 1782
--------------------
AmË_d¥Îm
Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d}
_Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1915
--------------------
XwX£ds a§Jy AWdm
nm[ZnVMm eodQ>Mm g§J«m_
qMVm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú
[MÌemim, nwUo, 1914
--------------------
[Q>iH$m§Ms H$[dVm
aoìh. Zmam`U dm_Z [Q>iH$
_m¡O, _w§~B©, 1940
--------------------
JmdJmS>m
Í`§~H$ Zmam`U AÌo
Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1915
--------------------
am[JUs AWdm
H$mì`emó[dZmoX
dm._. Omoes
_Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1915
--------------------
Ho$edgwV `m§Ms H$[dVm
H¥$îUmOs Ho$ed Xm_bo
OiJmd, 1916
--------------------
_amRo> d B§J«O
_amRo>emhsMo eVgm§dËg[aH$
dmL>²_`lmÕ
Zag[g¨h [M¨Vm_U Ho$iH$a
[MÌemim, OJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1918
--------------------
ls_Ý_hm^maVmMo _amR>s
gwag ^mfm§Va
`m J«§WmMm Cng§hma (^mJ 10dm)
qMVm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú, nwUo, 1918
--------------------
_wº$mË_m
J.Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a, 1933
_hmamîQ´> gmañdV
[dZm`H$ bú_U ^mdo
[d.Jmo. [dOmnyaH$a, H$moëhmnya,
1898-99
--------------------
EH$M ß`mbm
am_ JUoe JS>H$ar
[MÌemim, nwUo, 1919
--------------------

92 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
dm½d¡O`§Vs(H$mì`g§J«h) Zm[gH$ `oWsb ñdmV§Í`emhsa
Jmo[d¨XmJ«O (am_ JUoe JS>H$ar) H$ds JmoqdX `m§Ms H$[dVm
OmJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1921 JmoqdX Í`§~H$ XaoH$a, 1930
-------------------- --------------------
bmo. [Q>iH$m§Mo Ho$garVsb boI nmonQ>n§Ms
~mi J§JmYa [Q>iH$ O`H¥$îU Ho$ed CnmÜ`o
Ho$gar-_amR>m g§ñWm, nwUo, 1922 _hmamîQ´> n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g, nwUo,
-------------------- 1929
gJZ^mD$H¥$V bmdÊ`m d nmodmSo> --------------------
g§nm. Jmonmi Jmo[d¨X A[YH$mar ~«m÷UH$Ý`m
hZw_mZ, nwUo, 1924 lsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a
-------------------- _w§~B©, 1930
[ZdoXZ (AmË_ M[aÌna J«§W) --------------------
Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s \w$bdmV
_Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1924 A[Zb (AmË_mam_ amdOs Xoenm§So>)
-------------------- lsJUoe, nwUo, 1962
[edN>ÌnVs `m§Ms g^mgX --------------------
~Ia JwOJmoîQ>s
H¥$îUmOs AZ§V g^mgX Zmam`U gsVmam_ \$S>Ho$
Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1923 g_W© ^maV, nwUo, 1933
-------------------- --------------------
amOm [edmOs YmdVm YmoQ>m
ZmdmMs dsaagàYmZ H$[dVm ^mJ©dam_ [dÇ>b daoaH$a
_._mo. Hw$§Qo>, B§XwàH$me, _w§~B©, 1869 lsbú_sZmam`U, _w§~B©, 1930
-------------------- --------------------
P|Sy>Ms \w$bo H$ù`m§Mo [Z:ûdmg
àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo [d^mdar [eéaH$a (_mbVs~mB©
lsg_W©, nwUo, 1925 ~oSo>H$a), Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1933
-------------------- --------------------
[dahVa§J (XsK©H$mì`) [M_UamdmMo MèhmQ> AWdm
_mYd Oy[b`Z (_mYd Í`§~H$ e§^ amVë`m EH$m _Zwî`mMo
nQ>dY©Z) qM.am. XodKa, nwUo, AmË_M[aÌ
1926 qMVm_U [dZm`H$ Omoes
-------------------- lsam_[dO`, ~S>moXo, 1933
aUXw§Xw[^ --------------------
dm_Zamd Omoes [XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>m
lsJUoe, nwUo, 1927 e§H$a H$m[eZmW JJ}
-------------------- Am`©^yfU, nwUo
_mPo am_m`U --------------------
XÎmmo AßnmOs VwiOmnyaH$a AmOH$mbMm _hmamîQ´>
lsbú_sZmam`U, _w§~B©, 1927 à^mH$a nmÜ`o
-------------------- gmhm.-ls.am. [Q>Ho$H$a
Xm¡bV ^maV Jm¡ad J«§W_mbm Z§. 100,
Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$, [dO`, nwUo, 1929 1935
_mPs OÝ_Ro>n Am§Yù`mMs emim
[dZm`H$ Xm_moXa gmdaH$a lsYa [dZm`H$ dV©H$
Ho$.E_. [gZH$a, _w§~B©, 1927 VÎd[ddoMH$, _w§~B©, 1943
-------------------- --------------------
bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$ `m§Mo M[aÌ XmoZ Yw«d
Za[g¨h [M¨Vm_U Ho$iH$a [d.g. Im§So>H$a, Xoe_wI Am[U
OJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1923 H§$nZs, AmZ§X, nwUo, 1949
-------------------- --------------------
ñ_¥[V[MÌo
bú_s~mB© [Q>iH$
Ho$.[^. T>dio, _w§~B©, 1940
--------------------
H$m[bXmg
dm.[d. [_ames
Zd^maV JǤW_mbm, ZmJnya, 1934
--------------------
Kam~mhoa
àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo
_w§~B©, 1934
--------------------
\w$bm§Ms Am§oOi
~s. (Zmam`U _wabsYa Jwáo)
1934
--------------------
í`m_Ms AmB©
gmZo JwéOs (nm§Sw>a§J gXm[ed gmZo)
bmoH$g§J«h, nwUo, 1943
--------------------
g§nyU© AmJaH$a [Z~§Yg§J«h
Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a
Am`©[dO`, nwUo, 1895
--------------------
AmYw[ZH$ ^maV
AmMm`© e§.Xm. OmdSo>H$a
ls[gÕoûda, H$moëhmnya, 1938
--------------------
AY©M§Ðü
n§[S>V gào
bmoH$g§J«h, nwUo, 1938
--------------------
bmoH$_mVm AWm©V
^maVdfm©Vsb ZÚm§Mo dU©Z
XÎmmÌ` ~miH¥$îU D$\©$ H$mH$m
H$mbobH$a
--------------------
aUm§JU
[dlm_ ~oSo>H$a
Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1939
--------------------
nmUH$im
a.dm. [XKo,
g_W© ^maV, nwUo, 1939
_mPm g§JsV ì`mg§J
Jmo[d¨Xamd Q|>~o
[H$bm}ñH$a N>mnImZm,
[H$bm}ñH$admS>s, 1939
--------------------
H$mhs åhmVmao d EH$ åhmVmar
[d.X. KmQo>, ñd{ñVH$ n{ãb[e¨J
hmD$g, _w§~B©, 1939
--------------------
_mÂ`m AmR>dUs d AZw^d
H$_©dsa [dÇ>b am_Os [e¨Xo
hZw_mZ, nwUo, 1940
--------------------
YwŠ`mVyZ bmb Vmè`mH$So>
AZ§V H$mUoH$a, 1940
--------------------
Cno[jVm§Mo A§Va§J
ls._. _mQo>, nwUo, 1941
--------------------
Am`mªÀ`m gUm§Mm àmMsZ d
Adm©MsZ B[Vhmg
F$½doXs (dm_Z _§Joe Xw^mfs)
à^mH$a, _w§~B©, 1942
--------------------
Hw$bdYy
_mo.J. am§JUoH$a
à^m Am[U H§$nZs, _w§~B©, 1942
--------------------
~mbH$dtMs g_J« H$[dVm
Í`§~H$ ~mnyOs R>mo_ao
g§nm. ^m.b. nmQ>UH$a
amîQ´>d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1942
--------------------
[demIm
Hw$gw_mJ«O ([d.dm. [eadmS>H$a)
H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, 1942
--------------------
JsVm àdMZo
[dZmo~m ^mdo, 1932, na§Ym_
àH$meZ, J«m_ godm _§S>i, ndZma
--------------------
H$mhs H$[dVm
~m.gs. _T}>H$a, `wJdmUs àH$meZ,
_w§~B©, 1947
--------------------
XyYgmJa
~m.^. ~moaH$a, H$Zm©Q>H$, _w§~B©,
1947
--------------------
amd~hmXya XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§J
AmË_M[aÌ d M[aÌ
g§nm. AZ§V H$mH$~m [à`moiH$a
_mUXoes _mUg§
ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a
A[^Zd àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1949
--------------------
gVamdo df©
nw.^m. ^mdo, H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ,
gwb^, nwUo, 1949
--------------------
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 93
Zds _idmQ>
eaíM§Ð _w{º$~moY
gwéMs, ZmJnya, 1949
--------------------
~mi J§JmYaemós Om§^oH$a
(1812-1846)
`m§Mo OsdZd¥Îm d boIZg§J«h
g§nm. J.J§. Om§^oH$a
bmoH$[ejU H$m`m©b`, nwUo, 1950
--------------------
g§VdmL>²_`mMs gm_m[OH$ \$blwVs
J§.~m. gaXma
_hmamîQ´> gm[hË` n[afX, nwUo, 1950
--------------------
d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm [dH$mg
bú_Uemós Omoes
àmk nmR>emim _§S>i, dmB©, 1972
--------------------
H$_iU
AaqdX JmoIbo
--------------------
~[hUmB©Ms JmUs
~[hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar
Á`moVs [n[aAm°[S>H$ëg, _w§~B©, 1952
------------------
Jma§~sMm ~mny
ls.Zm. n|S>go
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1952
--------------------
esi
Zm.K. Xoenm§So>, 1954
--------------------
_¥XJ§Y
qdXm H$a§XsH$a
nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1954
--------------------
VbmdmVsb Mm§XUo
J§JmYa JmS>Jsi
bmImUs ~wH$ So>nmo, _w§~B©, 1954
--------------------
Xod Mmbbo
[X.~m. _moH$mes, 1961
nS>Kdbs
Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a
1956
_m¡O àH$meZ J«h, _w§~B©
--------------------
_|Xs
B§[Xam g§V
H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, 1955
--------------------
94 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
eod½`mÀ`m e§oJm ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> BamdVs H$d}
`.Jmo. Omoes nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963 Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1967
`ed§V àH$meZ, 1955 -------------------- --------------------
-------------------- ñdm_s _hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo :
ls_§V aU[OV XogmB© Am_À`m g_mOH«$m§VsMo OZH$
[dO` V|Sw>bH$a Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1962 YZ§O` H$sa
_w§~B©, 1955 -------------------- nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©
-------------------- _mÂ`m AmR>dUs --------------------
F$VwMH«$ nm§Sw>a§J [M_UmOs nmQ>sb [ZdS>H$ R>UR>Unmi
XwJm© ^mJdV _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, 1964 O`d§V Xids
nm°ß`wba ~wH$ So>nmo, _w§~B©, 1956 -------------------- _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1969
-------------------- MH«$ --------------------
JsVam_m`U O`d§V Xids g_mYs d BVa ghm JmoîQ>s
J.[X. _mS>JyiH$a _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963 [XdmH$a H¥$îU ([XdmH$a H¥$îU
_m[hVs d Z^modmUs -------------------- Ho$iH$a)
_§Ìmb`, [X„s, 1957 AmYw[ ZH$ Am¡Ú mo[JH$ ^maVmMo Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1949
-------------------- [eënH$ma dmbM§X [hamM§X, --------------------
~hwê$ns ì`º$s, H$mi d H$V¥©Ëd Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo
qMVm_Uamd H$moëhQ>H$a J§.Xo. ImbmobH$a JmoXmdar néioH$a
1957 eoQ> dmbM§X [hamM§X _o_mo[a`b Q´>ñQ>, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, 1970
_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B© _w§~B©, 1965 --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- am_ZJar
n§[S>VamO OJÞmW _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm CËH$f© am_ ZJaH$a
[dÚmYa JmoIbo _hmXod Jmo[d¨X amZSo> _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1975
_w§~B© AZwdmX-Z.a. \$mQ>H$ --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- ZQ>g_«mQ>
YJ EH$ eyÝ` ~mOsamd [d.dm. [eadmS>H$a
CÕd O. eoiHo$ qM. Í`§. ImZmobH$a nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1971
nm°ß`wba àH$meZ _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1966 --------------------
1960 -------------------- JmoVmdim
-------------------- _mPo [dÚmnsR> AmZ§X `mXd
AZm[_H$mMs [M¨V[ZH$m Zmam`U gwd} _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1971
nw.`. Xoenm§So> nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1966 --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- Yma Am[U H$mR>
nm[ZnV 1761 ~Q>mQ>çmMs Mmi Zaha Hw$é§XH$a
Í`§.e§. eoOdiH$a nw.b. Xoenm§So> Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo
Omoes Am[U bmoI§So> àH$meZ, nwUo, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1958 --------------------
1961 -------------------- AR>ameo gÎmmdZMo
-------------------- AmXe© ^maV godH$ ñdmV§Í`g_a
gm[dÌs Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIbo `m§Mo M[aÌ ñdmV§Í`dsa [d.Xm. gmdaH$a
nw.{e. aoJo Z.a. \$mQ>H$ 1909
Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1971 _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1967 --------------------
ì`º$s Am[U d„s amZmVë`m H$[dVm H$mOi_m`m
nw.b. Xoenm§So> Zm.Ym|. _hmZmoa Os.E. Hw$iH$Uu
Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1967 nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1972
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
am`JS>mbm Ooìhm OmJ `oVo g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m H$[dVm a§J _mPm doJim
dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a J«og (_m[UH$ JmoS>KmQo>) gwaoe ^Q>
nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1962 nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1967 _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1974
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
H$mogbm `wJmÝV eyÐ nydu H$moU hmoVo?
^s_amd am_Os D$\©$ ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$a
AZwdmX-Mm§JXod ^dmZamd I¡a_moSo>
gwJV àH$meZ, ZmJnya
--------------------
ZjÌm§Mo XoUo
AmaVs à^y ([M¨.Í`§. ImZmobH$a)
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1975
--------------------
^maVs` [ddmhg§ñWoMm B[Vhmg
[d.H$m. amOdmSo>
boIZH$mb-1923-24
àmJ[VH$ nwñVH$ àH$meZ, nwUo,
1976
--------------------
~bwV§
X`m ndma
J«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B©
--------------------
AmR>dUtMo njs
à.B©. gmoZH$m§~io
MoVZm àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1979
--------------------
`jm§Ms XoUJs
O`§V ZmaisH$a
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1975
--------------------
Cnam
bú_U _mZo
J«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1982
--------------------
EH$m OÝ_mVë`m JmR>s
eaíM§Ð dmgwXodo [Ma_wio
_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1985
--------------------
g§dmX
[dO`m amOmÜ`j
J«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B©
--------------------
JsVmahñ`
bmoH$_mÝ` ~mi J§JmYa [Q>iH$
[MÌemim, nwUo, 1915
dsaYdb
ZmW _mYd (ÛmaH$mZmW _mYd
[nVio) am_H¥$îU, _w§~B©, 1923
--------------------
Z nQ>Umar JmoîQ>
Zmam`U har AmnQo>
JmodY©Z, nwUo, 1923
--------------------
`emoYZ
H$ds `ed§V (`ed§V [XZH$a
n|T>aH$a) [dO`, nwUo, 1929
--------------------
JsVmB©
AmMm`© [dZmo~m ^mdo
g_W©, Ywio, 1933
--------------------
à[V^m-gmYZ
Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$, [dO`, nwUo
--------------------
XmOs
Zm.Ym|. VmåhUH$a
[H$bm}ñH$a, [H$bm}ñH$admS>s, 1938
_I_bsMm nS>Xm
dg§V em§Vmam_ XogmB©
nÙ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1947
--------------------
[dkmZ~moYmMs àñVmdZm
ls._. _mQo>
ZdOsdZ, nwUo, 1948
--------------------
_s H$gm Pmbmo?
AmMm`© àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo
1953
naMwao àH$meZ _§[Xa, _w§~B©
--------------------
~ZJadmS>s
ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1955
--------------------
amOm [edN>ÌnVs
~._mo. nwa§Xao
nwa§Xao àH$meZ, nwUo, 1983
--------------------
``mVs
[d.g. Im§So>H$a
Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1959
--------------------
[Oßgs
_§Joe nmS>JmdH$a
nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1953
--------------------
g§ñH¥$Vr-g§J_
X.Ho$. Ho$iH$a
amOJwê$, nwUo, 1941
--------------------
_hmamîQ´>-g§ñH¥$Vs
nw.J. ghò~wÕo
H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo,
1979
--------------------
ì`mgnd©
XwJm© àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1962
--------------------
em_amB©
í`m_amd AmoH$
H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo
--------------------
nmoV
X.J. JmoS>go
nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963
n[WH$, Z.[d. JmS>Jsi (H$mH$mgmho~
JmS>Jsi), 1964-65
--------------------
AmZ§Xs Jmonmi
ls.O. Omoes
_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1968
--------------------
`wÕ-ZoV¥Ëd
[X.[d. JmoIbo
_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1966
--------------------
ls_mZ `moJs
aU[OV XogmB©
Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo
--------------------
_w§~B© [XZm§H$
AéU gmYy
_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1972
--------------------
gm§JË`o EoH$m
h§gm dmS>H$a
amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo, 1970
--------------------
emoY ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm
`.[X. \$S>Ho$
ls[dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo, 1977
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 95
 AmUIr H$mhr g§X^©J«§W (1960-2010)
Aä`mgH$m§Zm Cn`wº$ R>aVsb Aem ÑîQ>sZo S>m°. gwf_m nm¡S>dmb, J«§Wnmb, Eg. EZ. S>s. Q>s. _[hbm [dÚmnsR> `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobs hs gyMs!
1. H$X_ ZmJZmW Ym|. _hmamîQ´>mVsb ^Q>H$m g_mO : g§ñH¥$Vs d gm[hË` nwUo : à[V_m, 1995
2. H§$Q>H$ ào_m gË`mJ«hs _hmamîQ´> nwUo : gwb^ amîQ´>s` J«§W_mbm, 1940
3. H$mbobH$a Jmo[d¨X _§Joe _w§~B© Bbm»`m§Vsb OmVs _w§~B© : 1928
4. Ho$VH$a Hw$_ma H$Wm ñdmV§Í`mMs nwUo : _hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR>çnwñVH$ [Z[_©Vs
d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>i, 1985.
5. IS>noH$a [dZ`m ós ñdmV§Í`dm[XZs : _w§~B© : nm°ß`wba, 1991
[dgmì`m eVH$mVsb n[adV©Z
6. JS>H$ar _mYd g§`wº$ _hmamîQ´> bT>çmMo _hmaWs nwUo : _Zmo[dH$mg, 1987
7. JéS> AÊUmgmho~ _hmamîQ´>mVsb g_mOgwYmaUoMm B[Vhmg Am¡a§Jm~mX : H¡$bmg nmQ>sb, 1995
8. JmS>Jsi ^m.`. AmYw[ZH$ amîQ´>dmX : ^maV d _hmamîQ´> nwUo : a[damO, 1992
9. Jm`H$dmS Za|Ð _amR>dmS>çmVsb X[bV Midi nwUo : gwJmdm, 1990
Am[U h¡Xam~mXMm ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_
10. Jmoao Jmo[d¨X Am[U _hmamîQ´>mVsb X[bV-emoY Am[U ~moY _w§~B© : ghmÜ``Z, 1973
[b_`o [eé^mD$
11. KmoS>Ho$ h._. _hmamîQ´>JmWm ^mJ. 2 nwUo : amOh§g, 2005
12. MìhmU `ed§Vamd gømÐsMo dmao _w§~B© : _hmamîQ´> emgZ, 1962
13. Mm¡Yar Ho$.Ho$. Pw§Oma nwUo : dgmhVdmX d gm_m[OH$ [df_Voes bT>m nwUo : H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b, 2008
14. Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ ZdamÌ _w§~B© : bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 2000
15. Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ _hmË_m \w$bo Am[U eoVH$ar Midi _w§~B© : bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 1998
16. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU Eogm kmZgmJê$ : ~Ia _w§~B© [dÚmnsR>mMs _w§~B© : nm°ß`wba, 2007
17. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU (g§nm.) eha nwUo : EH$m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ g§[MVmMm _mJmodm (I§S>-2) nwUo : [Ziw^mD$ [b_`o \$mD§$So>eZ, 2000
18. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU ñWb-H$mb _w§~B© : _m¡O, 2004
19. [VWm©bs emo^m AmYw[ZH$ _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg _w§~B© : àmMs, 2000
20. XmñVmZo g§Vmof _hmamîQ´> 2003 Vo 2010 nwUo : XmñVmZo am_M§Ð Am[U H§$, 2003 Vo 2010
21. Xoenm§So dg§V dmgwXod _hmamîQ´>mMs gwdU©JmWm XmXa : J«§Wmbs, 2011
22. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) Ag§J«[hV a.Ym|. H$d} nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
23. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) [ZdS>H$ emaXoMs nÌo nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
24. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) H$d} a.Ym|. : ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmX nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
AZwdmX : _YwH$a VmoaS>_b
25. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) a.Ym|.H$d}, _Vo Am[U _Vm§Vao nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
26. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) _monm§gmÀ`m H$Wm AZwdmX : a.Ym|. H$d} nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
27. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) H$d} a.Ym|. : eof g_mOñdmñÏ` nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
28. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) "g_mOñdmñÏ`'H$ma nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
29. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) "g_mOñdmñÏ`'_Ysb [ZdS>H$ boI nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
30. ZmB©H$dmSo AemoH$ (g§nm.) gwdU© _hmoËgds _hmamîQ´> Am¡a§Jm~mX : kmZoe, 2010
31. n§[S>V Z[bZs _hmamîQ´>mVsb amîQ´>dmXmMm [dH$mg nwUo : _m°S>Z© ~wH$ So>nmo, 1972
32. ndma Jmo._m. _hfu [dÇb am_Os [e¨Xo … OsdZ d H$m`© bmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h : 2004
33. nmQ>sb d.~. [dgmì`m eVH$mVsb _hmamîQ´>m_Ysb g_mO gwYmaUoMm B[Vhmg nwUo : Ho$. gmJa, 2004
34. nmÜ`o à^mH$a AmOH$mbMm _hmamîQ´ >:d¡Mm[aH$ àJVs _w§~B© :^maV-Jm¡ad J«§W_mbm, 1935
35. nmoVXma _mYd am. ^maVmMm n[hbm amîQ´>nwéf Zm_Xma OJÞmW e§H$aeoR> nwUo : AZw~§Y, 2002
(_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmVsb EH$ nd©)
36. àYmZ am_ (g§nm.) eãXm§Mo gm_Ï`© nwUo : A_o`, 2000
37. \$S>Ho$ `.[X. Am§~oS>H$ar Midi nwUo : ls[dÚm, 1990
38. \$S>Ho$ `.[X. [dgmì`m eVH$mVsb _hmamîQ´> : (I§S> 1 Vo 8) nwUo : Ho$. gmJa, ls[dÚm
39. \$mQ>H$ Z.a. _§w~B© ZJar _w§~B© ~¥hÝ_§~B© _hmnm[bH$m eVmãXs, 1981
40. \$S>Usg OJZ gÎmoMo _mohao : _hmamîQ´>mVsb H$m±J«ogMo amOH$maU _w§~B© : J«§Wmbs, 1977
41. ~mi àH$me _w§~B© : H$mbMs Am[U AmOMs _w§~B© : ~m~yamd gm_§V Jm¡adJ«§W, 1997
42. ~oSo>H$a [X.Ho$. g§`wº$ _hmamîQ´> nwUo : Ho$.Eg. Jwáo, 1947

96 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
43. ^mJdV [dÚwV
44. ^mJdV [dÚwV
Am[U aoJo e[_©bm
45. [^So> J.a§. Am[U
Xoenm§So> nw.b. (g§nm.)
46. ^moio ^mñH$a bú_U Am[U
~oS>[H$hmi [H$emoa (g§nm.)
47. qeXo [dÇ>b am_Os
48. gaXma J§JmYa ~mi
49. gaXma J§JmYa ~mi
50. gmIiH$a EH$ZmW
Am[U ^o§So gw^mf
51. gw_§V `ed§V Am[U
nw§So> XÎmmÌ` (g§nm.)
52. gwamUm nÞmbmb
53. gwamUm nÞmbmb Am[U
~oS>[H$hb [H$emoa
54. gmIiH$a EH$ZmW
Am[U ^|So> gw^mf (g§nm.)
55. gmodZs _YwH$a [dîUy
1. Bal, Vidya (ed.)
2. Choudhari, K.K.
3. Choudhari, K. K. (ed.)
4. Dastane, Santosh
5. Ganachari, Arvind
6. Government of
Maharastra
7. Keer, Dhananjay
8. Keer, Dhananjay (ed.)
9. Kosambi, Meera (ed.)
10. Kosambi, Meera (ed.)
11. Kosambi, Meera (ed.)
12. Mayur, Rashmi
& Vohra, Ratan (ed.)
13. Padgaonkar, Dileep (ed.)
14. Patel, Kunj
15. Sharma, K.K.
16. Tikekar, Aroon
17. Tikekar, S.R.
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^maVmVsb g_H$mbsZ H$mimMo àíZ nwUo :ós Aä`mg Ho§$Ð, 2000
H$moëhmnya Xe©Z nwUo : B§Q>aZ°eZb n{ãb[e§J g{ìh©g
~XbVm _hmamîQ´ >: gmR>moÎma n[adV©ZmMm _mJmodm gmVmam : Am§~oS>H$a AH$mX_s, 2003
^maVs` Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ ZmJnya : Zd^maV J«§W_mbm H$m`m©b`, 1955
_hmamîQ´>mMo Cno[jV _mZH$ar nwUo : J§.~m. gaXma, 1941
_hmamîQ´>-OsdZ : na§nam, àJVs Am[U g_ñ`m nwUo : Omoes Am[U bmoI§So>, 1960
_hmamîQ´>mMs _mZ[MÝho _w§~B© : _°Oo{ñQ>H$, 2000
_hmamîQ´>mVsb Om[Vg§ñWm[df`H$ [dMma nwUo : à[V_m, 1988
Amnbm _hmamîQ´> nwUo : g_mO à~moYZ g§ñWm, 1960
AmOMm _hmamîQ´> : 1947-1987 `m H$mimVsb _hmamîQ´>mMs nwUo : ls[dÚm, 1998
amOH$s` Am[W©H$ OS>U-KS>U
_hmamîQ´>mMs _mZ[MÝho _w§~B© : _°Oo{ñQ>H$, 2000
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m H$mb_wÐm nwUo : [ZVsZ, 1982
H$mhs B§J«Os J«§W
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who are building Maharashtra
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 97
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gwMdm`bm gm§[JVbs AmhoV. hs gyMZm
H$aVmZm _amR>s ^mfH$ g_mOmVbm dmMH$ A[^àoV
Amho.
"nÅ>sMm dmMH$' hm Am`wî`mV H$Ys Zm H$YsVar
ñdV:À`m J«§Wg§J«hmH$So> diVmo. nwTo> hm Ë`mMm g§J«h
dmT>V OmVmo. AJXs Vmo bmImn`ªV dmT>V Joë`mMs
Zm|X _amR>s g_mOmVhs Amho. e§^a J«§W hs _`m©Xm
_mZdÊ`mgmaIs Zmhs Am[U Varhs Vs ñdsH$maUo
^mJ Amho.
ñdV:À`m KaÀ`m J«§Wg§J«hmMs JaO OmUdVo
`mMo H$maU amÌs ~oamÌs H$mhs AmR>dmdo, gwMmdo
Am[U Ë`m dois [H$_mZ H$mhs g§X^© VnmgVm `mdoV.
AÝ`Wm J«§Wg§J«hmÀ`m dmT>sbm Ves _`m©Xm ZgVo.
"Vw_À`m g§J«hmVbo gJio J«§W Vwåhs dmMbo
AmhoV H$m`?' Agm àíZ OJ^aÀ`m AZoH$
J«§Wg§J«mhH$m§Zm [dMmabm Amho Am[U Ë`mMo J§^sa
CÎma "ho J«§W dmMm`Mo AmhoV' hoM am[hbo Amho.
EH$m Am`wî`mVë`m dmMZmbm _`m©Xm AgVmV Am[U
nwñVH$ hdo AgÊ`mMs AmoT> AZmda AgVo.
BWo Va _amR>s Kam§gmR>s- nÅ>sMm dmMH$ KamoKa
Agmdm Aem ew^oÀN>m§gh- Ho$di e§^a J«§Wm§Zm
Amnë`m Kar OmJm Úm`Ms Amho. `mgmR>s _mPm
_w»` ^a Amho Vmo `m e§^a J«§Wm§Zs Amnë`m
dmMZmbm H$mhs A[YH$Mo g§X^© nwadmdoV. dmMVmZm
`oUmè`m AS>Wù`m§VyZ nwTo> OmÊ`mMo _mJ© gwMdmdoV.
Ë`mVyZ Amnë`m KamnmgyZ- [dûdmn`ªVMm ngmam
g_OmdyZ KoVm `mdm. Amnbm g_mO, Ë`mMm
B[Vhmg, dmagm, na§nam Am[U Ë`mMm dV©_mZ H$mi
VnmgVm `mdm. Amnbs g§ñH¥$Vs, AW©ì`dhma,
amOH$s` ì`dhma `mVë`m Jw§VmJw§VtMm A§XmO `mdm.
`m H$m_s _XV gwMdUmao J«§W `m[Z[_ÎmmZo g_moa
Ro>dÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ Amho.
[dnwb dmMZmgmR>s AÝ` n`m©` AmhoV. gbJ
dmMm`À`m gm[hË`mH$So> AÝ` _mJmªZs OmVm `oB©b.
`mAmYs Aem nmhÊ`m Pmë`m AmhoV. dm[f©H$,
Xedm[f©H$, EHy$U _amR>s gm[hË`mVsb boUs,
MmoI§Xi dmMH$ Aem [d[dY [ZdS>s `mAmYs
AmhoV. hs Ë`mhyZ doJis dmQ> Amho. [VMo [ZH$f
\$º$ gm[hË`_yë`m§VJ©V ZmhsV.
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[d[dY àH$maMo H$moe g§X^m©gmR>s hdo AgVmV.
BWbs g§X^© H$moem§Ms g§»`m Va \$maM Anwar Amho.
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I§S> åhUOo EH$ nwñVH$ Ago J[UV ñdsH$maUo
AeŠ` Amho.
`m gJù`m Jw§Ë`mVyZ dmQ> H$mT>V Ho$bobm hm
à`ËZ Amho. "í`m_Ms AmB©' `m gmZo JwéOtÀ`m
boIZmV "amÌ EH$moU[Vgmds : _moR>m hmoÊ`mgmR>s
Mmoar' Aes EH$ JmoîQ> Amho. Amnbo dmMZ Am[U
Amnbo dV©Z `mVë`m ZmVo g§~§Ymda Ë`mV H$mhs
gwMdbo Amho. Vo AmnU _wimVyZ dmMmdo. JǤW dmMZ
Amnë`m dV©ZmMs [Xem gwMdVo. Amnë`m
OJÊ`mÀ`m X¡Z§[XZ ì`dhmamda J«§W dmMZmMm
A§Hw$e Agmdm. OJÊ`mVë`m ghòmdYs
A§V[d©amoYm§Zm g_§OgnUo gm_moao OmÊ`mMo ~i
JǤWdmMZmVyZ [_imdo. [ZXmZ _s `m _VmMm Amho.
Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmgmR>s, doi KmbdÊ`mgmR>s _s
g_OwVsV Amë`mnmgyZ AmOda H$YsM H$mhs
dmMbo Zmhs. BWyZ nwTo> Vs eŠ`Vm Va A[O~mV
Zmhs.
nwTo> gwMdbobs e§^a nwñVHo$ `m ^y[_Ho$VyZ
MmiUs bmdV bmdV AmUbs AmhoV. H$mX§~ar,
H$Wm, H$[dVm, ZmQ>H$, AZwdm[XV H$bmH¥$Vs Am[U
[H$VsVar d¡Mm[aH$ J«§Wm§Zm ~mOybm Ro>dmdo bmJbo.
n[hë`m `mXsnmgyZ A§[V_ `mXsn`ªVMs hs dmQ>Mmb
AdKS> Am[U H«y$ahs dmQ>bs. AmnUm gdmªZm _mÌ
`m `mXsV ^a KmbÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho `mMm AmZ§X
dmQ>Vmo.
_hmamîQ´> amÁ` ñWmnZm Am[U 1960Z§VaMm
Joë`m nÞmg dfmªMm H$mi hm _mÂ`m dmMZmVë`m
^aU-nmofUmMm H$mi Amho. Ë`m H$mimda Va
gdm©[YH$ AÝ`m` Pmbm Amho. Ë`mVë`m Á`oîR>m§À`m
Am[U loîR>m§À`m gm[hË`mÀ`m [ZdS>sbm dmd am[hbm
Zmhs. g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmMs nm`m^yV gmYZ
gm_J«s XoUmar AmË_M[aÌo, H$Wm, H$[dVm, H$mX§~ar
Am[U AÝ` AZoH$ boIZo Aem AmdS>boë`m
Ag§»` [Z[_©Vsbm ~mOybm Ro>dmdo bmJbo.
AmnU _mÌ Amnbm J«§Wg§J«h `m `mXsMm AmYma
KoV dmX à[VdmX Am[U g§dmX Agm àdmg H$aV
[Xgm_mOs "ls_§V' H$amdm.
Am_oZ.

H$moeJ«§W 13. gH$b g§V JmWm : 5 I§S> : g§. am.[M§. To>ao

1. _amR>s [dûdH$moe : _amR>s [dûdH$moe [Z[_©Vs _§S>i : 17 I§S> 14. H$Wm g[aËgmJa : 5 I§S> : AZw. h.A. ^mdo
2. ^maVs` g§ñH¥$Vs H$moe : _hmXod emós Omoes : 10 I§S> 15. [gÕmW© OmVH$ : 7 I§S> : AZw. XwJm© ^mJdV
3. g_mO [dkmZ H$moe : g§. g._m. JJ} : 3 I§S> 16. Aao[~`Z ZmB©Q>g² : EH$ hOma amÌs Am[U EH$ amÌ
4. VÎdkmZ H$moe : g§.àm. XodrXmg XÎmmÌo` dmSo>H$a : 3 I§S> : [aMS©> E\$. ~Q©>Z : 16 I§S> : AZw. Jm¡ar Xoenm§So>
5. _hmamîQ´> dmH$²-g§àXm` H$moe : g§. `.am. XmVo / [M¨.J. H$d} : 2 17. hÝg A°S>agZÀ`m n[aH$Wm : AZw. gw_Vs nm`JmdH$a
I§S> ñ_maH$ / Jm¡ad J«§W
6. _hmamîQ´> eãXH$moe : _hmamîQ´> H$moe _§S>i : 8 I§S> / _amR>s 18. amOfu emhy ñ_maH$ J«§W : g§. S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma
eãXH$moe : _.am.gm. Am[U g§. _§S>i : 3 I§S> 19. _hmË_m \w$bo Jm¡ad J«§W : AÜ`j g§nmXH$ _§S>i : ns.~s. gmiw§Io
7. Key Words : Raymond Williams
20. amOfu emhy Jm¡ad J«§W : AÜ`j g§nmXH$ _§S>i : ns.~s. gmiw§Io
8. Encyclopedia of Dates and Events : Ed. L.C. Pascoe
21. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Jm¡ad J«§W : g§nmXH$ _§S>i
9. _amR>s dmL>²_` godH$ : g§. J§.Xo. ImZmobH$a : 7 I§S> 22. eVH$m§VamÀ`m diUmda : g§. ^m.b. ^moio
10. ^maVs` g§[dYmZ : A[YH¥$V-AÚ`mdV àV 23. g§V JmS>Jo _hmamO ñ_maH$ J«§W : g§. àm. am.Vw. ^JV
11. àmMsZ _hmamîQ´> : emVdmhZnd© 2 I§S> : lsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a
g_J« Amd¥Îms : A[^OmV J«§W M[aÌ / AmË_M[aÌ
12. g§nyU© _hm^maV : 8 I§S> : g§. ^mb~m Ho$iH$a 24. ñ_¥Vs[MÌo : bú_s~mB© [Q>iH$

98 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
25. AmË_d¥Îm Am[U M[aÌ : Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} / Zm._. nQ>dY©Z 65. _èhmR>çmg§~§YmZo Mma CX²Jma : amOmam_emós ^mJdV
26. Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s `m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ ([ZdoXZ) Am[U M[aÌ : 66. ^maVs` Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ : [dÇ>b am_Os qeXo
g§. O.g. gwIQ>UH$a 67. qhX ñdamÁ` : _hmË_m Jm§Ys
27. _mPs OsdZJmWm : à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao 68. J«m_JsVm : amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOs _hmamO
28. gË`mMo à`moJ AWdm AmË_H$Wm : _hmË_m Jm§Ys : AZw. Aßnm 69. JmddmS>m : [̨.Zm. AÌo
nQ>dY©Z (gsVmam_ nwéfmoÎm_ nQ>dY©Z) 70. í`m_Ms AmB© : gmZo JwéOs
29. AmË_d¥Îm : Aßnm nQ>dY©Z (gsVmam_ nwéfmoÎm_ nQ>dY©Z) 71. [ZdS>H$ boI g§J«h : Í`§.e§. eoOdbH$a
30. AmXe© ^maV godH$ : Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIbo M[aÌ : Z.a. \$mQ>H$ 72. "g_mO ñdmñÏ`'_Ysb [ZdS>H$ boI :
a.Ym|. H$d} : g§. S>m°. AZ§V Xoe_wI
g§H$sU© 73. ^JdmZ ~wÕ Am[U Ë`mMm Yå_ : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
31. The Story of civilization : Will Durant 74. bmoH$emhsa AÊUm ^mD$ gmRo> : [ZdS>H$ dmL>²_`
32. A Study of History : Arnold Toynbee 75. `wJm§V : BamdVs H$d}
33. The Social History of Art : Arnold Hauser : 4 I§S> 76. bÁOmJm¡ar : am.[M¨. To>ao
34. A History of the World : Eric Hobsbawm : 4 I§S> 77. _mZd Am[U Y_©[M¨VZ : amdgmho~ H$g~o
35. g¥îQ>s [dkmZ JmWm : S>m°. O`§V ZmaisH$a, S>m°. lsam_ JsV : 2 I§S> 78. bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m : S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao
36. Y_©emómMm B[Vhmg : _._. nm§.dm.H$mUo : g§[já Amd¥Îms : 2 79. dmX-g§dmX[à` ^maVs` : A_Ë`© goZ : AZw. emaXm gmRo>
I§S> : AZw. `ed§V ^Q> 80. ìhmoëJm Vo J§Jm : amhwb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z
37. OmJ[VH$ B[VhmgmMo AmoPaVo Xe©Z : n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ : AZw. 81. _hmamîQ´>mMo _hm_§WZ : bmbOs n|S>go
[e.Jmo. ^mdo : 4 I§S> 82. àmMsZ ^maV : g_mO Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs : _.A. _oh§Xio
38. ^maVmMm emoY : n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ : AZw. gmZo JwéOs 83. JmdJmS>çm~mhoa : à^mH$a _m§So>
39. [dlãY emaXm : g§. h.[d. _moQo> : 3 I§S> 84. _mUgmÀ`m Eo[hH$ gwImMs JmoîQ>
40. n[dÌ Hw$amU : AZw. _m¡bds _sa _moh_X `mHw$~ ImZ : [bAmo øy~a_Z : AZw. H$m§MZ [ZËgwao, a_oe nmÜ`o
41. gw~moY ~m`~b : AZw. \$mXa \«$m{Ýgg [X~«oQ>mo 85. [H$_`mJma : AÀ`wV JmoS>~mobo
42. ZdZsV : eV gm§dËg[aH$ 18ds Amd¥Îms : naewam_ ~„mi 86. Am{ñVH$ [eamo_Us Mmdm©H$ : S>m°. Am.h. gmiw§Io
JmoS>~mobo : g§. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a 87. Xmg ewÐm§Ms Jwbm_[Jar : 2 I§S> : eaX nmQ>sb : àmk nmR>embm
43. Mma OwZo _amR>s AW©emós` J«§W (1843-1855) : 88. _amR>s J«§Wm§Mo AmXe© g§J«hmb` : A.H$m. [à`moiH$a
g§. [X.Ho$. ~oSo>H$a 89. _w§~B©Mo dU©Z : Jmo.Zm. _mS>JmdH$a
44. hmb gmVdmhZmMs JmWm gáeVs : g§. g.Am. OmoJioH$a 90. nwUo dU©Z : Zm.[d. Omoes
45. d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm B[Vhmg : bú_Uemós Omoes 91. OZ-_Z : AéU [Q>Ho$H$a
46. H$m¡[Q>bs` AW©emó : ^mfm§Va : a.n§. H§$Jbo 92. Ñí`m§Va : ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMs _amR>s H$[dVm : g§. M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb
47. ls_Ý_mYdmMm`© à[UV gd©Xe©Z g§J«h : ^mfm§Va : a.n§. H§$Jbo 93. n[aÑí` : ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMs _amR>s H$Wm : g§. [Z[eH$m§V R>H$ma
48. ^maVs` [ddmhg§ñWoMm B[Vhmg : B[VhmgmMm`© [d.H$m. amOdmSo> 94. ~[hUmB©Ms JmUs : ~[hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar
49. gmVdmhZ Am[U n{íM_ jÌn `m§Mm B[Vhmg Am[U H$moard boI : 95. X[bV gm[hË` : AmOMo H«$m§Vs [dkmZ : ~m~wamd ~mJwb
dm.[d. [_ames 96. Znojm : AemoH$ ehmUo
50. _èhmQ>s g§ñH¥$Vs : H$mhs g_ñ`m : e§H$a ~mi Xr[jV Omoes 97. Q>sH$m-ñd`§da : ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>
: g§. dg§V g. Omoes 98. gm[hË` Am[U A{ñVËd^mZ : [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo
51. bsimM[aÌ : g§. [d.[^. H$mobVo 99. A{ñVËdmÀ`m aofm : amOm T>mbo
52. n§Mmonm»`mZ : g§. [d.[^. H$mobVo 100. H$Wm _w§~B©À`m [JaUJmdmMs : Zsam AmS>maH$a / _sZm _oZZ
53. AmYw[ZH$ ^maV : AmMm`© e§.Xm. OmdSo>H$a
54. nwamUH$Wm Am[U dmñVdVm : Xm_moXa Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s : A[YH$Ms e§^a
AZw. dg§V Vwinwio 1. BgmnZsVs
55. dmMy AmZ§Xo : g§. _mYwar nwa§Xao : nyU© 4 ^mJm§Mm g§M 2. _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm CËH$f© : _.Jmo. amZSo> : AZw. Z.a. \$mQ>H$
56. [bhmdo ZoQ>Ho$ : g§. _mYwar nwa§Xao : nyU© 3 ^mJm§Mm g§M 3. ~m¡Õ Y_m©darb Mma [Z~§Y : Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s
57. F$½doXmMo _amR>s ^mfm§Va : [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd 4. JsVmB© : [dZmo~m ^mdo
58. AWd©doXmMo _amR>s ^mfm§Va : [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd 5. ^maVs` à~moYZ : e§H$aamd Xod Jm¡ad J«§W :
59. Lokayata : Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya g§. [X.Ho$. ~oSo>H$a / ^m.e§. ^UJo
60. Xmg H$m[nQ>mb : gw~moY n[aM` : gwhmg nam§Ono 6. _hmamîQ´>-OsdZ : 2 I§S> : g§. J§.~m. gaXma
61. bmoH$[hVdmXsH¥$V [Z~§Y g§J«h : g§. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a 7. g§H«$_U H$mimMo AmìhmZ : g§. J§.~m. gaXma
62. _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>‘` 8. A{ñ_Vm _hmamîQ´>mMs : _amR>m _§[Xa am¡ß` _hmoËgds J«§W
63. ós-nwéf VwbZm : Vmam~mB© qeXo : g§. ^s_amd Hw$bH$Uu
64. AmJaH$a boIg§J«h : gm[hË` AH$mX_s 9. ~XbVm _hmamîQ´> : àm. EZ.S>s. nmQ>sb Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. ^m.b. ^moio

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 99
10. EH$m [nT>sMo AmË_H$WZ : dm.am. T>dio Jm¡ad J«§W 56. ~moaH$am§Ms H$[dVm : ~m.^. ~moaH$a : g§. _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a
11. _amR>s gm[hË` : àoaUm d ñdê$n : 57. gwöXJmWm : nw.[e. aoJo : g§. J§JmYa nmQ>sb
(1950-1975) g§. Jmo._m. ndma / _.X. hmVH$U§JboH$a 58. Am[XË` : _Z_mohZ : g§. e§H$a d¡Ú
12. gm[hË` [dMma Am[U g_mO[M¨VZ : 59. gË`mMs OmV : eaíM§Ð _w{º$~moY
J§.~m. gaXma Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. ^m.e§. ^UJo 60. ag`mÌm : Hw$gw_mJ«O : g§. ~m.^. ~moaH$a / e§H$a d¡Ú
13. g_Vm : [dMma / ì`dhma / ^[dVì` : 61. g§[hVm : [d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a : g§. _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a
XmXmgmho~ ê$ndVo Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. amdgmho~ H$g~o 62. gZX : Zmam`U gwd}
14. PmoV-gm_m[OH$ Ý`m`mda : amdgmho~ Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. CÎm_ H$m§~io 63. [^OH$s dhs : AéU H$mobQ>H$a
15. g_J« am_ JUoe JS>H$ar 64. EHy$U H$[dVm : [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo
16. g§H$[bV dmL²>_` : g.O. ^mJdV 65. [ZdS>H$ dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$
17. [ZdS>H$ _mUyg : _mUyg à[VîR>mZ 66. _s ^`§H$amÀ`m XadmÁ`mV C^m Amho
18. [M_Uamdm§Mo MèhmQ> : [Àm§.[d. Omoes : Zm_Xod T>gmi : g§. gVse H$migoH$a / àkm X`m ndma
19. [ZdS>H$ R>UR>Unmi : O`d§V Xids 67. A^wO _mS> : ^wO§J _olm_
20. nmoV : X.J. JmoS>go 68. Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$ : AéU H$mio
21. éOwdmV : AemoH$ Ho$iH$a 69. `_wZm n`©Q>Z : ~m~m nX²_ZOs
22. ì`mgm§Mm dmagm : AmZ§X [dZm`H$ OmVoJmdH$a 70. YmdVm YmoQ>m : ^m.[d. daoaH$a
23. H$hmUs _mZdàmÊ`mMs : Z§Xm Iao 71. ~ZJadmS>s : ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JwiH$a
24. _mPm àdmg : JmoS>go ^Q>Os 72. H$mogbm : ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>
25. Am_À`m Am`wî`mVsb H$mhs AmR>dUs : a_m~mB© amZSo> 73. gmV g¸§$ ÌoMmisg : [H$aU ZJaH$a
26. gm§OdmV : AmZ§Xs~mB© Omoes 74. H$m|Sw>am : [Àm§.Í`§. ImZmobH$a
27. H¥$îUmH$mR> : `ed§Vamd MìhmU 75. EÝH$sÀ`m amÁ`mV : [dbmg gma§J
28. Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo : JmoXmdar néioH$a 76. ho B©ûdaamd ho nwéfmoÎm_ amd : í`m_ _Zmoha
29. Vami-A§Vami : e§H$aamd IamV 77. Zm_wíH$sMo ñdJV : a§JZmW nR>mao
30. am_ZJar : am_ ZJaH$a 78. H$in : amOZ Jdg
31. AmR>dUtMo njs : à.B©. gmoZH$m§~io 79. ~mamo_mg : gXmZ§X Xoe_wI
32. ~bwV§ : X`m ndma 80. ~« : H$[dVm _hmOZ
33. CMë`m : bú_U Jm`H$dmS> 81. [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m : a_oe B§Jio-CÌmXH$a
34. Cnam : bú_U _mZo 82. H$mOi_m`m : Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu
35. A¸$a_mes : eaUHw$_ma [b¨~mio 83. [X.~m. _moH$mes `m§Ms H$Wm : g§. Aa[d¨X JmoIbo
36. H$mQ>çmdaMs nmoQ§> : CÎm_ ~§Sy> Vwno 84. ls.Xm. nmZdbH$a `m§Ms H$Wm : g§. _.X. hmVH$U§JboH$a
37. J~mi : XmXmgmho~ _moao 85. ^mD$ nmÜ`o : loîR> H$Wm : g§. [X.nw. [MÌo
38. JmdH$s : éñVw_ AMbIm§~ 86. [ZdS>H$ H$_b XogmB©
39. Am^amZ : nmW© nmoiHo$ 87. Kmesam_ H$moVdmb : [dO` V|Sw>bH$a
40. H$moëhmQ>çmM§ nmoa : [H$emoa em§Vm~mB© H$mio 88. `wJm§V : _hoe EbHw$§Mdma
41. Am`XmZ : D$[_©bm ndma 89. gË`emoYH$ : Jmo.nw. Xoenm§So>
42. [~amS> : AemoH$ ndma 90. [ZdS>H$ : ào_mZ§X JÁds
43. AmB© g_OyZ KoVmZm : CÎm_ H$m§~io 91. H$ma_mPH$ ~§Yy : 2 ^mJ : XñV`odñH$s : AZw. ^mD$ Y_m©[YH$mar
44. Imbs O_sZ da AmH$me : gwZsbHw$_ma bdQo> 92. nmS>g : _mOm}ar [H$ZZ am°[b¨½O : AZw. am_ nQ>dY©Z
45. [~ZnQ>mMs Mm¡H$Q> : B§Xw_Vs Om|Yio 93. amOm [b`a : eoŠg[nAa : AZw. Jmo.[d. H$a§XsH$a
46. ~m{áñ_m Vo Y_mªVa : BgmXmg ^S>Ho$ 94. ãbmBªS>Zog : Á`wPo gmam_mJw : AZw. ^m.b. ^moio
47. _hmË_m \w$bo : YZ§O` H$sa 95. PmS§> bmdUmam _mUyg : Om± [OAmZmo : AZw. _mYwar nwa§Xao
48. N>ÌnVs emhy _hmamO : YZ§O` H$sa 96. An Introduction to the study of
49. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : YZ§O` H$sa Indian History : D.D. Kosambi
50. EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a : dsUm JdmUH$a 97. civilization and capitalism : Fernand Braudel : 3 I§S>
51. àmMsZ JsV-^m§S>ma : g§. Zm.J. Omoes 98. Pandaemonium : Humphrey Jennings
52. àmMsZ JsV-_§Oyfm : g§. Zm.J. Omoes 99. The complete letters of Vincent Van gogh
53. AmR>dUsVë`m H$[dVm : 4 I§S> : g§. nÙmH$a _hmOZ / [XZH$a ~d} 100. Living to tell the tale : Marques Gabriel Garcia
/ a_oe V|Sw>bH$a / am_ nQ>dY©Z
54. g_J« Ho$edgwV : g§. ^.ls. n§[S>V
55. \w$bamUs : ~mbH$ds : g§. am.e§. dm[i¨~o / Hw$gw_mJ«O g§nH©$ : 02143- 692304, 9422689559

100 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

 e§^a nwñVHo$ : AmUIr EH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ
C Îm_ _amR>s dmMH$ hmoÊ`mMm Agm H$moUVmhs H$mog© Zmhs [H¨$dm Vgo Am_Qo>), OsE§Ms [ZdS>H$ nÌo, _mhs_Ms ImS>s (_Yw _§Joe H$[U©H$) `mgmaIs
àepñVnÌ XoUmar g§ñWm Zmhs. nU, Amnmnë`m narZo dmMV Va
AgVmoM AmnU gJio OU. Voìhm _amR>sVbs AmdOy©Z
[H$Ë`oH$ CÎm_moÎm_ nwñVHo$ `m `mXsV Q>mHy$Z `mXs 200 [H¨$dm 500 nwñVH$m§Ms
H$aVm `oD$ eHo$b. Xwgam Hw$Us `mVbs Xhm nwñVHo$ H$mTy>Z Xwgar Xhm nwñVHo$
dmMm`bmM hds Aem EH$eo EH$ nwñVH$m§Ms `mXs Amåhs XoV AmhmoV. `mXsV g_m[dîQ> H$ê$ eHo$b. Ë`mbm A§V Zmhs. _mÌ, _mÂ`m _Vo gmo~VÀ`m
gwédmVsbmM H$mhs JmoîQ>s ñnîQ> H$aVmo. kmZoûdar, `mXsVbs 100 nwñVHo$ dmMUo hr Mm§Jbm _amR>s
VwH$mam_mMs JmWm, Zm_XodmMo A^§J dJ¡ao _hmZ g§O` ^mñH$a Omoer dmMH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>s AJXs [H$_mZ nmÌVm Agob. hs
nwñVHo$ AmnU [d[dY H$maUm§gmR>s dmMVM AgVmo `mXs H$aVmZm EH$ nÏ` nmibo Amho, EH$m
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm BWo g_mdoe Ho$bm Zmhs. VgoM gmYmaUnUo gd©gm_mÝ` boIH$mMo EH$m gm[hË`àH$mamVbo EH$M nwñVH$ `m `mXsV KoVbo Amho. Vo
dmMH$mbm g_moa Ro>dyZ hs `mXs Ho$bs Amho Voìhm [d[eîR> joÌmV ì`mg§J [H¨$dm IynM AmdS>ë`mg Ë`m boIH$mMs BVa nwñVHo$ AmdOy©Z dmMmds. hs `mXs
Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§gmR>s hs `mXs Zmhs. Ë`m_wio `m `mXsV H$aVmZm gd©gmYmaU Mm§Jbm dmMH$ J¥hrV Yabm Amho, Ho$di Cƒ XOm©Mo
g_sjmË_H$ J«§Wm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Zmhs. Ë`mà_mUo AZwdm[XV nwñVH$m§Mm Zdgm[hË` dmMUmam dmMH$ BWo J¥hrV Yabm Zmhs AWdm Ho$di ahñ`H$Wm
g_mdoe `m `mXsV Zmhs. AWm©V EH$ AmhoM, _amR>sV AmOda BVH$s Aà[V_ [H¨$dm doi Kmbdm`bm A[Vgm_mÝ` nwñVHo$ dmMUmamhs Zmhs Am[U eodQ>Mo
nwñVHo$ [b[hbs Jobs AmhoV, H$s gJisM CÎm_ nwñVHo$ BWo `oVsb Ago Zmhs åhUOo BWo nwñVHo$ AmoisZo [Xbs Agbs Var Ë`mV H$moUVmhs JwUdÎmmH«$_
Am[U H$moUVshs [ZdS>H$ hs ì`{º$[ZîR> AgUmaM. àH$medmQ>m (àH$me A[^àoV Zmhs.
A.H«$. nwñVH$mMo Zmd boIH$mMo Zmd gm[hË`àH$ma 27. F$VwMH«$ XwJm© ^mJdV b[bV boI
1 nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo? h.Zm. AmnQo> gm.$H$mX§~ar 28. EH$ PmS> Am[U XmoZ njs [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a AmË_M[aÌ
2. [M_UamdmMo MèhmQ> qMVm_U [dZm`H$ Omoes [dZmoXs H$Wm 29. YJ CÕd O. eoiHo$ H$mX§~ar
3. gwXmå`mMo nmoho lsnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a boIg§J«h 30. gømÐsMs Mmoar a_oe _§Ìs H$Wm
4. EH$M ß`mbm am_ JUoe JS>H$ar ZmQ>H$ 31. AZm[_H$mMs [M¨V[ZH$m nw.`. Xoenm§So> qMVZ
5. _mPs OÝ_Ro>n [dZm`H$ Xm_moXa gmdaH$a AZw^dH$WZ 32. gm[dÌs nw.[e. aoJo H$mX§~ar
6. Xm¡bV Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$ H$mX§~ar 33. ì`º$s Am[U d„s nw.b. Xoenm§So> H$mën[ZH$ ì`{º$[MÌo
7. ~«m÷UH$Ý`m lsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a 34. H$mogbm ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> H$mX§~ar
8. _mPm àdmg AWdm [dîUw^Q> JmoS>go àdmgdU©Z 35. am`JS>mbm Ooìhm OmJ `oVo dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a ZmQ>H$
1857À`m ~§S>mMs h{H$H$V 36. ñdm_s aU[OV XogmB© Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$mX§~ar
9. í`m_Ms AmB© gmZo JwéOs AmË_. H$mX§~ar 37. MH«$ O`d§V Xids H$mX§~ar
10. ñ_¥{V[MÌo bú_s~mB© [Q>iH$ AmË_M[aÌ 38. `wJm§V BamdVs H$d} _hm^maVmdarb boI
11. ``mVs [d.g. Im§So>H$a H$mX§~ar 39. [ZdS>H$ R>UR>Unmi O`d§V Xids [dZmoXs boIg§J«h
12. H$ù`m§Mo [Z…ûdmg [d^mdar [eê$aH$a H$Wm 40. Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo JmoXmdar nê$ioH$a AZw^dH$WZ
(_mbVs~mB© ~oSo>H$a) 41. JmoVmdim AmZ§X `mXd H$mX§~ar
13. [XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>m e§H$a H$m{eZmW JJ} ZmQ>çN>Q>m 42. ZQ>g_«mQ> [d.dm. [eadmS>H$a ZmQ>H$
14. g§nyU© AmJaH$a [Z~§Yg§J«h Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a boIg§J«h 43. H$mOi_m`m Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu H$Wm
15. aUm§JU [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a H$mX§~ar 44. ~bwV§ X`m ndma AmË_M[aÌ
16. nmUH$im a.dm. [XKo H$mX§~ar 45. [ZdS>H$ [dkmZH$Wm g§nmXH$:[Za§OZ KmQo> [dkmZH$Wm
17. H$mhs åhmVmao d EH$ åhmVmar [d.X. KmQo> ì`{º$[MÌo 46. Jmob[nR>m Zm_Xod T>gmi H$[dVm
18. J^©aoes_ B§[Xam g§V H$[dVm 47. _¥Ë`§wO` [edmOs gmd§V H$mX§~ar
19. Ano[jVm§Mo A§Va§J ls._. _mQo> H$Wm 48. Cnam bú_U _mZo AmË_M[aÌ
20. _mUXoes _mUg§ ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a H$Wm 49. dsaYdb ZmW_mYd H$mX§~ar
21. gVamdo df© nw.^m. ^mdo H$Wm 50. _s H$gm Pmbmo? AmMm`© à.Ho$. AÌo AmË_M[aÌ
22. H$m|Sw>am qM.Í`§. ImZmobH$a 51. ~ZJadmS>s ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a H$mX§~ar
23. Jma§~sMm ~mny ls.Zm. n|S>go H$mX§~ar 52. [H$_`m _mYd AmMdb b[bV boIZ
24. EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a dsUm JdmUH$a M[aÌ 53. AmZ§Xs Jmonmi ls.O. Omoes H$mX§~ar
25. J§JmYa JmS>Jsi J§JmYma JmS>Jsi H$Wm 54. _w§~B© [XZm§H$ AéU gmYy H$mX§~ar
`m§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$Wm 55. ag AZm¡ag amOZ ImZ H$mX§~ar
26. _¥Ê_`s Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a H$mX§~ar 56. ñWbm§Va gm[Z`m H$mX§~ar

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 101

57. ~mamo_mg gXmZ§X Xoe_wI H$mX§~ar 81. _bm CX²ÜdñV ìhm`M§` _{„H$m A_aeoI AmË_M[aÌ
58. VUH$Q> amOZ Jdg H$mX§~ar 82. Amho _Zmoha Var gwZrVm Xoenm§So> AmË_M[aÌ
59. ^a Mm¡H$mVsb AaÊ`ê$XZ a§JZmW nR>mao H$mX§~ar 83. Ádmbm Am[U \w$bo ~m~m Am_Qo> H$[dVm
60. CËgwH$VoZo _s Pmonbmo í`m_ _Zmoha H$mX§~ar 84. ZjÌm§Mo XoUo AmaVs à^y H$[dVm
61. am_ZJar am_ ZJaH$a AmË_M[aÌ 85. g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m H$[dVm J«og H$[dVm
62. OmJa Zaha Hw$ê§$XH$a boIg§J«h 86. amZmVë`m H$[dVm Zm.Ymo§. _hmZmoa H$[dVm
63. gdm}Îm_ [n¨Jo adtÐ [n¨Jo [ZdS>H$ b[bV boI 87. ag`mÌm Hw$gw_mJ«O H$[dVm
64. gImam_ ~mB§S>a [dO` V|Sw> bH$a ZmQ>H$ 88. g§[hVm qdXm H$a§[XH$a H$[dVm
65. `wJm§V _hoe EbHw$§Mdma ZmQ>H$ 89. [MÌ{bns dg§V Am. S>hmHo$ H$[dVm
66. EHo$H$ nmZ Jimd`m Jm¡ar XoInm§So> H$Wm 90. [Oßgs _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a H$[dVm
67. h§g AHo$bm _oKZm noRo> H$Wm 91. Am°[\©$`g [Xbsn [MÌo H$Wm
68. ~« H$[dVm _hmOZ H$mX§~ar 92. [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m a_oe B§Jio CÌmXH$a H$mX§~ar
69. [MaXmh ^maV gmgUo H$Wm 93. H$mim gy`© Am[U H$_b XogmB© H$Wm
70. _madm Amem ~Jo H$Wm h°Q> KmbUmar ~mB©
71. emim [_qbX ~moH$sb H$mX§~ar 94. [ZOYm_ aËZmH$a _VH$ar JyT>H$Wm
72. _hmnwéfm§À`m ZOaoVyZ ós _§Jbm AmR>ë`oH$a gm_m[OH$ [M¨VZ 95. [_amgXmar X._m. [_amgXma H$Wm
73. EH$m Z¥Ë`mMm OÝ_ ls.Xm. nmZdbH$a H$Wm 96. H°$[bS>moñH$mon AÀ`wV ~d} H$mX§~ar
74. nmQ©>Za d.nw. H$mio H$mX§~ar 97. W±H$ `y [_ñQ>a ½bmS> A[Zb ~d} H$mX§~ar
75. [Xdg|[Xdg e§.Zm. Zdao H$mX§~ar 98. [ZînU© d¥jmda ^a Xwnmar h._mo. _amRo> H$mX§~ar
76. ~°. A[Zê$Õ YmonoûdaH$a ^mD$ nmÜ`o H$mX§~ar 99. n§MVmam§[H$V [à`m V|Sw>bH$a AmË_H$WZ
77. PmS>mPS>Vs [dûdmg nmQ>sb H$mX§~ar 100. OmhsaZm_m Zmam`U gwd} H$[dVm
78. AmdS>bobs _mUgo [dÚmYa nw§S>[bH$ ì`{º$[MÌo
79. ZmJsU Mmê$Vm gmJa H$Wm g§nH©$ : 9822003411
80. Ooìhm _s OmV Mmoabs hmoVs ~m~wamd ~mJwb H$Wm B©-‘ob : sanjaybhaskarj@gmail.com
1. Pluther’s Lives Amnë`m J«§Wmb`mV ho gm[hË` Amho H$m ? 9. Aldrich
2. Meditations of Marcus 10. Stoddard
19. On the Heights (Auerbach) 5. Franklin’s Autobiography
Aurelius
20. Eugenie Grandet (Balzac) 6. Webster’s Speeches
B§J«Os_Ysb _moRo> H$ds
3. Chaucer 1. Chaucer
21. Scarlet Letter (Hawthrone) 7. Lowell’s Bigelow Papers
4. Imitation of Christ 2. Spenser
22. Emerson’s Essays 8. Lowell’s Critical Essays
(Thomas a Kempis) 3. Shakespeare
23. Boswell’s Life of Johnson 9. Thoreau’s Walden
5. Holy Living and Holy 4. Milton
24. History of English people 10. Leaves of Grass
Dying (Jeremy Taylor) 5. Burns
(Green) (Whitman)
6. Pilgrim’s Progress 6. Wordsworth
25. Outlines of Universal 11. Leather-stocking Tales
7. Macaulay’s Essays 7. Keats
History (Cooper)
8. Bacon’s Essays 8. Shelley
26. Origin of Species 12. Autocrat of the Breakfast
9. Addison’s Essays 9. Tennyson
27. Montaigne’s Essays Table
10. Essays of Elia (Charles 10. Browning
28. Longfellow 13. Ben Hur
Lamb) [d»`mV B§J«Os [Z~§YH$ma
29. Tennyson 14. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
11. Les Miserables (Hugo) 1. Bacon
30. Browning A_o[aHo$Vsb _hmZ H$ds
12. Heroes and Hero Worship 2. Addison
31. Whittier 1. Bryant
(Carlyle) 3. Steele
32. Ruskin 2. Poe
13. Palgrave’s Golden 4. Macaulay
33. Herbert Spencer 3. Whittier
Treasury 5. Lamb
14. Wordsworth A_o[aH$Z gm[hË`mMo _mZX§S> 4. Longfello 6. Jeffrey
15. Vicar of Wakefiled 1. Scarlet Letter 5. Lowell 7. De Quincey
16. Adam Bede (George Eliot) 2. Parkman’s Histories 6. Emerson 8. Carlyle
17. Vanity Fair (Thackeray) 3. Motley’s Dutch Republic 7. Whitman 9. Thackeray
18. Ivanhoe (Scott) 4. Grant’s Memoirs 8. Lanier 10. Matthew Arnold

102 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

 nwñVH$m§[df`sMs nwñVHo$
dm MUmè`mMs amoOm[Zes ho "nwñVH$m§[df`sMs
nwñVHo$' (Books on Books) `m
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( Ed. Robinowitz Harold & Kaplan Rob) `m
nwñVH$mÀ`m AIoarg Aem 113 nwñVH$m§À`m Zmdm§Ms
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Amho. boIH$, àH$meH$, nwñVH$[dH«o$Vo, dmMH$ Aem nwñVH$m§[df`sMs nwñVHo$ _moR>m hmV^ma bmdV AgVmV. `mXsV g_mdoe Amho. BWo [Xboë`m B§J«Os nwñVH$m§À`m
AZoH$ ZmË`m§Zs nwñVH$mes ào_mMo ZmVo OmoS>bo OmVo. `m ÑîQ>sZo _amR>s Am[U B§J«Os `m XmoÝhs ^mfm§Vsb `mXsV _mÌ AbsH$S>sb H$mimV àH$m[eV Pmboë`m
Ë`mVyZ hs nwñVHo$ OÝ_ KoVmV. nwñVH$doS>çm§À`m nwñVH$m§[df`sÀ`m nwñVH$m§Ms `mXs nwTo> [Xbs Amho. `m Am[U Passion for Books _Ysb `mXsV Zgboë`m
nwñVH$g§J«hmV Aem àH$maÀ`m nwñVH$m§Zm \$ma _hÎdmMo `mÚm n[anyU© ZmhsV. B§J«OsVsb Passion for Books nwñVH$m§Ms Zmdo XoÊ`mda ^a [Xbm Amho.
1. Basbanes, Nicholas : Among the Gently Mad
1. EbHw$§Mdma _hoe : n{íM_à^m, Mjy àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX 2. Basbanes, Nicholas : Editions and Impressions
2. JmoJQ>o eaX : _amR>s J«§WàH$meZmMs 200 df}, amOh§g, nwUo, 2008 3. Basbanes, Nicholas : Every Book Its Reader
3. Omoes ls.~m. : g§H$bZ, ào{ñQ>O n{ãbHo$eÝg, nwUo, 1985 4. Basbanes, Nicholas : A Gentle Madness
4. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 2, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2004 5. Basbanes, Nicholas : Patience and Fortitude
5. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 2, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2006 6. Baxter John : A Pound of Paper : Confessions of A Book Adict
7. Birkerts, Sven : The Gutenberg Elegies - The Fate of Reading in
6. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 3, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2007 an Electronic Age
7. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 4, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2009 8. Brooks, Marshall (Ed.) : The Romance of the Books
8. Omoes ls.~m. : CÎm_ _Ü`_, nÙJ§Ym àH$meZ, nwUo, 2010 9. Buzbee, Lewis : The Yellow-lighted Bookshop
9. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU : Aja[ZîR>m§Ms _m§[X`mis : J«§WemoY Am[U dmMZ~moY, 10. Dale, Warren (Ed.) : What is A Book
11. Dorris, Michael & : The Most Wonderful Books Buchwald Emilie (Ed.)
[S>ånb n{ãbHo$eÝg, _w§~B©, 2005 g§d[Y©V 12. Estelle, Ellis & Others : At Home with Books
Xwgar Amd¥Îms : amohZ àH$meZ, nwUo, 27 _mM© 2011 13. Fadiman, Anne: Ex Libris : Confessions of a Common Reader
10. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU : VmaVå`, I§S> 4, H$mb[ZU©` àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1997 14. Gekoski, Rick : Nabokov"s Butterfly & Other Stores of Great
11. R>mbo-nmQ>sb : dmMZdoY, _amR>dmS>m gm[hË` Authors and Rare Books
H$m¡[VH$amd Am[U n[afX, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 2008 15. Gekoski, Rick : Outside of a Dog
16. Gladstone, W.E. : On Books and the Housing of Them
Zm§XoS>H$a lsYa (g§nm.) 17. Goldstone, Lawrence : Bookworld
12. Vwinwio e§.Jmo. : _amR>s J«§W[Z[_©VsMs dmQ>Mmb, 18. Goldstone, Lawrence : Slightly Chipped
_hmamîQ´> J«§WmoÎmoOH$ g^m, nwUo, 1974 19. Goldstone, Nancy : Used and Rare
13. Xe©Zo gma§J (g§nm.) : J«§Wm§À`m ghdmgmV, _Oo{ñQ>H$, _w§~B©, 2009 20. Hamilton, John Maxwell : Casanova was a Book Lover
21. Hanff, Helen : 84, Charing Crossroad
14. ZmB©H$ ~mnyamd : ^maVs` J«§W_wÐU, H°$. Jmo.J§. [b_`o Q´>ñQ>, nwUo, 1980 22. Hitchings, Henry : Defining the World : The Extra ordinary Story of
15. [à`moiH$a : [à` Am[U A[à`, Dr. JohnsonL>s Dictionary
AZ§V H$mH$~m [dX^©-_amR>dmS>m ~wH$ H§$nZs, nwUo, 1965 23. Kelly, Stuart : The Book of Lost Books
16. [à`moiH$a : _amR>s J«§Wm§Mo AmXe© g§J«hmb`, _w§~B© _amR>s gm[hË` 24. Kilgour Fredrick : The Evolution of The Book
AZ§V H$mH$~m g§K, _w§~B©, 1969 25. Maclean, Malcolm : Men & Books
& Holmes, Elisabeth (Ed.)
17. ^mdo ls._m. : OsUm}Õma, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, _w§~B©, 2009 26. Manguel, Alberto : History of Reading
18. _mbeo g.J§. : AmJi§doJi§, gwnU© àH$meZ, nwUo, 1986 27. Manguel, Alberto : HomerL>s The Iliad and The Odyssey
19. _mbeo g.J§. : VmaVå`, naMwao àH$meZ _§[Xa, _w§~B©, 1987 28. Manguel, Alberto : Into the Looking Giasswood
20. [b_`o A.h. : J«§Wì`dhma, ìhsZg àH$meZ, nwUo, 1952 29. Manguel, Alberto : Library at Night
30. Manguel, Alberto : Reading Diary
21. [b_`o A.h. : _amR>s J«§WàH$meZm§Mo ñdê$n 31. Manguel, Alberto : With Borges
: [dH$mg Am[U ñdê$n, àgmX àH$meZ, nwUo 32. McMurthy, Larry : Books : A Memoir
22. d¡Ú gamo[OZs : g§H«$_U, ls[dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo, 1985 33. Miler, Henry : Books in My Life
23. [eaYZH$a ^mZy : nwñVH$m§Ms Xw[Z`m, A[^Zd àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1968 34. Orcutt, William : The Kingdom of Books
24. ghò~wÕo A[dZme : Xw_ui AjaYZ, daXm àH$meZ, nwUo, 1993 35. Osho : The Books I Loved
36. Petroski, Henry : The Book On the Book-Shelf
25. gm_§V ~mi : J«§Wm`Z, AmZ§X~Z àH$meZ, _w§~B© 37. Pettegree, Andrew : The Book In the Renaissance
26. gmd§V e[eH$m§V : Am¡Xw§~a : nwñVH$m§À`m ghdmgmV, 38. Powers, Alan : Living with Books
Am¡Xw§~a àH$meZ, _w§~B© 39. Robinowitz, Harold : Passion for Books
& Kaplan Rob (Ed.)
27. nwñVH$m§Ms AO~ Xw[Z`m : g°å`wAb Bóm`b, AZwdmX Z[bZs ZmB©H$, 40. Roy, M.N. : Library of a Revolutionary
àH$meH$- EZ. ~s. Q>s. 41. Starrett, Vincet : Penny Wise and Book Foolish
28. dmMZ g§ñH$ma : gVse nmoao 42. Steffens, Jo (Ed.) : Unpacking My Library
29. Omdo J«§Wm§À`m Jmdm : àXsn H$[U©H$ 43. Wiles, Margaret : Reading Matters
30. _amR>s J«§W [Z[_©VsMs dmQ>Mmb : e§.Jmo. Vwinwio 44. Wolfe, Linda : The Literary Gourmet
45. Woolf, Virginia : The Common Reader
31. nwñVH$m§Ms `mXs : _amR>s J«§W g§J«hmb`, R>mUo (31-3-1950 AIoa) 46. The Groaning Shelf & other instances of book love :Pradeep Sebastian
32. nwñVH$ Am¡a _¡ : [Z_©b d_m©, a_oeM§Ð ehm, `eXod eë`, dmJse ewŠb, O`e§H$a, 47. Why Read the Classics ?: Italo Calvino
48. The Romance of book Collecting :Aroon Tikekar
Y«wd ewŠb (g§nmXZ - amHo$e ls_mb) 49. The new life time reading plan: Clifton Fadiman & John S. Major
50. The Club Dumas: Arturo Perez Reverte
("dmMUmè`mMr amoO{Zer' `m "bmoH$dmL²>‘`J¥hm'À`m nwñVH$mVyZ gm^ma.)

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 103

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KmVbo hmoVo. `m dodgmB©Q>Mo VéUmB©Zo ñdmJV
Ho$bo.
J«§WdmMZ ñnY}À`m [Z[_ÎmmZo Amåhs emim
emim§Zm, _hm[dÚmb`m§Zm ^oQ>s XoUo gwê$ Ho$bo.
amÁ`^amVë`m Ag§»` dmMH$m§Zs `m ñnY}g CÎm_
à[VgmX [Xbm.
Os g§ñWm 3500 én`m§Mo H$moe [dH$V KoÊ`mMs
V`mar Xe©dVo AWdm Ë`mgmR>s àm`moOH$ AmUyZ
XoVo Ë`m g§ñWog [H¨$dm ì`º$sg `m ñnY}V ^mJ
KoVm `oVmo. hOma nmZm§Mm, H$moe Ho$di 175 é.
gdbV _yë`mV Ë`m [Z[_ÎmmZo 20 _mUgm§À`m
hmVs OmVmo.
[dÚmWu hm KQ>H$ Am_À`mgmR>s \$ma
_hÎdmMm. H$maU, EdTo> OmSo>, kmZmMo ^m§S>ma Vo
H$Wm H$mX§~argmaIo ghO hmVmiV ZmhsV. _J,
AmnU ñnY}À`m [Z[_ÎmmZo Vo Ë`m§À`m hmVs XoVmo.
_s [dûdH$moe åhUOo H$m`, Zm|X åhUOo H$m`, Vs
H$es Ho$bs OmVo, ho gd© Ë`m§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§JVo.
ñnY©H$m§Zm Vmo J«§W AYm© Vmg Mmim`bm [Xbm
OmVmo. hm J«§W MmiyZ Ë`mVsb Amnë`m AmdS>sMs
EImXs Zm|X [ZdS>Ê`mg gm§[JVbs OmVo. _J, Vs
Zm|X dmMyZ [VMo EH$m H$mJXmda 25 Amois§V
agJ«hUmË_H$ gmam§e boIZ H$amd`mg [Xbo OmVo.
gw_mao AYm©-nmD$U Vmg ñnY©H$ Ë`mV JTy>Z
OmVmV. Amåhmbm CËñ\y$V© à[V[H«$`m [_iVo. _J,
`m Ame`g§nÞ à[V[H«$`m§Mo A[^dmMZ
gdmªg_moa hmoVo. [dûdH$moe hs H$m` MsO Amho ho
Va Ë`m§Zm H$iVoM [edm` [dH«$shs hmoVo.
emim [Z _hm[dÚmb`o `m à_mUo ^[JZs_§S>io,
dmMZmb` _§S>io, Á`oîR> ZmJ[aH$ g§K `oWohs
Amåhs OmVmo. H$maU, _mVm, AmOs, AmOmo~m hm
J«§W Kar ZoVsb Voìhm KamVsb Mma _mUgm§Zm Var
gm§JVsb. J«§WdmMZ ñnY}Vsb àË`oH$ ñnY©H$mbm
hm J«§W ~jsg [_iVmo. [edm` emgZmbm Ë`mMs
nyU© a¸$_ [_iVo. [dûdH$moedmMZ H$amd`mg
Amåhs 2007_Ü`o _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m 20 [Oëøm§V
[\$abmo. gmobmnya, H$moëhmnya, gm§Jbs, gmVmam,
nwUo, _w§~B©, am`JS>, JS>[Mamobs, dYm©, M§Ðnya,
S>m°. {dO`m dmS>
ZmJnya, VwiOmnya, A§~oOmoJmB©, dmB©, H$ë`mU,
Zds _w§~B© AJXs Ho$di 5000 dñVs Agbobo
JmdgwÕm Amåhs gmoS>bo Zmhs. Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWo Va
Amåhs 17dm I§S> ñnY}gmR>s hagyb Oob_Ü`ogwÕm
Zobm. Sm°. gwYm H$miXmVo, XmXm Jmoao, XÎmm ^JV,
Sm°. O`Hw$_ma _Ja ~amo~a hmoVo. VoWo Sm°. ho_M§Ð
àYmZ, gXmZ§X _moao, àm. [dbmg Imobo, Mméesbm
AmoH$, dfm© [eaJmdH$a, _mYd [eadiH$a Sm°.
ea`y Vm`dSo>, Sm°. emo^m qeXo ho gd© gXñ`
ñnYmªÀ`m [Z`moOZmV Hw$Ro> Zm Hw$Ro> _O~amo~a
AmË_s`VoZo hmoVo.
18ì`m I§S>mÀ`m ñnY}Vhs Amåhs 20
[R>H$mUs [\$aV _hmamîQ´> [n¨OyZ H$mT>bm. `mV
Am¡a§Jm~mXoV Va nmobsg Am`wº$ lsH$m§V
gmdaH$am§nmgyZ hoS> H$m°ÝñQo>~bn`ªV AZoH$ bmoH$
Va _o[S>H$b H$m°boOMo S>sZ Vo E_.S>s.Mo [dÚmWu
ñnY}V CVabo hmoVo. éB©`m H°$mboOmV Va ~sEÀ`m
[dÚmÏ`mªZshs ñnYm© Mm§JbsM JmOdbs. 20
[OëømVbo 20 AqOŠ`dsa [dûdH$moe [XZs I§S>
17 d 18 `m J«§WdmMZ ñnY}gmR>s 1 [S>g|~a
2007 Am[U 1 [S>g|~a 2010 amoOs ads§Ð
ZmQ>ç_§[XamV O_bo hmoVo. n[hë`m ñnY}bm _Yy
_§Joe H$[U©H$ [Z ñZohb Xoe_wIm§Zs [dOoË`m§Mo
H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo. Xwgè`m ñnY}Vsb [dOoË`m§Zm S>m°.
VmË`mamd bhmZo [Z gwb^m Xoenm§So> `m§Zs
gwdU©nXHo$ [Xbs.
Amåhs hs dmMZ Midi AJXs
Am[Xdmgs ^mJmn`ªV nwTo> Zobs. ea`w Vm`dmSo> Va
`m MidirgmR>r JS>[Mamobsn`ªV Joë`m. _bm
dmQ>Vo [dûdH$moe, H$moemVyZ [dûdmV `mdm `m
Am_À`m YS>nS>sbm OZgm_mÝ`m§Zs _moR>m à[VgmX
[Xbm.
A§Y ì`º$tgmR>s Amåhs gmSo>nmM Vmg
H$mbmdYsMs Ho$di 100 é. [H$_VsMs gsS>s
V`ma Ho$bs Amho. [VMo CX²KmQ>Z VËH$mbsZ
_w»`_§Ìs AemoH$ MìhmU `m§Zs Ho$bo hmoVo.
Hw$R>ë`mhs ì`º$sbm `m gsS>sMm bm^ KoVm `oB©b
Aes Vs ~Zdbs Amho. I§S> 17_Ysb [ZdS>H$
Zm|Xs (Á`m A§Y~m§Ydm§Zs [ZdS>ë`m) Ë`mV AmhoV.
àXsn [^So>, [Z[eJ§Ym dmS>, Á`moVs Am§~oH$a, _s
ñdV:, Jmo¡ar Xoe_wI Am[U [dH«$_ JmoIbo `m§Zs `m
gsS>sbm AmdmO [Xbm`. `m àH$ënmg "Z°~'Zo
g§nyU© ghH$m`© Ho$bo Amho.
[dûdH$moemÀ`m V§ÌàdUVoMm
_hmAm[dîH$ma åhUOo hs _hmgsS>s. 20182 n¥îRo>
ñH°$Z H$ê$Z Vs AmnU OZVog Ho$di 700 én`m§V
CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbs. g§JUH$VÁk _mYd
[eadiH$a `m§Mm Ë`mV _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. à_wI
g§nmXH$mbm H$ënZm ñ\w$abs Var Ë`mMo MsO
hmoÊ`mgmR>s V§ÌàdU _mUgmMo ghH$m`© bmJVoM
Zm!
Osdg¥îQ>s Am[U n`m©daU ^mJ 1 hm
"Hw$_maH$moem'Mm n[hbm I§S> AmVm ~mOmamV
Ho$di 350 én`m§V CnbãY Amho. AmQ©> nona,
a§JsV [MÌo. `w[ZH$moS>Mm dmna, Am[U
S>m°. ZmaisH$am§Mm A[^àm` Agm hm Hw$_maH$moe
hmo_s ^m^m [dkmZ [ejUg§ñWoMo g§MmbH$ S>m°.
ho_M§Ð àYmZ `m§À`m g_Ýd`mZo V`ma Pmbm Amho.
`mM H$moemMs B§Q>aZoQ> Amd¥Îms [dûdH$moemÀ`m
g§Ho$VñWimda OZVog _mo\$V CnbãY Amho.
~«ob H$moehs Z°~À`m ghH$m`m©Zo V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho.
g§nH©$ : 9820316697
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 109
 ^m{fH$ AmË_^mZmMr _wimjao...
em gZmMo _amR>s ^mfm[df`H$ YmoaU
am~[dUo, _amR>sMm [dH$mg H$aUo Am[U
_amR>s ^mfobm bmoH$emhs amOdQ>ses
gwg§JV Ago ñdê$n XoUo `m CÔoemZo [XZm§H$ 6 Owb¡,
1960 amoOs ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mMs ñWmnZm Pmbs.
`m_mJo AWm©VM VËH$mbsZ _w»`_§Ìs `ed§Vamd
MìhmU `m§Ms àoaUm hmoVs.
^mfm g§MmbZmb`mZo AmOVmJm`V EHy$U 48
àH$meZo à[gÕ Ho$bobs AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o, 29
n[a^mfm H$moe, 3 H$moe, 6 eãXmdë`m d emgZ
ì`dhmamV _amR>s dmnam[df`sMs 10 àH$meZo, Á`mV
_amR>s bKwboIZ [df`H$ àH$meZo, _amR>s Q§>H$boIZ
[df`H$ nw{ñVH$m, ewÕboIZ [Z`_nw{ñVH$m, g§H$sU©
boI g§J«h Am[U ^maVmMo g§[dYmZ `m§Mm g_mdoe
Amho. ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mÀ`m `m àH$meZm§Zm
OZVoH$Sy>Z àM§S> _mJUs Agë`m_wio, hs àH$meZo
OZVobm bdH$a CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVm `mdsV åhUyZ,
AmVm Vs ñH°$Z H$ê$Z nwZ_w©ÐU H$aÊ`mV `oV AmhoV.
Ë`mM à_mUo Vs ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mÀ`m
g§Ho$VñWimdahs CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV `oV AmhoV.
1. nXZm_ H$moe
nXZm_ H$moe ho ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mMo n[hbo
àH$meZ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m n[hë`m Amd¥ÎmsVsb ^mJ-
1_Ü`o _§Ìmb`sZ [d^mJ d Ë`m A§VJ©V
H$m`m©b`m§Vsb VgoM [dYmZ _§S>i, _hm_§S>io,
Am`moJ d H|$Ðs` _hm_§S>io `m§_Ü`o [dÚ_mZ
Agboë`m nXm§Ms [d^mJ[Zhm` _amR>s Zmdo XoÊ`mV
Ambs AmhoV. ^mJ-2_Ü`o B§J«Os dUm©ZwH«$_mZwgma
B§J«Os nXZm_o d Ë`mnwTo> _amR>s nXZm_m§Mm ^mJ-
1_Ysb n¥îR> H«$_m§H$ XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. na§Vw, `m
nXZm_ H$moemVsb _amR>s n`m©` {ŠbîQ> d Xw~m}Y
dmQ>ë`mZo d nXZm_m§Ms nwZamd¥Îms Q>miÊ`mgmR>s Xwgar
gwYm[aV Amd¥Îms (1990) àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs.
2. emgZ ì`dhma
emgZ ì`dhma H$moemV gw_mao 30,000 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. nm[a^m[fH$ eãXm§~amo~aM àemgZmV d
AÝ` joÌm§V Cn`moJs Agboë`m AZoH$ gm_mÝ` d
n[a[MV B§J«Os g§km§Zm ê$T> d àM[bV eãXm§À`m
gmhmæ`mZo Zo_Ho$ d AW©dmhs _amR>s n`m©` [Xbo
AmhoV. `m H$moemMo AZÝ`gmYmaU d¡[eîQ>ç åhUOo,
gOmVs` d g_mZmWu eãXm§Ms Hw$io VgoM
àemgZmVsb d H$m`ÚmÀ`m ^mfoÀ`m Zo_Š`m
dmnamÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo AW©ÀN>Q>m§Vsb gyú_ ^oX XoÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV.
110 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
3. Ý`m` ì`dhma H$moe
Ý`m` ì`dhma H$moemV gw_mao 12,000 B§J«Os
g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
`m H$moemVsb _amR>s n`m©`m§Ms [Z{íMVs H$aVmZm
n[a^mfm [Z[_©VsÀ`m VÎdm§Zm _waS> Z KmbVm n`m©`
A[YH$m[YH$ gmonm, gwb^ ìhmdm d Vmo ~moOS>,
{ŠbîQ> hmoD$ Z`o, Agm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Agbm
Var H$mhs [R>H$mUs H$_s {ŠbîQ> d Ë`mgh ZdsZ gmono
n`m©`XoIsb XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. [dÚ_mZ [dYr
AZwdmX d n[a^mfm g„mJma g[_VsZo AZoH$ B§J«Os
g§km§Mm gImob [dMma H$ê$Z ZdsZ n`m©` [Z{íMV
Ho$bo AmhoV.
Jm¡V_ qeXo
4. J§«Wmb`emó n[a^mfm H$moe
J«§Wmb`emó n[a^mfm H$moemMm _gwXm _hmamîQ´>
[dÚmnsR> J«§W [Z[_©Vs _§S>imZo V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm.
Ë`mg ^mfm g„mJma _§S>imÛmao emgZ _mÝ`Vm [Xbs
Jobs d 1974_Ü`o `m H$moemMs n[hbs Amd¥Îms
àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs. na§Vw, J«§Wmb`emómMm
AmdmH$m [XdgmZw[Xdg dmT>V Amho. CXm. dJuH$aU,
Vm[bH$sH$aU, g§X^©godm, J«§W [ZdS> `m Zoh_sÀ`m
nmoQ> [df`m§IoarO àboIZ, _m[hVs [dkmZ nÕVs,
A[Y[Z`_, ì`dñWmnZ, ewîH$N>m`m _wÐU g§KQ>Z,
BË`mXs [df`m§Ms Ë`mV ^a nS>ë`m_wio gwYm[aV
Amd¥Îms_Ü`o ZdsZ nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Ms ^a nS>bs. Va
nyduÀ`m Amd¥ÎmsVsb H$mhs n`m©`m§_Ü`o \o$a~Xb
H$ê$Z n[anyU© Agm hm gwYm[aV J«§Wmb`emó
n[a^mfm H$moe 1994 _Ü`o àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm
. à[H«$`oÛmao dsO [Z[_©Vs VgoM àH$me, CîUVm Am[U
5. J[UVemó n[a^mfm H$moe
J[UVemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5,100 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. J[UVemó ho _yb^yV emó AgyZ, Vo
gd© emóm§Zm AmYma^yV Agë`m_wio emós` OJVmV
Ë`mbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. Zì`m d¡km[ZH$
g§H$ënZm, ZdZdsZ emoY `m§À`m _ybJm_s kmZmgmR>s
J[UVemómMo _yb^yV kmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo.
Ë`m_wioM `m H$moemMs Xwgar gwYm[aV Amd¥Îms
H$mT>VmZm Zì`mZo J[UVemómÀ`m ì`mg§Js [dÛmZm§Ms
g[_Vs ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambs hmoVs.
6. g_mOemó n[a^mfm H$moe
g_mOemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4500 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. g_mOemós` J«§WboIZ H$aUmè`m§Zm d
_mZd [dkmZmVsb [d[dY emIm§Mo AÜ``Z d
AÜ`mnZ H$aUmè`m§Zm àñVwV H$moe Cn`wº$ R>aob.
7. VÎdkmZ d VH©$emó n[a^mfm H$moe
VÎdkmZ d VH©$emó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 350
B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. VÎdkmZ d VH©$emó `m [df`mÀ`m
Aä`mgH$m§Zm, boIH$m§Zm d àmÜ`mnH$m§Zm `m
H$moemÛmao nm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo n`m©` CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. hm H$moe Vgm \$maM bhmZ
AgyZ, Ë`mV AmUIs n[a^m[fH$ g§km§Ms d n`m©`m§Ms
^a KmbyZ gwYm[aV Amd¥Îms H$mT>Uo Amdí`H$ Amho.
8. dm[UÁ`emó n[a^mfm H$moe
dm[UÁ`emó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 8000
B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Cƒ [ejU _amR>sVyZ KoVm
`mdo, `mgmR>s dm[UÁ` [df`mdarb hm H$moe [Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m [df`mMo _amR>sVyZ AÜ``Z
d AÜ`mnZ H$aUmè`m§Zm àñVwV H$moe Cn`wº$ Amho.
9 . agm`Zemó n[a^mfm H$moe
agm`Zemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 13,500
B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. agm`Zemó ho _yb^yV
[dkmZm_Ü`o _moS>Vo. g¥îQ>sVsb nXmW© Á`m AUwaoUy§Zs
~Zbobo AmhoV Ë`m§À`m aMZoMm, amgm`[ZH$
JwUY_mªMm Aä`mg agm`ZemómV g_m[dîQ>
Agë`mZo Ë`mMs ì`más IynM _moR>s Amho. [ZgJm©V
_wimV V`ma Zgbobo H¥$[Ì_ a~a, ßb°{ñQ>H$, H¥$[Ì_
YmJo, a§J, H$mM, Am¡fYo B. Cn`wº$ nXmW© ~Z[dÊ`mV
agm`Z emókm§Zm `e àmá Pmbo Amho. amgm`[ZH$
amgm`[ZH$ D$Om© `m§À`m EH$_oH$mVsb ê$nm§VamMm
Aä`mg, `m ~m~s agm`ZemómV `oVmV. `m ÑîQ>sZo
agm`ZemómÀ`m [d[dY emIm, nmoQ>emIm d
Cn`mo[OV emIm `m§_Ysb _hÎdmÀ`m g§km `m
n[a^mfm H$moemV g_m[dîQ> Ho$ë`m AgyZ, g§km
[ZdS>VmZm "Hackh's Chemical Dictionary' Mm
_w»`Ëdo AmYma KoVbm Amho. `m H$moemÀ`m n[hë`m
Amd¥Îms_Ü`o Ho$di B§Q>a[_[OEQ> ñVamn`ªVÀ`m g§kmM
A§V^y©V Ho$ë`m hmoË`m; na§Vw, gwYm[aV Amd¥Îms_Ü`o
nXds d nXì`wÎma ñVamn`ªVÀ`m n[a^mfoMm A§V^m©d
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
10. ^yemó n[a^mfm H$moe
^yemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 12,000 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. emós` n[a^mfm hs gVV [dH$[gV
hmoV AgVo. `m ÑîQ>sZo ^yemó n[a^mfm Cng[_VsZo
B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aVmZm
gdmªJsU ~mOy§Zs [dMma Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`m_wio
"Am§VaamîQ´>s` g§km' `m Ë`m§À`m B§J«Os ñdê$nmVM
Ro>dÊ`mV `oD$Z Ë`m§Mo \$º$ [bß`§VaU H$aÊ`mV
Ambo Amho. Ë`m§Ms g§Ho$V [MÝhoXoIsb XoÊ`mV
Ambs AmhoV.
11. emara n[a^mfm H$moe
emara n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 14,000 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. d¡ÚH$emóm_Ü`o àM[bV Agbobs
OwZs n[a^mfm, nmíMmÎ` Xoem§§_Ysb ZdZdsZ
g§H$ënZm, g§km VgoM Am`wd}X d `wZmZs `m
[df`m§À`m àmMsZ J«§Wm§_Ü`o CnbãY Agbobo eãX
`m§Ms gm§JS> KmbyZ "emara' n[a^mfm H$moemMs
[Z[_©Vs H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho
12. [ejUemó n[a^mfm H$moe
[ejUemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4000
B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. [ejU ho _mV¥^mfoVyZ [Xbo
Jobo nm[hOo d Ë`mgmR>s _hmamîQ´>mV [ejUmMo
_mÜ`_ _amR>s Agmdo, ho AmVm gd©gm_mÝ` Pmbo
Amho. [ejUemó n[a^mfm H$moe àmW[_H$,
_mÜ`[_H$, Cƒ _mÜ`[_H$ d [dÚmnsR> ñVam§darb
[ejH$ d àmÜ`mnH$ VgoM AÜ`mnH$ [dÚmb`o,
[ejUemó _hm[dÚmb`o `m§_Ysb àmÜ`mnH$ d
^mds [ejH$ `m§À`m ÑîQ>sZo AË`§V Cn`moJs d
_mJ©Xe©H$ Amho.
13. `§Ì A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moe
`§Ì A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moemV, gw_mao
7,500 B§J«Os n[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©`
[Z{íMV Ho$bo AmhoV. `m [df`mVsb AZoH$ VÁkm§Zs
d _mÝ`dam§Zs V`ma Ho$boë`m `m H$moemV, àË`oH$
B§J«Os g§konwTo> [VMs eãXOmVs, [VMm [df`Xe©H$
g§jon, [VMo n`m©` d [d[dY AW©ÀN>Q>m d
ñnîQ>sH$aUo [Xbobs AmhoV.
14. ñWmnË` A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moe
`m n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 14,500 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV Ho$bobo
AmhoV. ñWmnË` A[^`m§[ÌH$s `m [df`mVsb
VÁkm§Zs d _mÝ`dam§Zs `m g§km [Z{íMV Ho$boë`m
AmhoV.
15. ^m¡[VH$emó n[a^mfm H$moe
`m [dÚmemImVsb emós` g§H$ënZm§À`m d
Ë`mda AmYmaboë`m Cn`mo[OV kmZmÀ`m Zo_Š`m
A[^ì`º$sgmR>s Ë`m [dÚmemIoMs EH$ ñdV§Ì Aes
emóewÕ EH$ê$n _amR>s n[a^mfm [Z_m©U ìhmds,
VgoM _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mÀ`m ^m[fH$ YmoaUmg
AZwgê$Z amÁ`mVsb gd© [dÚmnsR>m§_Ü`o nXì`wÎma
ñVamn`ªV `m emómMo _mV¥^mfoVyZ [ejU XoVm
`mdo, `m [dÚmemIoVsb VÁk ì`º$tZm `m
emómVsb [dÚmnsR> ñVamda [eH$dë`m OmUmè`m
gd© [df`m§Ms _amR>sVyZ à_mU nmR>çnwñVHo$ [b[hVm
`mdsV, VgoM amÁ`mÀ`m gd© ^mJm§_Ü`o EH$ê$nVoZo
dmnaVm `oB©b Aes `m [dÚmemIoMs EH$ emós`
n[a^mfm CnbãY ìhmds, `m CÔoemZo
^m¡[VH$emómMs n[a^mfm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambs
Amho.
16. [dÚwV A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moe
[dÚwV A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moemV, gw_mao
9100 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo _amR>s n`m©`
[Z{íMV Ho$bo AmhoV. `m H$moemVsb nm[a^m[fH$
B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [ZdS>VmZm, H|$Ð
gaH$maÀ`m "[dkmZ eãXmdbs'Mm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV
Ambm AgyZ, gÜ`m [dÚwV[df`H$ ê$T> Pmboë`m
g§km§Mo n`m©` OgoÀ`m Vgo ñdsH$maÊ`mV Ambobo
AmhoV.
17. H¥$[femó n[a^mfm H$moe
`m H$moemV gw_mao 10,500 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$
g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
`m H$moemV dmnaboë`m gd© g§jonm§Ms gyMshs
[Xbobs Amho. _hmamîQ´>mVsb H¥$fr [dÚmnsRo> d
_amR>s [dkmZ n[afX `m§À`m [e\$maesZwgma ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m H¥$[femó n[a^mfm g[_VsZo øm
n[a^mfm H$moemMs [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs Amho.
18. Osdemó n[a^mfm H$moe
Osdemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 25,500
B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV Ho$bo
AmhoV. dZñn[Vemó d àm[Uemó n[a^mfm
[Z[_©Vs H$ê$Z, XmoZ doJdoJio H$moe V`ma Z H$aVm,
Ë`m nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo EH$[ÌV g§H$bZ H$ê$Z
OsdemómMm hm EH$M EH$ H$moe V`ma Ho$bm Amho.
^maVs` d¡ÚH$mV dZñnVtZm A[Ve` _hÎd
Amho. dZñn[VemómÀ`m n[a^mfm [Z[_©VsV g§ñH¥$V
J«§Wm§Mm Amdí`H$ VoWo Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
19. eara[H«$`memó n[a^mfm H$moe
eara[H«$`memó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao
10,500 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©`
[Xbobo AmhoV. `m n[a^mfm H$moemV Am`wd}X d
`wZmZs `m d¡ÚH$ nÕVsdarb àmMsZ J«§WmV
Agbobo eãX [dMmamV KoVbo AmhoV. VgoM,
g§X^m©gmR>s H|$Ð gaH$maZo V`ma Ho$boë`m
eãXg§J«hmMmXoIsb dmna Ho$bm Amho.
20. amÁ`emó n[a^mfm H$moe
amÁ`emó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5000 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. hm n[a^mfm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm
g[_VsZo, `m [df`mVsb [dÚmnsR>s` ñVamdarb
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km [dMmamV KoVë`m AmhoV, VgoM
g§X^m©XmIb H|$Ð gaH$maZo V`ma Ho$boë`m
eãXg§J«hmMmXoIsb dmna Ho$bm Amho.
àñVwV H$moemV [d[dY H$amam§Ms d Eo[Vhm[gH$
KQ>Zm§Ms _m[hVshs WmoS>Š`mV [Xbobs Amho.
21. gm[hË` g_sjm n[a^mfm H$moe
gm[hË` g_sjm n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 2,000
B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo
AgyZ, hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm `m [df`mVsb
[dÚmnsR>s` ñVamdarb nm[a^m[fH$ g§km [dMmamV
KoD$Z VgoM g§X^m©XmIb H|$Ð gaH$maZo V`ma
Ho$boë`m eãXg§J«hmMmXoIsb dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
22. bmoH$ àemgZ n[a^mfm H$moe
bmoH$ àemgZ n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4000
B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo
AgyZ, hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm "Robbins' `m§À`m
"Administrative Process' `m JǤWmMm VgoM
"R. J. S. Baker', "Paul C.
Partholomew'À`m AZwH«$_o "Administrative
theory and Public administration' d "An
outline of Public administration' `m J«§Wm§Mm,
VgoM AÝ` J«§Wm§Mm AmYma KoVbm Amho.
23. AW©emó n[a^mfm H$moe
AW©emó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 7,000 B§J«Os
g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. AW©emó `m [df`mV H¥$fr AW©emó,
Am¡Úmo[JH$ AW©emó, [dH$mg AW©emó,
g¡ÕmpÝVH$ AW©emómMo nmoQ>[d^mJ, MbZ[df`H$
AW©emó [H¨$dm _yë` d [dVaU[df`H$ [gÕmÝV
Aem AZoH$ [df`m§Mm g_mdoe H$ê$Z AW©emómes
g§~§Y `oUmè`m g§»`memó, J[UV, amÁ`emó,
BË`mXs emóm§VJ©V dmnaÊ`mV `oUmè`m g§km d
g§H$ënZm `mVsb Zo_Š`m AWm©Mm, AW©emómMm
AmYw[ZH$ [dñVma d [dH$mg bjmV KoD$Z d
ZdZdsZ g§H$ënZm§Mm [dMma H$ê$Z `m n[a^mfm
eãXH$moemMs [Z[_©Vs H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho.
24. YmVwemó n[a^mfm H$moe
YmVwemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4000 B§J«Os
g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ,
hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm YmVwemóm§VJ©V emóm§_Ysb
nm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z Aä`mJV VÁk
ì`º$tH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zs nwadboë`m gyÀ`m§_Ysb
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§da [dMma H$ê$Z n`m©` [Z{íMV
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 111
H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. hm H$moe AZoH$ VÁk d
_mÝ`da ì`º$tÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
25. _mZgemó n[a^mfm H$moe
_mZgemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 10,000
B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. _mZgemó hm [d[dY ^m¡[VH$ emóo Am[U
_mZ[dH$s d gm_m[OH$ emóo `m§Zm OmoS>Umam EH$
_hÎdmMm Xwdm Amho. _mZgemó ho _mZds _Z,
Ë`mMs H$m`©nÕVs d _mZds ì`dhma `m§da àH$me
Q>mHy$ eHo$b Ago _hÎdmMo emó Amho. Cº$ H$moemV
_mZgemómÀ`m [d[dY emIm§_Ü`o dmnamV
Agboë`m àm[V[Z[YH$ d [ZdS>H$ g§km§Mm A§V^m©d
H$aVmZm M°ßboZ `m§À`m H$moemVsb B§J«Os g§km§Zm
_amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
26. ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ n[a^mfm H$moe
ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao
7,200 B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. _moR>çm à_mUmVsb ì`dgm`m§ZmM nydu
\$º$ ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZm~m~VsVM Amdí`H$
kmZmMs JaO hmoVs. na§Vw, AmVm bKy CÚmoJm§nmgyZ
gd©M CÚmoJm§Zm ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ emómMs JaO
^mgV Amho. CÚmoJ [dH$[gV H$aÊ`mgmR>s d `m
ñnYm©Ë_H$ `wJmV bKy d _Ü`_ ì`dgm`m§Zmhs Amnbo
CËnmXZ A[YH$m[YH$ XO}Xma H$aÊ`mgmR>s `m
emómMs Amdí`H$Vm [Z_m©U Pmbs Amho. Ë`m_wio `m
n[a^mfm H$moembm A[YH$ _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho.
27. g§»`memó n[a^mfm H$moe
g§»`memó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5,100 B§J«Os
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV.
g§»`memó ho EH$ ñdV§Ì Cn`mo[OV emó Amho.
Á`mV g§»`memómMm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhs, Ago
Amnë`m OsdZmMo EH$hs A§J Zmhs. AW©emó,
_mZgemó, g_mOemó, Osdemó, BË`mXs AZoH$
[dÚmemIm§V Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Aem Cn`mo[OV
[df`m§Zm AW©[_Vs (Econometrics), _mZg[_Vs
(Psychometry), g_mO[_Vs (Sociometry) d
Osd[_Vs (Biometry) Aes ñdV§Ì Zmdohs AmhoV.
`mV nm[a^m[fH$ eãXm§Mm AW© A[YH$ gwb^VoZo
bjmV `mdm, `m hoVyZo H$mhs eãXm§gmR>s
ñnîQ>sH$aUmË_H$ Q>snmhs XoÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
28. Am¡fYemó n[a^mfm H$moe
Am¡fYemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5,300
B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` XoÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. E_.~s.~s.Eg. Aä`mgH«$_mVsb g¡ÕmpÝVH$
d Cn`mo[OV Am¡fYemó, àm`mo[JH$ Am¡fYemó,
[M[H$Ëgmb`sZ Cn`moOZm§À`m CnemIm `m§_Ysb
112 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
J«§WmVsb g§km `mV [ZdS>boë`m AgyZ, Am¡fY[Z_m©U
emómVsb nXds d nX[dH$m Aä`mgH«$_mVsb
[dVaUs Am[U ^m¡[VH$s Am¡fY[Z_m©U, Am¡fY-
A[^kmZ, Am¡fY[Z_m©U agm`Z, Am¡fY[Z_m©U
[dûbofU, Am¡fY[Z_m©U-[dÚm, é½Umb`sZ
Am¡fY[Z_m©Uemó, Am¡Úmo[JH$ d Ý`m`mb`sZ
Am¡fY[Z_m©Uemó, O¡d Am¡fY[Z_m©U-[dÚm Am[U
Am¡fY ~bJ[VH$s `m gd© emIm§_Ysb g§km§Mm
`mVsb n[a^mfogmR>s [dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
29. ^mfm [dkmZ d dmL>²_`[dÚm
n[a^mfm H$moe
^mfm [dkmZ d dmL>²_`[dÚm n[a^mfm H$moemV
gw_mao 3,225 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©`
[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mV ^mfm
[dkmZmÀ`m nm[a^m[fH$ g§km [Z{íMV H$aVmZm
dmL>²_`[dÚm (Philology) d g§[hVm [M[H$Ëgm
(Textual Criticism) `m joÌm§Vsb H$mhs
nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mm A§V^m©d Agbobo dmL>²_`[dÚoMo
n[a[eîQ>hs (n[a[eîQ> EH$, gw_mao 360 g§km) `m
H$moemÀ`m eodQ>s [Xbobo Amho.
30. ^yJmobemó n[a^mfm H$moe
^yJmobemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 8,600
B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. ^yJmobemó d ^yemó `m
XmoÝhs [df`m§V AZoH$ g§km g_mZ Agë`m_wio Ë`m
XmoÝhs emóm§Vsb g§km§À`m n`m©`m§_Ü`o EH$ê$nVm
Agbs nm[hOo `mÑîQ>sZo g§km n`m©` [Z{íMVs
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VgoM ^yJmobemó n[a^mfm
H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm hs n[a^mfm Ho$di àmXo[eH$
ñVamnwaVsM _`m©[XV Z Ro>dVm AÝ` ^maVs`
^mfm§Zmhs Vs OdiMs dmQo>b, `mMo ^mZ Ro>dbo Amho.
31. d¥ÎmnÌ[dÚm n[a^mfm H$moe
d¥ÎmnÌ[dÚm n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 6,000
B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. nÌH$m[aVobm bmoH$emhsMm Mm¡Wm ñV§^ Ago
åhUVmV. Ë`m ÑîQ>sZo _amR>s d¥ÎmnÌmgmR>s EH$ê$n
emós` n[a^mfoMs JaO hmoVs. Vs d¥ÎmnÌ[dÚm
n[a^mfm H$moemZo nyU© Ho$bs Amho.
32. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ d [dfemó n[a^mfm H$moe
Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ d [dfemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao
3,300 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©`
[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ d
[dfemó øm [df`mbm XmoZ n¡by AmhoV. EH$ åhUOo
d¡ÚH$ emómVsb EH$ emIm Am[U Xwgam åhUOo,
d¡ÚH$ emómÀ`m AmYmao, nr[S>V ì`º$tda Pmboë`m
AÝ`m`mMo [ZamH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m ì`º$sbm `mo½` Ý`m`
[_imdm `m hoVyZo àË`j ì`dhmamV Am[U [deofV:
Ý`m`mb`mV gd©gm_mÝ` OZVogmR>s hmoUmam Ë`m
emómMm dmna g_n©H$ Agboë`m d _yi H$ënZm
ñnîQ> H$ê$Z XoUmè`m _amR>s n`m©`s g§km `m H$moemV
[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
33. àemgZ dmŠà`moJ
àemgZ dmŠà`moJ `m nwñVH$mV [Za[Zamù`m
emgH$s` [d^mJm§À`m d Ë`m§À`m A§VJ©V Agboë`m
H$m`m©b`m§À`m X¡Z§[XZ H$m_H$mOmV dmnamV Agbobo
B§J«Os dmŠà`moJ d eãXg_wƒ` `m§Mo g§H$bZ
H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m dmŠà`moJm§Zm H$m`m©b`sZ
ì`dhmamV EH$m [d[eîQ> ^m[fH$ n[anmR>mMo ñdê$n
àmá Pmbo Amho. _amR>sVhs `m dmŠà`moJm§Ms VesM
n[anmR>s R>adyZ XoUo d Ë`m§À`m dmnamV EH$ê$nVm
AmUUo `mo½` hmoB©b, `m H$ënZoZo darb B§J«Os
dmŠà`moJm§Mo _amR>s n`m©` ^mfm g„mJma _§S>imÀ`m
gmhmæ`mZo [Z{íMV H$ê$Z `m H$moemÀ`m ê$nmZo à[gÕ
H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
34. [dÎms` eãXmdbs
[dÎms` eãXmdbsV ^mfm g„mJma _§S>imZo gw_mao
4,000 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ eãXm§Zm _amR>s n`m©`
[Z{íMV Ho$bo AmhoV. VgoM Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmsV
AW©g§H$ënmÀ`m àYmZ d Jm¡U boImesfm©Ms ñdV§Ì
gyMs eãXmdbsÀ`m eodQ>s [Xbs Amho. boImesfm©V
_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> Pmbs d H$mhs ~Xb Pmbo
Agë`mZo Vs AmVm gwYmaÊ`mV `oV Amho.
35. H$m`©X[e©H$m
"H$m`©X[e©H$m' `m nw{ñVHo$V X¡Z§[XZ H$m`m©b`sZ
ì`dhmamV [ZXm}f _amR>sMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>s gd©
ñVam§darb A[YH$mè`m§Zs d H$_©Mmè`m§Zs hmVmes
Ro>dmds Aes hs _mJ©Xe©H$ nw{ñVH$m Amho. Zoh_sÀ`m
H$m_H$mOmV Á`m B§J«Os eãXm§Mm, nXZm_m§Mm,
dmŠà`moJm§Mm [H¨$dm dmŠ`I§S>m§Mm dma§dma dmna
H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`m§À`m gwb^ _amR>s AZwdmXmgh
Ho$bobo EH$ g§H$bZ, Ago `m nw{ñVHo$Mo ñdê$n Amho.
36. [dH¥$[Vemó nm[a^m[fH$ eãXmdbs
[dH¥$[Vemó nm[a^m[fH$ eãXmdbsV gw_mao
12,000 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©`
[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mV gmoß`m na§Vw
AW©dmhs n`m©`s _amR>s g§km [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm Amho. d¡ÚH$emó A[VàmMsZ Agë`m_wio
H$mbmZwê$n `m emómV Pmboë`m g§emoYZmZwgma ê$T>
Pmboë`m B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$ê$Z
`m H$moemMs aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho.
37. emgZ ì`dhma eãXmdbs
_yi emgZ ì`dhma H$moe (B§J«Os, _amR>s)
ñdê$nmV AgyZ, emgZ ì`dhma eãXmdbs (_amR>s,
B§J«Os) ñdê$nmV Amho. `m eãXmdbsVsb _amR>s
g§km§Mo dU©boIZ _yi emgZ ì`dhma H$moemVsb
dU©boIZmZwgma H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo
_amR>s g§km§Mo Zm_ åhUyZ Agbobo B§J«Os n`m©`
[H¨$dm [H«$`mnX dm [deofU åhUyZ Agbobo B§J«Os
n`m©` Ë`m§Ms ñdV§Ì Zm|X KoÊ`mV Ambobs Zmhs,
ñdën[dam_ XoD$Z Vo Xe©[dÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
38. ^m¡[VH$emó eãXmdbs
_yi ^m¡[VH$emó n[a^mfm H$moe (B§J«Os-
_amR>s) ñdê$nmV AgyZ, ^m¡[VH$emó nm[a^m[fH$
eãXmdbs (_amR>s-B§J«Os) ñdê$nmV Amho.
^m¡[VH$emó `m [dÚmemIoVsb emós`
g§H$ënZm§À`m d Ë`mda AmYmaboë`m Cn`mo[OV
kmZmÀ`m Zo_Š`m A[^ì`º$sgmR>s Ë`m [dÚm
emIoMs emóewÕ EH$ê$n _amR>s n[a^mfm [Z_m©U
ìhmds, `m ÑîQ>sZo ^m¡[VH$emómMs n[a^mfm V`ma
H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. `m eãXmdbsMs aMZm,
_amR>s n`m©` d Vmo Á`m B§J«Os g§koMm n`m©` åhUyZ
[Xbobm Amho Vs B§J«Os g§km Aem ñdê$nmMs Amho.
39. _amR>s bKwboIZ
B§J«Os bKwboIZ nÕVs d _amR>s bKwboIZ
nÕVs `m§_Ü`o Iyn \$aH$ Agë`m_wio Am[U _amR>s
bKwboIZ nÕVs hs B§J«Os bKwboIZ nÕVshyZ
H$R>sU Agë`m_wio d _amR>s bKwboIZmVsb
[Za[Zamù`m àUmbs [Z_m©Ë`mÀ`m nÕVsVsb
[d[^ÞVm `m ~m~s [dMmamV KoD$Z, EH$M EH$
bKwboIZ àUmbs emgZ_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV `mds Am[U
emgZ godoVsb gd© bKwboIH$m§À`m bKwboIZmV
EH$g§KVm amhmds, `m hoVyZo g[_VsZo [Xboë`m
[ZXoemZwgma, ls. d.dm. BZm_Xma d ls. X.Am.
H$[U©H$ `m§Zs _amR>s bKwboIZ nÕVsMs nwZa©MZm
Ho$bs d Ë`mbm `m àH$meZmÛmao nwñVH$ê$n XoÊ`mV
Ambo.
40. _amR>s bKwboIZ _mJ©X[e©H$m
_hmamîQ´> emgZmZo 1963 _Ü`o àW_V: _amR>s
bKwboIZ ho nwñVH$ àH$m[eV Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va
VËg§~§YmVsb _mJ©Xe©Zna nw{ñVH$m H$mT>Ê`m~m~V
_mJUs hmoD$ bmJbs. Ë`mZwgma "_mJ©X[e©H$m'
1965 _Ü`o àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs. `m
nw{ñVHo$À`m Cn`wº$VoZwgma AmVmn`ªV VsZ Amd¥Î`m
à[gÕ Pmë`m AmhoV.
41. _amR>s Q§>H$boIZ àdo[eH$m
emgZ_mÝ` ZdsZ H$i\$bH$mMs _amR>s
Q§>H$boIZ `§Ìo emgZm§VJ©V H$m`m©b`m§Zm nwa[dÊ`mV
Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m ZdsZ H$i\$bH$mg§~§YmV
Amdí`H$ _mJ©Xe©Z hmoÊ`m~m~V _mJUs hmoD$
bmJë`mZo Cº$ _amR>s Q§>H$boIZ àdo[eH$m nw{ñVH$m
àW_V: 1968 _Ü`o à[gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambs.
42. emgZ ì`dhmamV _amR>s
amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m ^mfoMo ñdê$n H$go Agmdo,
`m~m~V nXZm_ H$moe à[gÕ Pmë`mda Ë`mVsb
_amR>s n`m©`mg§~§YmV CbQ>gwbQ> à[V[H«$`m ì`º$
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. åhUyZ Q>sH$mH$mam§Mo
g_mYmZ hmoB©b, Ë`m§Zs Cn{ñWV Ho$boë`m e§H$m§Mo
[ZagZ hmoB©b, Aem nÕVsZo emgZ ì`dhmamÀ`m
^mfo~m~VMs emós` d ì`mdhm[aH$ ^y[_H$m ñnîQ>
H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma Eo[Vhm[gH$
nmûd©^y_s, Ë`m_mJsb emós` ^y[_H$m d AmOMm
^maVs` g§X^© ñnîQ> hmoB©b, Aem arVsZo emgZ
ì`dhmamVsb _amR>s ^mfoÀ`m ñdê$nmg§~§YsMo
g[dñVa [ddoMZ `m nwñVH$mV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
43. àemg[ZH$ boIZ
àemg[ZH$ H$m_H$mO Á`m à_wI nÕVsVyZ Ho$bo
OmVo, Ë`m§Mo _amR>s Z_wZo `m nwñVH$mV [Xbo AmhoV.
Z_wÝ`m§À`m ñdê$nmV [Xbobs _m[hVs _§Ìmb`mÀ`m
[H¨$dm [d^mJs` H$m`m©b`m§À`m \$m`bt_YyZ
g§H$[bV H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. VgoM R>amdrH$
_m`Zo Agbobo [d[dY boIZàH$mahs `mV [Xbo
AmhoV. àemgH$s` boIZ H$go Agmdo Am[U H$go
Zgmdo `mMo VwbZmË_H$ Z_wZoXoIsb `mV g_m[dîQ>
Ho$bobo AmhoV.
44. amO^mfm n[aM`
A_amR>s ^m[fH$ H$_©Mmè`m§Zm _amR>s amO^mfoMs
Ro>dU, [VMs d¡[eîQ>ço, `m§Mo àmW[_H$ kmZ H$ê$Z
XoUo _hÎdmMo hmoVo. `mH$[aVm _amR>s à[ejU dJ©
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ho à[ejU XoVmZm Á`m
AS>MUs Amë`m Ë`m§Mm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg H$ê$Z
A_amR>s ^m[fH$m§Zm Cn`wº$ hmoB©b Aem arVsZo
"amO^mfm n[aM`' `m nwñVH$mMs aMZm H$aÊ`mV
Ambs Amho.
45. amO^mfm n[aM` H$m`©ê$n ì`mH$aU
emgZ ì`dhma OgOgm gd©ñneu hmoD$ bmJbm
VgVgo _amR>s ^mfoMo OwO~s kmZ VmoH$So> nSy> bmJbo.
åhUyZ _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo, Amnë`m godoV Agboë`m
A_amR>s ^m[fH$ gd© amOn[ÌV A[YH$mè`m§gmR>s d
AamOn[ÌV H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>s _amR>s ^mfm narjm
[d[hV Ho$ë`m. `m narjm§_Ysb H$m`©ê$n
ì`mH$aUmÀ`m àíZn[ÌHo$gmR>s `m nwñVH$mMs aMZm
H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho.
46. ewÕboIZ [Z`_mdbs
amO^mfm _amR>sMs A{ñ_Vm d à[VîR>m
OnÊ`mgmR>s emgH$s` H$_©Mmè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m X¡Z§[XZ
H$m_H$mOmV _amR>s ewÕboIZmÀ`m ~m~VsV `mo½`
_mJ©Xe©Z ìhmdo `m hoVyZo "ewÕboIZ [Z`_mdbs' hs
nw{ñVH$m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. ewÕboIZ hm
AmJ«h Z amhVm Vs gd` Pmbs nm[hOo, Aes
Ë`m_mJMs ^y[_H$m Amho. _amR>s gm[hË`
_hm_§S>imZo V`ma Ho$boë`m _amR>s boIZ [df`H$
[Z`_m§Zm _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo 1962 `m dfu _mÝ`Vm
[Xbs hmoVs. Ë`mV 1972 `m dfu 4 ZdsZ [Z`_m§Ms
^a KmbÊ`mV `oD$Z AmYsÀ`m _mÝ` nmdboë`m
[Z`_m§Vsb H$mhs ÌwQ>s Xya H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Aem
àH$mao, _amR>s gm[hË` _hm_§S>imÀ`m 18 [Z`_
g_m[dîQ> Agboë`m "boIZ[df`H$ [Z`_' øm
nw{ñVHo$bm _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo _mÝ`Vm [Xbs.
47. _§WZ
bmoH$emhs `eñds hmoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo OZVoÀ`m
^mfoV amÁ`H$ma^ma MmbUo hs AË`mdí`H$ ~m~
Amho. _amR>s ^mfobm amO^mfoMm ZwgVm XOm© XoD$Z
Cn`moJmMo Zmhs, Va emgZ ì`dhma 100%
_amR>sVyZ ìhmdm `mgmR>s Vs bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV
éOÊ`mBVnV gmons, gwQ>gwQ>sV VgoM AW©dmhs
Agm`bm hds; VgoM gd©ñneu Pmboë`m emgZ
ì`dhmamMs ^mfmhs [VVH$sM gj_ Agmds, `m
Om{UdoVyZ [Za[Zamù`m joÌm§Vsb _mÝ`dam§Zs
[b[hboë`m boIm§Mo Ho$bobo g§H$bZ Ago "_§WZ' `m
nwñVH$mMo ñdê$n Amho. `mV àm. Zaha Hw$ê§$XH$a,
Ý`m`_yVu M§ÐeoIa Y_m©[YH$mar, S>m°. O`§V
ZmaisH$a, àm. gË`a§OZ gmRo>, S>m°. AemoH$
Ho$iH$a, S>m°. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo, àm. ^mbM§Ð
Zo_mSo>, àm. ^m.b. ^moio, àm. M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb,
ls_Vs [dO`m [MQ>Usg, ls. `.e§. H$m[ZQ>H$a,
ls. g.Am. gào, S>m°. Z.~. nmQ>sb `m§gma»`m
[Za[Zamù`m joÌmVsb _mÝ`da boIH$m§À`m boIm§Mm
g_mdoe Amho.
48. ^maVmMo g§[dYmZ
^maVmMo g§[dYmZ `mMs _amR>s ^mfoVsb n[hbs
Amd¥Îms 1979 _Ü`o H$mT>Ê`mV Ambs Am[U
doimodois Ë`m_Ü`o Pmboë`m gwYmaUm§Mm g_mdoe
H$ê$Z ZdsZ Amd¥Î`m H$mT>Ê`mV Amboë`m AmhoV.
VgoM 1996 _Ü`o Mm¡Ï`m Amd¥ÎmsMo nwZ_w©ÐU
H$aÊ`mV Ambo Va 2006 _Ü`o ghmì`m Amd¥ÎmsMo
àH$meZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ^maVmÀ`m g§[dYmZmV
EHy$U 395 AZwÀNo>X AgyZ, EHy$U 22 ^mJm§V
Ë`m§Ms _m§S>Us H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. `m[edm` 12
AZwgyÀ`m `mV OmoS>Ê`mV Amë`m AmhoV. eodQ>s
[Xboë`m n[a[eîQ>m§_Ü`o gwYmaUm A[Y[Z`_m§Mm
gmam§e XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho Am[U AIoarg B§J«Os-
_amR>s eãXgyMs d _amR>s-B§J«Os eãXgyMs XoÊ`mV
Ambs Amho.
g§nH©$ : Jm¡V‘ qeXo - ‘mo. 9869287870
^mfm g§MmbZmb`,
[Oëhm _Ü`dVu B_maV, 5 dm _Obm,
MoVZm H$m°boO ~mOybm,
Am§~oS>H$a CÚmZ, dm§Ðo (ny.),
_§w~B©- 400 051.
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 113
 g§nÝZ J«§Wg§nXm
_ hmamîQ´>mMs ñWmnZm 1 _o, 1960 amoOs
Pmë`mZ§Va `ed§Vamd MìhmU `m§Zs
bJoM gm{hË` g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>imMs ñWmnZm
Ho$bs. gm[hË` Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs[df`H$ CnH«$_m§Zm
emgH$s` nmVisdê$Z àmoËgmhZ Am[U gd© àH$maMo
gmhmæ` XoÊ`mgmR>s ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo ho
XoemVsb n[hbo _§S>i R>abo.
`ed§VamdOtZs ì`º$ Ho$boë`m AnojoZwgma
_§S>imZo Amnbo H$m_ VH©$VsW© bú_Uemós Omoes
`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbs gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zs AmIyZ
[Xboë`m _mJm©dê$Z H$mbmZwê$n [d[dY ~Xb H$arV
_§S>imZo Joë`m 50 dfmªV amÁ`mÀ`m gm[hË`
g§ñH¥$VsMm Mm¡\o$a [dH$mg ìhmdm d gd© KQ>H$m§Zm `mV
gm_mdyZ KoUo eŠ` ìhmdo Am[U _hmamîQ´>mMs A[^éMs
g§nÞVm dmT>mds `mgmR>s `eñdsnUo à`ËZ Ho$bo
AmhoV.
_§S>imZo 2010n`ªV 500À`m Amgnmg J«§Wg§nXm
[gÕ Ho$bs Amho. ho gd© J«§W dmMH$m§Zm nadS>Vsb
Aem Aën {H$_VsV CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbo AmhoV. ho
J«§W g§~§[YV joÌmVsb VÁkm§Zs n[al_nyd©H$ [b[hbo
AmhoV.
H$moe dmL>²_`
_amR>s_Ü`o H$moe dmL>²_`mMs \$ma _moR>s na§nam
Amho. EH$m A§XmOmZwgma _hmamîQ´>mV 820À`mda
H$moem§Ms g§»`m Amho. hs g§»`m XoemV gdm©[YH$
g_Obs OmVo. `m g_¥Õ na§nao_Ü`o _§S>imÀ`m nwT>sb
H$moem§Zs bjUs` ^a KmVbs Amho.
1. [dkmZ Am[U V§ÌkmZ H$moe
2. dmL>²_` H$moe
3. eãXH$moe
4. Am`wd}Xs` eãXH$moe
5. JwOamVs-_amR>s eãXH$moe
6. CXy©-_amR>s eãXH$moe
7. H$ÞS>-_amR>s eãXH$moe
8. B§J«Os _amR>s ñWmnË` [eënH$moe
9. V_si-_amR>s eãXH$moe
10. _amR>s-[g¨Ys eãXH$moe
11. nmbs-_amR>s eãXH$moe
_§S>imZo dmL>²_` H$moemMm àH$ën 1969nmgyZ
am~[dÊ`mg KoVbm. àË`oH$s 250 n¥îR>m§Mo 4 I§S>
AmVmn`ªV àH$m[eV Pmbo AmhoV. n[hë`mV I§S>mV
1050 Vo 1857n`ªVÀ`m _amR>s J«§WH$mam§Mm
(g§nmXH$ - J§.Xo. ImZmobH$a), I§S> Xwgam (^mJ 1)
(g§nmXH$ - S>m°. Jmo._m. Hw$bH$Uu)_Ü`o 1858 Vo
30 E[àb, 1960n`ªVÀ`m [Xd§JV _amR>s
J«§WH$mam§Mm, I§S> [Vgè`mV 1885 Vo 1960n`ªVÀ`m
114 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
J«§W n[aM`mMm (g§nmXH$ - àm. _m.X.
hmVH$U§JboH$a) Am[U I§S> Mm¡Ï`mV g_sjm g§km§Mm
(g§nmXH$ - [dO`m amOmÜ`j) g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. `m Mmahs H$moem§Vsb Zm|Xs, Aä`mgH$,
g§emoYH$, nÌH$ma, gm_mÝ` dmMH$ `m§À`mgmR>s dmMZ
AmZ§XmMs AZw^yVs XoUmè`m Va AmhoVM nU ho H$moe
_amR>s J«§Wào_tÀ`m Kam§Mo d¡^d dmT>[dUmaogwÕm
AmhoV. dmL>²_` H$moemÀ`m Xwgè`m ^mJmÀ`m Xwgè`m
I§S>mMo àH$meZ bdH$aM Ano[jV Amho.
`m H$moem§_Ü`o J«§WH$mam§À`m ì`{º$JV OsdZ
n[aM`mnojm Ë`m§À`m dmL>²_`sZ H$m`m©Ms _m[hVs
A§V^y©V H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. "X Am°Šg\$S©>
H§$no[Z`Z B§{½be [bQ>aoMa', "E [S>ŠeZar Am°\$
gwaoe dm§{Xbo
[bQ>aoMa BZ X B§{½be b±½doO', "EÝgm`ŠbmonsS>s`m
Am°\$ nmoEQ´>s A±S> nmoE[Q>Šg', "[S>ŠeZar Am°\$ dëS©>
[bQ>aar Q>åg©', "Eìhar_°Ýg [S>ŠeZar Am°\$ [bQ>aar
~m`moJ«m\$s' `m g§X^© J«§Wm§gmaIo `m dmL>²_`H$moemMo
ñdê$n Amho. `m H$moe [Z[_©VsgmR>s 200 VÁkm§Mo
gmhmæ` KoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
_§S>imMm A[Ve` _hÎdmH$m§js àH$ën åhUOo
eãXH$moe. Odinmg XsS> bmI _amR>s eãXm§Mo
[d[dY AW© XoUmè`m eãXH$moemMo Xhm I§S> àH$m[eV
hmoUma AmhoV. _§S>imÀ`m nwUo `oWsb H$m`m©b`mV àm.
am_Xmg S>m§Jo `m§À`m g§nmXH$ËdmImbs hm àH$ën gwê$
Amho. 1970 gmbs `m àH$ënmMm àma§^ Pmbm.
AmVmn`ªV 3 I§S> àH$m[eV Pmbo AmhoV, 4Ï`m
I§S>mMo H$m_ nyU© Pmbo Amho. eãXH$moe àH$ënmbm
Am§VaamîQ´>s` H$sVuMo H$moeVÁk S>m°. à_moX VbJar
`m§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z [_imbo Amho.
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gwdU©_hmoËgds dfm©[Z[_Îm _§S>imZo
[dkmZ Am[U V§ÌkmZ H$moe V`ma H$aÊ`mMm g§H$ën
Ho$bm. _amR>s dmMH$m§Zm Á`m d¡km[ZH$ g§km Am[U
g§H$ënZm g_Om`bm H$R>sU OmVmV Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ>sH$aU
gmoß`m _amR>sV d Amdí`H$ Ë`m [R>H$mUs aoIm[MÌo,
N>m`m[MÌo `m§À`mgh XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m [d[dY H$moem§_Ü`o _§S>imÀ`m [dkmZ
Am[U V§ÌkmZ H$moemZo d¡[eîQ>çnyU© ñWmZ àmá Ho$bo
Amho. `m H$moemV ^m¡[VH$emó, agm`Zemó,
Osdemó, n`m©daU, A[^`m§[ÌH$s, d¡[XH$emó,
H¥$fs, IJmob, [dkmZ, J[UV, ^mfmemó, ^yJ^©,
^yJmob `m [df`m§À`m Zm|Xs AmhoV. `m H$moemÀ`m 15
hOma àVs _w[ÐV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m gd©
àVtMs [dH«$s Pmbs Amho. hm H$moe V`ma H$aÊ`mMo
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CMbbo.
_§S>imMs J«§Wg§nXm hs _amR>s ^mfoVsb A[^OmV
J«§Wg§nXoÀ`m loUsV _moS>Vo. `m J«§Wg§nXoMs [Z[_©Vs
H$aÊ`mV Á`m à[V^md§§Vm§Mm g_mdoe Amho Ë`m_Ü`o
àm. Z.a. nmR>H$, Zm.h. JÐo, S>m°. dm.am. Mm¡~i,
à.am. H$mH$moS>H$a, àm. am.[d. gmodZs, n§.
doUs_mYdemós Omoes, S>m°. Omo.Ho$. ^Q>, àm.
AemoH$ Xm. amZSo>, ls.h. Xoenm§So>, S>m°. nm.dm. H$mUo,
`.Am. ^Q>, ì`§.J. JmoIbo, ì`§.^. H$[U©H$ , g[aVm
nËH$s, S>m°.[d. [_ames, amo{hUs ^mQo>, S>m°. Ho$.b.
Xáar, ls.[d. gmo[hZs, _mYd [b_`o, S>m°. _m.H¥$.
Kmamnwao, Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s, AOw©Z S>m§Jio, goVy
_mYdamd nJS>s, S>m°. [d.[^. H$mobVo., S>m°. eaXM§Ð
[dîUy JmoIbo, am.[^.Omoes, YZ§O` H$sa, `.Xs.
\$S>Ho$, S>m°. O`§V ZmaisH$a, a.J. [dÛm§g, S>m°. _.J.
Hw$§Qo>, àm. H$_b XogmB©, S>m°. gamo[OZs ~m~a, [edmOs
^mdo, Jmo[d¨Xamd Q|>~o, ~mi gm_§V, n§. dm_Zemós
^mJdV, dm_Zamd MmoanSo>, ^m.H¥$. Ho$iH$a,
à. ls. ZoéaH$a, S>m°. O`§Vamd nmQ>sb, em§Vm d¡Ú,
e¡bOm J«~, _méVs [MV_n„s, ~mi \$m|S>Ho$ AmXs
_mÝ`dam§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
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1. CËH¥$îQ> B§J«Os d BVa ^mfmVsb J«§Wm§Ms
^mfm§Vao
2. emós` ([dkmZ) J«§W_mbm
3. _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg d Ë`mÀ`mes g§~§[YV
Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$mJXnÌm§Mo g§nmXZ,
4. àH$meZ, g§emoYZ
5. M[aÌo
6. g_J« dmL>²_`
7. g_sjmË_H$ -Aem àH$mam§V `oVo.
_§S>imZo _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[Vhmgmda Zdm àH$me
Q>mH$Umar g§emoYZmË_H$ J«§W _m[bHo$Ms [Z[_©Vs
Ho$bs. `mgmR>s doimodois CnbãY Pmbobs Zds
Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$mJXnÌo, gmYZgm_J«s `m§Mm Cn`moJ
Ho$bm. VgoM AmYw[ZH$ B[Vhmg aMZoÀ`m VÎdm§Mm
Cn`moJhs Ho$bm Amho.
gmYmaUV: nmM àH$mao `m Eo[Vhm[gH$ J«§Wg§nXoMs
[Z[_©Vs Pmbs Amho. hm H$mbmdYs àmJEo[Vhm[gH$
H$mb Vo AmYw[ZH$ H$mb Agm Amho. `m_Ü`o
1. àmMsZ H$mbI§S>
2. _Ü``wJsZ H$mbI§S>
3. _amR>m H$mbI§S>-^mJ 1 (Omo [edmOs
_hmamOm§À`m H$mimes g§~§[YV Amho.)
4. _amR>m H$mbI§S> - ^mJ 2 ( Omo noeì`m§À`m
H$mimes g§~§[YV Amho.)
5. 1891 Vo 1947 Am[U 1948 Vo 2010 `m
XmoZ H$mbI§S>m§Mm g_mdoe AmYw[ZH$ B[VhmgmV
H$aÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ, `mÀ`m boIZ/g§nmXZmMo
H$m`© gÜ`m gwê$ Amho.
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d Jmodm `m§À`m B[Vhmgmes g§~§[YV [ebmboI,
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28. ^maVmMm ñdmV§Í`bT>m, 29. N>ÌnVs [edmOs
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Amho. Vmo _hmamîQ´>mMm A_mob Ro>dm Amho.
am.J. JS>H$ar `m§À`m g_J« dmL>²_` I§S>mbm
AmMm`© à.Ho$. AÌo `m§Ms [dñV¥V àñVmdZm Amho. `m
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"_wÐmamjgm'Mo ^mfm§Va.
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Am[U H$ënH$Vm (H$monb±S> [b[IV å`w[PH$ A±S>
B_°[OZoeZMm AZwdmX), 8. _hmamîQ´>mMo g§JsVmVsb
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g§JsVemó , 11. ^maVs` dmÚo, 12. V§Omda Z¥Ë`
à~§Y, 13. _mPm g§JsV ì`mg§J (boIH$ dm_Zamd
Xoenm§So>), 14. g§JsVmMm`© n§. [dîUw Zmam`U
^mVI§So> `m§Mo M[aÌ, 15. Jm`Z _hfu A„m[X`mIm±
`m§Mo M[aÌ, 16. g§JsV Xn©U, 17. _wgb_mZs
Am_XZsV g§JsV, 18. _amR>s ZmQ>H$m§Ms J§JmoÌs,
19. JmZ[ham, 20. J«sH$ emoH$ZmQ>ço, 21.
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ñda`moJsZs, 23. ZmQ>ç_§S>n_, 24. b`Vmb [dMma
`m§Mm R>iH$nUo C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo.
A[ÛVs` H$m_[Jar
_§S>imZo A[^OmV B§J«Os dmL>²_` _amR>s ^mfoV
AmUÊ`mMo A[ÛVs` ñdê$nmMo H$m`© H$ê$Z Ro>dbo
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H$m`©H«$_ _§S>imMo n[hbo AÜ`j VH©$VsW© bú_U
emós Omoes `m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV AmIbm Jobm.
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 115
dmL>²_`mMm AJH«$_ R>adyZ AZoH$ nwñVHo$ {ZdS>bs.
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gáeVs', [Ì[nQ>sH$mVsb {ZdS>H$ ^mJ `m§Mmhs
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J«§W nwT>sbà_mUo AmhoV - 1. Am[W©H$ [gÕmÝV d
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(Oo.Eg. [_b - Am°Z [b~Q>u), 5. g_mOdmX [déÕ
^m§S>dbemhs (E.gs. [nJy -gmo[eE[bP_ ìhg}g
H°$nsQ>[bP_), 6. [dgmdo eVH$ Am[U g_mOdmX
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116 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
(~Q>mªS> agob-àm°ãboåg Am°\$ [\$bm°gm°\$s), 25.
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g§nH©$ : 9324973907
B©-‘ob : ekank@hotmail.com

J«§W[dH«$s 1. g§MmbH$ 2. ì`dñWmnH$,

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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 117

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S>hmHo$, [Jare nVHo$ 21. "gH$mi' d¥ÎmnÌ Am[U d¥Îmg_yh - ñdmVs gwhmg H$d}
5. [dkmZ g§H$ënZm H$moe - g§nm. àm. am.[d. 22. e§VZwamd [H$bm}ñH$a : ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© - S>m°. ^m.a. gm~So>
gmodZs 23. S>m°. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a : ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© - S>m°. [d.~m. à^wXogmB©
6. [ejH$m§gmR>s 24. Í`§~H$ e§H$a eodbH$a `m§À`m - g§nm. gwf_m nm¡S>dmb
AÜ``Z nw{ñVH$m - g§nm. amÁ` gm[hË`mMs dU©ZmË_H$ gyMs
_amR>s [dH$mg g§ñWm
7. [ejU, [ejH$
d Aä`mgH«$_ - dm.~. nQ>dY©Z- X[jU ^maVmVsb _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm B[Vhmg
g§nm.- a_oe nmZgo 25. _ÐmgMs _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - g§nm. S>m°. dg§V Omoes
8. _amR>s ^mfm : dmT> 26. h¡Ðm~mXMs _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - g§nm. S>m°. ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu,
Am[U [~KmS> - ls.Ho$. jsagmJa (H¡$.) S>m°. d.Xm. Hw$bH$Uu, àm. X.n§. Omoes
9. d¥Õs : ^mfoMo d 27. H$Zm©Q>H$mVsb _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - S>m°. ^s_me§H$a Xoenm§So>
^mfmä`mgmMo [dH$gZ - [XZoe X. _mhybH$a 28. [Ìd|Ð_Ms _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - g§nm. S>m°. dg§V Omoes
10. ~ob^mfm - gw_Z ~obdbH$a 29. V§Omda gyMs (I§S> ghmdm) - g§nm. ^m_amd Ho$gH$a
11. ^mfm - Amnbs gdmªMsM - A[dZme [~Zrdmbo 30. X[jU ^maVmVsb _amR>s - V§Omda I§S> - g§nm.
12. dmMy AmZ§Xo dmL>²_`mMm B[Vhmg - S>m°. dg§V Omoes
(~mb JQ>, Hw$_ma JQ>) - g§nmXH$ - _mYwar nwa§Xao, 31. X[jU ^maVmVsb - Am§Y«-H$Zm©Q>H$ I§S>
Z§[XVm dmJio _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm B[Vhmg - g§nm. S>m°. dg§V Omoes d S>m°. X.[X. nw§So>
13. nmbKa VmbwH$m - ~mobs, g_mO d 32. X[jUmË` gm[hË` g§ñH¥$VsMm _amR>ses AZw~§Y - S>m°. _m[UH$ YZnbdma
g§ñH¥$Vs - g§nm. S>m°. 33. gm[hË`goVy - ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu
à[V^m H$UoH$a 34. XIZs ^mfm : _amR>s g§ñH¥$VsMm - ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu
14. [ejUmMo A§Va§J - bsbm nmQ>sb EH$ Am[dîH$ma

H$moe d gyMs dmL>²_` qhXs AZwdmX

45. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 1 d 2 (1800- 1950) - g§nm.(H¡$.) e§H$a JUoe XmVo
46. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 3 (1951-1962) - g§nm. eaX gmRo>
47. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 4 (1963-1970) - g§nm. eaX gmRo>
48. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 5 (1951-1962) - g§nm. eaX gmRo>
49. _amR>s [dkmZ J«§WgyMs - g§nm. am.[d. gmodZs,
g§OsdZs [e¨Ìo
50. _amR>s d¡ÚH$ J«§WgyMs - g§nm. S>m°. gwaoe ZmS>H$Uu,
H$[dVm _hmOZ
51. `§Ìmb`mMm kmZH$moe - g§nm. e§H$a Jmonmi [^So>
52. \$mgu-_amR>s ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe - g§nm. S>m°. `w._. nR>mU
53. dó[Z[_©Vs _m[hVsH$moe I§S> 1 - g§nm. S>m°. M§ÐH$mV H$mUo,
V§Vy[Z_m©U d V§Vy[dkmZ àm. gwaoe _hmOZ
54. dó[Z[_©Vs _m[hVsH$moe I§S> 2 - g§nm. AemoH$ JX},
gyV[Z_m©U ls. `ed§V Xoenm§So>
55. _amR>s H$moe d g§X^© gmYZo `m§Ms g_J« gyMs - g§nm. d.[d. Hw$bH$Uu
56. ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nÎms A[YH$ma - àm. [demb H$Q>m[a`m
35. H$éUmîQ>H$ - ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a
- AZw. [dZm`H$ Zmam`U gào
36. amO_mMs H$m ~wYm - Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a - AZw. _sam Zm§XJmdH$a
37. q~[X`m [OVZs Psb - [Z_©bm Xoenm§So> - AZw. gwZsVm nam§Ono
38. H$ë`mUs - Á`moËñZm XodYa
- AZw. - Á`moËñZm XodYa
39. _w¸$m_ nmoñQ> - _mYd H$m|S>[dbH$a AZw.
XodmMo JmoR>Uo - A[dZme [~Zsdmbo
40. [XZ ~ [XZ - e§.Zm. Zdao - AZw. - gw^mf aU[Xdo
41. gm§g ^a H$m \$mgbm - A§[~H$m gaXma - AZw.- ea`w noS>UoH$a
42. ls_Vs a_m~mB© amZSo> - _m. ls. [dÜXm§g AZw.- dmg§[VH$m
43. _¡ H¥$VmW© hwB© - _ohé[Þgm XbdmB© - AZw.- S>m°. [dO`m
44. amo[hUs - Ho$ed Ho$iH$a - AZw. [dbmg JrVo

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 119

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àmÜ`m[nH$m ls_Vs à[V^m H$UoH$a `m§Zs `m J«§WmMo
g§nmXZ Ho$bo Amho.
120 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
~m¡{ÕH$ g§nÎmsMm A[YH$ma
(Intellectual Property Right)
`m Zì`mZo nwTo> `oUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m
[df`mg§~§YsMs AÚ`mdV _m[hVs _amR>s dmMH$m§nwTo>
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[dkmZ n[afXoÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo EHy$U 38
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nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo ^mfm§Vahs Ë`m Ë`m [df`mVsb
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àH$meZ ZOrH$À`m H$mimV Ano[jV Amho.
g§nH©$ : amÁ` _amR>s g§ñWm - 3 _hmnm[bH$m _mJ©,
E{ë\$ÝñQ>Z Vm§[ÌH$ [dÚmb`,
Ymo~sVbmd, _w§~B© - 400 001.
XyaÜdZs : 022- 22653966, \°$Šg : 022 -
22631325.
Email- rmvs mumbai@yahoo.com
website- http://rmvs.maharastra.gov.in
Books are carriers of civilization.
Without books, history silent,
Literature dumb, science crippled,
Thought and speculation at a standstill.
They are engines of change,
windows of the world
Lighthouses erected in the sea of time.
 dmMZ g§ñH¥$Vsbm g§OsdZs
nw ñVH$m§Mo Am[U J«§Wmb`m§Mo ì`º$s,
g_mO Am[U amîQ´> KS>UsVsb _hÎd
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H$m`Xo Pmbo.
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TER) Omhsa Ho$br, Ë`mV 1972 d 1994_Ü`o
gwYmaUmhs Ho$ë`m. 1972 ho "Am§VaamîQ´>s` J«§W
df©' gmOao Ho$bo, 1982 gmbs b§S>Z_Ü`o "dëS©>
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(WORLD BOOK DAY).
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bmJbo. Vs nÕV AmOhs gwê$ Amho. Vmo A°ŠQ>
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A°ŠQ>' Ho$bm; 1957_Ü`o "B§[S>`Z H$m°nsamB©Q> A°ŠQ>'
bmJy Ho$bm Jobm. n[hë`m n§Mdm[f©H$ `moOZonmgyZ
_Ü`dVu d [Oëhm J«§Wmb`o gd© Xoe^a ñWmnÊ`mV
Ambs.
1930 gmbs ~Zmag `oWo ^aboë`m
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J«§Wmb` emómMo OZH$ S>m°. [e`mbs am_m_¥V
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2. King Lear It
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4. Antony and 10. Romeo &
Cleopatra Juliet
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6. Merchant of Night’s Dream
Venice 12. Twelfth Night
7. Henry IV 13. Tempest
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1. Homer
2. Dante
3. Cervantes
4. Shakespeare
5. Goethe
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 123
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_mPo gË`mMo à`moJ - _hmË‘m Jm§Ys
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Am_Mm ~mn AZ² Amåhs - Za|Ð OmYd
[S>ñH$dar Am°\$ B§[S>`m - n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$
gømÐsMo dmao - `ed§Vamd MìhmU
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EH$M ß`mbm - am_ JUoe JS>H$ar amîQ´>nVs
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lr. Ho$. e§H$aZmam`UZ - ‘m. amÁ`nmb {dbmgamd Xoe‘wI H|$Ðr` J«m‘{dH$mg ‘§Ìr
Through the Corridors of Power
^maVmMm emoY - n§. Zohê$ ì`º$s Am[U d„s - nw.b. Xoenm§So>
(Malayalam version) - Dr. P C Alexander
Pearls of Wisdom - Swami Vivekananda
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Universal Message of Bhagvad Gita - Swami Ranganathananda ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB© [demIm - Hw$gw‘mJ«O
Raagam Neelambari - Kamla Das (Malayalam)
ñdm_s - aU[OV XogmB© a§J _mPm doJim - gwaoe ^Q>
Haimavatha Bhoovil, Malayalam travelogue - M P Veerendra Kumar
Tatvamasi - Sukumar Azhikode
_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
The Story of My Experiements with Truth - Mahatma Gandhi

{edmOramd Xoe‘wI {Xbrn digo-nmQ>rb

g^mnVs, [dYmZ n[afX AÜ`j, [dYmZg^m
PmS>mPS>Vs - [dûdmg nmQ>sb gømÐrMo dmao `ed§Vamd MìhmU
VmË`m Q>mono - ``m{V {d.g. Im§S>oH$a
N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§V nm{ZnV {dídmg nmQ>rb
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amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao ls_mZ `moJs aU[OV XogmB©
ZmPs ^ñ_mgwamMm CX`mñV - [d.J. H$m[ZQ>H$a X ‘§H$ hÿ gmoëS> {hO ’o$amar am°~rZ e‘m©
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Am[U S´>°JZ OmJm Pmbm - AéU gmYy H$èhoMo nmUr à.Ho$. AÌo
_mP§ b§S>Z - _sZm à^y H¥$îUmH$mR> `ed§Vamd MìhmU
Diary of Anne Frank -Anne Frank ~±H$a Qy> X nwAa ‘mohå‘X `wZyg
Thoughts on Pakistan -Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

dg§V S>mdIao- Cng^mnVs, [dYmZ n[afX àm. dg§V nwaHo$ -CnmÜ`j, {dYmZg^m
í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOs [dÐmohs VwH$mam_ - S>m°. Am.h. gmi§wIo
JrVmB© - [dZmo~m ^mdo ~is - [d^mdar [eê$aH$a
AmR>dUs - à_moX ZdbH$a Cnam - bú_U _mZo
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_s Agm KS>bmo - AmMm`© AÌo [demIm - Hw$gw_mJ«O
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Zmnmg _wbm§Ms JmoîQ> - AéU eodVo h_ Vmo _ñV \$H$sa - JmonmbXmg [ZaO
dsO åhUmbs YaVsbm - [d.dm. [eadmS>H$a [ejm _o H«$m§Vs - Amoemo

124 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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â`wMa Am°\$ B§[S>`m - [~_b OmbmZ N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§V
_oar 51 H$[dVm`o§ - AQ>b[~hmar dmOno`s ``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a
dmimMm _im - am_ eodmiH$a amOo g§^mOs - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
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ñdXoes - [~¨Xy _mYd AmnU gmao ^mD$ ^mD$ - gmZo JwéOs
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Ap½Zn§I - S>m°. AãXwb H$bm_

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gømÐsMo dmao - `ed§Vamd MìhmU Annihilation of Caste - Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ‘¥Ë`w§O` -{edmOr gmd§V
OmJa - àm. [edmOsamd ^mogbo ñdamÁ`_mbm d _amR>çm§Mm AmË_`k - ZmW_mYd H¥$îUmH$mR> -`ed§Vamd MìhmU
H$èhoMo nmUs - à.Ho$. AÌo ``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a ~bwV§ -X`m ndma
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_hmZm`H$ - [dûdmg nmQ>sb Mother - Maxim Gorky Apñ‘Vm Am{U qhgmMma -A‘Ë`© goZ

S>m°. nV§Jamd H$X_ lr. {edmOramd _moKo amYmH¥$îU [dIo nmQ>sb

dZo, _XV d nwZd©gZ Am[U ^yH§$n nwZd©gZ _§Ìs gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` _§Ìr {dYr d Ý`m` ‘§Ìr
í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOs ~§YZmMo F$U - am‘ n«YmZ EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a - drUm JdmUH$a
_¥Ë`§wO` - [edmOs gmd§V EH$M ß`mbm - am‘ JUoe JS>H$ar ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©
``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a Ap½Zn§I - S>m°. AãXwb H$bm‘ nm{ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb ~moYrgÎd Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V
~wÕ Yå‘ {‘eZ - í`m‘ VmJS>o bT>V - [edmOs gmd§V
The Spirit of India Vol.-I, Vol-II
O`§V nmQ>sb - J«m‘{dH$mg _§Ìs Indira gandhi Abhinandan Granth amOoe Q>mono Cƒ d V§Ì[ejU _§Ìs
vols. presented to Smt. Indira Gandhi Not for Food Alone - Maluschitra Konusu
N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§V
ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB© We the People of India Lacocca An Autobiography - Lee Lacocca with
- Nani palkhivala Willam Novak
gømÐsMo dmao - `ed§Vamd MìhmU Who Moved my Cheese Corporate Chanakya - Radhakrishnan Pillai
- Spencer Johnson A Better India, A Better World -N R Narayana Murthy
H¥$îUmH$mR> - `ed§Vamd MìhmU
~mimgmho~ WmoamV àm. bú_U T>mo~io
_hgyb _§Ìs nmUrnwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm ‘§Ìr
~~Zamd nmMnwVo-A[Xdmgs [dH$mg _§Ìs
EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a - drUm JìmmUH$a kmZoûdar - g§V kmZoûda
ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB© ``m[V -[d.g. Im§So>H$a
``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a _hmZm`H$ - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
Q>m°bñQ>m°` `m§Mo OsdZ M[aÌ nm§[Jam - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
emhy Jm¡ad J«§W - EZ.S>s. nmQ>sb (g§nmXH$) amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao
Amo~m_m `m§Mo OsdZ M[aÌ _m` bmB©\$ - [~b {Šb¨Q>Z
B§[Xam - Hw$gw_ O`H$a Xmg~moY - g§V am_Xmg
amoOog BZ [S>g§o~a - E_.gs. N>mJbm VwH$mam_JmWm - g§V VwH$mam_
nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>rb ``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a
aoS> âb°J Am°Z Mm`Zm _s Eg.E_. - Eg.E_. Omoes
Shantaram - Gregory David Roberts
[Xdmis A§H$ ñdm_s - aU[OV XogmB©

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 125

 gwaoe eoÅ>s - d¡ÚH$s` [ejU _§Ìs [ZVsZ amD$V amoh`mo d Obg§YmaU _§Ìs
The Great Divide India and Pakistan - Ira The Buddha and His Dhamma - Dr. B. R.
Pande
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§§~oS>H$a
Ambedkar `m§Mo A§Va§J - YZ§O` H$sa
Shah Jahan - The Rise and fall of the Mughal
Emperor - Fergus Nicoll The Annihilation of Caste - Dr. B. R. nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
Glimpses of World History - Jawaharlal Nehru Ambedkar _¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V
India - Patrick French Who Were the Shudras - Dr. B. R.
A Journey - Tony Blair
amOfu N>ÌnVs emhy
Ambedkar `m§Mo A§Va§J - dm.X. Vmo\$ImZo
For the Love of a Son : One Afghan Woman"s
quest for Her stolen Child - Jean Sasson The Arctic Home In The Vedas - _mPo [dÚmnsR> - Zmam`U gwd}
Freedom at Midnight - Dominique La Pierre Lokamanya Tilak XsnñV§^ - [edmOsamd ^mogbo
The Finkler Question - Howard Jacobson Discovery of India - Pandit Jawaharlal N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§V
Nehru _hmZm`H$ - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
hgZ _wls\$ eoVH$è`m§Mm AgyS> - _hmË_m \w$bo g§ñH¥$Vs Ho$ Mma AÜ`m` - [XZH$a
H$m_Jma d [deof gmhmæ` _§Ìs \w$bo `m§Mo g_J« dmL>²_` - `.[X. \$S>Ho$
``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a _YwH$aamd MìhmU
nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb newg§dY©Z, Xw½Y[dH$mg d _Ëñ`ì`dgm` _§Ìs
í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOs amO|Ð XS>m© amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao
embo`{ejU _§Ìs S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
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``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a
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í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOs gømÐsMo dmao - `ed§Vamd MìhmU
EH$m {XeoMm emoY - g§Xrn dmgboH$a \w$bo `m§Mo g_J« dmL>²_` - `.[X. \$S>Ho$
Vw§~mS>Mo ImoV - ls.Zm. n|S>go
Imaging India -Nandan Nilekani
nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb amOfu ls emhy N>ÌnVs
Five Point Someone - Chetan Bhagat `m§Mo A§Va§J - `.X. Vmo\$ImZo
ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©
_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V H¥$îUmH$mR> - `ed§Vamd MìhmU
eoVH$è`m§Mm AgyS> - Omo[V~m \w$bo
g[MZ A[ha ^mñH$a OmYd
J¥h[Z_m©U amÁ`_§Ìs ZJa{dH$mg amÁ`_§Ìs àH$me gmoi§Ho$
gmVm CÎmamMs H$hmUs - J.à. àYmZ ‘hgwb d ghH$ma amÁ`_§Ìs
í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOs
_yR>^a _mVr - OZmX©Z dmK_mao Vw§~mS>Mo ImoV - ls.Zm. n|S>go gømÐsMo dmao - `ed§Vamd MìhmU
_s Agm KS>bmo - S>m°. ^mbM§Ð _wUJoH$a nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb PmS>mPS>Vs - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
_mÂ`m d[S>bm§Mo ñdßZ - ~amH$ Amo~m_m ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB© ñdm_s - aU[OV XogmB©
[^Þ Am[U ~« - H$[dVm _hmOZ _¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©
``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a
amO|Ð _wiH$ - {dÎm d {Z`moOZ amÁ`_§Ìs Imagining India - Nandan Nilekani
_mPo [dÚmnsR> - Zmam`U gwd}
nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb àm. \$m¡[O`m ImZ amO§oÐ Jm[dV
[S>ñH$ìhar Am°\$ B§[S>`m - n§.Odmhabmb Zohê$ gm_mÝ` àemgZ, _m[hVr d OZg§nH©$ amÁ`_§Ìs Am[Xdmgs [dH$mg amÁ`_§Ìs
[demIm - [d.dm. [eadmS>H$a
Pride and Prejudice - Jane Austen _s Am[U _mPm ~mn - S>m°. Za|Ð OmYd
kmZoûdar - g§V kmZoída
``m{V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a
VwH$mam_ JmWm - g§V VwH$mam‘ David Copperfield - Charles Dickens
`wJ§Ya - [edmOs gmd§V
Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte ls_mZ `moJs - aU{OV XogmB©
Jwbm~amd XodH$a - H¥$fr amÁ`_§Ìs War and Peace - Leo Tolstoy ewÐ nydu H$moU hmoVo? - S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§V The Guide - R. K. Narayan ~bwV§ - X`m ndma
ls_mZ `moJs - [edmOs gmd§V The Kite Runner - Khaled Hosseini
Cnam - bú_U _mZo
_mPm gmjmVH$mar öX`amoJ - S>m°. A^` ~§J H$moëhmQ>çmM§ nmoa - S>m°. [H$emoa em§Vm~mB© H$mio
nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb Wings Of Fire - A.P. J. Abdul Kalam nm§Jsam - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
_mPo gË`mMo à`moJ - _hmË_m Jm§Ys Gulliver's Travels - Jonathan Swift Ooìhm _s OmV Mmoabs hmoVs - ~m~wamd ~mJwb

126 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

 aËZmH$a Jm`H$dmS> AmZ§X Hw$bH$Uu
_m. _w»` g[Md àYmZ g[Md, gm§ñH¥$[VH$ H$m`© d n`©Q>Z
Discovery of India - Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru The Story of Civilization : Will Durant
My Experiments with Truth - Mahatma Gandhi A Study of History : Arnold Toynbee
Essays On The Gita - Aurobindo Ghosh The Social History of Art : Arnold Hauser
Faust : Johann Goethe
The Six Systems Of Indian Philosophy - Prof. Max Muller The Sorrows of Young Werther : Johann Goethe
The Buddha and His Dhamma - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
``m[V : [d.g. Im§So>H$a
_¥Ë`w§O` : [edmOs gmd§V
C_oeM§Ð ga§Js gË`mMo à`moJ : _hmË_m Jm§Ys
Ana _w»` g[Md, J¥h H$èhoMo nmUs : AmMm`© AÌo
History of Man - L. ron Hubbard H¥$îUmH$mR> : `ed§Vamd MìhmU

àdrU Xs{jV Z§XHw$_ma O§Ìo A[Zb [S>½JsH$a

àYmZ g[Md, J¥h ([deof) g[Md, gmà[d g[Md (nXw_)
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~Q>mQ>çmMs Mmi - nw.b. Xoenm§So> Agm _s Agm _s - nw.b. Xoenm§So> _¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V
amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao nmUH$im - a.dm. [XKo You Can Win - Shiv Khera
VwH$mam_ JmWm - g§V VwH$mam_ Xm¡bV - Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$ ~Q>mQ>çmMs Mmi - nw.b. Xoenm§So>
Xmg~moY - g‘W© am‘Xmg ñdm‘r ``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a Papillon - Henri Charriere
H$èhoMo nmUs - à.Ho$. AÌo ls_mZ `moJs, ñdm_s - aU[OV XogmB© Alchemist - Paulo Coelho

dëgm Zm`a ìhr. [JaramO

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S>m°. a_oeM§Ð gmJa
Jeeves - P.G. Wodehouse `wJm§V - BamdVs H$d} àYmZ g[Md, A[Xdmgs [dH$mg
Fountainhead - Ayn Rand {ñVWàk Xe©Z - [dZmo~m ^mdo
The Monk Who Empire - Naill Ferguson
Hindu Society
Sold His Ferrari - Robin Sharma Ascent of Money - Naill Ferguson
An Interpretation - Irawati Karve
Nicholas Nickleby - Charles Dickens Two States - Chetan Bhagat
Doctor Zhivago - Boris Pasternak
The Adventure of Man’s Search for
Sherlock Holmes - Arthur Conan Doyle Meaning - Victor Frakel

d§XZm H¥$îUm ^yfU JJamUs

àYmZ g[Md, _[hbm d ~mb [dH$mg g[Md, Amamo½` [d^mJ
Pride and Prejudice -Jane Austin
An Autobiography of a Yogi - Paramahansa Yogananda
Jane Eyre - Charles Bronte H$mOi_m`m - Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu
Conversations with God - Neale Donald Walsch ~mamo_mg - gXmZ§X Xoe_wI
The Power of Now - Eckhart Tolle
Illusions - Richard Bach
_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V
A Town like Alice - Nevil Shute Jmob[nR>m - Zm_Xod T>gmi
Death on the Nile - Agatha Christhie [ZînU© d¥jmda ^a Xwnmar - h._mo. _amRo>
[_qbX åh¡gH$a
Lord of The Flies - William Golding
g[Md, d¡Ú{H$` {ejU d Am¡fYr Ðì`o
Clash of Civilizations
qnJimdoi - Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu Remaking of World Order - Samuel Huttington
H$mogbm - ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> The World-Hot, Flat and
To kill a mockingbird - Harper Lee Crowded - Thomas Friedman
The Castle - Franz Kafka Manufacturing Consent - Noam chomsky and Herman
Hundred years of solitude - Gabriel Garcia Marquez Discovery of India - Pandit Jawarlal Nehru
Power of Now - Eckhart Tolle

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 127

 ~bXodqgh YZ§O` YdS>
g[Md - AÞ, ZmJar nwadR>m d J«mhH$ g§ajU g[Md - gmd©[ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ [d^mJ
The Fountainhead - Ayn Rand `moJs H$Wm_¥V - na_h§g `moJmZ§X
A Farewell to Arms - Ernest Hemingway The Swam With Sharks
Fidel And Che - Simon Reid-Henry For An Ice Cream - Dhaval Bhatia
The World is Flat -Thomas L. Friedmanhigh The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari - Robin Sharma
Stakes and Desperate Oh, Mind! Relax Please - Swami Sukhbodhanand
men six condensed Books - Readers Digest Man’s Eternal Quest - Paramahansa Yogananda

Oo. H$o$. ~m§{R>`m Q>s.E\$. Wo¸o$H$am lsH$m§V Xoenm§So>

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Discovery of India - pamdit Nehru Of Human Bondage -Somerset Maugham Form Third World to
The Prince - Niccolo The Good Earth - Pearl Buck The Final, Success
Machiavelli Doctor Zhivago - Boris Pasternak Story of Saigon - Lynn Mcconne
Love Story - Erich Segal Malgudi Days - R.K. Narayan The World is Flat - Thomas
Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte Fridmaon
premchand ki sarvashreshta kahaniya Geetanjali - Ravindranath Tagore nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
David Copperfield - Charles Dicken ^maV Am[U OJ - JmoqdX VidbH$a
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So>ìhsS> H$m°na[\$ëS> - Mmëg© [S>H$Ýg
One Hundread Years of Solitude
- Gabriel Garcia Marquez

128 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 129

 AZwf ‘mboH$a - ‘raa, nwUo
A Short History of the World - H.G. Wells
JOmZZ {Z‘Xod - X¡. VéU ^maV, ZmJnya gwaoe ÛmXerdma - X¡. bmoH$‘V, ZmJnya A Bend in the River - V.S. Naipaul
In Cold Blood - Truman Capote

Amho H$manmoaoQ> Var - g§O` ^mñH$a Omoer ‘hm^maV - ì`mg True History of the Kelly Gang - Peter Carey
Savaging the Civlised - Ramchandra Guha
J§Jm - Á`w{b`Z H«°$S>m° hm°{bH$ X bmñQ> BÝ’o$ŠeZ - {ZH$m°g H$m°PrZ An End to Suffering - Pankaj Mishra
gm`§Q>r{’$H$ B§{S>`Z - S>m°. AãXwb H$bm‘ OmJa - Zaha H$é§XH$a Vanprastha - Ganesh Devy

^maV Am{U OJ - JmoqdX VidbH$a {hñQ´>r Am°’$ Vyaktighadatar (Gujarati) - Father Valles
{gpìhbm`PoeZ - {db S>çw>amÝQ> Cry, the Beloved Country - Alan Paton
dZ ZmB©Q> A°Q> The Granta Book
X H$m°b g§oQ>a - MoVZ ^JV qhXr ñdamÁ` - ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr of Reportage - Edited by lan jack
H¥$îUmH$mR> - `ed§Vamd MìhmU

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Jù`mVsb VmB©V ~ZyZ am[hbo Vo AmOVmJm`V. g§nH©$ : 9867557327
Ë`mMmhs In gmSo>ghm H$moQ>s§À`m KamV Amho. B©-‘ob : patrakar@hotmail.com

130 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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nwñVH§$ _mUgmbm g_¥Õ H$aVmV. Am`wî` g_OÊ`mg J«§Wm§Ms _XV hmoVo.
J«§W OJÊ`mM§ ~i XoVmV, OJÊ`mMm AW© g_OmdyZ gm§JVmV Ag§ _s _mZVo.
nwñVH$m§Ms _¡Ìs A~m[YV AgVo. AZ² Vs [MaH$mb [Q>H$Vo. Á`m§Zm AmnU
"Šbm[gŠg' (Classics) åhUVmo Aem loîR> J«§Wm§Ms gmW _bm Am`wî`^a
bm^bs`o; na§Vw, ~m~wamd AZm©iH$am§À`m ahñ`H$Wmhs _bm Iyn AmdS>ë`m.
H$mim nhmS>, YZ§O` Am[U N>moQy> `m AZm©iH$am§À`m ì`{º$aoIm§Zs EHo$ H$mis
_Zmbm Iyn ^wai KmVbs hmoVs ho _s AmZXm§Zo _mÝ` H$aVo. dmMZ åhUOo
H$mhsVar J§^sa Am[U ^`§H$a éj JmoîQ> Amho Ag§ _s _mZV Zmhs. EImÚm
JboJÇ> J«§WamOmbm Oo gm§JVm `oUma Zmhs Vo Am`wî`mM§ MaMarV gË` EImÚm
bmoH$H$WoV [H¨$dm ~moYH$WoV gmnS>V§. åhUyZ "Mm§Xmo~m'hs _bm [à` hmoVm.
^maV hm [d[dYVoZ§ ZQ>bobm Xoe Amho. Amnë`mH$So> OodT>s \w$b§ VodT>çm ^mfm
- ~mobs^mfm AmhoV. _hmamîQ´>mM§ CXmhaU ¿`m`M§ Va H$moëhmnya - gmVmam -
gm§JbsH$S>M§ _amR>s PUPUsV Am[U R>gHo$~mO. H$mois - AmJar
~m§Ydm§Ms ñdV:Ms doJis e¡bs. A[hamUs, dèhmS>s, _mbdUs, Jmoì`mM§
H$moH$Us `m ~mobs^mfm§M§ doJi§, R>gR>esV gm¢X`©. [¼ñVs Am[U
H$moH$Us _wgb_mZ ~m§Ydm§À`m _amR>sMs doJis e¡bs. Am[Xdmgs
~m§Ydm§Ms ñdV:Ms Ý`mar e¡bs. hm gJim gm§ñH¥$[VH$ EodO
AmnU Zì`m [nT>sg_moa Ro>dbm nm[hOo. åhUs, dmŠàMma, CImUo ho g§[MV
AmnU Onb§ nm[hOo. Ë`mgmR>s ^mfoH$So> [Oìhmù`mZ§, AmñWoZ§ nmhm`bm hd§.
_mV¥^mfoda ào_ H$aU§ `mMm AW© BVa ^mfm§Mm Xwñdmg H$aU§ Agm Zmhs.
Ë`mMà_mUo _mV¥^mfoda ào_ H$aU§ åhUOo g§Hw$[MV àm§Vs`dmXmMm nwañH$ma H$aU§
Ag§hs Zmhs. kmZ - [dkmZ - V§ÌkmZmMo àdmh OJ^a KoD$Z OmÊ`mM§ H$m_
B§J«Os H$aVo`. Ë`m_wio B§J«Os ^mfm AmnU AmË_gmV Ho$bsM nm[hOo. na§Vw,
_amR>sMs Cnojm AmnU H$ê$ Z`o. Ë`mMà_mUo ^maVmVë`m BVa ^mfm§Mmhs -
[H$_mZ EH$m ^mfoMm Var AmnU Aä`mg Ho$bm nm[hOo. H$maU, ^mfm hs
"__©~§YmVbs Ro>d' Amho. dmMZmÀ`m AmZ§XmV H$Yshs I§S> nSy> Z`o hs
"bmoH$amÁ`'À`m Ag§»` dmMH$m§Zm _mPs ew^oÀN>m.
(eãXm§H$Z : A§~are [_l)

_mÂ`m AmdS>sMs nwñVHo$

1. lskmZoûdar 15. ZjÌm§Mo XoUo - AmaVs à^y
2. lsVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Ms JmWm 8. ~Q>mQ>çmMs Mmi - nw.b. Xoenm§So> 16. EëJma - gwaoe ^Q>
3. Cf:H$mb - h.Zm. AmnQo> 9. [dàXmg, lsH$m§V - eaX²M§Ð MÅ>monmÜ`m` 17. eoa - Amo - gwIZ - CXy© aMZm§Mm g§J«h
4. amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao 10. [Z_©bm - ào_M§X 18. [demIm - Hw$gw_mJ«O
5. ñdm_s, ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB© 11. gmHo$V - _¡[WbseaU Jwá 19. ``mVs - [d.g. Im§So>H$a
6. ndZmH$mR>Mm Ym|S>s - Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a 12. Am§gy - O`e§H$a àgmX 20. H$[dd`© ^m.am.Vm§~o,
7. _mPs OÝ_Ro>n - ñdmV§Í`dsa 13. H$mim nhmS> - ~m~wamd AZm©iH$a ~mbH$ds R>m|~ao,
gmdaH$a 14. EH$m§V g§JsV - h[ad§eam` ~ƒZ H$dr ~s `m§À`m Ag§»` H$[dVm.

_mÂ`m Zo{UdoMm H«$_

AmXaUs` g§nmXH$,
1. ÑîQ>m§VnmR>
EH$Va dmMZmMo g§ñH$ma [H¨$dm dmL>²_`sZ d[hdmQ>sÀ`m dmQo>Zo nwTo> 2. XodXmg
Ambobm _s gwwX¡ds _mUyg Zmhs. 3. Withuring Heights
Hw$R>ë`mhs gm§Ho$[VH$, AmIsd-aoIsd doioV _bm _mPm N>moQ>mgm 4. H$~sa
Osd@@ ~m§YyZ Ro>dVmM Ambobm Zmhs. Infact; I was always in search 5. Jm[b~
of an instantaneous immortality in the area of my so called
6. AmH$m§V H$[dVoVsb VwH$mam_
creativity!
7. lskmZoûda
_J, AmÎmmM, `mM jUs hs Zmdo; hs nwñVHo$ _mÂ`mnwTo> Ambobs 8. Ana karenina
AmhoV. (Ë`m§Zm àM§S> ^yVH$mi Am[U [Xì` ^[dî`H$mi, H¥$nm H$ê$Z OmoSy> 9. Rilke and the man I met :
ZH$m. dmñV[dH$, ~mhoaMo Hw$R>bohs àjonU [H¨$dm àXyfU _mÂ`mV Oo [eaVo _mZd|ÐZmW am°`
Vo Zo[UdoÀ`m _mJm©ZoM. VmËn`©, AmV-~mhoaMo XmoZ _mJ© _mÂ`mH$So> ZmhsV. 10 Above all; Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu `m§Mo JÚ Am{U J«ogMo nÚ !
Ë`m_wio nwñVH$m§Mm H«$_ hm _mÂ`m Zo[UdoMmM H«$_ R>aVmo.)
 J«og

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 131

 J«§Wm§ZsM KS>db§` _bm
d `mMm EH$ _moR>m Q>ßnm nma Ho$ë`mZ§Va _s
_mÂ`m AZoH$ ~è`m-dmB©Q> gd`tH$S§>
VQ>ñWnUo nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo`. ~a§
dmQ>V§... H$Ys-H$Ys ñdV:bm CgdÊ`mMm
ŠboeXm`H$ Ioihs AmZ§X_` dmQ>m`bm bmJVmo.
Agmo.
...h§, Va _s _mÂ`m dmMZmÀ`m gd`sH$S§>hs
Ag§M nmhm`bm bmJVmo. hs gd` _bm H$m
bmJbs, H$es bmJbs, H$es [Q>Hy$Z am[hbs, `m
gd`sZ§ _bm g_¥Õ Ho$b§ ho Og§ Ia§, Vg§ _bm
Am[W©H$ÑîQ>çm H§$Jmb Am[U H$O©~mOmar ~Zdb§
hohs Ia§... _s Am`wî`^a AZoH$ doim hßË`mda,
CYmarda nwñVH§$ KoV Ambmo. EH$m nwñVH$mMm hám
g§non`ªV Xwgè`m nwñVH$mMm hám V`ma Agm`Mm.
AZoH$ dfª hm Ioi a§Jbm hmoVm... AbsH$S§> _mÌ
Vmo Wm§~bm`... _mPs ñdV:Ms Am[W©H$ {ñWVs
gwYmabs` Am[U _bm H$mhsVar H$maU§ H$mTy>Z J«§W
^oQ> XoUmè`m _mÂ`m [_Ìm§Ms g§»`mhs dmT>bs`...
gbm_ `m [_Ìm§Zm Am[U `m AW©ì`dñWobmhs!
...h§, Va _s `m gd`t[df`s ~mobV hmoVmo. _s
Aem ì`dñWoV OÝ_mbm Ambmo, H$s Vs [df_VoZ§
~a~Q>bs hmoVs. Xw:I, Xm[aÐç, ^yH$, AS>mUsnUm
`m gmè`m JmoîQ>s AmngyH$M _bm [MH$Q>ë`m
hmoË`m-ì`dñWoMm A^oÚ ^mJ ~ZyZ...
Xm[aÐç H$g§ g§ndm`M§, ^yH$ H$es ^mJdm`Ms
hm gdmªV _moR>m àíZ _mÂ`mg_moa hmoVm... Xw:I
[ZdmaUmMo _mJ© _s emoYy bmJbmo... Hw$UsVar
gm§[JVb§, H$s hm _mJ© OmXy-Q>moÊ`mVyZ, Xod-
XodH$sVyZ, [Xì`eº$sVyZ OmVmo... _s Iyn Ym[_©H$
hmoVmo. KamVë`m gmè`m XodXodVm§Zm _sM Am§Kmoi
Kmbm`Mmo... Ë`m§Zm ^adm`Mmohs. Kw_Umè`m ~m`m-
~mnS>çm§À`m Odinmg ~gm`Mmo. H$YsVar _mÂ`m
Xw:ImMs, ^wHo$Ms \$moS> hmoB©b Am[U "Iwb Om
[g_[g_'gmaIm gwImMm _mJ© [Xgob, Ag§
dmQ>m`M§... J§S>m-Xmoamhs ~m§Ym`Mmo... añË`mdê$Z
OmUmè`m ~H$è`m-_|T>çm§Ms Ho$g§ CnQy>Z
H$aXmoS>çmbm ~m§Ym`Mmo... `„_m-I§S>mo~mMm
^§S>mam H$nmi^a Agm`Mm... H$Ys-H$Ys bmb
Jù`mMo gaSo> _mê$Z PmS>mImbs nwam`Mmo... S>mì`m
nm`mZ§ IÈ>çmV T>H$bm`Mmo... Ë`mda bKds
H$am`Mmo... A_mdñ`m nmhyZ IÈ>m CH$am`bm
Om`Mmo... IÈ>çmV n¡go V`ma hmoVmV... gmoZ§-
ZmU§ V`ma hmoV§, Ag§ gm§[JVb§ Om`M§... nU,
_mÂ`m hmVmbm gmnS>m`Ms Vs gaS>çmMs hmS§>,
H$mQo>... _bm _mP§ Xm[aÐç Ë`mV [Xgm`M§...
^sVs dmQ>m`Ms... Hw$UsVar gm§[JVb§, "OmXy H$ê$Z
132 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Xw:I g§ndVm `oV§... _s n[hë`m§Xm nwñVH$ KoVb§ Vo
"OmXyMm amjg'... H$moëhmnyaOdi XÎmmÀ`m
dmS>sVyZ Vo AmUb§ hmoV§... nwZ:nwÝhm dmMb§; OmXy
H$mhs Ambs Zmhs... _J, Hw$UsVar gm§[JVb§, eZs
_mJ§ bmJbm, H$s Xm[aÐç `oV§ "_m`bm Amnë`mM
_mJ§ hm H$m bmJbm?, Agm [dMma H$aV Ë`mbm
hwgH$mdyZ bmdÊ`mgmR>s "e{Z_mhmËå`' AmUb§.
XmoZ Vm§ã`m§Zs Am§Kmoi H$ê$Z "e{Z_mhmËå`'
nmQ>mda Ro>db§ Am[U H$mT>b§ dmMyZ... Xm[aÐç
H$mhs g§n§Zm... Hw$Qw>§~mVsb ^mH$arMm àíZ H$mhs
[_Q§>Zm... Ë`m H$mimV _bm nmoQ>^a Ood, Ag§ Hw$Us
gm§[JVb§ AgV§, Va _s hmVmdaÀ`m S>PZ^a
^mH$è`m Am[U [H$bmo^a _Q>U EH$Q>çmZ§M g§ndb§
AgV§... ^wHo$Mm ~°H$bm°J gmMV-gmMV Iyn _moR>m
dmT>bm hmoVm...
CÎm_ H$m§~io
`m gmè`m n[a{ñWVshs AmnU ì`º$ Pmb§
nm[hOo Ag§ _bm dmQ>m`M§... nU, ì`º$ H$gm
hmoUma? JmdmV Am[U n[agamV ZmQ>H§$ ~Km`Mmo.
V_meo ~Km`Mmo. Xod-XodVm§Mo [gZo_o ~Km`Mmo.
_bmhs H$mhsVar [bhmd§-~mobmd§ Ag§ dmQ>m`bm
bmJb§... emioÀ`m dhsV Ag§ H$m`-~m`
[bhm`Mmo. hm`ñHy$bbm Joë`mda "Zmam`Uamd
noeì`m§Mm dY' Aes EH$m§[H$H$m [bhyZ H$mT>bs.
H«$[_H$ nwñVH$m§Vsb YS>çm§dê$Z Vs [b[hbs hmoVs.
`m gmè`m ^mZJS>tVyZ EH$ JmoîQ> bjmV `oV hmoVs
Am[U Vs åhUOo ì`º$ hmoÊ`mgmR>s eãX bmJVmV
Am[U Vo _mÂ`mH$S§> ZìhVo... H$moRy>Z AmUm`Mo Vo
H$iV ZìhV§?... AemVM hm`ñHy$bM§ [ejU
g§nb§. OmXyÀ`m Am[U ahñ`_` nwñVH$m§VM _s
AS>H$bmo hmoVmo... Ë`mVyZ ì`º$ hmoVm `oV ZìhV§
Am[U H$moUVs eº$shs bm^V ZìhVs. gm§JbsV
_mP§ H$m°boO gwê$ Pmb§ Am[U ì`º$ hmoÊ`mMs
Vsd«Vmhs dmT>V Jobs. _bm Iyn [bhm`M§ hmoV§...
~mobm`M§ hmoV§... nU, Vo H$aÊ`mgmR>s eãX [_iV
ZìhVo...
H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ Ag§ H$aV ^mfoMs
dmQ> bmJbs hmoVs... em§[V[ZHo$VZ
_hm[dÚmb`mVsb ^ì` J«§Wmb` ZOaog_moa Amb§
Am[U dmMZmMs EH$ _hmbT>mB© gwê$ Pmbs. hmVmV
nS>ob Vo dmMm`M§ R>adb§. H$Wm, H$[dVm, ZmQ>H§$,
H$mX§~è`m, g_sjm, d¡Mm[aH$ boIZ,
~mbgm[hË`... amoO EH$ nwñVH$ dmMÊ`mMm g§H$ën
Ho$bm. narjm H$mimVhs Vmo nma nmS>bm...
_mÂ`m_Ü`o EH$ AZm[_H$ eº$s [Z_m©U hmoVo`...
D$O}Mo hOma Pao \w$Q>VmhoV... _mPs C§Ms dmT>Vo
Amho... OmS>s dmT>Vo Amho Ag§ H$mhsVar dmQ>m`bm
bmJb§... [deof åhUOo Adm§Va dmMZm_wio _yi
Aä`mghs gmonm dmQy> bmJbm... JwU Mm§Jbo [_iy
bmJbo... dmMZmMs JmoS>s dmT>V Jobs... ~mhoaJmds
àdmgmV OmVmZm nwñVH$ Odi Ro>dy bmJbmo...
_og_Ü`o, ~gÀ`m Wm§ã`mda, Eg.Q>s. àdmgmV
Mmodsg Vmg nwñVH$ KoD$Z [\$ê$ bmJbmo.
nwñVH$mVb§ gd©M dmMV hmoVmo Ag§ Zmhs; nU,
hmVmV nwñVH$ Agë`mZ§ BÁOVhs dmT>Vo` Agm
H$mhsVar ^«_hs V`ma ìhm`Mm... Vmo gwIdm`Mm,
EìhmZm _s ^mfU§ H$ê$ bmJbmo, H$Wm-H$[dVm
[bhy bmJbmo, bmdÊ`mhs [bhy bmJbmo. ho gma§
dmMZm_wio KS>V§ Amho `mMs ImÌs hmoV hmoVs.
dmMZ dmT>V hmoV§. H$moëhmnwamV Ambmo. doJdoJù`m
Midites g§~§Y Ambm. AZoH$ àíZm§Ms CÎma§
[_iV hmoVs. dmMZ ~XbV Mmbb§ hmoV§. _hmË_m
\w$b|M§ "AI§S>' dmMb§ hmoV§...
[dÚo[dZm _Vs Jobs
_Vs[dZm JVs Jobs
JVs[dZm [dÎm Jobo
[dÎm[dZm ewÐ IMbo
BVHo$ gmao AZW©
EH$m A[dÚoZo Ho$bo.
EH$ JmoîQ> ñnîQ> Pmbs Am[U Vs åhUOo OmXy-
Q>moÊ`mMm dmna H$ê$Z Xw:I_wº$ hmoVm `oV Zmhs, Va
[dÚm [eHy$ZM _wº$ hmoVm `oV§. ~m~mgmho~ Va
[ejUmbm dm[KUsM§ XyY åhUmbo hmoVo. \w$bo gmao
dmMyZ H$mT>bo. [_iob VodTo> Am§~oS>H$a dmMyZ
H$mT>bo. H«$m§Vs bdH$a ìhm`bm hds Ag§ dmQ>V
hmoV§. S>mì`m§À`m gm[ÝZÜ`mV Joë`mZ§Va gJim
_mŠg© dmMyZ H$mT>bm. g.am. JmS>Jsim§M§
"bmoH$m`V' dmMb§. amOdmSo> dmMbm. \$S>Ho$,
Im§So>H$a, Hw$gw_mJ«O, ~mJwb, IamV, gwd}, AÊUm
^mD$ Ag§ ~a§M dmMV hmoVmo. MidisÀ`m
gm[ÝZÜ`mV Joë`m_wio Ë`m [df`m§Ms nwñVH§$ O_dyZ
dmMy bmJbmo. emhy _hmamO dmMbo. no[a`ma
dmMbo. "~is' dmMbs. ^Q>Š`m§Ms Am[U
X[bVm§Ms AmË_M[a̧ dmMbs. XodXmgs àíZm§Ms
CH$b H$aÊ`mgmR>s XodsH$mof dmMbo-naewam_-
aoUwH$m nwamU dmMb§. bmoH$gm[hË`mVhs a_V hmoVmo.
_yi gm[hË`mbm VoWyZM IVnmUs [_iV§ `m[df`s
_bm ImÌs hmoVs. Ë`m H$mimV añË`mda Hw$Us
~m`~b, JsVm \w$H$Q> dmQ>m`M§. Vs nwñVH§$hs _s
dmMbs. am_m`U, _hm^maV dmMb§ Am[U
Ë`mdaMs Q>rH$mhs dmMbs. "am_m`Umda Zdm
àH$me' (^mñH$aamd OmYd) "[aS>ëg Am°\$ am_m
Am[U H¥$îUm' (S>m°. ~m~mgmho~) dmMbo. H$moUVmhs
[df` ZsQ> g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m
XmoÝhshr ~mOy dmMë`m nm[hOoV, Agm [Z`_ _s
ñdV:M ñdV:gmR>s H$ê$Z KoVbm hmoVm. _Zwñ_¥Vs
dmMbs Am[U Vs _hmS>_Ü`o H$m Omibs Jobs
`m_mJMs H$maU_s_m§gmhs dmMbs. _. Jm§Ys Va
dmMboM; nU, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am[U Jm§Ys
`m§À`mVsb H$bhmMs H$maU§hs dmMbs. J§.~m.
gaXma `m§M§ à~moYZ H$aUma§ gm[hË` dmMb§. am.J.
OmYd, S>m°. ^mbM§Ð \$S>Ho$ ho Voìhm X[bV
gm[hË`mMo _moRo> dH$sb hmoVo. Ë`m§Ms ^y[_H$m
g_OmdyZ KoUma§ boIZhs dmMb§. ^anya dmMZ
hmoV hmoV§. `mM H$mimV _bm ñdV:bm ~è`mn¡H$s
[b[hVm `oD$ bmJb§. ~mobVm `oD$ bmJb§.
ì`dñWoZ§ _bm _wH§$ ~Zdb§ hmoV§. nwñVH$mZ§ _bm
[b[hV§, ~mobV§ Am[U bT>V§ Ho$b§. _s nwñVH$m§Zm
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hiyhiy _s dmMZmMs [ZdS> H$am`bm
bmJbmo. g_mOmV [Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Ádb§V àíZm§da
dmMy bmJbmo. B[Vhmg, VÎdkmZ, g_mOemó,
AZwdm[XV gm[hË` _mPo AmdS>Vo ~Zy bmJbo,
Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s VH©$VsW©, eaX nmQ>sb, amdgmho~
H$g~o, ^mñH$a ^moio AmXs AZoH$ [dMmad§V,
[M¨VH$ _bm AmdSy> bmJbo, H$moëhmnyaÀ`m Jmoadbo
H$m°boO_Ysb J«§Wmb`mV J«§W dmMV AgVmZm "hs
n¥Ïds eofmÀ`m _ñVH$mda C^s ZgyZ l[_H$m§À`m
VihmVmda C^s Amho', ho AÊUm ^mD§$M§
H«$m§[VH$mar dmŠ` dmMb§ Am[U hmXê$Z Jobmo. `m
dmŠ`m_wio _bm _mÂ`m VihmVmMm Am[U Ë`mVyZ
\w$Q>Umè`m Km_mÀ`m Pè`mMm Jd© dmQ>bm. _s
gJim AÊUm ^mD$ dmMbm. "S>moio _moS>sV amYm
Mmbo' `m AmJù`mdoJù`m [df`mgh dmMbm.
EìhmZm _s ~|Ðo [edam_ H$ma§W, ~m~m ZmJmOw©Z
_hmídoVmXods, Zaoe _ohVm, _w»`monmÜ`m` AmXs
AZoH$ A_amR>s boIH$m§Mm MmhVm Pmbmo hmoVmo.
S>mo§JamEdT>m, Mmo_m _hma hs H$ma§Wm§Ms nwñVH§$
_ZmV Ka H$ê$Z Jobs. `y.Ama. AZ§V_yVu `m§Ms
"g§ñH$ma' hs H$mX§~ar S>moŠ`mda KoD$Z ZmMmd§ Ag§
dmQ>b§. "_mŠg© Am[U Am§~oS>H$a', "_mZd Am[U
Y_© [M¨VZ' `m H$g~o `m§À`m nwñVH$m§Zs ÑîQ>s [Xbs.
"ãbmB§S>Zog' `m S>m°. ^moio `m§À`m AZwdm[XV
nwñVH$mZ§ hmXadyZ Q>mH$b§ hmoV§. Zmo~ob qH$dm
kmZnsR> [_imboë`m nwñVH$m§Mo AZwdmX O_dV
hmoVmo. h§Ja, ãb°H$ bmB©H$ _s, X S>m°Q>a Am°\$ S>mH©$,
S>m`ar Am°\$ A°Z \«°$ÝH$, X [a~b, _Xa AmXs
AZoH$ nwñVH$m§Zs _mÂ`mda [dbjU n[aUm_ Ho$bm
Amho. _mÂ`m boIZmÀ`m AZoH$ àoaUm `m OJà[gÕ
gm[hË`mVyZhs [_imë`m AmhoV. ~hwVoH$ gmar
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 133


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g§nH©$ : 022- 22873768/24362474
B©-‘ob : lokvangmayagriha@gmail.com
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 147
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AS>sMeo dfmªMm _amRo>emhsMm hm g_J«, g[dñVa
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_OHy$a Q>snm, n[a[eîQo> `mÛmao XoV ho g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mV
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gdbVsV Omhsa Ho$bobs [H¨$_V hmoVs EH$ hOma
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ì`º$tZs `m g§MmgmR>s Am_À`mH$So> AmJmD$ n¡go
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à[gÕ `m g§MmMoM nwZ_w©ÐU Amåhs [S>g|~a 2010
_Ü`o Ho$bo Voìhmhs bmoH$m§Zm `m g§MmMo [H$Vs _hÎd
Amho `mMm àË`` nwÝhm EH$Xm Ambm. dsg dfmªZ§Va
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gdbVsV Mma hOma én`o ^ê$Z Zm|XUs Ho$bs.
_amR>s àH$meZ ì`dgm`mÀ`m Am[U
bmoH$[à`VoÀ`m gd© _`m©Xm nma H$ê$Z Zdo [dH«$_
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g§nH©$ : 022- 23530303
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 151
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boIZm[df`s gVV Mm¡H$es H$aV. dS©>²gdW©À`m,
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_bm Vo [bhm`bm gVV àmoËgmhZ XoV Am[U
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g§ñH¥$VMo [ejH$ åhUOo O`am_ nwéfmoÎm_ Omoes. Vo
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152 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Ago boIZ H$aV H$aV H$amS>bm _mÂ`m AmOmois
_s ZmoH$arÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo nmoMbmo Am[U H$amS>bm
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aobMob hmoVs. AmnUmbm hì`m Ë`m joÌmVë`m
ì`º$tMm ñZoh OwiV hmoVm. _bm `m gd©M ì`º$tV
ñdmañ` hmoVo. H$[dVm [b[hUmao AmUIs OdiMo
dmQ>V. _amR>sVbs H$[dVm ~XbV Mmbbs hmoVs.
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Á`oîR> H$ds [VWo hmoVo Am[U Á`m§Zm VéU åhUmdo
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AamUHo$ (àmMs AiVoH$a), ^mñH$a AiVoH$a,
_YwgyXZ gwio, gwYmH$a Ho$. ^mogbo AmXs [bhrV.
1960 Vo 1962 Agm Vmo H$mi hmoVm.
EH$Xm ~mobV AgVmZm em§Vmam_ am_M§Ðm§Zm _s
[ZJ[S>V Ago g§X^m©Mo Ag§»` n§wO _mÂ`m _ZmV O_y
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åhUmbo, ""Vo [bhyZ nmhm`bm hd§.''
_J, _s AZw^dboë`m CÝhmda [b[hbo. Odi
Odi dhsMs e§^a nmZo Vo boIZ hmoVo. em§Vmam_
am_M§Ðm§Zs Vo dmMbo åhUmbo, ""ho Mm§Jb§ Amho nU
bm^bs Amho. nm[hbobs `ƒ`mdV CÝh§ BW§ [M[ÌV
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g§jon Ho$bm VmoM "_ZmVë`m CÝhmV' hm _mPm b[bV
boI.
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ZsamVmB©, dsUm, B§XyVmB© [Q>iH$ Am[U Ë`m§Mo XmoZ
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hmoVo. Xm§So>H$am§Zs Vo dmMbo. Ë`m§Zm Vo AmdS>bo Am[U
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_o _[hÝ`mV nQ>dY©Zm§H$So> [Xbobo Vo boIZ Ë`m§Zs
Am°JñQ> 1960À`m "gË`H$Wm'À`m A§H$mV N>mnbo.
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Mm§Jë`m a[gH$mbm H$[dVm H$im`bm hds.''
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H$mT>bm. _mÂ`m bjmV Ambo. Amnbm AZw^d
nwîH$igm H$mì`mV `oVM Zmhs`o.
em§Vmam_ am_M§Ð åhUmbo, ""_bm dmQ>V§, Vw_Mm
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 153
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154 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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