ile) . FOREWORD the enpirical approaches generally followed for estination of design ficod of bridges, culverts and sroce drainage works may lead to erroneous con clusions. Stidies are under way for rational and scientific estination of loods of various return periods for safe an yet economic design of structures. [such studies for the following seven sub-zones have been publishe¢ in the forn lof Plood Eetimation Reports. 1) Lower Gangetic Plains - as) 2) tower Godavars - oe 4 3) tower Narmada and Tapt - 3b) \ 4) Upper Narmada and Tapi - ite) ‘ 5) Mahanaadi - ae! 6) Krishna and Penner - 3am , 7) South Brahamputra = 20) : The present report presents the studies for Upper Indo-Ganga Plains gub-zone - 1 (e) the report was approved by the Planning and Co-ordination Colmittée in its 40th meeting held in R.D.S.0. (Railways) at Lucknow on 23rd ani, 24th July, 1984. ‘his report is a result of a joint effort by Central Water Commission, Research Designs and Stendarde Organization (RDSO) of the Ministry of Railways, Roailg Wing of the Ministry of Transport, and India Meteorological Department (BR), in pursuance of the recommendations of the Khosla Comittes of Bngi- ls. the rainfall and discharge data fron selected catchments was collected Irthern, North Eastern and Western Railvays under the overall guidance and ‘vision of RDSO. The storm studies wore carried out by IUD. ‘The flood ‘es vere carried out and the report was prepared in the Hydrology (Small (gents) Directorate of Central Water Commission. i he studies have boon based on the data specially collected for a peridi of 5 to 10 years by the Indian ailways. Crest gauge observations are off PEM continued by the Rakiways on the Bridge catchuents. Also the tinkotrj oe Co shipping & Transport have organised special collection of data through CWC BOR wen tore data becomes available, further xefinenents will be possible. «Verne joint eeforts of the Rattways, Roads and Water Resources Engineer “togethfr with Neteoroloyists are a landnark in the country in the field of Hydroljgy. of small and nediun catchnents._ ‘sa/- a (NLR. SARMAD : MEMBER (WATER RESOURCES), CWO, ‘& EX-OFFICIO, ADDITIONAL SECRETARYPREFACE the starting point for any activity dealing vith a river is the study ‘mits hydrology. ‘The project planners and engineers have to construct safe and economic structures. ghe road and railway net-work cross a number of streams with the small and medium catchments ané therefore for the design discharge of these bridges the hydrology of these streams would be required. It is common knowledge that in most of the cases, any hydrological record is not available for these Streams. For determining the waterway for bridges and cross drainage works, the design flood of desired frequency are required, but economic constraints do not justify detailed hydrological and meteorological investigation at every new site ona large scale and on long term basis. Waterway should be adequate to pass safely the design flood, but at the camo tima it should not be too wide involving higher cost. Therefore, it becones necessary te reasonably estimate the flood discharge of the required return period of stream at the point of study with sufficient care. A casual approach can lead in extreme cases to loss and destruction of structure due to floods of magnitude hicher than expected or over design of structures leading to un-economical and proble~ natic situation. In the early years, design discharges were calculated by well known enpirical formulae viz: Dickens, Ryves, Inglis and Ali Nawaz Jung etc. In these formulae, Flood discharge is related to catchment area only and all other factore are included in a constant which is to be decided by the desic~ ner from his experience. Even intensity of the storm rainfall which is a prin factor responsible for the flood and which varies substantially from place to place is not indicated in the above formulae. ‘The need to evolve a method on estimation of deeign flocd peak of desired frequency knowing the physical characteristics of the catchments and design rainfall has been recognised and a committee of engineers under the Chairmanship of pr. A.N. Khosla have recom mended, "-~-Systematic and sustained collection of hydro-meteorological data of selected catchments in different climatic zones of India for evolution of a rational approach for determination of flood discharges. The committes felt that design discharge should be maximun flood on record for a period not less than 50 years. Where adequate records are available extending over a period of not less than 50 years, the design flocd chould be 50 year flood determined from probability curve on the basis of recorded floods during the period. In case where the requisite data, as above are-not available, the design flood should be decided based on the ground and meteorological characteristics obtained on the basie of deaign storm". In this report, a method has been based on unit hydrograph principle to derive the design Flood.A procedure for estimation of design flood peak with characteristics of rainfall storm and the basin characteristics as parameters has been evolved fn the short term plan utilising the hyéro-metecrological data that was readily available, Systematic and sustained collection of hydro~neteorclo— gical data fron the representative catchments in the different. sub-zones of Tndia alco have been staxted since 1965. For this purpose, the country has been divided into 7 major zones, which are in turn sub-divided into 26 hydro- meteorologically honogeneous sub-zones, Out of 26 sub-zones, gauging has been/ fs being carried out in 22 sub-zones, and in each sub~zone 10 to 25 catchaents had boon selected for the collection of data. The results of the study made utilising the data of representative catchents located in Lower Gangetic Plains subsone ~ 1(g), Lover Godavari subzone ~ 3(f), Lower Narmada and Taf subzore - 3(b), Makanadi subzone - 3(d), Upper Narmada and Tapi subzone ~ 3(c) ‘and krishna & Penner Basins subrone - 3(h) have been brought out earlier in Separate reports, In the present report on Upper Indo-Ganga Plains subzone - i(e) studies have been made on the data collected in the subrone and the sethod recomended for the estimation of design flood for subzone ~ 1(@) is given. ‘The gauging data of 137 bridge years collected for 23 railvay bridges during the period 1961 to 1902 has been considered for analysis in this report. the gauging data was collected by Northern and North~eastern Railways under the Supervision of Bridges and Flood Wing of R.D.S.0., Ministry of Railways. The Centra! Water. Commiseion has collected the data of 2 road bridges in the sub- yone on behalf of Ministry of Shipping and Transport. fiydrology (Snall Catchments) Directorate of CWC has carried out the analysis of selected stom rainfall and flocds for the gauged catchments to derive 2-hr. unit hydrographs on the basis of data of rainfall, gauge and dis~ charges collected during the monsoon season. Representative 2-hr. unit hydxo- graphs have been obtained for each of the gauged catchrents. he parameters of the eatchmonts and their respective representative unit hydrographs have been cor-related by regression analysis and the equation for synthetic unit hydrogzaphs for the sub-zone were derived. Tne loss rate and base flow studies were carried out. Methodology for estimation of design flood (30 yr~ flood) for ungauged/inadequately gauged catchnents has been indicated. Rainfall-Depth-Duration-Frequency studies as well as point to areal rainfall ratio studies and time distribution of storm studies have been nate available by Hydromet Cell of IMD. The present report deais with the estimation of design flood for small and mediun catchnents in Upper Indo-Ganga Plains subzone - 1(e) based on S0-yr. Gecign ctorn rainfall and synthotic unitgraph. This report is recomended for estimation of design flood (50-yr. flood) for fixing the vatervay of the bridges/eulverts on streans with their catchuent areas frou 25 aq.kn. to 2500 sq.kn. ‘he methodology adopted and conclusions arrived at are subject to periodical review and revision in the light of further data being collected and analysed. The views expressed in thia report QUTMBEEMENE represent the views of Central Water Commission, sa/- New Delhi (sam. 902) DIRECTOR, HYDROLOGY (SC) DE. CENTRAL WATER) COMMISSION (wt) !CONTENTS Foreword FREFACE List of Tables Plates and Figures Symbols and Abbreviations a eevee Tntroduction ABSTRACT (a) apptecarzon (8) COMPUDATEON OF 50 YEAR FLOOD PEAK BY FLOOD FORMULA 1,0 GENERAL DESCRIPITON OF UPPER INDO-GANGEITC PLAINS SUBZCNE 1(e) 1.1 Location 4,2 River System ase 4 1.3 Topography and Relief 1.4 Rainfall 1.5. Temperature 1.6 Soils 1.7 Land Use 1.8 Communications List of Hydrometeorological Subzones: 2,0 DESIGN FLOOD DATA @ THE METHOD ADOPTED FOR ANALYSIS 2.4 Design Flood 2.2 Data 2.3 Description of the Method Adopted . a) Page or after (aay (v)= (vi) (x)=) (8L)- (cdi) 12 21-35 a a 21 22 22 22 2 23 23 37-38Page on or after 3,0 ANALYSIS FOR OBTAINING 2-HOUR SYNTHETIC UNTIGRAPH 44. ee, 39-59 2.1 Analysis of Physiographie Parameters of the Catchment 39. 3.2. Scrutiny of Data and Finalication of Gauge Discharge Rating curve wee 40 3.3. Selection of Flood Events eee 40 3.4 Computation of Hourly Catchmont Rainfall wea 3.5 Separation of Base Flow or) 3.6 Computation of Tnfilteration Loss (® Index) ae and 2 hourly Rainfall Excess Units 3.7. Derivation of 2-hr. unitgraph a 3.8 Drawing of Representative Unitgraphs ard Measuring their Parameters we 4 3.9 Establishing Relationships between Physiographic and Representative Unitgraph Parameters a vee 42 3.10 Derivation of 2-tourly Synthetic Unitgraph for an Ungauged Catchment :. ve 56 3.11 Design Loss Rate 3.12 Base Flow for Design Flood - 37 4,0 DESIGN STORM TNPUT 60-72 4.1 Design Storm puration ae ses 00 4,2 Rainfall Depth-Duration Frequency Studies in (50 year 24 Rour Point Rainfall Map) vee 60 4,3. Conversion of Point to Areal Rainfall 44. ss eee 1 4,4 Time Distribution of Input storms gee, eee! ee SI 4,5 100 Year 24-Hour Point Rainfall Map 22. + cy 4.6 Procedure for Bstimating the Design Storm Rainfall 8 5.0 ESTEMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD FOR UNGAUGED CATCEMENT — «. 73-74 6.0 ASSUMPTTONS LIMTTATTONS AND CONCLUSTONS waa od wee 7576 6.1 Assumptions vee os 7 6.2 Limitations wae tw 75 6.3 Conclusions i wen os os 76 (vasa)LIST OF TABLES, PLATES AND FIGURES apie Page on or after A-1 Computation of Slope 3 oes me 1 A-2, Estimation of 2 Hr. Synthetic Unitgraph Parameters ... 12 AL3 Computation of Design Flood Hydrograph ... ee 13 List of Selected Railway Bridge Catchments in Upper Indo~ Gangetic Plains 'Subzone - Ve) ... eve ay 43 2. Basin Characteristics saan ea is 5 2-tie, Representative U.G.Parameters uae aie 46 Toss Rate Ranges waa wae 38 5. Average Base Flow Ranges was was aaa 39 6. Areal, Rainfall Reduction Factors oe sie 32 PraTes 1. Tocation Map of Upper-Tndo-Ganga Plains Subsone Me) 22. 27 2. River System ae axe oe. 29 3. Physiography one se on u 4. RaintalL oe ‘ie ons 32 3. Teuperature ae oe ose 33 6. Soil Classification we “on oe a4 7, Land Use ae we em 35 8. Terigation ne wee wee 36 9. Map Showing Rainfall-Depth for 50 Yoar Return Period for 2-Hour Duration. ore = wee 65 10. Map Showing Rainfall-depth for 100 Year Return Period for 24-Hour Duration See dee dee 67Mo Catchment Area Plan at Bridge Site on River NH. Crossing Coaxial Diagram 2+He. Synthetic U.c. Design Flood Hy3rograph Physiographic Parameters unitgraph Parameters Relation Between L/S Relation between Relation between Relation between Relation between Relation between Relation between Conversion Retics for Short Duration Rainfall P @ ap 3 3 we end and and and and and FIGURES and ap a) Areal/Point Rainfall Ratio (2) b) Areal/Point Rainfall Ratio (8) Envelope and Average Time Distribution Curves of Storms ws) Page or after a7 18 19 20 47 48 49 50 5 52 3 54 5s 69 70 n 72SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS: As far as possible well recognised letter symbols in the hydrological science have been used in this Report. The list of cymbols adopted is given below with the units. a + Catchment Area in sq.km. ce. + Centre of Gravity L Length of main stream along the river course in km. le Length of the main stream from a point opposite to centroid of the catchment area to the gaucing site in km. along the uain stream. cae : Length of the ith segment of L-Section in km. + the depth of the river at the point of intersection of (i-1) and ith contours from the base line (datun) drawn at the Level Of the point of study in meters. 50 + Maximum flood peak with a return peried of $0 years in cumses 4, 2 Peak discharge of unit hydrograph per unit area in cunecs per sq.km. 2, + Peak discharge of unit hydrograph in cunecs. s + Equivalent stream slope in w/km. S.U.G. = Synthetic Unit Hydrograph. . + Mime duration of rainfall in hours. ty + Baee width of unit hydrograph in hours. Design storm duration in hours. : Tine from the centre of unit rainfall duration to che peak of unit hydrograph in hours. + Unit rainfall duration adopted in a specific rudy in hours. us, Unit Hydrograph. Yeo Width of the U.G. measured at 50% of nerimun discharge ordinate (Q,) in hours, oad5 : Wide of the UG, measured at 75t of maximum diccharge ordinate (9,) in hours. ., + Time from the start of rise to the peak of Unit Hydrograph (hr). Wey : Width of the rising side of U.c. measured at 50% of maximum » Gischarge ordinate (0,) in hours. Was + Width of the rising cide of U.G. measured at 75% of maximum asecharge ordinate (9,,) in hours. ARE + Arial reduction factor . Percent a + Summation ABBREVIATIONS cumecs : Cube metres per second chs + Centimetres Mevres min + times fm. Kilonetres Sq-m. ‘quare Kilonetres in. aches sec Seconds sa. : Spare R.D.8.0. 1 Research Designs and Stan ads organisation (Ministry of Railways), Lacknow. H(sc', CWE. Mydrology (Swall Catchnerits) Directorata, Central Water Conmicsion, New Delhi. TMD. + ‘India Meteorological Department. eww. + Central Water Commission. (xi)INTRODUCTION FLOOD ESTIMATION IN UPPER INDO=GANGA PLAINS SUBZONE 1(e) he purpose of the report entitled "Flood Estimation Report for Upper Indo-Ganga Plains, subzone - 1 (6)", presented herein is to estimate the design flood for fixing the waterway of bridges/cross drainage structures across snall and nediun streams. The xeport consists of two parts namely abstract pert giving the appli- cation of the methodology in the report with an illustrative exanple and the detailed part explaining the six main sections on the methodology. Tne six sections of the detailed report are briefly cunmariced below. Section - 1 briefly narrates the river system, topographical features, monsoon rainfall and temperature pattern, types of soil, land use, railways and oad communications in the subzone. The size of the subsone is 2,26,000 aq.km. covering parts of the States of Punjeb, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan be~ sides Union Territories of Delhi and Chandigarh. Section - 2 comprises of the nature of data collected for 42 represen- tative catchments in the subzone. Northern end North-eastern Railways had collected the data of 40 catchments under the overall supervision of Research Dosigne and Standards Organisation (Railways), Central Vater Commission has also collected the data of two catchents on behalf of Ministry of Traneport. Section - 3 deals with the analysis of storm rainfall and floods and derivation of tuo hour unitgraphs (U.G.) for each of the 23 catchments found suitable out of 42 catchments to prepare their representative 2-hour U.G's. The Parameters of the representative U.G.'s were measured. The physiggraphic parameters of the catchments were estimated. A simple wodel ¢ y _ q xP was adopted to establish xelationship between dependent variable Y and independent variable X with constant C and an exponent 'P'. The relationships were estab= lished with this simple model based on the sets of physiographic and U.G. parameters for 23 catchments. These relations are given in the form of equa- ‘tions and also on log-log graph which shall be utilised to estimate the para- ieters of synthetic U.G. for the ungauged catchments with their known physio- geaphic parameters. Based on the synthetic U.G. parancterc, a synthetic 2-hour U.G. 48 drawn. Besides, model values of design loss rate end base flow have also been suggested. Section - 4 furnishes the methodology adopted by I.M.D. for estimating ‘the design storm point rainfall for 50-year return period for daration from 1 hour to 24 hours, conversion of point rainfall to areal rainfall anc the dis~ tribution of storm rainfall for various design storm durations. These stu~ dies have been depicted in the isopluyial map of 50-year point rainfall for @uretion of 24 hours with duration ratio curve for conversion of 24-hour point rainfall to short duration point rainfall in the subzone.Similarly, curves and tables for conversion of point to areel rainfall and cur- ves for distribution of design storm rainfall for various durations have been furnished. Section - $ describes the procedure for estimation of design £1000 (50-year) of an ungeuge’ or inadequately gauged catchnent by the application of design storm rainfall to synthetic U.G. Section - 6 deals with the assumptions made in the study along with conclusions. ‘The report herein recommends the estimation of design flood for small and medium catchments varying in size frou 25 sq.km. to 2,500 sq.km, Keeping in view the compatibility of parameters of the ungauged and gauged catchnents, ‘The “Application” of the report has ben presented after the Introduc- tion vith a worked out problem along with graphs and tables to create interest for the users.ABSTRACT (@) apprcaIoN ‘he Flood Estimation Report for Upper Indo-Ganga Plains subzone~1(e) nay be used for estimation of design flood (50-year flood) for ungauged and in- adequately gauged catchments in the subzone, In order to elucidate the proce- dure, an illustrative example is given belov with relevant details. ‘The various steps necessary to estinate the design flood/design flood hydrograph ara as under: n an) ii) iv) vw vid wi) viii) ax) x) xi) Preparation of catchnent area plan of the ungauged catchment in question. Determination of physiogxaphic parameters viz; the catchment ares (A), the length of the longest stream (L) and equivalent stream slope (5). Determination of ahr, synthetic unitgraph parometers (cor the Specified wnt duration) ive, the unit peak aussharse (G,), she peak discharge (9,), the basin lag (+), the period ot (mm), Widthe of the Puttgraph at 508 P hod 754 of Q, (Wg ar Bg widtne of the rising Lieb of Ue. at SOV and 750.002, "igen afd Wgpg) and tine base of unitgraph (T,). Preparation of a synti ie unitgraph. Estimation of design storm duration (1). Eotination of point rainfall and areal rainfall for design storm aration (7,). Distribution of areal rainfall during design storm duration (7p) to obtain rainfall increments for unit duration intervals. Estimation of rainfall excess units after subtraction of design loss rate from rainfall inerenents. Estimation of base flow. Computation of desicn flood peak, Computation of design flood hydrograph.The step No. (xi) may not be necessary for those intending to estimate the design Flood peak only. XELUSTRADIVE EXAMPLE The particulars of @ road bridge catchment (treated as ungauged) for illustrating the procedure are as under: i) Subzone - 1 (e) 41) Name of site + 2 (M.0.7.) iii) Name of the river/tributary + Chaggar iv) Shape of the catchment upto Oblong the point of study v) tocation + 30°_ 241 y (Latitude) and 76°44" E (Longitude) vi) ‘Topography : Moderate steep slope. ‘The procedure is explained step by step. Step - 1: Preparation of Catchment Area Plan ‘The point of interest (Bridge Site in this case) was located on the Survey of India's toposheet and catchment boundary was marked using the con- tours along with ridge line and alco fron the spot levele in the plains. A catchment area plan Fig. A~| showing the main rivers, contours and spot levels was prepared. Step - 2: Determination of Physiographic Paraneters ‘The following physiographic parameters vere determined from the catch- ment area plan: i) Area) = 1126,0 sa.tm ii) Length of the longest stream = 81,42 kus. Dy + 441) Bquivelent stream elope ¢ -R“EPiot +) 2 5.14 m/ken Where L, = Length of ith segment in kms. = Reduced levels of the river at (4-1) and 4th location along the longest stream. For detailed calculation of ‘S', refer Table A-1,In Table A-1, cols. (2) and (4) are the reduced distances and corres- ponding levele along the longest stream from the point of study to the contours across the stream or spot levels on the bank. Other columns are sel f-explane~ tory, Prepare L-Section (Fig. A-I) of the longest stream from the point of study to source based on the data in cols. (2) and (4). 1 of = 0 Fe = 35.91 Step - 3: Determination of Synthetic Unitgraph Parameters ‘Do hour unit duration for the unitgraph 1.e. unitgraph produced due to one cm depth of rainfall excess in two hour duration has been considered. The two hour synthetic U-G. parameters aay be found out by using one of the following approaches 4) By using the synthetic relations 14) By using coaxial diagram 4) By using Synthetic Relations Calculation of parameters of synthetic U.G. are shown in Teale A.2 which are briefly explained below. Sl. Wo, 1 + Substitute the value of I/ yg = 35.91 as found out in iv) of Step ~ 2 an equation 3-9-3 co “obtained the value of ay. SL. No. Qe Noo 2 + Q =a, x SL. No. 3,5,: Substitute che value of a. in reepective equations in col. (3 6,7 8 of Table A-2 to obtain thB corxesponding paxameters in col. (3). i a The unit duration (t,) is 2.0 hrs. si. ats, + Substitute the value of t, in equation 3.9.8 to obtain 7,. The values of T, pay be rounded of to nearest even number. ii) By using Coaxial Diagram the synthetic relations have been transferred on one graph sheet in Fig. A-2 in such a way that with the known values of L, S, L/_/S’ the values of a, can be found out. Similarly with the known value of q,, the other para moto 1ike t 4 MgosMyesMasorta7s Canbe dizcctly read fron the respective re- ay ons (cubes. Moar Megat ats erie cas keys. alu at ore eoe tale 3, "is tead fron the respective relation. ‘The values so obtaiRed are far to the caleulated in Table A-2.Step - 4 Preparation of 2-hr, Synthetic Unitgraph ‘The parameters got in Step - 3 above were plotted to scale on a graph Paper as shown in Fig. A-3. ‘The points were joined to fit a trial synthetic unitgraph, By defination, the volume of the unitgraph must be equivalent to 1,0 cm depth of direct runoff over the entire catchment (A) in sq.km. (a) Volume of direct runoff from runoff depth (a) of 1.0 cm on the entire catchment (A) in sq.km, = A X 1000 X 1000 x a/100 = ( ) expressed in cubicmetres (eaem) Ca) . ‘ 1 ca =m depth of direct 9 8 i runoff over the catchment rea (A) in sq.km. (d) Volume of direct runoff eraph (Synthetic Uniteraph) obtained from the addition of all the unitgraph ordinates at timo interval tin bre, squel to unit duration (t,) of U.G. = £0, & =H, x t x 3500 = ( ) expressed in cublenetres ( cubiometres/eec) (sec! the) #2, = Sin of the ordinates of unit graph at t-hr, interval (in this case 2 hr.) 6(a) should be equal to (b). ce A% 100K 100K a/100 =x, x t x 3600 dstem Therefore Jf Q, ~ A/0.36 t Alt the ordinates of the synthetic U.G. so drawn with slight adjust- mente in Fig. A-3 were sumed up at 2-hr. interval to get a total volums of 1564 cumecs which tallied with the computed value From #/0.36 t= 1126) (0.36 % 2) = 1564 cumecs. Therefore, the 2-hr. synthetic U.G. so drawn in Fig. A-3 wes found to be in order. In case, the summed up values of all the ordinates of synthetic U.G. do not tally with the computed value from A/0.36 t, then some of the ordinates in the rising and falling limbs or only in the falling limb of the U.G. may be suitably changed (slightly increased or decredsea) keeping at the sane tine the shape of U.G. @ suooth one, Normally one or two trials are carried out to adjust the volume of Synthetic U.G. so as to obtain 1.0 an. of direct runoff over the entire catchment area (A) in sq. km. Step ~ 5: Sstimation of Design Storm puration The design storm duration is He Ute tere 10 211.0 nes. Adjusting the design storm duration to nearest oven hour the adopted design storm duration is 12.0 houxe: Step - G: Estimation of Point Rainfal) and Areal Rainfall The point rainfall estimated for 50-year return period for a duration of 24-hr. axe first read trom isopluvial map (Plate - 4 in Section 4.2). The value of 50-year, 24-hr, point rainfall = 25.0 on. The design storm duration (t,) for the catchment ts 12.0 hrs. The point rainfall estimateof 21.0 om for 12.0'hrs. wasobtained by multiplying the 50-yr., 24~nr. point rainfall of 25.0 cm with the value of 0.84 read from Fig. 10 in Section 4.2. S0-yr., 12~hr. point rainfall = 25 x 0.84 = 21.0 om. The above point rainfall estimates of 21.0 cm wae multiplied by areal reduction factor of 0.765 corresponding to a catchment area of 1126.0 Sd.km given in Table-6 or from Fig. 11 (a) or 11 (b) 0.765 X 21 = 16.06 cms. Step — 7+ Time Distribution of Areal Rainfal? whe ereal xainfall estimate for 50-year return period for a design storm duration of 12-hrs. got in Step - 6 above was distributed to give 2-hour / gross rainfall units as shown in the following table by using Pig.12 in Section 4.4.i. © age of storm Cumulative Cumulative 2-hourly gross duration % of total rainfall rainfall_inerg- rainfall sol.3 x pa/ uents, 100 i 2 2 4 = ° Oo ° 2 16.66 38 joe oe 4 33,33 7” 11.88 2.57 e 50.00 96 13.82 1.94 8 66.66 92 14.78 0.96 10 83.33 95 15.26 0.48 2 100.00 100 16.06 0.80 Total 16.06 ~ Step - 8: Estination of Rainfall Bxcess Unit: Col.§ of the Table in Step - 7 give. ise 2 hourly gross rainfall units. A design vaiue offoce rate of 0.3 ca/hr. is subtracted from each of the unit to give the rainfall excess units. Por 2-nours, she loss rate is to be sub- tracted. 2% 0.2 = 0.6 om, The table below illustrates the procedure-for calculation ot raintall excess units: He. Gross rainfall _Loss/ Rainfall excess (col.5) of 2ehr. co Step - 7. on 0.(2) ~ cor.) ae 2 3 4 0.60 an 0.60 1.97 0.60 1.34 0.60 0.36 0.60 - 0,60 0.20 It has been shown in Section~3.12 that the model value of base flow for Upper Indo-Ganga Plains subzone - 4 (e) ie 0.05 cumeca/eq.kae‘he total. bade low for ene unganged catchient of 1120.0 » question = 0,05 x 1126.0 = 56.3 cumecs. hee Sa Step - 10% Estimation of Design Flood (Peak oily For estimation of the peck discharge, the rainfall excess unite have to be re-arranged against the unitgraph ordinates such that maxiaun rainfall excess is placed against tha maximum unitgreph ordinate the next lower value of rainfall excess coues against the next lover value of uniteraph ordinate and so on. In the “present case, the nexiqun peak discharge ordingte of U.¢. vas gceurring at 11th hour, The U.G. ordinates at 2-hour interval from the peak hour of T1th were read fron Pig. Acd Mea the nelothourheed Gece eco tabulated as under. ‘The maximum 2-hourly rainfall excess unit was placed against the peak docharge of U.G, Likewise, the Nene lower harerant eovese Unit was placed agsinge the next dover UG. oadinate in the fella Cone anc so on, Summation of the products of cols (2).and (3) gives the total direct Furoff to Which base Flow is added to gat the total, peak Siecherne, Tine U.G. Ordinate 2ohe, walnfall oivese hrs. cumecs excess runott en. cunecs z z T=OTZ 3) 9 172.0 1.34 220,38 " 223.0 8.7 1942.23 13 198.0 1.97 390.06 1s 167.0 0.36 60.12 ” 135.0 0.20 27.00 total 2643.83 Aad Base Flow from Step = 9 ‘Total Peak Discharge 3706.13. Step 11: Computation of Design Flood Hydrograph The 2-houx rainfall excess sequence shown in col.3 of Table in Step-10 wae xeversed to obtain the critical sequence as shown below: Pimp hero. Gritical 2 hour rainfall a) (2) excess sequence 0.20 0.36 1.97 8.71 1.34 bo aanFor computation of design f100d hyavograph, the U.G. ordinates for 2-hour interval wore tabulated in col.(2) of Table A-3 against time (hrs.) in col. (1), The critical sequence of rainfall excess units as given above were entered in cots. (3) to (7) horizontally as shown in Table A-3. The direct runoff resulting from each of the rainfall excess units was obtained by multi- plying the rainfallexcooa uit with the U.G, ordinates in cols (2) and the Gixect runoff values were entered in vertical colunns against each unit with a Successive lag of 2-hours, since the unit duration of U.G. was 2-hours. The direct runoff so obtained is shown in cols. (3) to (7), The direst runoffe were added horizontally and the total dixect runoff is shown in col. (8). The total base flow of 56.3 cumecs was entered in col. (9), Col. (10) gives the addition of cols, (8) and (9) to get the desion flood hydrograph ordinate. ‘The design flood hydrograph so obtained does not give the same value of maximum peak discharge since the peak period of the U.G. (‘T) is at odd hour (i.e. 11,00 hours). In this case the maximum peak discharoe of 2706.29 cumecs conputed in Step - 10 was entered in Table A-3 between the maximum @ischarge values of the rising ond the falling libs ise. between 10 brs, end 42 hrs, ‘The total discharge ordinate in.col. (10) were plotted against tine in col. (1) te get the design flood hydrograph in Fig. A-4. 10COMPUTATION OF 1S! a, Reduced Reduced tength sight (,_,7,) __b, ,_, 70) to. distance levels of each above Saree) starting of segment datum * from River 1 Difference gauging bed between the site Ist & the ith Rib. % (kms) (a) sem) (=) (e.ka,) i 2 3 4 3 s ° 265.50 ° o ° ° 17.38, 281.01 17.38 15,51 15,51 269,56 392 300.03 v7.54 34.59 50.10 878.73 37,01 319.72 2.09 54.22 88.81 185.61 54.38, 300.76 17.37 235.26 289.48 5028.27 60.50 509.57 6.12 344.07 579,33 3545.50 70,80 761.96 10.30 496.4 640.53 8657.45 74.68 914,36 3.86 646.86 1145.32 4420.98 79.36 1066.75, 4150 801125 1450.11 6525.50 79.94 1219,14 0.78 953,64 1754.89 1368.81 80.77 1371.53 0.83 1108.06 2059.67 1709.53 e142 1487.73 0.65 1182.23, 2288.2§ 1487.37 FMP Oy) A 3407.38 SEL, (0 = O78 = 5.14 w/e. Satis? 5623.16 - ‘Datum = 265.50 m (i.e. reduced level of river bed at the point of etady) "ABLE-A~2;COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS OF 2-HOUR SYWIHEITC UNETGRAPH Known Para- Unknown Paranoter Synthetic Caleulated Adopted Sine. sees Relationship value vaine i 2 z 4 5 . 1 5.91 2.030 0.198 oe .% oe : (Cunec/Sq.km.) 0 sy (See eqn.3.9.3) 2. Q, A =222.95 223,00 * (cunées) eae ° m 3. t, ‘tp=1.858/ tpe 9.97 10.0 i 2 (Hours) « pigs: < sto mgn.3,2.4) 4 p ts Sete 3? mett.0 11.0 (tours) a, "sg Vag 22177 MygeltO17 11.0 (Hours) (@) 7 (see zqn.3.9.5) - 6 a, 5 Mgt A70/ W 57 6-10, 6.10 ore (Hours) (ap) (See Bqn.3.9.6) 7. x WRey Woes B17 (Hours) iqp)* (See Ban 3.9.7) ow Wg 1 gr 6/ (Hours) (qp)* (See Ban.3.9.6) a7 o. tp % aye? tate) a 46.55 47.0 (Hours) (See Eqn.3.9.9) 12(8) COMPUTATION OF 50-YEAR PLOOD PEAK BY FLOOD FORMULA x) 50-3 Hlocd Formula The aagnitude of 50-year flood peak (Q,,) in cunec for small and medium catchnents falling in the subzone-i(e) may be “calculated from the following formulas ep = KAR x 50328 10-888 wnere A= Catchment area in sq.km. R= S0-year %, hour point rainfall in om = Bguivelent stream slope of the lengest river in a/km, Length of the longest stream in ln, = Acoafficient, the value of which is dependent on the catchent arca as undex: neo X value 25 1.70 100 451 500 132 1000 1.15 2500 4200 ‘the K value corresponding to the catchment. area under study falling in between the above range of catchnent areas is interpolated linearly between the K values corresponding to that particular range of catchment areas. 11) Appligation of So-year Flood Formula ‘The following steps may be folloved for estimating the 50-year flood peak With the application of flood formula: Step-i) Measure the catchment area 'A' in sq.kn., length of the longest stream 'L'-in km and equivalent lope 'S! in m/Im after marking the catchment boundary on the toposheet upto the point of study, Step-ii) Calculate design storm duration (m,) in hours fron the following ‘D’ formula: m= 0.98 fs °r°797 the value of 1, so obtained is rounded off to the nearest whole number. Step-iii) Mark the catchment boundary on the 50year, 24-hour isopluvial ap (Plate-9 of the report) and record the 24-hour point rainfall value. Obtain the conversion ratio from the table of 24-hour to short duration ratio shown in figure-10 of the report corresponding to design storm duration (2) and apply the ratio to 24-hour point xainfall to get the desiga storm rainfall R in an, for 7, hour duration. 14stepiv, _-Ratimate the value of K for the cotchnont area under study from the table of catctment areas vs values of K shown in B(t). gtep-w ‘Then substitute the values of K.A,S,L and R in the @,, foxmila to get 50-year flood at the point of study for the river catchment. 11) Tlustrative Example Application of 50-year flood forma to xoad bridge catchment for which detailed studies are shovn in (A) application, is as undext Mame of river/tribatary + Ghaggar Location on toposheet 30°24’ n(tatitude) 76°44'B (Longitude) Stepei ‘me catehnent boundary on the Survey of India _toposheet Road Er, Catchment No, 2 (NOT) as shown in Figure-A 1 was Following catchuent parameters were estimated, aA = 1126.0 sc.km, L 81.42 kn s: 5.14 a/ke No.2(MoT) for the marked. Stencii the design storm duration (1)) for the catchnent was calculated frou the following formula: 0.6737 0,98 of a iesaT 0.98 (81.43//5,14 ) = 10,94 hrs. say 11 hours. 2, Step-iii The catchment boundary for Br, Mo.2(#oT) was marked on the 50-year 24h. Lsopluvial map (Plate-9 of the xeport) and the 24-hr. point ainfall value for the catchment was tound to be 25 cm, Since the design storm duration (7,) for the catchment under study was 11 hr., a ratio of 0.94 was obtained from Fig.10 of the report corresponding to design storm duration of 11 hrs, for conversion of 24 hre. point rainfall to 11 hrs, design storm duration point xainfall. Step-iv ‘The value of constant K corresponding to catchmant area of 1126.0 sq.ku. was interpolated from the range of velue of K for catchment areas between 1000 and 2500 sq.km. from the table given in B(Z) as under: A K Aston) — 1000 415 2500 1.00 Kos 115 - (15=1,00) x 1126 1500 180.15. = 115-1500 x 1126 = 1.45 - 0.0126 = 1.1374 say 1.137 Step-v he above values of K,A,5,L and R were substituted in the flood + formula as unde: 8, 16137 1126 '% 21 x (5,14)9-924 30 0.649 (1.42) = 2685.50 x 1,70. 77.38 2629.77 say 2630 cumec has 50-yr. Flood peak frou the flood formala works out to 2630 cunes as against 2706 cumec, from the detailed studies in (A) application. The 50= year flood peak estimated by the flood formila is less by 2.81% as compared to the 50-year flood peak estinated from the det‘Led studies. This percentage @ifference may be congidered neminal for prelisinary designs. 16vysowio wanes 40 NOI:938 ares Pape "2h anesQse sarees areerengecsoa pv ae asco cess | t. 00 HOURS ‘oe s | eo ie 00» 2 | ae a) ate = ¢ | 00 | ae SW exe we sro Gate ‘a js (fra = wn |e | esos ° E Pr Opedeac. " a SUM OF 01 %e Tt Sexe tae 30 . ss (#1563.89 CUMECS ie ia H ie sense conics | 2 1607 = i H einen, eno 3 fo Corowa ron env ortetins| 32 ea s : j ae 5 a) id TK Ty T “Govenuntnt OF IWIN f See 16 t Soe TCAD swmienic uur nroaosrapy 20° Hh + ; Hl PEN 605 onan da iy oe i £ pT 5 = ae PARAMETERS OF 2HRS. UG. FIG.A-3 2HRS SYNTHETIC UG.vo ‘one “aint WO Fon ALS SunOH NI BWL |AH GOO NOISAC} ‘oil ur ane SS & fw O& «© we we oO oF A BY Isla _YONYD -OGN Uaddh| T r ° ‘002 ‘Ven 20 ANAMUVEACD ‘oor ‘009 ‘008 0001 WV roooz Bere ‘cose 8 9 ° z ° vty cond s23NN> NI Z0uvHISIO1.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE UPPER INDO-GANGA PLAINS SUB-ZONE - i(e) 1.1 Tocarow ‘The subzong - 1(¢) lies roughly betweon longitude 74° co 61° East end latitude 26° to 33° North. It covers almost entixe Haryana and Punjab, Union Territories of Delhi and Chandigarh, Western Uttar Pradesh and eastern border areas of Rajasthan. The important. towns and cities in the subsone are Delhi, Chandigarh, Anritsar, Ferozepur, Aligarh, Mathura, Agra, Bareilly, Etawaha, Alvar, Hiosar, Rohtak, etc. The Upper Indo-Ganga Plains subzone - 1(e) 1s bounded on the north by J&K Kumaon Hills zone - 7, on the south by Luni basin and Thar subzone - 1(a), Chambal basin subzone - 1(b) and Betwa Basin subzone - i(c), on:the east by middle Canga Plains ubzone - 1(£) and on the west by Pakistan. Plate - 1 shows the location of subzone - 1(e). 1.2. RIVER system Plate - 2 shows the river system of the subzone - 1(e), ‘The rivers flowing in this subzone are Ravi (Sakki W), Beas, Sutlej, Ghaggar, Yamuna, Ranganga, Ganga, Gomti, Sahibi and Banganga. The flat reaches of these rivers are almost covered in this subzone. The area covered by each river system is detailed ac under: SL.No. River Drainage area (sq.km) 1 Ravi (Saki N) 4,667 2. Beas 5,859 3. sutied 25.540 4, Yamuna and other plain areas 82,630 5. Ghaggax 23,637 6 Ganga 30,748 2 Conti, 5,007 5 Sanibi and Banganga 19,381 Ranganga 28,531 Total —- 26,000 ‘The total area of subzone-1(e) is 2, 26,000 eq.km. 1.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND RELIEF ‘The Upper Indo-Ganga Plains subzone - 1(e) have heen built up in the northwest by the Ravi (Saiki N), Beas, Sutie} and Chaggar and the remaining area by the Yamuna, Ganga, Rasyanga,Gomti, etc. There 49 a smell mountainous area in the northern Partof Punjab varying in elevation from 450 to 600 n aAreas with elevations Jess than 150 m are located in the southeast of the subzone. The general elevation of the remaining area is between 150 a to 300 m, Sehibi, Benganga and Gaubhir rivers originate from the hills in the South of the subzone. Plate~3 shows the physiography of the subzone, The thickness of the alluvium varies greatly from area to area, and is the macimum in the Ganga plains and the minimum in the western plains, Towards the northern, theze is a narrow marshy tract called Tarai, a part of which lies in this subzone. The low lying flood plains adjacent to the river banks ava formed of never alluvium, The general slopes are mainly in two directions i.e, the southeast and the southwest. The general slopes of the rivers in the plains seldon exceed 0.38 m. per km, The rivers are of meandering type and the river courses are normally wide and shallow. The plains in the Punjab State are flat with the exception of Hoshiarpur tract vhere the general elevation varies between 300 m to 400 m. 1.4 RATNEALL Plate ~ 4 depicts the mean annual rainfall isohyets along with the histograms showing the mean wonthly rainfall for raingauge stations at Anritsar, Hiesar, Delhi and Barcilly in the subzone, The mean annual rain~ fall in the northern areas near the hills is 100.0 cm. The siddle and southern areas in the subzone experience the mean annual rainfall varying fron 80.0 cx to 60.0 cm. The mean annual rainfall in the south western parte varies from 30,0 cm to 40.0 ca, The subzone lies in the semi arid zone based upon the ‘Thornwait's moisture index classification, The major portion of rainfall comes fron southwest monsoon in the subzone. 1.50 TEMPERATURE ‘The climate of subzone - 1() presents extreue of both heat and cold due to {ts geographical position. ‘The temperature rise slowly t311 the end of March and the hot opell bogins with April for the next three months, The temperature begins to fall gradually fren July onvards as the hot winds receive the moisture. The minimum temperature is in January with the fall of the winter rains, Plate ~ 5 shows the variation in temperature in the subzone. Plate - 5 also depicts the bar graphs of temperature for Hissar, Delhi and Bareilly in the subzone showing the maximum and minimum daily mean temperature for the different months of the year. ‘The mean annual tenperature varies from 22.5% to 25.0°c. in the plains except the northern parts adjacent to the foothilis and Tarai area vith mean annual tenperature of below 22,5°c and south eastern areas with mean anmial tenperature of above 25,(°c, The haximm and mininum daily mean temperature in large parts of the plains during the monsoon season fron June to Septoaber varies fron 33.0% to 40.0% and 25.0% to 28,0%e respectively. 1.6 Sons Plate ~ 6 shows the soil classification in subzone-1(e). ‘the plains of Yamuna, Ganga, Ranganga, Gomti and uppor parts of Ravi, Boas, Sutle} and Ghaggar are covered with recent alluvial soils. The plains in the middle reaches of Beas , Sutlej and Ghaggar are covered with calcareous soils of 22alluvial origin, The saline and alkaline soils are also found in some parts of the plains covered with alluvial soils old alluvial soils cover the areas jying in the northwest part of the subzone between Sutle} and Ghaggar. ‘the areas near the southwest boundary in the subcone are covered with desert and grey brown soils, The areas adjacent to the northern bourdary are covered with brown hill soils. Tarai soils are found in the Tarai area in the northern parts. 14.7 1aND USE The plains of the subzone - 1(e) are fertile and cultivable. Most of these parts are also irrigated, The northwest and southwest portions comprising of 50%.of the subzone are intensely irrigated to an extent of 80%, the intensity of irrigation in 25% of the area is 20% to 60%. Yorests Lie Jin the northwestern, southern and-northeastern areas, Plates — 7 & show the land use in the subzone, 4.8 commercarrons 1.8.1 ‘The following railway sections traverse the area in the subzone ~ 1(e) Sh. Railway Sections Railways 1. Amritsar — Ludiana-Najibabad-Horedabad~ Bareilly-Sitapar Northern Railway (NR) 2. Perozepur-Bhatinda-Nelhi-Ghazi abad-Horadabad 3.‘ Hindunalkate-Bhatinda-Hissar-Rewari 4. Pathankot~Jullundur-Ferozepur-Fazilka S$. ‘udhiana-Dhuri-Jakhal-Hissar-churu ® —-Kalka~ambala-pelhi-Rewari 7, Saharanpur-Neerut-Ghaziabad-Khur jactiathras~ Tundla-Kanpur WR. 8. Meerut-Hapur-Khurja HR. 2. Wajibabad-Horadabad~Chandausi-Bareilly NR, 40. Rangel dam ~ Sirhind NR, 11. era Babananak — Amritear-takore wR, 12, Rajpura-Dhuri-Bhatinda ~ Bikaner wR 13. Bathankot~Baritsar NR. 14, budhiana~Ferozepar MAR. 15, Najibabad-Gajralle NAR. 16. Ferrukhabad-Snikahabad Nake 17. Bachan ~ Btah wR. 18. Narivana-Kurukshetra NR 19, gind ~ Panipat NAR.34a) 34e) 3) 234g) 3th) 3) ata) Alb) alc) S(a) 5(b) Mahanadi basin including Brabmani and Raitarani rivers Upper Godavari basin Yover Godavari basin except coastal xegion Indeawati basin Krishna subzone including Panner basin except coastal region Kaveri § east flowing rivers except coastal region Circars including east flowing rivers between Mahanadi. © Godavari Coromandal cost including east flowing rivers between Godavari & Kaveri Sandy Coronen belt (east flowing rivers between the Kaveri & Kenyakunari) Konkan Coast (west flowing vivers between the Papi & Panaji) Malabar coast (West flowing rivers between Kanyakusari & Panaji) Apdaman and Nicobar J8K Kumson Wil1s (Indus basin) Mahanadi, Upper Godavari lower Godavari Indravaté Krishna Kaveri, upper Eastern Coast Lower coast South Eastern Coast Konkan Coast Malabar coast, Andaman & Nicobar Western Himalayas 26 a Nahanadi, Baitarani and Brakmani’ rivers. Upper portion of Godavari basin, lower portion of Godavari basin, Indravati river: Krishna & Panner rivers except coastal region. Kaveri river (except coastal region). Bast flowing coastal rivers between deltas of Mahanadi and Godavari East £loving coastal rivers Manimukta, South Fanner, Cheyyar, Falar, North Penner, Nunneru, Palleru, Cundelakama & Krishna Delta. Bast flowing coastal rivers Nanimuther,Vaigal, Arjuna, Tamra ~ Parni, West flowing coastal rivers between Tapi & Mahdavi rivers. West flowing coastal rivers between Mahdavi, & Kanyakumari , Jhelum, upper portion of Indus, Ravi & Beas rivers,oK tT LOCATION MAP OF UPPER INCO- GANGA PLAINS sua-ZONE 116 , wore W OXY NYnyoy as RIC, = “4. 1 " gi ° | TNo1ran LANKA %, fi i 1% 9 ti te iF fe 7viaut “40 961 svoiwasco Vian se swannnanco) TuENI9 WOLAAMNS 201 40 WOISSIRHSd 344 HLIM AYN VIGNI 40 ABAUNS Nodn OSVB OY ORIEN c SNIvid VONVO WS OSL AHVHSOISAHE aNo2-ane oon! waddn “wosi MoT38 Wooe O1 os! ‘Woo anoBy enmoL Awvonnos aNoz-gns AuvaNnoG “TYNOLLYNUBIN =139N3¥3934 as oo faxatinaAnarys Twn} ADOTONOAR WOISSIVINGS WRIYK “TWHiN39 HEME 4. ANSHARSAO [seuuv oily e-aivid SOW aueTattzzen) vioN! 30 aks WOWs NMWHO NBZE EVN YA Sid alo “we 2 ° a “wssin| yi jroo \,vion! 40 961 1Ho1¥AdOD VION! 40 sNaWusKoD © WAND YOKaNENS JH 40 NOISSINUTA IHL HUN SUM VION! 40 ABRENS NOUN GASB a rw Tsu vq THB Svssy, ursLMY TWaNIve TWANNY oor es oat O08 loca 00% 02 = nL. bi ees =I Ter er Zz {aaDraWoIe) TMs 1 KDOTOWOA| arawg zy ans NOWGSIMNOD WBIVM “IVINS m BA ‘WON 30_INGWNEAAOD = 6 no" ¥ oe HUW Hav: S il f ji i 00 O50 Ot | ayeny bs awes - » z ° alae * ° 154 Joao=nvr mous) HiNON HOVE ‘uvssin| a kos TIvaNive ATHLON ? ate? Nwam avs Suwagauazy i ne nnnrog wwouinan wors < ann Hum > lwontane ls vod Snvweoisin Ke NOUNS wos " of ~:S3L0N kb avordueH0 : NMOL o, = suanle . "== xulvaNnog 3NO7 ans \ —""pEvONNOD WHOILTNESAN! N o> ww NI I ‘BHWA WK 34m TwA3AH08! F i Sve niauaie ro L 20 we aL oad aEye6) swoWido2 vion! 30 .nannwanos @) vion! so Pore aaems [Wire caovEL, “epee snvev 2002-2, p01 Bun ivsadWat Hd 88-98 zz i 0 (@) 1 aNOZ~ 6nS i ee 2828 oe f Pos = NOZ 3unuvyagN3L 2,05 08 SNIv1d VONVS CON! waudn i ll a8 BIEL arnoive Tins )asorouGnt WOISGIWNOS WaLWR WWHLNAD "ONT 40 INSWNWGAGS "uw3i 3M 40 SHLKOW NIH 4130 -a1ai0 3ML ¥od S2UNAVWS.eMa1 [pe Hwan TIC "NIM ONY XBR ZHL ‘MOWS SINT Ga1L00 3HL “WON Biv 1d “(ZL61) VIM 40 40 Sv. NoLORIN! HL MOUs uvssik| \. ‘. | ~<«]) ro Wavwo sa SYM GUN GIKL “1B10N . SMAOL => cuaaru voNLvHe m= Avvannoa anoz~ ane ---auvounoa *HOLAVNNAANI | -rs39NaNa43u $-31v1¢“viant 40 wxdo0 VION" do ANaMNUBAOD G) —-TWUANGE YOLAANNE 3HL 40 NOISSINWGd BMI HIM SON VIOM 40 ABAUNS NON O35vE “wy GOaHS| W'S GROvL : susos “RON Bavts “CeLer? = cuaAiy NOLWOIISSVIO IOS | yin) 40 s¥tay NoLLWOIWH! 3HL oa Awyounoa 2moz -ens 4011 3Noz~ans ews NavuO NIZa SvM dyW GIG TT Auvannos TWNoLWNUaiNI SuivTd VONY9 -oONI waaan Hi BLON =1830N3u3 134 aL or TlomannoLs TW) aOTOUOAT NOISSINNGD H34H “WusN39 NY 4d _LUSHNSAOD, mw seu ote eg Cae ° 08 ly peer 11 O81 Ol OF 0 OS aqwos 8] Stes mew any anne. sti0s wus (s712H8 Vv NOLSONYS NO S108 THK NAOUS | S106 NOwTE mnicaN S105 MOTIZA ONY CTY G ST10S NAMB -AIND omosooaHy-Guos Lu3630 S108 TwANTY 070 a Lomo wwAntw) Sig tl0s omazousis snoguso1Vvo (4n393u) S108 TANT NOUVOGISST IO WOS 9 374 Bi Br z we ar wevio 40 fr961 bion0 wav! 40 wvaHnan09 O) -yunn29 NOIBHNS 3M JO NORSMUBY SH HLM OM TIONI4O ASAT NON Gasve rw Tr) oni enone | eon ava 3SN ONYT vigui| 40 Svtuv NoliW! mows navue (9) 1 3Noz-ans N336 SY a¥N SIKL =. 3108 SNIWId YONYO-OON! ¥ausn [SORSINENNOLYD TIVNS) ADOTOMGAW NOISSINMOD MBIA “WeANao YON! JO ANERNUBAC a sun] a or os OO 1 pegs HH om or oO 0% av9s SaNSUEN © S3I008 BIL ONT 3usvA enugs v oNyT ssrue asauod anya anew svauv youn . eumoL > suaaniy es-~ Muvannos 3Noz ans emmAWONNOG THOLLINESLM! -!s30nsua4au 2-3uwid“06! sworaneod vlan! 40 awanwaznce @ "ylout 40 WuaNa0 woATAMIS Wa do NoIscinugs 342 MIM AVN VION! 40 AIAUNE Noun OFSVE ow Oana | AWS SaOVUL SNROT suaAty “LUTON BLV7d “(2Z61) VION TrcNawaIND TWHE) DOTONGAN | NOISSINNOD MGIVA TYMINID (PION 40 LWSNNUZADD at-3 NO2| NOLLWOIUEE Auvannge 3Noz Bns 40, SVTLV NOLLVOIUUt SH WOUS, Noz—BnS a "AUVONNOG WNOILVNYSINI O30Vus N33B SYM GVM SIAL suivid VONW9-ooM waden | shape —!310N EI sz aE =a x ace 2" Cr anos suNea | svi3a5} svi 3001/4] USI VIE ‘wva apvuuve Tenva's =Eyduonwistoo waann swwHwoa| oven ‘Wnmcead “NON | 5 Twinnayae 1 STWHYS 10 O3IVOWU VIN"! Sa le 8-31v1d [eae rd Br ar2.0 DESIGN PLOOD, DATA AND THE METHOD ADOPTED FOR ANALYSIS 2.1 ‘DESIGN FLOOD he Khosla Committee of Engineers had recomended a design flood of S0-year return period for fixing the optimum waterway of the bridges. The design flood in other words may be defined broadly as @ rational estimate of flood discharge for the design of safe and economic structure across a xiver. The Committee of Engineers had suggested that 50-year flood may be considered as the maxinum observed diecharge from the yearly peak discharge records available for not less than 50 years. Where the yearly peak digcharge records are not much less than 50 years, the 50-year flood may be obtained from the probability curve of peak discharges. In the absence of adequate data of peak discharges, stors rainfall and runoff data for the selected catchments shall be collected for a required period and detailed studies carried out to derive the unitgraphs for these catchments and to prepare storm rainfall maps for different durations. In this connection, the Committee had suggested to develop a suitable rational methodology for estimation of S0-year flood, subzonewise based on application of storm rain— fall to uniteraph, It has been assumed that 50-year.storm rainfall applied fo unit graph may produce a flood of the same return period (50-year)as that of storm rainfall, 2.2 DATA For conducting the unitgraphe and design storm rainfall studies, the following concurrent. rainfall and runoff data for e number of catchnents of small and medium sizes xepresentatively located in a subzone are required for a minimum period of 5 to 8 years during the monsoon season: 4) Hourly gauge data at the gauging site (bridge site) round the clock. 4i) Gauge and diecharge data observed 2 to 3 times a day at the gauging site (bridge site). 4ii) Hourly rainfall data of raingauge stations in thé catchment. Raingauge stations axe to be selfrecording and/or manually operated. iv) Catchment area plans showing the river network, location of xaingauge stations and gauge and discharge sites, contours, highway and railway network, natuiel and man made stoxages, habitations, forests, agricultural and irrigated areas, soils, ete.v) Gross sections at the bridge site (gauging site) upstream and downstream of the bridge site. vi) Longitudinal section of the river upstream and downstream of the bridge site. In addition to the above, the data of gauged catchsents, rainfall data of self-recording raingauge stations maintained by India Meteorological Department is also required. The Northern and the North-eastern Railways under che supervision of Research and Designs Standards Orgenisation (RDSO) had observed and collected the required data in Section 2.2 for 40 catchnents in the Upper tado-Ganga Plains subzone - i(e) for a period of 3 to 12 years for each of the catch~ ments. Gentzal Water Commission on behalf of Ministry of Transport has also observed and collected the required data since 1981 for two catchments in this subzone. The sizes of the gauged catchments varied from 25.26 sq.km. to 2425.54 sq.km. ‘The location of gauging sites at road and railway bridges in subzone - i(¢) axe shown in plate-2. IHD has collected xainfall data of additional raingauge stations maintained by-IMD, CWC has also prepared the detailed plans of the gauged catchments showing the information in Section 2.2Gv). Table ~ 1 shows nane, number ef bridge, location of gauging sites, name of streams, catchments areas, nusbex of raingauges and period of availa- bility of data along with observational agency. R,D.S.O. has ade available the data collected to CW: and IMD for carrying out the studies. 2.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD ADOPIED Jn thig report, Section-3 explains the procedure for obtaining the synthetic unitgraph for ungauged catchments in subzone - 1(¢). Section - 4 explains the procedure for obtaining the design storm input. Section - $ explains the steps to be followed for obtaining a’ desizn flood of 50-year return period. The adoption of eynthetic unitgraph is recommended for ungauged catchments or gauged catchnents having inadequate data. However, For gauged catchments with adequate data, representative unitgraph based on actual data should be preferred, 383.0 DERIVATION OF SYNTHETIC UNIT HYDROGRAPHS ‘the Synthetic Unitgraph is a unitgraph of unit duration for a catch- ment under study obtained from the relations established between the physio- graphic and unitgrash paxaneters of the representative catchments in a hydro— meteorologically homogenous region. in order to obtain a Synthetic Unitgraph the following steps have to be followed: 4) Analysis of physiographic parameters of the catchnents. ii) (Gerutiny of data and finalisation of gauge discharge rating ii) Selection of £Lood and corresponding stoxm events, iv) Computation of hourly catchnent rainfall. vy) Separation of base flow and computation of direct runoff-depth. vi) Computation of infiltration loss ( #-index) and 2-hourly rainfall excess unit. vii) Derivation of 2-hourly unitgraphs. viii) Drawing of representative unitgraphs end measuring the parameters. ix) _Eetablishing relationchipe between physiographic and xepresentative unitgreph parameters. %] Derivation of 2-hour Synthetic Unitgraph for an ungauged catchaent. ‘The above steps are briefly described as under: 3.1 ANALYSES OF PHYSTOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF THE CATCHMENT ‘The representative catchments selected for the study were analysed for physiographic parameters. The catchment parameters shown in Fig.1 are asunder: 3.1.1 Catchment area (AD On @ reliable map, the watershed boundary is marked. The axea enclosed in this boundary up to the gauging site may be referred to as the catchment area.3.1.2 Length of the Main stream (bp: This implies the longest length of the main river course in the catchment. 3.1.3. Equivalent stream 5} a Longitudinal section (I-section) of the main streax was prepared from the values of the contours acrocs the stream and the spot levels near the banks with xespect to theix distances from the point of interest/gauging site. A.line is so drawn by trials from the point of interest on the L-section such that the areas of the L-section (profile) above and below the line are equal. This Line is called equivalent Stream Slope Line. Alternatively, the L-sec~ tion may be broadly divided into 3 to 4 seguents representing the broad ranges of the slopes of the segments and the following formiae nay be used to calculate the equivalent slope (5): SHE 44%) Yength of the ith segment in km. © ‘The depth of the xiver at the point of inter- section of (i-1) and ith contours from the base line (datum) drawn at the level of the point of study in meters, L = The Length of the longest stream as defined an section 3.1.2 in ka, Out of 42 gauged catchments, the physiographic parameters A, 1 and S were estimated only for 23 catchments which were Found suitable for analysis. These parameters are shown in Table ~ 2. 3.2 SCRUTINY OF DATA AND FINALISATION OF GAUGE DISCHARGE RATING CURVE Te data vas scrutinised through arithmetical checks. The gauge (stage) vs. area curves and the stage vs. velocity curves were prepared to identify the outliers and reconcile the data in the plotted points of the stage-discharge curves. At nany places, the average trend of the stage~area curve and the stage-velocity curve was used to obtain the discharges at various levels, ‘here wide dispersions were, observed in the stage-discharge curve, log-log fitting was adopted. ‘The stages for conceivable floods were converted into discharges initially identified with reference to rise and fall in the stages of the river, 3.3. SELECTTON GF FLOOD AND CORRESPONDING STORM EVENTS The general guidelines adopted for selection of flood events for each catchments are as under: 4) The £leod should not have unduly stagnating water levele, 4043) "he selected flood should result from significant rainfall excess generally not less than one cn, 444) The runoff reaulting from particular stora should not be lece ‘than about 158 of the gross rainfall. 3.4 COMPUTATION OF HOURLY CATCHMENT RAINFALL The ‘Meissen network was drawn for the raingauge stations on the catchment map and then Theissen Weights were computed, ‘he hourly point rainfall at each station was multiplied with their respactive Theissen Weight and added to obtain the catchuont rainfall for cach one hour: duration during ‘the storm period. Two hourly catchnent rainfall units were estimated by adding the successive hourly rainfall units. 3.5, SEPARATION OF BASE PLOW é ‘The selected flood events were plotted on the normal graph paper. ‘The Base Flow was separated through the normal procedures to obtain direct eurface runoff hydrographs and the direct runoff depth over the catchnent was compated for each flood events. 3.6 COMPUTATION OF INFILTRATION LOSS (6-INDEX) AND 2-HOURLY RAINFALL EXCESS UNTIS wth the known values of 2-nourly catchment rainfall in section 3./ and the direct runoff depth in section 3.5 for each flood event, the infilteration Loss (constant loss rate) by trials was estimated to obtain the Gixect runcff depth. The 2-hourly infiltration loss vas deducted fron the 2-hourly rainfall to get the 2-hourly rainfall excess units, 3.7 DERIVATION OF 2-HOUR UNITCRAPH A unit duration of 2-hours was adopted for derivation of unitgraphs to reduce computational work as the floods fron the catchnents with flat slopes vere of long duration, The 2-hour unitgraphs were derived from the rainfall excess hyctographs and their corresponding direct runoff hydro- grapns by iterative methods. he iterations were carried oat till the observed and estimated direct runoff hydrograpis compated favourably. Normally 5 to 15 unitgraphs are derived for each of ths 23 catchments considered. 3.8 DRAWING OF REPRESENTATIVE UNIIGRAPHS AND MEASURING THELR PARAMETERS The representative unitgraph is the unitgraph which reproduces, in reasonabie Limits, the direct surface runoff hydrographs corresponding to their rainfall excess of the storm from which it has been obtained. Representative 2-hour unitgrarhs were drawn fron a set of superimposed 2-hour unitgrapha for each of the 23 catchments and their parancters noted. ‘The parmaters of the representative unitoraph illustrated in Fig.2 were measured for each of the catchments, ‘he parameters of the representative unitgrapha are ts ts Ts Qos dis Hoge Host Maso? Mays and Tyr these parameters for 23 catchnents axe listed in Table -3. a3-9 ESTABLISHING RSLATIONSHIPS BETWEN PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND REERESENIATLVE UNLIGRAPH PARAMETERS Physiographic parameters Like L, Le, S and A and the parameters of the 2ohour unitgraph Like ts Qs Tys Meg? Myer Magor Waygs LOK 23 gauged catchnets out of 42 catchnents in subzone - 1(e) were estimated as shown in Tables - 2 and 3 respectively, ‘Ihe reasons for eliminating the 19 catchments in this study are indicated in Table - 1. Following simple model was adopted for establishing the relationships batween these paraneters: x sox ooee3e9e1 where ¥ = Dependent variable X = Independent variable © = Aconstant P= An exponent. From equation 3.9.1, it follows that log ¥ = log C + plog x «. sere 39.2 Tous if ¥ and X are plotted on a log-log paper, one may expect a straight line relationship, Various trials of relationship between the physiographic paraneters and one of the unitgraph parameters and anong the unitgraph paramaters themselves were made, ‘he relationship between the physiographic parameters G/_/S) and unit peak discharge of the U.C,(ap) was Found to be significant. Similarly, the relationships between gp wexe individually found to be significant with the U.G. parameters of tp, WS0, W/5, WR5O and WR75 as Gependent variables. The time‘base (7B) could be significantly correlated to (tp). Principle of least squares was used in the regression analysis to get the above relationship in equation 3.9.1 above to predict the parameters of the Synthetic Unitgraph in an unbiased manner. The following relationships have been derived for estimating the 2-houx unitgraph parameters in the subzone -}(e). BI. No. Relationship Gore. Ee. Fig. Soeté 0, Ne 1 9, = 2030/4 _/s)) 0.80 3.9.3 3 1.038 t= tas 0,90 i = 8/ (4,.) 3.9. 0.990 3 Wy = 2.217/04,) 0.99 3.95 5 0.876 4 ys = ATG) 0.98 3.9.6 6 04907 5. Maso = 0812/4) 0.91 7 0.791 6. Yrs = 92606/¢a,) 0.86 3.9.8 8 7, By = 7.744 (6900779 0.91 3.9.9 9“ws auvowow] 1 se [co em] oceree! wos | own svonumna-anaarnind| — nevwe’ ronal ee a : ie) | ie oc lacie] Giee | wor tivuvenem-cremin| tow: | 211 |00 veel 6 06] Cee | wre rwnatouze-vivorom| “ao nuove| se Sn aoe wT,“ " 1 news: weir vance ve ron acenneunn) a 8 “aoa unawer| “304 wremaaoniy| 28 Se Steet t ots Jeoereclor ee se! ot | ar unaamuson-aranmne | a0H9 vavucen| 2 ae : os: Joootselovsroe| 0» | vntunszzasmiuan | “vo awnaeeve| ot ses . +6 [oes ecloe ox se] or | -wnevionne-ovawane| va wavor| of co———| = xa foo sufor see] ase | uw svsiam-vnownme| —avae -nwa “et °° 4 sot 20 Me c/ot ros] | see WN SYNWIHOM Wve FOND NENONS| “ae od © “sz 00 ov ualan re ca] ol Ui SAVOUR TURE TA thas WRRWT TE aon ves sual S| a oe |overuler ev] ou maa avevoruow saoow on| 2 ter [cose se vee | -oW “vontunne= wana 8 2 ove foc mu 1 ssawve-ovevovion sor waene| we oa I wae fos wa ta | wn ‘vonuve wove | wae venue is oo: ’ awe | oc ass v6t [etunanonumeve-vwvarv| ow twonral ze , tre | 00 sm{oose ie] ort | wn tuvsuune-ananmman | varwn nse et ‘orn wos sievinent PEG) s sree | c02esslee 0 cs] & ftevrvnmiow-ovevnonnt weuie| v2 “SEMVNY NOeaveTN wos OauaGmNO> lon GiDGme | @ , ' se | ox waa}or see 06 | ara tvninvy -tmarone tne 1 . z | ee | cere] orcees] sczifawiorevoveon-onanemmes| —-m nvoweo| ae : ' ee | us ova a0 ve clans inane aun wen ve 2 | ee | oeoced] ones! te | -warvsamama-winsone wun st , : ot 20] 06 264] Dor | ym sve swoKvn ome event | ‘ © seursi|oc ot] 2 |-wan‘nveoniuvn-vanarone] —-m evnenoz0| 1 a | emo] 2 | a | ocsred fen unannivne-avevawe| ——wrnvn virene| e [asswall a, | seat |fseane see] wn tvrvanw- ero] soro-nior| a 2 facwma} © | or | veceos) evceeal (mies) sen “nae -amarns vunseve| ¥ © ce z0%a| 00 se} vee | wn ewrcuumy-unanimne] — yarww uw | 01 ‘ . 209811) 90x62] cots -wiqavonion-enanvanie wwvante| ‘ ‘ wea soa henrinancioniinabeenaan rven | s ’ eu] uw tanavu yeviww] ———ewaraave | - coeras 6 | un-oreviewie-ovavowuen waa] * 8 teailoc sect] s0x| wa trmowe-ninwa| ovo vane | . 0 ++ 91/00 oun | ynvam-anannavive vere | = ceived socom] or] aemw"semeers-armino| ——tavw nt | ‘ tero4il oor ce] G>¥0r |W" uneineee- vows tworn| 3 ' corwsi| coe] ox | entynvmam = weinme| wae aun | 4 7 a sp ts ni z z ery gers ar eo ane nuove onan suse | “a on aie | eae oveu/anea kone eee to dows! sum ciao aeowe | vate [on — Soon] wwe | om | avonnawa | uraor aue-a9 fiers | mm noasas so" amn | a0 anew | 5 “iviniva ony souviasie “Gos go AiniaviWAy viva GW “[snwia_VaNeS - eon uausn) (5)1 SNOZENT Ni GLNGWHOAVD a9GRG AvNiIVe asloNISS gO A877 ToneTABLE -2: BASIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBZONE ~1 (e) ae Beater x z say sak, a, ae 1 20 (2425.54 96.60 0.629 121.82 2 404 Q) 2072.0 125,19 0.870 134.21 400 1903.00 200.60 0.257 396,09 A Gnaggar 1128.00 ta seta 35.91 181 oi.6e 144,90 0.901 152.61 8 e175 97440 0.39 155.96 124 si.s3 saa74 0.465 98.23 i 4244 140,00 64.50 6.280 26.74 1307 322,20 $6.32 3.65 29.48 10. 994s) 206.61 19.80 0.422 76.78 m 6s 190.11 sa.2 Wa 9.52 12. 223 187.96 47.75 0.974 ts.38 1B. 166 165.78 7.8 0.61 as.18 1 288 160.08 6.70 0.492 52.32 15. 93d) 140,68 (8,60 3.60 15.07 16. 2 $06.40 698 0.361 183.16 1 ros!) toa.se 23.80 4.363 18. 2a1 96.41 36.20 1.08 34.83 19. as 7.00 28.34 0.128 a. 20. waar 55.00 17.00 5.8 7.06 2. 1231 49.47 16.19 2.41 10.43 22. tea 35.87 9.45 an 483 23. 30 25.28 15.0 2.0 10.61 450s" 06'L 8 z 765°0 ze"se i o9"k o8'e 6z z 962°0 sorrk 8 00"e 00°S St z v6Z°O Lok v 09" oorLL ag z es0°0 vere ee oro o9"h 6 te epeek o0*ort ‘ 09°0. 09'S oS, z 69b"o 00" & ork 06*e az z ztLt°O oo*oL 9 00°F Os Zb ob z z80°O bere sv 09"S ‘O80; os z Lb 00°2tz &@ = _ =a 2 oo Shy bet e 3] cs} dy (9){ gNozans sumusnmiva’o’n unoH=Z SAILVINASHagY. 16 - wIGWE EE tee Td *0z “ob “ab “ab “ot “st “wh seb “eh “th “oF “6 “8 7s “9 "s ” 7e 1% 1 con “18 46Where :S =Equivelent stream slopel ™/km } L =Length of longest steam course (km) rls s---+ In = Segment lengths (km) 1185 a = Contour elevations(m) OnD1,Da,....Dn (€)~€9) 5 (¢g-€g) ae Ln €g) (m) Eo = 2(65~€5 1) ; Ax Catchment area’ (k nt oreo (km: GOVT. OF INDIA CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION HYDROLOGY (SMALL CATCHMENT) OTE, PHYSIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERSFig; 2 ( Qumecs ) ° 12 3 4 5 6 unit Graph Unit Rainfoll Duration adopted in a specific study (hr) Time from the start of rise to the peak of the U.G.(hr.) Peak Discharge of Unit Hydrograph (Cumecs } Time from the Gentre of cainfall excess duration to the U.G, Peak(hr) Width of the U.G. measured at 50 % of peck discharge ordinate (nr.) Width of the U.G. measured at 75 % of peck discharge ordinate (hr. ) Width of the rising limb of U.G, measured at 50% of peak discharge ordinate (hr. Wags Width of the rising Ilmb of U.G. measured ot 75% of peak discharge ordinate (hr.) Tg = Bose width of Unit Hydrograph (hr) A = Catchment Area (Sq. km.) GOVT. OF INDIA CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION Up=Qp/A= Cumec per Sq.km, HYDROLOGY (S.C) DIRECTORATE | UNIT GRAPH PARAMETERS AWN BY AVA CHECKED BY. A. K. GHOSHWANVHN ViLvHe “W'S: a3x93K9 azovus (0) | 3NOZ-ens SNIVid VONVO -OGN! Uadan Sb ony 977 W33M136 NOIMV13¥ Wokwwanwanrs vives A00TOuaAN MOISSINFIOD. waLYM TWuLN7D VION! 30-ANBWINEEAOD pear zs6 exe on 6z bese sroe vers ierze) GE 9001 oot a 33 33 (wol/soawno) S 2gVNNVHO "7 @axo3H9 (9) 1 3Noz-a0s SNIVId VONVS-oaNi uaden 4, ony 4y Na3M130 NOUWT3Y “SLOGINEMHOIWD TIVWSIADOTOBGAH NOISSINWOD ULVA IwYLNED VIGMI 20 ANZHNSAOD wYWin HSINAY azovul 4 (gW4/S03WND) 31 ai © 2 S38 8 (sunon) 44 060 #4 lecor (obese #44WoNis ao aaowul (8) ) anoz-aas SNIVId WONYD-OON! wads 6m any tb Naami3e Nouv Tay “aidsunanwaiva THYWS)A0070NGA NOIGSINNOD BILVA TWEAKED os war igi 104% sic toz v0 z wes sez es Cy (gwx/soawno) or 660+ 60.( 5) LIZZ =OS m KSunoH) OF m,(0) |anoz-sns SNIVId VONVO -OONI Uadan Sim any 4d N9BMI3@ NOLLWT3Y “TLOGINSWHDIVO TIYWS)KOQ TONGAN NOISSINMOD NIWA WWHINID VION! 40.LWaWNUaKOD (gvotsoanno) 4 ° @6'0 =? rye 8, oza'g-( 4) L261 Sm ‘001WAVES vuouy wa AS GNDDHO AQ NAVEO (0) 1 gNOz-ens Suva VONVD -oon! uagan 088m any 4b (e730 NOUTBN *RLONBMNOIND TIVE) ADOTONGAN MOrsBINNO waivH THuLKED VIN! a0.4NanWuzAoD (gwx7soanno) 9b or 16Oe2 610.14) 2180 «OS Hm < 2 a 8 g e z aWNNVHN av a3¥oaH9 (9)13NOZ~sn5 sNIvig VONWO-oaN! uauén SUm any bd. NaaMl3e NOUTaY GENaRHOLYD TIYNS) 48070UCAN NOIGSINNOD UBIVA TUMINSD WIONt 30 LNaMNUaAOD oz ovo 0971 002 os 007 ovo sou ont 00-¥ 090 or ast oor (gwavsoawno) “b 0%, 2 (sunon) S444, Se «Ft oo 6270p) 90902948 4,WANYHN a'¥ | TWALLnWN'a™9 canoaHo ozovus| (0) BNOzZ-ens SNIVTd VONYD-OON! U3ddn 1 any dy WnAls0 NOUN "GLOW.NGAWOIVD TIVWS) DO|ONGAN WOISSINNOD UB1VM TVULNED ‘VION! 40 ANAHNUZAOD ez. (sunon) leo- + d 1.8 no bj) oer = OL 4 2 Sy = S e FA 3]e, 2, ” axa te ttf? The above relationships may be utilised to estinate the paraneters of 2+hour Synthetic Unitgraph for an ungauged catchment with its known physio~ graphic parameter L, A ands, 2.10 DERIVATION OP 2-HOUR SYWIHETTC UNETGRAPH FOR AN UNCAUCED CATCHMENT Considering the hydro-meteorological homogenity of subzone -1(¢), the relations established between physiographic and unitgraph parameter in Section 3.9 for 23 ropresentative catchnents are applicable for derivation of 2-hour Synthetic Unitgraph for an ungeuged catchment in the same subzone. ‘The steps for derivation of 2-hour unitgraph are: » ii) aii) iv) Physiographic parameters of the ungauged catchment viz. the catchment area (A, length of the longest stream (L) and equivalent stream slope (S) are determined from the catchment area plan. / _/S is calculated, Substitute L/ _/S in the equation 3,9.3 a, = 2.020/(1/ _/s)°° 49 to obtain @, in oumecs/eq.kn. Then Q, = @, x A in cumecs, n Q =a, Substitute q, in equation 3.9.4 1.038 %, = 1,858/(@,) ko obtain t in hours > 7 =tt = (n+ urs. f ty + B/2 = (t, +1) hours, Suhetitute g, in the following equations 3.9.5 to 3.8.8 to Obtain Msgr yes Magy 2nd Nays An ours My = anna) We = weaTI/1@,) 8% Maso ~ 9r812/¢4,)9"9°7 Yes = 0.6067 ¢q,) 9°79" Substitute ¢, in equation 3.9.9 % = 76744 (1 to obtain 7, in hours, 56vi) PLE the parameters of 2-hour unitgraph viz! Ty Ty Q.1 Weor Wigs Resor Mays OF 2 Graph paper as shown in illustrative Fig,2 and sketch the unitgraph through these points. The @ischarge ordinates (Q,) of the unitgraph at 2-hour (t_) interval ere sumed up and the direct runoff depth (a) in cn is obtained from the following equation 3.9.10 a = 0,36 «9. xt, ® tee ee 359-10 where d = depth of direct runoff in em. 9, Discharge ordinates at 2-hour interval (cunecs). A = Catchment area in sq. km. In ease the depth of runoff (d) for the Synthetic Unitgraph drawn is not equal to 1.0 ca, then suitable modification may be made in falling Limb of ‘the unitgraph to obtain 1.0 cm depth of runoff, 3.11 DRSTGN LOSS RATE Surface runoff occurs when the gross rainfall has net with the abstractions due to infiltration, evapotranspiration, interception, filling up of surface depressions etc.. Since each and every pataneter cannot be chserved at verious locations in the catchments, a need therefore arises to adopt an average value of design loss rate representing all the abstraction: Variations due to the soil conditions and topography along with the spatial variations in rainfall make this lose rate s complex phenomena. In thie report, the loss rate study based on $-index approach using the actual. data of flood hydrographs provide necessary guidance in arriving at the design loss rate. In Table~4 the ranges of loss rate are presented against the nunber of events falling in each category for each catchment, There could perhaps be two alternatives. One was to adopt the lowest value of loss rate and the second to adopt the model value of loss nate. Since this report is intended at providing 50-year estimates which may not be a very rare event when considered from design point of view, a model value of design loss: rate of 3,0 mm per hour is recommended for adoption, 3.12 BASE PLOW FOR DESIGN FLOOD ‘The number of events with verious ranges of base flow are shown in Table-5, Out of 179 number of flood events, 126 flood events fall in the range of 0.01 to 0,09 cumecs per sq. km, An average value of base flow of 0.05 cumecs per sq. km. is recommended for adoption in the subjone. 376c oe eh s or ¥ reaes ¥ toe os e ’ z z vet zw ° 8 let We L ‘ 0 oz oL hoe 9 sie 6 st zo 6 sez on z L t (rnron a v € uw z et s ‘ ® ces st te ‘ oF oz ve v » 99 ft € z 1 ere ze te ' o 89 tb t 9 ‘ (986 ob st v e1 ‘ tore 6 zu ub t pret a ¥ © t wee L ® 9 z 62 9 ® z t L ist s y ‘ € epoeyD v st vt t oor e > ’ (LYv0L z a z * oz ‘ BT BS TSS CSRS UT acge ee ae eres, pueqz’_o3 at’ os toy 02 1s00" __— S00" 2 00" 1000 Ton abpy38 soncts (®) 1+ sNozdns SNOTs¥ODO COOL 4 NEEWAN YOR SmONVE MOTs BSvE gOWWGAY +S-STEWE4,0 DESIGN STORM INPUT ‘Me areal distribution and time distribution of the rainfall of @ given duration are two main meteorological factors deciding the design flood peak and the shape of the design Flood hydrograph. This inpat has to be con- verted into rainfall excess and applied to the transfer function (Synthetic Unit Hy@rograph) to obtain the response (¥lood Hydrograph). an DESIGH STORM DURATION ‘The duration of the storm rainfall which causes the maximum discharge in a drainage basin is called the design storm duration. ‘The design storm @uration (Td) for a catchment may be adopted ac 1.| timee tp (bacin lag time) i.e. T= 1.1 x tp, The estinated design storm duration (1,) exceeding 24 hours shall be Limited to 24.0 hrs. 4.2 RAINFALL DEPrW! DURATION FREQUENCY STUDIES India Meteorological Department have conducted this study on the basis of 19 self recording raingauge stations and 145 ordinary raingauge stations intained by IMD/States and |5 SRAG stations maintained by Railway in 6 bridge eacchments in subzone 1(e). he annual maximum series for all the ordinary raingauge stations in and around the subsone were computed for each station from the daily rainfali data of the stations for the period varying from 50 to 70 years of records, ‘The annual extreme value series was subjected to Gumbel's extreme value dis~ tribution and the rainfall estimates for 50 year return periods vere computed. ‘The daily velues of rainfall estimates were converted into 24 hour rainfall estimates by using the conversion factor of 1.15. ‘These 24-hour rainfall estimates for all the stations in the subzone were plotted on a base map of the subzone and igopluviel map for SO-year return pericd is shown in plate-9 ‘he hourly rainfall data recorded by SRRG stations for the period of 5 years to 36 years were processed by frequency analysis (partial duration serice method) and tho rainfall ectimates for 50-yearc return period of speci~ fied duration namely 1,3,6,9,12,15,18 and 24 hours were computed The ratios of short duration of 1,3,6,9,12,15 and 18 hours rainfall setimates with reepect to 24-hour rainfall estimates were worked out for all the SRHG's stations in the subzone, The average value of the ratio for each specified duration was computed for the basin assuming the basin as a unit. The average ratios for durations of 1,3,6,9,12,15 end 18 hours with respect to 24-hour rainfall are as follows:Duration Ratio = S0-yr. P-hr.point rainfall S0-yx. 24-hr. point rainfall 24 1.0 18 0.93 15 0.39 12 0.86 9 0.77 6 0.58 3 0.56 1 0.34 Fig. 10 shows the ratios for short durations point rainfall with res- pect to 24-hour point rainfall. ‘The short auration rainfall estinates for various short durations (4,3,6,9,12,15 @ 18 hours) can be computed by using the respective ratios. ‘The value of 24-hr. rainfall estimates for 2 particular station for 50-yr. return period can be interpolated fron plate 9 and the short duration vain- fall estimates can be obtained by multiplying with the corresponding ratio for that particular short duration obtained from Fig. 10. 4.3 CONVERSTON OF POINT TO AREAT, RATNFALL, ‘The short duration rainrali data of only 6 bridge catchments were used for this study, The data of remaining bridge catchments could not be utilised as theiperiod of data were less than 4 years and concurrent yeare data were not recorded over the stations in a bridge catchment. 2-yr. point reinfall values for specified duration for each station in the catchment vere computed by frequency analysis. Arithmetic’ average of 2-yr. point rainfall of all the stations in the catchnent was calculated to gat the 2-yr. representative point rainfall for the catchment. Events of maximus average depth for a particular duration in each year were selected on the basis of simultaneous) occurranceof rainfall at each station in the catchment. ‘The areal rainfall series thus obtained was subjected to frequency analysis and 2-year areal rainfall depths for specified duration were computed. ‘The percentage ratio of 2uyr. areal rainfall to 2-year representative point rainfall for the catchment was calculated and plotted against the area of the catchnent for various dura~ tions. The best fit curves were drawn for specified durations on the points obtained for all the catchments. Areal to point rainfall ratics versus catch- ment azea curves for design storm durations of 1,3 and 6 hrs. are shown in Fig.11(a) and similar curves for durations of 12 and 24 hrs, are shown in Pig.11(b). ‘The areal to point rainfall ratios also called Areal Reduction Factors (ARF) read from the curves in Fige.11(a) and 11(b) alse shown in ‘Table-6. 4.4 TIME DISTRIBUTION OF INPUT STORMS Phe study of time distribution of short duration rainfall has been carried out by IND for the following categories of durations: + Rain storm of 2 to 3 hours eABLE-6/AREAL TO POINT RAINFALL IRATIOS (PERCENTAGE) fre The Ths he, 12 he. 2a he (Sa.Ka.) so es 92 9s 96 9a 100 80 28 1 94 a6 150 2 eo 20 92 96 200 68 at a6 oo 9 250 6 7a as 89 31 300 60 6 a a8 90 3s0 - ” 83 8 89 400 - n a2 86 88 450 - 2 a 8s 8 500 - n 80 8s 26 600 é - - 22 es 700 2 - = 80 aa 200 = - - 7 ez 900 z 4 - 7 a 1000 z z - n 81 1200 = - 6 20 1400 = = : - » 1600 : = zs - 7 3800 = 5 S - ” 2000 = ms = Bi ” “2500 - s x = 7 62Rain storm of 4 to 6 hours, 3. Rain storm of 7 to 12 hours 4, Rain storm of 13 to 18 houre Rain storm of 19 to 24 hours About 5000 rain storms of ‘various durations upto 24 hours gccurring in various parts of the subzone were analysed based on 600 station year data. Rain storm selected at each stations were grouped under the above 5 categories and plotted on different graphs as dimensionless curves with cumlative per~ centage of storm duration along the abeissa, thus, five different graphs were prepared for each stations corresponding to various duration and were then examined. The envelope and average tine distribution curves for the various @urations were drawn for each station. All the average and envelope curves for the stations thus obtained were plotted on a single graph and a single average and 2 single envelope curve for the subzone as a whole were drawn for storms of different curations and are shown in Fig.12. 4.5 1O0-¥EAR_24-HOOR POINT RAINFATI MAP Under earlier section 4,2: Rainfall Duration frequency studies, 50-yr. 24-hour point rainfall map in plate © and 50-year short duration point rainfall to 50-year 24-hr. point rainfall ratios for conversion of 24-hr. point xain- fall to 1,3,6,9,12,15 and 18 hours were provided for estimation of 30-year Elood. Howover, thore interested in the design Flood from 100-year short duration rainfalls upto 24 hours, 100 year 24 hour point rainfall map is shown in plate-10, To obtain 1,3,6,9,12,15 and 18 hrs. from 100-year 24 hour rainfall, the ratios given in section 4.2 may be used. Similarly sections 4.3 and 4.4 may be uced for conversion of point te areal rainfall and tine distribution of inpat storm respectively. 4.6 PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING THE DESIGN STORM RATNFALL, ‘The following procedure is recommended to be adopted for estimation of critical distribution of storm rainfall to cause the maximum flood due to the rainfall of a specified duration: Seep: Having estimated tp vide section 3.9, calculate the design storm dura~ tion t, = 11 tp thes.) Step - 2 Locate catchment under study on the S0-yr. 24 hr. rainfall isopluvial map (plate 9) and obtain the 50~yr. 24 hr. point rainfall value. step = 3 Read the conversion ratio for T, hrs. from Fig.10 and multiply the 24 hr. rainfall in step-2 by the ratio Eo obtain the S0-yr. T,-hr. point rainfall. 63step~4 Convert the S@-yr. T-hr. point rainfall to S0-yr. T)-hr. areal rain- fall by multiplying with theareal reduction factor (ARP) corresponding to catchment area under study and for T,-hr. duration from Table-6 or by inter- polation from Figs. 11(a) and 11(b) "in section 4.3 for the duration 7, hours and catchment area under study. Step=: Apply the cumilative percentage of total rainfall against the per- centage of average design storm duration curve in Fig.12 corresponding to design storm duration, 7, to obtain the depth at 2-hrs, interval since the unit duration of synthetic U,G. in 2-hrs. stop-3 v Obtain the 2-hourly rainfall increments from subtraction of successive 2-hrs. cumulative value of rainfall in Step~' 64UPPER WOO GANGA PLANS Seow 0 50 rea HOUR RUNFALLIO)PLATE -10 UPPER INDO - GANGA PLAINS. SUB-ZONE Ie 1500 oon aneeY oF oH mer rE ent 100 YEAR-24 HOUR RANEALL (mm? | "He SuNvEOR CEMENAe oF Nek © covmunet oF aaah cormonr ons = “ wwe [saePLATE -t0 ony, Tox, | Leteinet cron UPPER INDO GANGA PLAINS: ‘SUB*ZONE tie! esto urow Suiver oF Wok sth wT THE PemMesON e 100 YEAR-24 HOUR RAINALL (raBO=YR 24-78 RAINFALL YR _T=HA_RAINFALL CONVERSON RATOS: Lo 09 os o7 06 os 04 03 oz. ow 6 8 0 DURATION (HRY FIG.10 RSB83 ossHUK GAAS we OVOUAUN-~o 6 20 a a CENTRAL WATER COMNISSION |_wronevooresuau earewenrsyore_| UPPER INDO GANGA PLAINS DURATION Vs CONVERSION RATIO8 = i £ 2 & é 4 3 z g < z t £ 2 = q 3 g & Fig:it 100) 80) 70! 60 20 st 4 1 _1__t 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 AREA $Q. KM. ——= — a CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION HYDROLOGY (8.C) DIRECTORATE. UPPER INDO-GANGA PLAINS ( SUB- ZONE Te)a 2 = z & 8 2 6 2 2 & é 4 a & z = & b z 2 z S @ < 2 4, 6 AREA (x10"S@. KM) ouENENT OF HOTA cenfnat waren Coumssion inonotosr tse) oinecrORAre UPPER INDO- GANGA PLAINS (SUB -ZONE 16)a Ter wees aneT Nolivuna WHOLs 40 sovLNaOMRE SNUOLS 0 oor 08 08 ore SaAuno NOLLNEILSIO SHIL BOVEAAY ONY 3d073ANZ oe ‘aprugs7awa (28) A20v0H0AN atseiano> aie” 1Y¥AN30 ‘iow soanamwanaa lop ovuany auo7a¢Na ~ =~ 08 ~:pug0e7 262040") oe ubjesp Buyioinoieo 203 pean 19g pinoys oAune eooseny ~:310N ‘pe-6) ‘001 Noluvuna WHOLs.40 JOVINIDWId ool og 09 oy oz NouWund WHOIS 40 FOVINZOURE ool 08 oa oy oz 09 08 "SUH 9-6 SWYOIS “oun 21-1 SWuOLs 20 oot NoUWsNG WHOLS 40 JOVINZOVIE os 09 Ob oz o oz rom 08 ‘¥u TWLOL 40 % BattyINWND 8 01 MoLwvuNG WHOIS 4O 39VLNBONAd oe 09 oy oe 0 01 & 3 “2M “W101 40% SALW TANND "SUH €-2 SNBOLSESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD FOR AN UNGAUGED CATCHMENT ‘The following procedure is recommended: Determine the synthetic unitgraph vide section 3.9 Determine the design storm rainfall input vide section 4.0 Obtain the design loss rate of 0.3 em/sr. vide section 3. Obtain the hourly rainfall excess units upto the design storm duration ‘Tp by subtracting the design loaé rate of 0.6 cu/2-hr. from the 2-hourly rain~ #211 increments in atep~6 of section 4.6. Step. (4) the peak period (mm) value naving even number (i.e, miltiple of 2 since the unit duration is 2 hours) Tabulate the intervals. G., discharge values obtained from step~| at 2-hour Arrange the rainfall excess increments against the 2-hourly syathetic U.G. ordinates such that the maximum value of rainfall excess comes against the peak discharge of synthetic U.G., the next lower value of rainfall excess gucxenent comes against the next lower discharge ordinate and so on upto T,-hr. duration, (34) The peek period (tm) value having odd number (i.e, not a multiple of 2 hrs, since the unit duration is 2 hrs.) Tabulate the U.G. discharge values from the peak period of U.G. at 2 hours interval, . Arrange the rainfall excess incromente against the 2-hourly, synthetic U-G. ordinates such that the naximun value uf rainfall excess comes against the peak discharge of ‘synthetic U.G., the next lower value of rainfall excess increnent comes against the next lower discharge ordinate and so on upto a, he. duration.Step Reverse the sequence of rainfall excess increnents obtained in Step-5 (3) or (14) as the case may be which will give the critical sequence of the rainfall excess step = 7 Multiply the first 2shour rainfall excess with the synthetic U.G. ordinates at 2-hours intezval which will give the corresponding direct runoff ordinate, Likewise repeat the procedure with the rest of the 2-hourly rein- fall excess increments giving a lag of 2-hours to obtain successive direct runoff ordinates, Step = 6 Add the direct runoff ordinates at 2-hr. interval to get the direct. runoff hydrograph. Step =! Obtain the average bae Flow of 0.05 cumec/sq-km, vide section 3.12. Multiply everage base flow of 0,05 cumec/sq.km, with the catchment aree under study to get the total base flow. Step ~ 10 Add the total base flow to the direct runoff ordinates at 2-hour inter~ val in step-8 to get the 50-year flood hydrograph. Plot the hydrograph. Note : Where the peak period of U.G. is at odd hours. Step-11 Tabulate the U.G. values at 2-hr. interval as explained in step-3"(ii) Arrange the rainfall excess increments against the Z-hourly synthetic U.G. ordinates such that the maximum value of rainfall excess comes against the peak discharge of synthetic U.G., the next lover value of rainfall excess inexement comes against the next lower discharge ordinate and so on upto 1, hour duration. Step-12 Multiply the discharge ordinates of U.G. and the corresponding rainfall excess units at 2-hr. interval in step-11 to obtain the consecutive direct runoff values. Then add the direct runoff values to get the direct runoff peak. Ada the total base flow obtained in Step-9 to get the total peak dis- charge. Step-13 ‘The total peak discharge obtained in step-12 should be plotted on the hydrograph in step-10 between the maximum values of the rising and recession limb of the plotted hydrograph. ‘Then draw a smooth curve through these three points to get the complete flood hydrograph. "6.0 ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSION 6.1 ASSUMPrIONS 6.1.1 Tt is assumed that rainfall excess increments derived from depth dura- ‘tion curves obtained from the storm reopluvial maps of a particular return period will yleld the flood of the same return period. 6.1.2 A generalised conclusion regarding the base flow and lose rat~ are assumed to hold good during the deaign flood event. 6.1.3 Most of the catchments in the subzone are of elongated shape and flat. Because of the non-availability of the long texm peak discharge data of undi: turbed catchments, no other procedure except the unit hydrograph procedure will hold good for the catchment in question, despite the fact that due to elongated shapes of the catchments a spatial nonuniformity of rainfall may be More pronounced, S.1.4 ‘The hydrological data has been collected in various representative catchments for periods generally ranging from 2 to 9 years during the years 1962 to 1980. Consaquent to man made changes in the catchments and river courses, the pattern of floods had changed considerably. The slope of the land is also very flat in most parts of the subzone and spilling and spreading 9f flood water are quite comon. ‘The results of the analysis contained in the report generally represent the above complex conditions. Due to above factors, the critical design storm duration has been judiciously limited to a axinum value of 24 hours, ‘The data used for storm study had also indicated that the number of storms of more than 24 hours duration are negligible. Therefore, for values of estimated design storm duration (T,) more than 24 hours, the design storm duration shall be Limited to 24 houfs. 6.2 LIMTIATTONS 6.2.1 ‘the data of 23 catchnents has been considered for developing general: Sed approach for a large subzone, Due to inconsistancies of data and of non- availability of suitable floods, about 50% of the gauged catchsonts could noe be utilised for developing the relationships. This may have introduced some Limitations in the study, However, for nore reliable relationships, date of more suitable catchnents would be desirable. 6.2.2 The method would be applicable for reasonably free catchments with interception, if any, limited to 20% of the total catchment. For calculating the discharge, the total area of the catchment has to be considered. 6.2.3 The epproach developed mostly covers the catchments with flat to mod- erate slopes, For foothill catchments (steep slopes) suitable increase in the calculated peak discharge should be given,6.3 coxetsror 6.2.1. Thetaethodology+ for estimating’ the design flood of St-year return pariod incorporated in the body of the report im recomended for sdoption. 6.3.2 the report ie genorally epplicable for the catchuent areas e from 25 oq.ke. to 2500 aqko, However, certain unusual site conditions aay hecessitate individual site study. Engineer-in-charge at site 4e advised £0 take pragmatic view while deciding the design dischargeof.a bridge,