CHAPTER II

FRAME OF THEORIES, FRAME OF THINKING, AND HYPOTHESIS

A. Concept of Teaching English as a Foreign Language

In Indonesia, English is used as a foreign language. It is not used by people in their

daily communication. English is taught as a subject from elementary school and a

compulsory subject in junior high school to university level. As a matter of fact,

teaching English as a foreign or second language is not as simple as teaching English

as the first language.

Setiyadi states that language teaching is influenced by ideas on the nature of language

(language theories). Differences in language theories may affect the selection of the

teaching materials and differences in learning theories may affect the teaching

methods. A method that is used on the assumption that we learns his native language

(LI) will differ from one based on the assumption that learning a foreign is not the

same as learning mother tongue. It may be argued that the actual teaching of English

in Indonesia may differ from the English teaching in Malaysia or teaching English in

United State of America, where people should learn English in the condition where

the language is used for communication in their daily lives.15

15
Bambang Setiyadi, Teaching English as a Foreign Language, (Yogyakarta:Graha Ilmu,
2006), p.20.

10
 11

Talking about English as a foreign language in our country, the government has

decided that English should be thought the students from elementary school up to

university level.16 It is expected that the students are able to have the ability or

knowledge of English, which can be used for communication. The general aim for

language teaching is to equip to students with the knowledge and skill required for

effective communication in the foreign language. The English language as an

international language has an influence on the human life, in whole world. Though

this language, we can communicate and interact with people from different countries,

and can follow different technology development. Based on the statement above the

researcher assumes that the teaching English as a foreign language meaning that the

teacher should create a way to teach English in order the students can face the

globalization era and communicate with people from different countries confidently.

Teaching English as a foreign language should be based on students’ need. However,

communicative language teaching as an English foreign language context in clearly

greater challenge for students and teacher, which is implemented based on

communicative syllable that teacher should play role as facilitator, motivator, and

manager of the class.

16
Ibid, p.9
 12

B. Concept of Speaking

Speaking is one important part in learning. Sanggam states that: the spoken

productive language skill is called speaking. It is the skill of speaker to communicate

information to a listener or a group listener.17 Speaking is one of the four basic skills

in learning foreign language besides listening, reading, and writing. It has been taught

since the students enter a junior high school however it is not easy for students to

communicate in English. They have to think more often when speaking English.

Pollard states that speaking is one of the most difficult aspects for students to

master.18 This is hardly surprising when one considers everything that is involved

when speaking: ideas, what to say, language, how to use grammar and vocabulary,

pronunciation as well as listening to and reacting to the person you are

communicating with any learner of a foreign language can confirm how difficult

speaking is. It means that learning to speak a foreign language in this case English is

difficult.

Meanwhile, speaking according to Thornbury is so much a part of daily life that we

take it granted. Natural and integral is speaking that we forget how we once struggled

to achieve this ability until, this is we have to learn how to do it all over again in a

foreign language.19 Thornbury adds that classification of speaking genres according

17
Sanggam Siahaan. The English Paragraph, (Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2008) p.2.
18
Lucy Pollard, Op.Cit, p.33
19
Scott Thornbury. How to Teach Speaking, (England: Longman Pearson Education Limited,
2005), p.1.
 13

to their general purpose, the kind of participant they involve and the degree of

planning.20 Therefore, as a language skill, speaking becomes an important component

to master by the students as the main tool of verbal communication because it is a

way to express ideas and opinions directly what we have in our minds.

Based on the previous definitions above, it can be synthesized that speaking is the

process of using the urge of speech to pronounce vocal symbols in order to share the

information, knowledge, idea, and opinion to the other person. Moreover, speaking

cannot be dissociated from listening aspect, because speaking involves speaker and

listener.

C. Concept of Speaking Ability

Speaking is a way to share the information and knowledge, also to express ideas and

opinions directly what we have in our minds person to the other person. Meanwhile,

according to Robbins in Suratno, ability is the capacity of someone to do various

tasks in a job.21 Also, Siagian stated in Suratno, ability is a blend of theory and

practical experience gained in the field.22 From the definition above, we can conclude

that speaking ability is the capacity of someone to share and express the information,

knowledge, ideas, and opinions based on theory and practical experience.

20
Ibid, p.14
21
Suratno, Konsep Kemampuan Sumber Daya Manusia, available
sulut.kemenag.go.id/file/file/kepegawaian/aunw1341283316.pdf retrieved on May, 12th 2015 23:55
pm. P.1
22
Ibid, p.1
 14

Rychen states that the ability to communicate effectively is a competency that may

draw on an individual’s knowledge of language, practical IT skills and attitudes

towards those with whom he or she is communicating.23 Moreover, Richard states

that the ability to speak a second or foreign language well is very complex task if we

try to understand the nature of what appears to be involved.24 From the statements

above, speaking ability is a competency to speak or communicate to the other.

Moreover, learning speaking has a purpose that is to make the students can speak

English as an International language. Speaking is the process between speaker and

listener and it is a productive skill. When a person speaks, he or she sends

information or ideas to another person. Luoma states that speaking skill is an

important part of the curriculum in language teaching, and this makes them an

important object of assessment as well.25 It means that speaking skill is a difficult one

to assess with precision, because speaking is a complex skill to acquire.

Students should learn to speak the second language by interacting to others. For this

case, students should master several speaking components, such as: comprehension,

pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and fluency.26 In brief, English teacher should

be creative in developing their teaching learning process to create good atmosphere,

23
D.C. Rychen, The Definition and Selection of Key Competencies Executive Summary, (Key
DeSeCo publications), p.4, available http://www.oecd.org/pisa/35070367.pdf retrieved on May, 11th
2015.
24
Jack C. Richard and Willy A. Renandya. Methodology in Language Teaching: An
Anthopology of Current Practice. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 201
25
Sari Luoma, Assesing Speaking, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2004, p.1
26
H. Douglas Brown, Language Assessment: Principle and Classroom Practice, (California:
Longman, 2003), p.157
 15

improve the students speaking skill, give attention to the speaking components’, and

make the English lesson more exiting.

In communicating with other people, it is important to know whether the situation is

formal or informal. Besides, it is also important to know that the language, in this

case English can be standard or non standard so that they are able to communicate

effectively. In conclusion, students’ speaking ability in this research is their capacity

to express their ideas, opinions, feelings, and experiences, using English with good

pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. It is going to be

indicated with score achieved by students from the test given.

D. Measurements of Speaking Ability

In order to assess students’ speaking ability, Brown clarified five indicators of

scoring categories, they are:

1. Grammar

The speaker’s ability in structuring word by word, the speaking is understandable

by his/her interlocutor.

2. Vocabulary

The speaker needs to use an appropriate vocabulary in order that the speaking is

suitable to the topic.

3. Comprehension

It is about the speaker’s ability in understanding a talking. The understanding can

 16

be based on the experience or knowledge.

4. Fluency

The category related is to the speaker’s ability to speak fluently.

5. Pronunciation

This category is related to accent whether the speaker speaks like native or not.27

In this research, researcher assesses students’ speaking ability by using the scoring

rubric which is clarified by Hughes. They are accent, fluency, vocabulary, accuracy

and comprehension.

Table 2.1
The Category Level of Speaking Ability

PROFICIENCY Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1

Accent 6 5 4 3 2 1
Grammar 6 5 4 3 2 1
Vocabulary 6 5 4 3 2 1
Fluency 6 5 4 3 2 1
Comprehension 6 5 4 3 2 1

NOTE:
a) Accent
6 = Native pronunciation, with no trace of “foreign accent”
5 = No conspicuous mispronunciations, but would not be taken for a native
speaker
4 = Marked “foreign accent” and occasional mispronunciations which do not
interfere with understanding

27
H. Douglas Brown, Language Assessment: Principle and Classroom Practice, (California:
Longman, 2003), p.157
 17

3 = “Foreign accent” requires concentrated listening, and mispronunciations lead

to occasional misunderstanding and apparent errors in grammar or
vocabulary
2 = Frequent gross error and very heavy accent make understanding difficult,
require frequent repetition
1= Pronunciation frequently unintelligible

b) Grammar
6 = No more than two errors during the interview
5 = Few errors, with no patterns of failure
4 = Occasional errors showing imperfect control of some patterns but no
weakness that causes misunderstanding
3 = Frequent errors showing some major patterns uncontrolled and causing
occasional irritation and misunderstanding
2 = Constant errors showing control of very few major patterns and frequently
preventing communication
1 = Grammar almost entirely inaccurate except in stock phrases

c) Vocabulary
6 = Vocabulary apparently as accurate and extensive as that of an educated
native speaker
5 = Professional vocabulary broad and precise, general vocabulary adequate to
cope with complex practical problems and varied social situations
4 = Professional vocabulary adequate to discuss special interest, general
vocabulary permits discussion of any non-technical subject with some
circumlocutions
3 = Choice of words sometimes inaccurate, limitations of vocabulary prevent
discussion of some common professional and social topics
2 = Vocabulary limited to basic personal and survival areas (time, food,
transportation, family, etc)
1 = Vocabulary in adequate for even the simplest conversation

d) Fluency
6 = Speech on all professional and general topics as effortless and smooth as a
native speaker
5 = Speech is effortless and smooth, but perceptively non-native in speed and
evenness
4 = Speech is occasionally hesitant, with some unevenness caused by rephrasing
and groping for words
3 = Speech is frequently hesitant and jerky, sentences may be left uncompleted
2 = Speech is very slow and uneven except for short or routine sentences
 18

1 = Speech is so halting and fragmentary that conversation is virtually

impossible

e) Comprehension
6 = Understands everything in both formal and colloquial speech to be expected
of an educated native speaker
5 = Understands everything in normal educated conversation except for very
colloquial or low-frequency items, or exceptionally rapid or slurred speech
4 = Understands quite well normal educated speech when engaged in a dialogue,
but requires occasional repetition or rephrasing
3 = Understands careful, somewhat simplified speech when engaged in a
dialogue, but may require considerable repetition and rephrasing
2 = Understands only slow, very simple speech on common social and touristic
topics; requires constants repetition and rephrasing
1 = Understands to little for the simplest type of conversation.28

Because English in Indonesia is as a foreign language, the score levels given to the

students are about from level 1 to level 5.29

Table 2.2
The Classification of Speaking Ability

No. Level Score Category

1 Level 1 80-100 Excellent

2 Level 2 66-79 Very Good

3 Level 3 56-65 Enough

4 Level 4 40-55 Less

5 Level 5 30-39 Bad

28
Arthur Hughes, Testing for Language Teachers, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2003), p.111-113
29
Suharsimi Arikunto, Dasar-dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan: Edisi Revisi, (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara,
2009), p. 245
 19

E. Concept of Teaching Speaking

In teaching English as a foreign language, speaking ability is difficult to be taught

and to be learned. It has relation with the technique used in the classroom. Harmer

states that there are three main reasons for getting students to speak in the classroom,

those are:

1. Speaking activities provide rehearsal opportunities – chances to practice real-

life speaking in the safety of the classroom.
2. Speaking tasks in which students try to use any or all of the languages they
know provide feedback for both teacher and students. Everyone can see how
well they are doing: both how successful they are, and also what language
problems they are experiencing.
3. Finally, the more students have opportunities to activate the various elements of
language they have stored in their brains, the more automatic their use of these
elements become. As result, students gradually become autonomous language
users. This means that they will be able to use words and phrases fluently
without very much conscious thought.30

Good speaking activities can catch by using an interesting technique and teaching

skill from teacher. Thornbury suggests that the teaching of speaking depends on there

being a classroom culture of speaking, and that classroom need to become ‘talking

classroom’.31 From the Thornbury states above, students will be much more confident

speakers and their speaking ability will improve if the teacher and students establish

culture of speaking and talk with English actively in the classroom.

30
Jeremy Harmer, How to Teach English (Longman: Pearson Education Limited, 2007), p.123.
31
Ibid, p.123
 20

Teaching speaking activities in the classroom are accordingly divide into three main

categories, those are; pre-speaking, while/during-speaking, and post-speaking

activities.32 Pre-speaking which are planning and organizing, begins before students

actually speak. Students’ experiences, observations, and interactions inside and

outside of the classroom have an impact upon what students will say and how they

will say it. Pre-speaking activities involve thought and reflection, and provide

opportunities for students to plan and organize for speaking.

While-speaking are called going public. It means that students who have been

provided with supportive, collaborative environments and opportunities to prepare for

informal and formal speaking experiences are more likely to have the confidence

needed to “go public” with student ideas and information. In order to communicate

and interact with others, students need to engage in a variety of formal and informal

speaking situations, depending upon the purpose for speaking.

Moreover, post-speaking is a time for reflection and setting goals. Following

speaking experiences, both formal and informal, it is important to have students

reflect upon their performance because students who have opportunities to reflect

upon their speaking experience grow in their abilities to speak effectively.

Additionally, post-speaking activities serve to set goals for improvement. When

32
Saskatchewan Education, The Speaking Process available on https://www.edonline.sk.ca/
bbcswebdav/library/Curriculum%20Website/English%20Language%20Arts/Resources/Core/speaking.
pdf accessed by 00:35 am on April 19th, 2015. p.1
 21

students reflect upon their performance, they begin to recognize what they have done

well and where they require improvement.

According into three main categories of speaking activities above, we can conclude

that to reach the goal of speaking ability, we should know the steps of speaking

activities. In the pre-activities, teacher are planning and organizing the material or the

topic that will be taught to the students. For while-speaking, the students are given the

opportunities to speak their ideas based on the topic. The students interact with others

depend on the speaking situations that conducted by the teacher. Furthermore, in the

post-activities, the teacher gives the students a reflection. It used to know whether the

students understand the material given by the teacher.

One of the parts in teaching speaking is giving task to the students to find out the

ability of them. Brown argued that there were five types of similar categories apply to

the kinds of oral production that students were expected to carry out in the classroom.

They were imitative, intensive, responsive, interactive, and extensive.33

All of the categories of speaking performance will help teacher to give task to the

students. It can measure the ability of students in speaking skill. The teacher can

choose the design speaking performance based on the lesson being learned at the

time.

Teaching speaking is much more complex than teaching any other language skill or

33
H Douglas Brown, Op.Cit, p.141
 22

components because it involves a command of certain skill and several different types

of knowledge. Teaching speaking is an important aspect of teaching language

process. In teaching speaking, besides serving a good teaching technique, a teacher

should also be strategic in teaching. In learning and teaching strategy, a

communication activity is the effective way in teaching speaking. So, speaking

cannot be separated with communication because it can be used in daily life.

From the explanation above, the researcher assumes that in teaching speaking, teacher

should stimulate the students in teaching and learning process. The teacher can use

technique to interest the students. Therefore, they can speak their ideas experience or

feeling without being ashamed or afraid of communicating with other. Harmer states

that speaking activity divided into three types, there are decision-making (choosing

the winner in a photographic competition), role-play and interview ‘game’.34

F. Concept of Game

There are many good ideas about English teaching. One of them is using games in

the English class as a technique which is most easily accepted by students and

which is also a very useful and helpful aspect of communicative method.

According to Agoestyowati, learning a new language should be fun, interactive and

exciting. The use of games in a learning environment will not only change the

dynamic of the class, but also rejuvenate students and help the brain to learn more

34
Jeremy Harmer, Op.Cit, p.132.
 23

effectively. And she also says that game allow the students to work cooperatively,

compete with each other, strategize, think in different way, compare and share

knowledge, learn from other, learn from mistakes, work in a less stressful and more

productive environment and allow students to have fun.35

Based on Wright, Betteridge and Buckby that games help and encourage many

learners to sustain their interest and work. Games also help the teacher to create

contexts in which the language is useful and meaningful. The learners want to take

part and in order to do so must understand what others are saying or have written, and

they must speak or write in order to express their own point of view or give

information.36

Hadfield also said that a game is an activity with rules, a goal and element of fun.

There are two kinds of game: comparative game, in which player of teams race to be

the first to reach the goal, and co-operative games, in which player of teams work

together towards a common goal.37 It means that the teacher can make the different

kinds of game activity in the classroom. The teacher can use the game which make

the player of teams compete to be the first to reach the goal, or the teacher use the

game which make the player of teams work together to reach the goal.

Game can be used at many levels, from beginner until advanced based on the player’s

35
Redjeki Agoestyowati, 102 English Games (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2009),
p.xiii
36
Andrew Wright David Betteridge and Michael Buckby, Game for Language Learning
(Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p.1
37
Jill Hadfield, Intermediate Communication Game, (England: Longman Ltd, 1996), p.v
 24

age, cleverness and background. Everybody likes game because it is challenging and

usually there is a reward besides it. Such as score or point, it make a situation on the

game lively and the player does not feel bored and try to be the best on the game or

on their team.

Caillois defines a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics:

A. Fun : the activity is chosen for its light hearted character.

B. Separate : it is circumscribed in time and place.
C. Uncertain : the outcome of the activity is unforeseeable
D. Non-productive : participant does not accomplish anything useful.
E. Governed by rules : the activity has rules that are different from everyday life.38

Game gives a natural context for communication between students. Sometimes it is

difficult to persuade the students to say anything in foreign language. Game motivate

them to speak, to work co-operatively, compete with each other, strategize, think in

different way, compare and share knowledge, learn from other, learn from mistakes,

work in a less stressful and more productive environment and allow students to have

fun. Besides it make students fun in learning English.

From all of the statements above, we can conclude that game is activity with rules, a

goal and element of fun. Game is structural activity that can be used in teaching

learning activity and in the game it is not only to get fun but there is a goal and

structure.

38
Roger Caillois, The Definition of Play and the Classification of Games, (London: The MIT
Press, 2006), p.128.
 25

G. Concept of Pass The Ball Game

According to Holmes, pass the ball game is a game the students pass the ball when

they asked a question to the other.39 Also, according to Copland in Teaching English

Young Learners Activity Book, throwing a ball game has similarity with pass the ball

game.40 Moreover, in throwing a ball game, students passed the ball when they

introduce their selves or ask the questions. From Holmes and Copland statement

above, the students should be answering the question from the other when they

receive the ball.

According to Rohlf, Pass The Ball game is played in small groups. One student asks a

question and tosses a paper ball to someone in the group, who tries to answer it.

Then, in turn this person asks a question, and so on. No repetition of questions is

permitted. When the teacher calls time, students recapitulate what they remember.41

Based on Rohlf’s statement, this activity fosters paying attention and especially good

for kinesthetic learners. Also, this game invites the audiences or the students to think

and speak fastest.

Pass The Ball Game has similarity with Toss a-name game by Adam Fletcher and

Kari Kunst.42 Fletcher and Kunst are using ball and timer to make the students speak

39
Ibid, p.14
40
Fiona Copland, Teaching English Young Learners Activity Book (London: British Council,
2012), p.84
41
Judith Rohlf, Let’s Begin Talking (Canada: Speaq, 2011), p.50.
42
Adam Fletcher and Kari Kunst, Guide to Cooperative Games for Social Change (Common
Action, 2006), p.7-8
 26

fast. Because in the real activities, when the students faced with foreign people and

made the conversation, they have to think fast in order to give a question or answer

the question from foreign people.

From all of the statements above, the researcher concludes that Pass The Ball game is

a game activity that using a ball as media when the students give the questions to the

others. The students who got the ball should answer the question. Moreover, the

students have to think and speak quickly when they pass or get the ball. Also, Pass

The Ball game can be played in a small group or one team compete with the other

teams.

H. Procedure of Teaching Pass The Ball Game

Holmes states in his variation of game, there are some procedures of using pass the

ball game as follows:

a. Twelve to fifteen students standing in a circle with enough space so one

person can bounce the ball off the floor across to another students.

b. The first student holds the ball and asks a question like “How old is your

boyfriend?” As the first girl is asking the question, she bounces the ball on the

floor over to a friend who in turn must answer the question before touching

the ball to catch it.

 27

c. If the friend hesitates for too long, or is too slow and hasn’t finished

answering before she touches/catches the ball, then she is disqualified and

must leave the circle and sit down.43

Also, according to Copland, there are some procedures of pass the ball game as

follows:

a. The children stand in circle or sit on the chair.

b. The teacher starts the game by saying, ‘Hello, I’m Maryam’ and throws the

ball to a child. The child who catches the ball introduces him/herself in the

same way, throwing the ball to another child and so on.

c. If a child can’t continue to speak, the child is ‘out’ and the game continues

until only one child is left and is the winner.44

From explanation above, it seems that in pass the ball game the students are trying to

solve their speaking problem. Pass the ball game as a technique in teaching and

learning process, especially in teaching and learning speaking, it will improve their

confident to speak to the other and think fast to produce many words that used in

conversation in enjoyable atmosphere.

I. Procedure of Teaching Speaking through Pass The Ball Game

In this research the researcher uses pass the ball game in teaching and learning

43
David Holmes, Op.Cit, p.14
44
Fiona Copland, Op.Cit, p.84
 28

speaking in the classroom. The steps are as follows:

1) The teacher tells the students to make a group which consist 4-5 students.

2) The teacher tells the students to seat at seating order according to different

team. It means when one student from group 1 sit beside one student from

group 2, and beside student from group 2 is student from group 3, etc.

3) The teacher gives the students a topic, and told them to make a question.

4) The teacher chooses one student to be a beginner.

5) Students who be the beginner can decide the time between 20 second until 1

minutes. Time was used by teacher to limit the students when they speak in

the game.

6) The first student who holding the ball can give a question to anyone that

he/she want, the seating order or the direction doesn’t matter.

7) When the student gives his/her friend a question, don’t forget to pass the

ball to the student who got a question.

8) During the time, anyone can ask anything related with the topic from

teacher. When the time is up, the student who holding the ball or is

eliminated. Also, when the students can’t answer the question, they must be

out from the game.

9) The teams which still have their member and to be the last person who has

eliminated all of the other member team, his/her team will be the winner.

10) The teacher can give a reward to the winner team and give the loser teams a

penalty.
 29

J. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Pass The Ball Game

The advantages of using pass the ball game are students express their ideas and

feeling as free as they can, the students more comfortable and confidence in teaching

and learning English especially on how to make students confident in speaking

English in the classroom, the number of questions asked by students increase, provide

motivation to boost the students to develop their language learning, students get the

opportunity to communicate, and students’ failures to respond decrease.45 The

researcher assumes this game can solve students’ problem in speaking. By using pass

the ball game, the students should to think fast to make a question related with the

topic from the teacher and speak it out. It can be played for the whole class. The

teachers also can divide their students and uses pass the ball game in two sections.

Besides, when we can find many kinds of the strength this game, also this game have

some weakness, they are: students getting overexcited, students who can’t answer the

questions getting frustrated or holding the game up, students doing nothing while

waiting (maybe a long time) for the ball, students often asked the same questions, the

situation is crowded, the teacher should to handle and control the class when this

game is running, sometimes the students not ready yet when they get the

punishment.46

45
Journal of Wulandari, Teaching Speaking Using ‘’Pass The Ball Game’’ Technique at Fourth
Grade Students of SDN Mekarasih Kabupaten Bandung (STKIP Siliwangi Bandung, 2012), p.2
46
http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/using-ball-games-to-teach-english.html, accessed by
11:14 am on April 3rd, 2015.
 30

K. Relevance Study

The studies that have relevant with this study are: first this study which has relevance

with this research was conducted by Mairiza Devina (2014) on her thesis The Effect

Of Using Describe And Identify Game Toward Speaking Ability Of The Second Grade

Students at SMPN 6 Pekanbaru.47

The problem of her study, those were: Is there any significant effect of using describe

and identify game toward students’ speaking ability of the second grade students at

SMPN 6 Pekanbaru. The research used in her study was experimental class. The

researcher use quasi experimental design: pre-test, treatment, post-test. The similarity

of this research is the researcher using cluster random sampling to choose control

class and experimental class.

Second is Sriningsih (2014) on her thesis The Effect of Using Twenty Questions

Game Technique toward Speaking Ability of The Second Grade Students at SMPS Sei

Putih Kampar Timur District of Kampar Regency.48

The problem of her study, those were: Is there any significant effect of using Twenty

Questions Game Technique toward speaking ability of the second grade students at

SMPS Sei Putih Kampar Timur District of Kampar Regency.

47
Mairiza Devina (Thesis), The Effect Of Using Describe And Identify Game Toward Speaking
Ability Of The Second Grade Students at SMPN 6 Pekanbaru, (Pekanbaru: UIN Suska Riau, 2014)
48
Sriningsih (Thesis), The Effect of Using Twenty Questions Game Technique toward Speaking
Ability of The Second Grade Students at SMPS Sei Putih Kampar Timur District of Kampar Regency
(Pekanbaru: UIN Suska Riau, 2014)
 31

The research used in her study was experimental research. The research design of this

research was One- Group Pretest – Posttest Design. Furthermore, the similarity of this

research is the researcher same discuss about using game towards speaking ability.

L. Frame of Thinking

Speaking is a way to share the information and knowledge, also to express ideas and

opinions directly what we have in our minds person to the other person. In teaching

English as a foreign language, speaking is difficult to be taught and to be learned.

Therefore, to teach speaking the teacher should make a classroom culture of

speaking, and that classroom need to become ‘talking classroom’. However, the

researcher found that most of students in grade tenth at SMAN 12 Bandar Lampung

still have difficulties in speaking. It caused by some factors. Those are; first, most of

the students are too shy and afraid to take a part in the conversation. In the other

words, the students are having problem with their confidence. Second, the students

are still clumsy in speaking, they just speak when the teacher ask them. Third, the

students are not enthusiastic and not brave enough to involve in the speaking learning

process. Therefore, they need an attractive technique to stimulate them to speak

English

Based on the frame of theories, the researcher assumes that students’ speaking ability

is still low. To solve this problem, in learning speaking, the teachers need to

implement a technique that can help the students to reach the English material easily.
 32

Besides, the teacher also needs to use media in teaching and learning activity more

attractive and more interesting both for students and for the teacher themselves.

When the teacher uses pass the ball game, students can learn and practice their

speaking ability. Also, the students will learn English exciting, because pass the ball

game is interesting and motivate the students to speak English well. The students also

increase their knowledge to think fast and produce many words that used in

conversation in enjoyable atmosphere. Teacher should control the class and help the

students when they found the difficulties of learning English using this technique in

the class.

SPEAKING

Pass The Ball Game

Pronunciation Grammar Fluency Vocabulary Comprehension

Moreover, the researcher assumes that using pass the ball game, the students are not

only increase their speaking skill but also gaining their confident in spoken English.

Also, pass the ball game gives the students motivation to learn English more. They

get the opportunities to increase their confident to speak English and think fast to
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produce many words that used in conversation. In this case, when this technique

success, it means students can speak English confidently with some components as

good as they maximal capacity.

M. Hypothesis

Based on the theoretical assumption above, the researcher formulates the hypotheses

as follows:

Ho : There is no influence of using pass the ball game towards students’ speaking

ability.

Ha : There is an influence of using pass the ball game towards students’ speaking

ability.