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Heat Exchanger Lecture PDF
Heat Exchanger Lecture PDF
Heat
exchangers are
used in AC and
furnaces
• The closed-type exchanger is the most popular one.
• One example of this type is the Double pipe exchanger.
• In this type, the hot and cold fluid streams do not come
into direct contact with each other. They are separated by
a tube wall or flat plate.
Principle of Heat Exchanger
• First Law of Thermodynamic: “Energy is conserved.”
0 0 0 0
dE ˆ ˆ
m.hin m.hout q ws egenerated
dt in out
Qh A.mh .C ph .Th
m.hˆ m.hˆ
Qc A.mc .C pc .Tc in out
Qh
HOT
Thermal Boundary Layer
Cross Section Area
THERMAL
BOUNDARY LAYER Region III: Solid –
Energy moves from hot fluid Cold Liquid
to a surface by convection, Convection
through the wall by
conduction, and then by NEWTON’S LAW OF
convection from the surface CCOLING
to the cold fluid. dqx hc .Tow Tc .dA
T Ti,wall
h
To,
wall
Tc
V u2rdr
r 0
V = volumetric flowrate
u = average mean velocity
In turbulent flow, there is no such distribution.
r
• Accordingly the temperature gradient is larger at the wall
and through the viscous sub-layer, and small in the
turbulent core.
Tube wall
qx hAT heating
Metal
Warm fluid
wall
dq dqhot dqcold 1 1
d (T ) U .T .dA.
m .C h m .C c
dq U .T .dA h p c p
A A
T10
T1 T2
T4 T5 T10
T2
T3 T6 T1 T4 T5
T3 T6
T8 T9
T7
Parallel Flow
T7 T8 T9
in in
T1 T T h c T3 T7 Counter - Current Flow
T1 T Tcout T3 T7
h
in
T T T
(T T ) (T6 T2 ) 3 4 T
Tlm 3 1 T1 6
(T T ) Wall 6
ln 3 1
(T6 T2 ) T
T T 2
7 8 T
9 T10
A
q hc Ao Tlm
(T1 T7 ) (T2 T10)
Tlm
(T1 T7 )
ln
(T2 T10)
DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS TO CHARACTERIZE A HEAT EXCHANGER
Nu f (Re,Pr,L / D,b / o )
h.D C p .
v.D.
k k
h
k
q A(Tw T )
•Empirical Correlation
•For laminar flow
Nu = 1.62 (Re*Pr*L/D)
•For turbulent flow
0.14
0.8 1/ 3 b
Nu Ln 0.026. Re . Pr .
o
Hot Flow
Cold Flow Rotameters
rotameter
Heat Temperature
Controller Controller
4.5
y = 0.0175x – 4.049
4
3.5
3 Experimental trend
2.5
2
y = 0.7966x – 3.5415 250
9.8 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11
200
ln (Re) 150
Nus
100
Theoretical trend
50
y = 0.3317x + 4.2533
0
150 2150 4150 6150 8150 10150 12150
4.8
Pr^X Re^Y
ln (Nu)
4.6
Experimental Nu = 0.0175Re0.7966Pr0.
4.4
4.2 4622
4
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Theoretical Nu = 0.026Re0.8Pr0.33
ln (Pr) Experimental trend
y = 0.4622x – 3.8097
Effect of core tube velocity on the local and
over all Heat Transfer coefficients
35000
Heat Transfer Coefficient Wm-2K-
30000
25000
20000 hi (W/m2K)
ho (W/m2K)
U (W/m2K)
15000
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4