ARTES

Automatic Relay Test Systems

User Manual
DIFF-Monitor

KoCoS Messtechnik AG
Suedring 42
D-34497 Korbach
Tel. +49 5631 9596-0
Fax +49 5631 9596-16
Email info@kocos.com
Internet www.kocos.com
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The DIFF-Monitor

CONTENTS
ARTES 1

1 THE DIFF-MONITOR ..................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Activate the DIFF-Monitor ...................................................................................... 4
1.2 Call up the DIFF-Monitor ........................................................................................ 4
1.3 The monitor interface ............................................................................................ 4
1.3.1 Ribbon ................................................................................................ 5
1.3.2 Settings area........................................................................................ 5
1.3.3 Output area ......................................................................................... 5
1.3.4 Graph area .......................................................................................... 5
Settings in the graph area ...................................................................... 6

2 TEST OBJECT SETTINGS ................................................................................................ 7

2.1 Device-specific settings.......................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Define channels .................................................................................... 7
Transformer protection scheme............................................................... 7
Line differential protection scheme .......................................................... 7
Transformer parameters ........................................................................ 8
2.2 Function-specific settings ....................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 General settings ................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Set Tripping ......................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Set DIFF Characteristic .......................................................................... 9
2.2.4 Set Harmonic Characteristic ................................................................. 10
2.2.5 Set Inspection parameters ................................................................... 10
Test sequence .................................................................................... 10
Internal short-circuits .......................................................................... 11
Pre-fault test values ............................................................................ 11
Post-fault test values........................................................................... 11
2.2.6 Evaluation ......................................................................................... 12
Tripping / excitation ............................................................................ 12
Maximum deviation ............................................................................. 12

3 CARRYING OUT TESTS................................................................................................ 13

3.1 Testing manually ................................................................................................ 14
Define test point manually.................................................................... 14
Define test point graphically ................................................................. 14
3.2 Testing with a series ........................................................................................... 15
Define test points................................................................................ 15
3.3 Testing with a sequence....................................................................................... 16
Define sequences................................................................................ 16
3.4 Pdif harmonic test............................................................................................... 18
Test points settings ............................................................................. 18
3.5 Batch ................................................................................................................ 19
3.6 Result display..................................................................................................... 20
3.6.1 Show details ...................................................................................... 20
v ...................................................................................................... 20
3.6.2 Progress and measurements................................................................. 21
3.6.3 Test plan view .................................................................................... 21
3.6.4 Test report......................................................................................... 21

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The DIFF-Monitor

Copyright © 2011 by KoCoS Messtechnik AG. All rights reserved.

No part of this manual may be reproduced or processed, duplicated or distributed using electronic systems in any form (print,
photocopy, microfilm or other method) without the prior written consent of KoCoS Messtechnik AG.
KoCoS Messtechnik AG is not liable for damage resulting from misuse, nor for repairs and alterations made by unauthorized third
parties. This manual has been produced with great care. However, KoCoS Messtechnik AG does not accept liability for errors due to
negligence.
Note: all the product names which appear in this manual are brands of the companies concerned.
Even if a trademark symbol ® or ™ is not given, it does not necessarily follow that a term used in this document is not a brand name.

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The DIFF-Monitor

1 The DIFF-Monitor
Using the DIFF-Monitor, it is possible to test stabilisation and tripping characteristics for
harmonic functions and the tripping times of differential protection relays.
For example, the behaviour of a transformer which is to be protected by means of differential
protection can be simulated exactly for internal and external short-circuit faults.
Test points can be defined numerically or using the mouse in the Idiff/Istab diagram.
Test values are calculated automatically with reference to the nominal data of the transformer
and the HV/LV data. With transformers using phase-rotation vector groups, for example YD 5, a
phase adjustment is automatically performed between the currents of the high voltage and low
voltage side which are to be compared in differential protection. In addition to the vector group
adjustment, an amplitude adjustment is of course also performed. It is also possible to test
functions for harmonic blocking such as inrush current and over-excitation.
The reaction of the test object is recorded during the test. Test evaluation is performed with
reference to the configured characteristics of the differential protection device.

1.1 Activate the DIFF-Monitor

Before the DIFF-Monitor can be called up, it must
be activated in accordance with the licence
agreement. For more information, see the section
of the ARTES V4 user manual titled Licensing.
Differential protection must also be selected as
a function on the Test object tab.
On the Test object tab, click the
Properties button
In the Functions group, click
Configuration
Select the Differential protection check
box

1.2 Call up the DIFF-Monitor

Click the Start tab
Click the button in the Monitor group to
see the list of monitors
Click the icon for Differential protection

The DIFF-Monitor is called up.

1.3 The monitor interface

The interface comprises a table area and a graph
area.
The table area is used for entering and displaying
test parameters.
In the graph area, the test parameters are shown
in diagrams.
Settings can be made directly in the diagram
using the mouse. The values set in the table area
and in the diagram correlate directly with each
other, i.e. changes made in the table area are
immediately visible in the diagram and vice
versa.

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The DIFF-Monitor

1.3.1 Ribbon
The ribbon contains all the commands and
dialogue boxes which are needed in order to
configure and carry out a differential protection
test.
They are described in the context of their use in
the following chapters of this user manual.

1.3.2 Settings area

Test parameter settings can be made here. For
more information, see the section of this manual
titled Manual tests.

1.3.3 Output area

The output values are displayed here. For more
information, see the section of this manual titled
Manual tests.

1.3.4 Graph area

The tripping characteristic of the differential protection device is represented graphically in the
right-hand half of the monitor.
It is displayed in the IDiff-IStab plane. The
stabilisation current Istab is entered on the
abscissa and the differential current Idiff on the
ordinate. The currents relate to the rated current
of the test object.

The pick-up values I> and I>> are displayed as

broken lines in the graph. The test points
themselves are also displayed in the graph.

When the mouse cursor is moved across the

graph it takes on the form of a black cross. The
current mouse position (IStab/IN and IDiff/IN) is
displayed on the diagram.

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The DIFF-Monitor

Settings in the graph area

The function bar contains functions for zooming
and configuring the graphical display enabling the
representation of the characteristic concerned to
be tailored to meet various different requirements.
When the mouse moves over the bar, a window
appears in which these functions can be carried
out.

Click the button to call up a list of additional

functions for configuring the graph:
Edit range
The start and end values of the axes in the
diagram can be defined.
Move
Keeping the left-hand mouse button pressed, the
function bar can be moved to a different position
within the graphical display.
Auto hide legend
The legend beneath the zoom window can either
be displayed all the time or can be set to be visible
only when the mouse is moved over it.
Show tolerance band
The defined tolerance band along the characteristic
can be shown in the form of a translucent band of
colour.
Snap to grid
When test points are selected graphically, they can
automatically be set on the grid.

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Test object settings

2 Test object settings

Basic properties of the test object are set on the Test object tab, under Properties/Device, and
are described in the ARTES V4 user manual.
However, for a differential protection test, Transformer parameters and, if required, Line
parameters must also be set here under Electrical environment.
In addition, function-specific settings must be made under Functions/Differential protection.

2.1 Device-specific settings

2.1.1 Define channels
The inputs and outputs of a differential protection test can be assigned manually or by means of a
scheme, as described in the User manual ARTES V4 under Test object.
On the Test object tab, click the Properties
button

In the Device group, under I/O interfaces,

click the Channels tab
Define channels manually or by selecting a
Scheme in the list box of the same name

Transformer protection scheme

Select two windings or three windings as
the transformer type
Define the primary and secondary
transformer current
Click the buttons or the transformer icons
to define the instrument transformers

Line differential protection scheme

Define line currents 1 and 2
Define the instrument transformer by clicking
the buttons or the transformer icons

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Test object settings

Transformer parameters
When a transformer is configured as a related
operating resource, the transformer parameters
must be defined.
In the Device group, under Electrical
environment, click the Transformer
parameters tab

Units
Set the units for the display of Apparent
power, Voltage and Current for the
connected transformer

Vector groups
Set the Primary and Secondary vector
groups and the index number of the
transformer

Rated values
Set the Rated values of the transformer for
the primary and secondary side
S = Apparent power
U = Rated voltage
I = Rated current

Transformer type
Set transformer type
If a connection scheme was selected, this
setting is made under I/O
interfaces/Channels/Scheme

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Test object settings

2.2 Function-specific settings

On the Test object tab, click the
Properties button
In the Functions group, click Differential
protection
The settings for differential protection are called
up.

2.2.1 General settings

Depending on the type of relay, various different
calculation formulae are used for the determination
of the stabilisation current Istab.
Select the stabilisation formula
Select the reference for the rated current

2.2.2 Set Tripping

The tripping characteristic contains 2 areas;
settings are made as displayed below:
Dependent on Istab:
Idiff> and the corresponding tripping time tdiff>
Independent of Istab:
Idiff>> and the corresponding tripping time tdiff>>

2.2.3 Set DIFF Characteristic

Parameters for stabilization of the test object are set on the DIFF Characteristic tab.

Individual line elements are used to create a

Characteristic. Where the line elements
intersect, they are automatically linked to form the
tripping characteristic.

Click the Add a new line button

A new line element is created.
Enter parameters for the line
φL Line
Angle of the straight line in relation to the Istab/In
axis in an anti-clockwise direction.
|V|
Length of the vector which starts at the origin in
relation to In.
φV Vector
Angle of the vector which starts at the origin in
relation to the Istab/In axis in an anti-clockwise
direction.

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Test object settings

2.2.4 Set Harmonic Characteristic

The settings for testing with harmonics are made on the Harmonic Characteristic tab.
Use the Harmonic drop-down list box to switch between the parameters for the 2nd up to the
32nd harmonic. A separate characteristic can be entered for each harmonic.

Individual line elements are used to create a

Characteristic. Where the line elements intersect,
they are automatically linked to form the tripping
characteristic.

Click the Add a new line button

A new line element is created in the table.
Enter parameters for the line
φL Line
Angle of the straight line in relation to the Ixf/Idiff
axis in an anti-clockwise direction. The index x
indicates the harmonic concerned.
|V|
Length of the vector which starts at the origin in
relation to Idiff.
φV Vector
Angle of the vector which starts at the origin in
relation to the Ixf/Idiff axis in an anti-clockwise
direction. The index x indicates the harmonic
concerned.

2.2.5 Set Inspection parameters

The test mode and the times for the pre-fault
period, the sequencing and the post-fault period of
the test can be defined on the Inspection tab.

Test sequence
Enter the Maximum fault duration
The duration of the output of test quantities can be
limited. If the test object does not react as it
should, possible damage can be avoided in this
way.
The Maximum fault duration limits the duration
of output to a multiple of the reaction time in the
case of a fault in accordance with the configured
tripping characteristic. The test is stopped
independently of signal input when the configured
time has elapsed.
Enter Wait time
The Wait time is the time between the output of
the test points.

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Test object settings

Internal short-circuits
During the calculation of the test quantities for
internal short-circuits, a differentiation is made
between feeding from one side or from two sides.

Select either Fed from one side or Fed

from two sides
Example:

First test point with setting Fed from one side:

The test current 3In is output with 3In on channels
line current 1-3 (primary).

Second test point with setting Fed from two

sides:
The test current 3In is divided between channels
line current 1-3 (primary) and line current 1-
3 (secondary) and is output with 1.5In on each.

Pre-fault test values

Realistic rated operating conditions can be
reproduced by defining pre-fault test values.
Enter Duration and Nom. current for the
pre-fault test values
If the check box is selected, the nominal current is
output during the pre-fault time.

Post-fault test values

Realistic conditions such as the operating time of
the circuit breaker can be reproduced by defining
post-fault test values. The fault quantities or any
fixed values are available at the current outputs for
the duration of the configured post-fault time.
Enter the duration and the fault current for
the post-fault test values.
If the check box is selected, the fault current/fault
voltage is output during the post-fault time.

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Test object settings

2.2.6 Evaluation
The type and the max. deviations of the evaluation
are defined on the Evaluation tab as well as the
use of logical integration.

Tripping / excitation
Select the Phase selective check box if
tripping or excitation are to be evaluated
phase-selectively.
If the evaluation is to be phase-selective,
define the type of logical integration
For an OR operation, time measurement is
on the first flank; for an AND operation, time
measurement is on the last flank.

Maximum deviation
Enter Time delay (rel./abs.)
The relative time delay (in %) and the absolute
time delay (in s.) regulate the time tolerances for
test evaluation. The greater of the two values is
always used for test evaluation. If only a relative or
only an absolute time delay is to be evaluated, the
value 0 is entered in the superfluous text box.
Enter Current (rel.)

Confirm settings with OK

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Carrying out tests

3 Carrying out tests

Switch to the Start tab
Select a protection function

Various test modes can be selected for the test

and these modes are described below. All the test
modes provide a means of checking the operating
times and the "locking" of differential protection
relays. To do so, one or more test points can be
chosen. An "Idiff/Istab value pair" is referred to
as a test point.
The signals on the binary inputs of the test
system are recorded during tests. The test
procedure is automatically controlled in
accordance with the configured test parameters.

When testing in the DIFF-Monitor, only three-pole faults can be defined. For this reason the
appropriate entry, e.g. L1-L2-L3, is pre-defined and cannot be edited in the Fault loop box.

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3.1 Testing manually

A manual test can contain only one test point.
Click the Differential protection monitor
Click Manual to select the manual mode

Define test point manually

Define the test points by entering the IDiff
and IStab values.
Once the test current has been entered, the value
for the Tripping time is determined and
displayed automatically in accordance with the
characteristic defined.
If No Trip (n.t.) is displayed in the Tripping
time box, the test point has been placed in a
zone in which the protection device is not
supposed to trip. This makes it possible to test
whether the relay reacts to faults which occur
outside the protection zone.

Define test point graphically

Alternatively, test points can be defined directly
in the R/X diagram.
Use the left mouse button to define the test
point in the graph
Various functions can be accessed in the tool bar
in the graph. For more information, see the
section titled Graphical display.

Start the test by clicking the button or

pressing F5 on the PC keyboard

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Carrying out tests

3.2 Testing with a series

A series contains a succession of individual test
points each of which is set manually.
The test quantities calculated for the test points
which have been set are output immediately after
one another, allowing for any pre- or post-fault
time which may have been set.
This makes it possible to define an automatic test
procedure to check various sections of the
characteristic of a differential protection device, for
example.
Click the Differential protection monitor
Click Series to select the series mode

Define test points

Define test points as described under
Testing manually
Add test points with
The test point is added to the test points list.
The list can contain any number of test points.

Selected test points can be deleted from the list by

clicking the Delete button . The Clear all button
directly deletes all the test points added to the
list.
Multiple selections can be made by keeping the
control or shift key pressed during selection.

Start the test by clicking or pressing F5

on the PC keyboard
All test points are output and evaluated in the
order in which they appear in the list.

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3.3 Testing with a sequence

The major difference between a sequence test and
a series test is that the test points in a sequence
are calculated automatically on the basis of the
parameters which have been defined.
The test points of a sequence are defined along a
straight line, which is limited by a start and end
point.

Click the Differential protection monitor

Click Sequence to select the sequence mode

Define sequences
Points
A number of test points can be arranged around a
position on the straight line allowing a more exact
determination of the tripping value.
Define the number of test points in the Points
text box
Example Points = 2
2 test points are arranged below and 2 points are
arranged above the characteristic.
Edit range
The range of a test step is defined by the step
width of the test points.
The step width defines the distance from a test
point to the characteristic.
If the number of points is greater than 1, they are
Step width
distributed along the given step width.
The step width of the test points can be entered in
the Relative (%) or the Absolute (I/In) mode.
Define the mode in the Range list box

Relative:
The step width is entered as a percentage and
refers to the value of the test step.
The smaller the value of the test step, the smaller
is the step width.

Absolute:
The step width is entered as an absolute value and
is the same for every test step.

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Carrying out tests

Istab values
Enter the number of test steps on the
straight line in the Istab values text box
Example: Istab values=10 (from 0 to 7.5 In)
Points=2
Range=5%
10 linear test steps are arranged along the
characteristic in the range from Istab = 0 In to 7.5
In. 2 points are arranged below and an 2 points are
arranged above the characteristic.

Enter the start and end of the straight line

The straight line can also be defined directly by
clicking on the diagram:
Start ( left mouse button
End ( right mouse button
The test points are automatically defined along the
End point
straight line.

Straight line

Start point

Click the Add button

The test points of the sequence are added to
the output table

Start the test by clicking or pressing F5

on the PC keyboard
All test points are output and evaluated in the
order in which they appear in the list.

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Carrying out tests

3.4 Pdif harmonic test

Testing with harmonics corresponds to testing with
a series. A test of this type contains a succession of
arbitrary test points which can lie in any position in
the Idiff plane.
The test quantities calculated for each test point
are issued in immediate succession one after the
other, unless a pre-fault or post-fault period has
been defined. This makes it possible to define an
automatic test procedure to check the inrush
blocking of a differential protection device, for
example. The reactions are usually checked at
various places in the tripping and non-trip zone of
the Idiff characteristic.
Click the Differential protection monitor
Click Pdif harmonic test

Test points settings

Define test point
Select harmonic
IDiff
y-axis: Idiff/In Differential current relative to the
rated current
Ixf/IDiff
x-axis Current of the corresponding harmonic
relative to the differential current. The x stands for
the harmonic, e.g. the second harmonic = I2f.
Start phase
Defines the start phase of the harmonic and with
it the displacement relative to the fundamental
component
Only those harmonics are available for
selection which have been defined on the
Test object tab under Properties/
Functions/Harmonic characteristics.

Add test points with

The test point is added to the test points list.
The list can contain any number of test points.

Selected test points can be deleted from the list by

clicking the Delete button . The Clear all button
directly deletes all the test points added to the
list.
Multiple selections can be made by keeping the
control or shift key pressed during selection.

Start the test by clicking or pressing F5

on the PC keyboard
All test points are output and evaluated in the
order in which they appear in the list.

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3.5 Batch
With the batch function, it is possible to run an
automatic succession of different test instructions.
In order to do so, individual test instructions must
be defined and combined in a batch function
sequence.
Click Batch to select the batch mode

Click the button to open the list, then

select the mode for the new test instruction.
Define test points in a series, for example, in
the Settings box or in the graph
Add the test points to the test instruction
with the button
Click the To sequence button to adopt the
test instructions
A test instruction selected with the mouse can be
moved up or down within a sequence using the
buttons.
The button can be used to delete an individual
test instruction and the button to delete all the
test instructions of a sequence.

Test instructions which have already been created

can also be combined to form a sequence:
Select a created test instruction
Click the To Batch button
The test instruction is added to the
Instructions list
Click the To sequence button to adopt the
test instructions

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3.6 Result display

The reference values and the actual values for the
tripping time are displayed in the table area along
with the deviation. If no trip is supposed to occur
or if no trip has occurred, the text box concerned
displays the message "n.t." (no trip).
An indicator shows how each test point is assessed
after it has been tested. If the measured operating
time lies within the configured tolerance, the test
point is given a positive assessment with a green
indicator. If not, a negative assessment is given
with a red indicator. Test points which have not
been tested are displayed with the following icon:
.
All the test points listed in the table are also
displayed on the graph in the right-hand half of the
monitor window with an indication of their status.

3.6.1 Show details

The Show/Hide details button can be used to

show a variety of information, including details on
the individual phases.
The deviation can be displayed as absolute and/or
relativ value by clicking the Tripping time arrow
button.

By clicking a column heading, it is possible to sort

the parameters in the table in ascending or
descending order.

Click the Show/Hide details button

Information on the individual phases is shown.

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3.6.2 Progress and measurements

Click the Progress tab
During or after output, a progress display can be
shown instead of the diagram.
Click the Measurements tab
Measured values can be displayed instead of the
diagram.

For more information on the functions of these

displays, see the section of the ARTES V4 user
manual titled VD-Monitor static

3.6.3 Test plan view

The test steps carried out are displayed in the Test
plan view. For more information, see the section of
the ARTES V4 user manual titled Test plans.

3.6.4 Test report

A test report can be created on the Properties tab
and printed out as required. For more information,
see the section of the ARTES V4 user manual titled
Test reports.

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