SGD 3: GENESIS OF FATIGUE
- comes from the food you eat
Muscle fiber type is one of the factors that can affect
muscle fatigue
Slow Fibers (Type I)
- More efficient in using energy
- Function: respond slowly and have long latency,
long, slow posture-maintaining contractions
- Extensive blood vessel system and more capillaries
to supply extra amount of oxygen
- Increased number of mitochondria to support high
levels of oxidative metabolism
- Slow myosin breakdown to create ATP
- Myoglobin (iron-containing protein) gives its reddish
appearance and combines with oxygen and stores it
until needed
- Ex. Postural muscles (erector spinae), Temporalis
Fast Fibers (Type II)
- Power muscles
- Function: short twitch durations and for fine-skilled
movement
- Has an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum for rapid
release of calcium ions to initiate contraction
- more susceptible to fatigue
- High glycolytic activity for energy source
- Have less extensive blood supply than slow fibers
because oxidative metabolism is of secondary
importance.
- A diameter larger than type 1
- Type IIa - fast, oxidative; intermediate to Type I and
Type IIb
- Type IIb - fast, glycolytic (anaerobic)
- Ex. Biceps (predominantly Type IIb)
- Ex. abductor digiti minimi
NOTE: muscles are combinations of different fiber types,
but there will be a predominant fiber type depending on the
function; training can also influence/change the ratios
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Phosphocreatine & glycogen (+oxidative
metabolism): substances that reconstitute ATP
- Energy comes from PO3 bonds
- 7300 cal/mole of ATP
- Role of myosin: breakdown ATP
- Sources of ATP:
1. Carbohydrates
- Aerobic & Anaerobic process
- Occurs in cytoplasm of cell through anaerobic
process of glycolysis and mitochondria through
citric acid (Kreb’s) Cycle
- First line of energy source
- Only macromolecule that can be used for
anaerobic process
2. Fatty Acid
- Uses oxygen to be broken down
- Mitochondria through beta-oxidation
- Used up in prolonged exercises/low intensity
3. Protein
- Requires hydrolysis to their component amino
acids and degradation of amino acids to
compounds to Kreb’s cycle and then AcetylcoA
& CO2
Energy Systems (ATP sources)
1. Phosphagen Energy System/Creatine Phosphate/
Phosphocreatine/ATP-PC
- ATP buffer system
- Maximal rate of power generation: 4 moles
ATP/min
- Creatine ~ PO3- ; Phosphocreatine and ATP (d ko
ito gets)
- at rest, some mitochondrial ATP
breaks down
- free phosphate group now binds
to available creatine forming
phosphorylcreatine (Creatine +
ATP ➡️ PC + ADP)
- increased formation of PC ➡️ ➡️
PC stores (reserved)
- when needed for activity, PC is
hydrolyzed (breaks down) at the
junction between the myosin and
actin heads forming ATP from
ADP
- when is phosphorylcreatine
used? during periods of high
activity, in order to sustain muscle
activity
- Phosphocreatine + ADP ↔ ATP + Creatine (cycle)
- Provides 8,500 to 13,000 cal/mol of ATP or 10,300
calories
- End product: creatine and PO2
- Very active at start of all exercises regardless of
intensity
 - Short sharp burst of energy (<10 secs) - Glycogen provides: 3 moles/ATP
- Fastest, occurs within a small fraction of a second, - Free glucose entering the cell must be
but few or limited ATP produced phosphorylated by using 1 mole of ATP before
- Provides maximal power for 8-10 seconds (used in it can begin to split. Glucose from glycogen
short term, high intensity activities) already in the phosphorylated state without
- Ex. 100-m dash, jumping, weight lifting, diving additional expenditure of ATP
- Stored in muscles and replenished in - Maximal rate of power generation: 2.5 moles/ATP
phosphocreatine breakdown - Hard to break down
- Unlike ATP, it cannot act as a direct coupling agent - Glucose: 2 moles
for energy transfer between food and cellular - Glycogen: 3 moles
systems - Provides 60-90 seconds (1.3 to 1.6 minutes) of
- Can transfer energy interchangeably with ATP maximal muscle activity (short moderate periods of
- When extra amounts of ATP are available in the contraction in addition to 8-10 seconds provided by
cell, its energy is used to synthesize ATP-PC)
phosphocreatine. When ATP begins to be used up, - Glycogen content of muscles during strenuous
the energy in PCr is transferred rapidly back to bouts of exercise decreases and lactic acid
ATP concentration increases
- Slightest usage of ATP by cells calls forth the - End product: lactic acid (because of lack of
energy from PCr to synthesize new ATP due to oxygeneration)
higher energy level of high-energy phosphate bond - Ex. 400-m dash, 100-m swim, tennis, soccer
in PCr to cause reaction between PCr and ADP to
form ATP ➡️You don’t only use one energy system except when it is a
short burst of energy➡️
2. Aerobic (Oxygen Energy System)
- Oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids ATP-PCr + Glycogen-lactic acid systems
in the mitochondria to provide energy - Basketball, baseball, 200-m dash, ice hockey
- Available for unlimited time or for longer athletic dashes
activity Glycogen-lactic acid + aerobic systems
- Slow production - 200-400 m swim, 800-meter dash, 1500 m skating,
- Maximal rate of power generation = 1 mol boxing, 1.5 km run, 1-mile run
ATP/min; provides 38-39 (39 if glycogenesis).
- Slow/Aerobic Glycolysis - creates 2-3 ATP REMEMBER!
- Kreb’s (Citric Acid) cycle - 2 ATP ● Exercise of short duration/maximal effort
- Electron Transport Chain - 34 ATP - Predominant anaerobic system
- Uses carbohydrates and fat in slow energy burn - Fueled by carbohydrates
- Uses oxygen to produce glycogen, glucose and - 2-3 min duration
ATP - Accumulates lactic acid in the blood (results:
- Essential in basic energy needs sore after workout)
- Byproduct is water, urea, CO2 ● Prolonged exercise/low intensity
- Slow to respond if activity requires bursts of activity - ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis are needed at
but ATP produced is many/unlimited the beginning of exercises >10 min
- Ex. 10,000 meter skating, marathon run (26.2 - Main fuel are carbohydrates and fat (?45 mins)
miles, 42.2 km), jogging, cross-country skiing - No lactic acid accumulation
- After the exercise, oxidative metabolism is used
to reconvert about ⅘ of the lactic acid into glucose
Duration Intensity Primary Energy System
and the remainder becomes pyruvic acid and of event
oxidized in the citric acid cycle, asl well as the
electron transport chain 5-10 s Very intense Phosphagen
3. Glycogen-Lactic Acid (Anaerobic Glycolysis)
- Energy release occurs during glycolytic breakdown 10-60 s intense Phosphagen & fast
of glucose or glycogen to pyruvic acid glycolysis
- Without use of oxygen
60-90 s Heavy Fast glycolysis
- Fast glycolysis (only about half as rapid as the
ATP-PCr); best source of energy under anaerobic 2-3 min moderate Fast glycolysis & oxidative
conditions is stored glycogen of cell
- Fast but few or limited ATP produced >3 min light oxidative
- Glucose provides: 2 moles/ATP
Muscle Fatigue
- Failure to maintain the required or expected force of
muscle contraction
- For prolonged periods = decrease rate of relaxation;
decreased contraction velocity and decrease tension
will also cause muscle fatigue
- Inability of contractile and metabolic processes of the
muscle fibers to continue maintaining or supplying
the same work output
- Causes:
- Accumulation of lactic acid
- Decline in ability of muscles to generate force
- Interruption of blood flow
- Decrease in oxygen supply
- Decreased neurotransmitters
Classifications of Fatigue
1. Peripheral
- Impaired excitation-contraction coupling
- Failure of generating muscle action potentials
- Impaired transmission of nerve impulse across
myoneural junction can diminish at least a small
amount after intense prolonged muscle activity
- Nerve & muscle relationship impulse
2. Central
- Failure of neural drive
- Reduction in number of functioning motor units
- Decreased frequency of activation of each motor
unit
3. Metabolic
- Prolonged muscle activity = depletion of ATP
supply
- Interrupting blood flow may also lead to a complete
muscle fatigue because of loss of nutrient (oxygen)
supply
- Accumulation of products of biochemical reaction
(lactic acid)
- Prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle also
leads to muscle fatigue
- Directly proportional to depletion of muscle
glycogen
- Lack of energy source
What happens to the skeletal muscle/body or to the person
if there is fatigue?
● Decrease in function and ability to move a certain
part or muscle
● Local muscular fatigue: depletion of muscle glycogen
● Dehydration: sweat, increased body temperature
● Boredom and physical beating
● In anaerobic exercise: limited blood supply due to
strenuous muscle activity and lactic acidosis: >60-70
gm Lactic Acid in muscle and blood
● In aerobic exercise: low blood glucose = decreased
glycogen stores in liver
Oxygen Debt Phenomenon
- Period after exercise in which there is an increase in
oxygen consumption to convert lactic acid to
glycogen/glucose and oxidize it to CO2 and H20,
reconvert adenosine monophosphate an ADP to
ATP, to reconvert creatine and phosphate to PCr
- Borrowed oxygen to convert lactic acid to glycogen
and glucose then reconvert to ATP
- Reason why we still have deep breaths after running
- Somewhat like a protective mechanism as a sign for
the body to rest
➡️Poor quality of contraction but there is still action potential
in muscle fatigue➡️
Factors That Hasten Onset Muscle Fatigue
- Aging
- ↑ stimulus frequencies
- ↑ intensities
- Short resting periods
SGD 4: MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE
Physical Fitness Parameters
1. Muscle Strength (Type 2): ability to generate the
maximal (greatest measurable force) amount of muscle
force in a particular exercise
2. Muscle Endurance (Type 1): the ability to produce and
sustain muscle force over a sustained period of time at
submaximal level; resistance to fatigue
Types of Muscle Contraction
1. Isometric (static strength)
- Ability of muscle to produce force without changing
length, only tension changes
- Static strength is used for stability
- Cannot increase muscle strength because there is
no displacement (no work done)
- Multiple angle Isometric - resistance at different
angles (there is displacement, thus can contribute
to muscle strength)
- Ex: dynamometer; use of machines/devices
2. Isokinetic/Isotonic (dynamic strength)
- Visible change in length of muscle
- In the experiment, 1-RM is used to check dynamic
strength
- Repetition Maximum: continuous increase in load
with rest
- Ex: push ups, biceps curl
a. Concentric
- Shortening contraction of muscles
- Against a lod or gravity
- The faster, the weaker (fatigue)
- Inversely proportional in terms of speed
and force generation
- ➡️speed, lower tension
- ➡️ load, lower repetition
- Ex: standing up
 b. Eccentric Factors that could affect strength and endurance
- Lengthening of muscle - Muscle fiber type = Type 1 is resistant to fatigue (➡️
- Controlling and muscle is trying to slow cross sectional area ➡️ strength)
down - Arrangement of muscle fibers (➡️ motor units ➡️
- The faster, the stronger strength), feather-like arrangement is stronger (i.e
- Directly proportional in terms of speed and deltoid)
force generation - Gender: men have more testosterone than women
- ➡️speed, ➡️ tension
Resistance Training
Load repetition relationship - To improve muscle strength
- 60-100% 1RM —> strength training zone - Can prevent fractures due to increase in mineral
- To strengthen a patient = high repetitions, light loads content
OR few repetitions, heavier loads - No change in cardiovascular
- Increase in ligament & tendon strength
Hypertrophy
- Muscle or cell enlargement Women’s LE strength = 30% of Men’s
- 6-8 weeks; 3 weeks is the earliest indication of Women’s overall strength = 64% of Men’s
change in muscles Women’s Upper strength = 50% of Men’s
- No visible work in isometric
- Advantage: needed for stability Pennate muscles (Deltoid) can produce higher muscle force
- Disadvantage: only in one area does it strengthen than parallel muscles (sartorius)
- Actin & Myosin increases -> Myofibril increases in
size Load Repetition Relationship
- A. Starts with microtear
- B. Fiber hyperplasia

Hyperplasia
- Increase in sarcomere
- Increase in number of cells
- Satellite-basement membrane
- Dormant myogenic stem cells that proliferate
when there is remodelling
Reps

Physiological Stuff of Hypertrophy

1. Hypertrophy occurs to a greater extent when the
muscle is loaded during contractile process
2. Myofibrils increase in size and split
3. Connective tissues, enzymes, and nutrients Load (1RM)
4. Increased stored energy
- Inversely proportional
Neural Adaptation
- 60%-100%: optimum maintenance or training zone
- Recruitment of nerve is more efficient
for strength
- The muscle is used to carrying a load
- 10% to 50%: maintenance
- Motor unit is most excitable part of muscle
- ➡️CNS activation, ➡️ motor unit excitability, ➡️ motor
unit synchronization

Muscular Adaptation
- Microtear leads to more myofilaments
- Increased muscle size
- Increase number of muscle fibers
- Lower capillary density for powerlifters
- Lower mitochondrial density for strength training
- Higher intramuscular storage
- Higher connective tissue strength

ADDITIONAL (FACTORS & ADAPTATION ):