2 Flow Measurement

Introducion
MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY
FLOW MEASUREMENT  What is the flow? Mass flow rate?
 Why do we have to measure it?

BUI Dang Thanh, NGUYEN Thi Lan Huong
School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet road, Hà Nôi, Viêt Nam
Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 1 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 3
Presentation outline
1. Introduction
2. Flow measurement methods
 Turbine
 Diffiretial Pressure
 Vortec Turbine method
 Magnetic
 Temperature
 Ultrasonic
 Coriolit
3. Symbols in industry
4. Conclusion
5. References
1
Introduction to Turbine method Turbine method characteristics
 Axial turbines perform best when measuring clean, onditioned,

 Turbine, or spin-type, flow sensors steady flows of gases and liquids with low kinematic viscosities
(also called flowmeters), employ a (below about 10–5 m2s–1, 10 cSt, although they are used up to
paddle wheel or propeller placed in the 10–4 m2s–1, 100 cSt), and are linear for subsonic, turbulent
line of flow. The rotational velocity of flows. Under these conditions, the inherent mechanical
the wheel is directly proportional to stability of the meter design gives rise to excellent
flow velocity. repeatability performance.
 A small magnet is attached to one of  Not including the special case of water meters, which are
the blades, and a Hall-effect sensor is described later, the main performance characteristics are:
mounted in the housing *
Turbine principle Industrial Instruments
2
Differential pressure principle (Conti.)
 This sensor requires two pressure

ports, one upstream and one
downstream of the restriction. The
flow is proportional to the pressure
difference between these ports
and is calculated as follows:
Differential pressure method
Differential pressure principle

Differential pressure principle (Conti.)
 This group of flow sensors is based on
the fact that pressure in a moving fluid
is proportional to the flow. The pressure
is detected with a pressure sensor;
based on the physical dimensions of the
system, the flow can be calculated.
 The simplest flow sensor is called the
orifice plate (Figure ..), and is simply a
restriction in the pipe that causes a
pressure drop in the flow, much like a
resistor that causes a drop in voltage in
a circuit.
3
Characteristics of Differential pressure
method
 Low cost
 Easy to install, to maintenance and
replace
 Impact to flow Vortex method
 Use for liquid
Industrial Instruments Introduction to Vortex method
 Differentiall pressure measurement is a universal flow  The vortex shedding flowmeter first emerged 25 to
measurement for liquids, gases and vapors. Differential 30 years ago and has steadily grown in acceptance
pressure flow meter always provide accurate results even
with large bores, high temperature and extreme pressure.
since then to be a major flow measurement technique.
 Primary differential pressure devices, like SITRANS F O
Its appeal is due, in part, to the fact that it has no
orifice, are standardized mechanical flow sensors moving parts yet produces a frequency output that
according DIN EN ISO 5167 which are used for volume varies linearly with flow rate over a wide range of
and mass flow measurement. The SITRANS F O orifice Reynolds numbers.
are suitable for non-corrosive and corrosive gases,
vapors and liquids; permissible operating temperature -  The vortex meter has a very simple construction,
60 to +570 °C. The created differential pressue will be provides accuracy (1% or better) comparable to
converted with the help of a differential pressure higher priced and/or more maintenance-intensive
transmitter SITRANS P delta P into a proportional flow techniques, and works equally well on liquids and
signal. For calculation of the SITRANS F O orifice to DIN gases.
EN ISO 5167 is an completed filled out questionnaire
necessary.
4
Vortex method principle Vortex method
 Probably the first time, ages ago, that anyone placed a  Using for measuring the liquid, air and steam
blunt obstacle in a flowing fluid, he or she observed flow
the whirlpools or vortices that naturally form and shed  Another method of flow measurement involves
downstream. In everyday life, examples of vortex placing a bluff body (called a shedder bar) in
shedding are numerous. the path of the fluid. As the fluid passes this
 The undulation of a flag is due to vortex shedding bar, disturbances in the flow called vortices
from the pole, and the singing of telephone wires in a are created. The vortices trail behind the
strong wind is due to shedding from the wires. cylinder, alternatively from each side of the
bluff body.
 Analysis by Theodore von Karman in 1911 described
the stability criterion for the array of shed vortices.  This vortex trail is called the Von Kármán
Consequently, when a stable array of vortices form vortex street after von Kármán's 1912
downstream from an obstacle, it is often referred to mathematical description of the phenomenon.
as the von Karman vortex street. The frequency at which these vortices
alternate sides is essentially proportional to
the flow rate of the fluid.
Vortex method principle (Cont.) Vortex method
 Very early on, it was noted that, for a large class of  Inside, atop, or downstream of the shedder
obstacles, as the velocity increased, the number of vortices bar is a sensor for measuring the frequency
shed in a given time (or frequency of vortex shedding) of the vortex shedding.
increased in direct proportion to the velocity. *  This sensor is often a piezoelectric crystal,
which produces a small, but measurable,
voltage pulse every time a vortex is created.
 Since the frequency of such a voltage pulse
is also proportional to the fluid velocity, a
volumetric flow rate is calculated using the
cross sectional area of the flow meter.
5
Vortex method Vortex method
 The frequency is measured and the flow  This is the best instrument for measuring the air flow.
rate is calculated by the flowmeter
electronics using the equation where is the
frequency of the vortices, the
characteristic length of the bluff body, is
the velocity of the flow over the bluff
body, and is the Strouhal number, which is
essentially a constant for a given body
shape within its operating limits.
 Quite accuracy (error < 0,5%).
Vortex principle Industrial Instruments
6
Electro-magnetic principle
 Magnetic flowmeters have been widely used in

industry for many years. Unlike many other types
of flowmeters, they offer true noninvasive
Electro-magnetic method measurements.*
 They can measure reverse flows and are
insensitive to viscosity, density, and flow
disturbances. Electromagnetic flowmeters can
rapidly respond to flow changes and they are
linear devices for a wide range of measurements.
**
Electro-magnetic method Electro-magnetic principle (Cont.)
 If a liquid is even slightly conductive (and many are), a

magnetic flowmeter can be used. Shown in Figure .., the  As in the case of many electric devices, the
magnetic flowmeter has no moving parts and presents no underlying principle of the electromagnetic
obstruction to the flow. A nonconducting section of pipe is flowmeter is Faraday’s law of
placed in a magnetic field. * electromagnetic induction.
 The induced voltages in an electromagnetic
flowmeter are linearly proportional to the
mean velocity of liquids or to the volumetric
flow rates.
 As is the case in many applications, if the
pipe walls are made from nonconducting
elements, then the induced voltage is
independent of the properties of the fluid.
7
Electro-magnetic principle (Cont.) Electro-magnetic principle (Cont.)
 The induced voltage as a function of the

 The accuracy of these meters can be as flow:
low as 0.25% and, in most applications,
an accuracy of 1% is used.
 At worst, 5% accuracy is obtained in
some difficult applications where  Equation above indicates that in a
impurities of liquids and the contact carefully designed flowmeter, if all other
resistances of the electrodes are inferior parameters are kept constant, then the
as in the case of low-purity sodium liquid induced voltage is linearly proportional to
solutions. the liquid flow only..
Electro-magnetic principle (Cont.) Electro-magnetic principle
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

• This law states that if a conductor of
length l (m) is moving with a velocity v (m
s–1), perpendicular to a magnetic field of
flux density B (Tesla), then the induced
voltage e across the ends of conductor
can be expressed by:
• The principle of application of Faraday’s

law to an electromagnetic flowmeter is
given in Figure .. The magnetic field, the
direction of the movement of the
conductor, and the induced emf are all
perpendicular to each other.
8
Electro-magnetic principle Industrial Instruments
Meassuring range 0 to 10 m/s
 Although the induced voltage is directly From DN 2 to DN
Nominal Sizes
proportional to the mean value of the liquid 100 (1/12" to 4")
flow, the main difficulty in the use of 0.2 % ±1 mm/s
Accuracy
0.4 % ±1 mm/s (PFA)
electromagnetic flowmeters is that the
amplitude of the induced voltage is small Operating Pressure Max. 40 bar (Max. 580 psi)
relative to extraneous voltages and noise. From -40 to 100 °C (-40
Ambient temperature
Noise sources include: to 212 °F)
From -30 to 200 °C (-22 to
– Stray voltage in the process liquid Medium temperature
390 °F)
– Capacitive coupling between signal and Ceramics
Liners
power circuits PFA
– Capacitive coupling in connection leads Platinum
Electrodes
Hastelloy
– Electromechanical emf induced in the
Stainless steel AISI 316L
electrodes and the process fluid Material
(1.4404)
– Inductive coupling of the magnets within the ATEX - 2 GD Zone 1, FM
flowmeter Approvals
Class 1 div 2
Industrial Instruments Industrial Instruments

SITRAN F M MAG 1100 - SIEMENS
Description
SITRANS F M MAG 1100 is a wafer design sensor in stainless steel with highly Benefits - SITRAN F M MAG 1100 -
resistant liners and electrodes and is designed for the general industry environment. SIEMENS
The flangeless wafer design meets all flange standards.
The SITRANS F M MAG 1100 is used in all industries where the corrosion-resistant  Compact wafer design meets EN 1092, DIN
stainless steel housing and the highly resistant liner and electrodes fit even the most
and ANSI flange standards
extreme process media.
 Easy Plug & Play field changeability of
In order to have a complete flowmeter please combine it with one of the following transmitter
MAG transmitters:  Compact or remote mounting possible
SITRANS F M MAG 5000: Cost efficient transmitter, accuracy of + 0.4 % of flow rate  Highly resistant liner and electrodes that are
SITRANS F M MAG 6000: Bus communication, batch function and accuracy of + 0.2
suitable for most extreme process media
% of flow rate
SITRANS F M MAG 6000 I: Alu enclosure, Ex approvals, bus communication, batch  Designed to allow patented MAG in-situ
function and accuracy of + 0.2 % of flow rate verification using the SENSORPROM
fingerprint
Application examples: Process industry, Chemical industry, Water treatment
9
Thermal flow sensors (Cont.)
Thermal method
Thermal method Thermal flow sensors (Cont.)
 With two heater control modes and two evaluation  The sensor element, whether it is a wire or a film, should be a
modes, there are six operational modes shown in resistor that has a resistance with a high temperature
Table.. and three types of thermal mass flowmeters: coefficient a. For most sensor materials, the temperature
dependence can simply be expressed by a first-order function:
 Thermal mass flowmeters that measure the effect of
the flowing fluid on a hot body (increase of heating
power with constant heater temperature, decrease of
heater temperature with constant heating power). *
 Thermal mass flowmeters that measure the
displacement of temperature profile around the
heater, which is modulated by the fluid flow. **
 Thermal mass flowmeters that measure the passage
time of a heat pulse over a known distance.***
Ha Noi, March 2012

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10
Thermal principle
 Control and evaluation circuit of heat-wire and heat-film

sensors: (a) constant-current bridge; (b) constant-temperature
bridge.temperature dependence can simply be expressed by a
first-order function:
Ha Noi, March 2012

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Thermal method characreristics

 Using for measuring the air flow.
 Sensor characteristics of the constant-temperature mode  Fast response
before (a) and after (b) linearization
 High accuracy (<1%)
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11
Industrial Instruments Ultrasonic Flowmeters
 Flow is one of the most important physical parameters measured in

industry and water management. *
 For many years, differential pressure types of flowmeters have
been the most widely applied flow measuring device for fluid flows
in pipes and open channels that require accurate measurement at
reasonable cost. **
 Electromagnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters. Whereas ultrasonic
flowmeters can be applied in nearly any kind of flowing liquid,
Electromagnetic flowmeters require a minimum electric conductivity
of the liquid for operation.
 In addition, the cost of ultrasonic flowmeters is nearly independent
of pipe diameter, whereas the price of electromagnetic flowmeters
increases drastically with pipe diameter.
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
 There are various types of ultrasonic flowmeters in use for discharge

measurement: (1) Transit time: This is today’s state-of-the-art technology
and most widely used type, and will be discussed in this chapter section.
This type of ultrasonic flowmeter makes use of the difference in the time
for a sonic pulse to travel a fixed distance, first against the flow and then
in the direction of flow.
Ultrasonic method  Transmit time flowmeters are sensitive to suspended solids or air bubbles
in the fluid. (2) Doppler: This type is more popular and less expensive, but
is not considered as accurate as the transit time flowmeter. It makes use
of the Doppler
12
Ultrasonic Flowmeters (Cont.) Ultrasonic Flowmeters (Cont.)
 The acoustic method of discharge measurement is based on the fact that  Block diagram of a transit time ultrasonic flowmeter using oversampling
the propagation velocity of an acoustic wave and the flow velocity are for higher resolution.
summed vectorially. *
 If there are no transverse flow components in the conduit, these two
transmit times of acoustic pulses are given by:
Ultrasonic Flowmeters (Cont.) Ultrasonic Flowmeters
 Since the transducers are generally used both as transmitters and

receivers, the difference in travel time can be determined with the same
pair of transducers. Thus, the mean axial velocity /va along the path is
given by:
13
Ultrasonic Flowmeters - Install
Coriolis method
Industrial Instruments
Introduction to Coriolis method
 Coriolis flowmeters were developed in the 1980s to

fill the need for a flowmeter that measures mass
directly, as opposed to those that measure velocity
or volume. Because they are independent of
changing fluid parameters, Coriolis meters have
found wide application. *
 By measuring mass directly as it passes through the
meter, Coriolis meters make a highly accurate
measurement that is virtually independent of
changing process conditions. As a result, Coriolis
meters can be used on a variety of process fluids
without recalibration and without compensating for
parameters specific to a particular type of fluid. **
14
Coriolis method principle
Introduction to Coriolis method
 Common to Coriolis meters is a central point that serves as the axis of
 Coriolis meters have become widely used in rotation. This point is also the peak amplitude of vibration. What is
industrial environments because they have the distinctive about this point is that fluid behaves differently, depending on
highest accuracy of all types of flowmeters. which side of the axis of rotation, or point of peak amplitude.
They measure mass directly, rather than  As fluid flows toward this central point, the fluid takes on acceleration due
inferentially. to the vibration of the tube.
 Maintenance requirements for Coriolis meters

are low, and they do not require frequent
calibration. Wetted parts can be made from a
variety of materials to make these meters
adaptable to many types of fluids. Coriolis
meters can handle corrosive fluids and fluids
that contain solids or particulate matter.
Coriolis method principle Coriolis method principle
• Coriolis meters typically consist of one or two vibrating tubes with an inlet  The Coriolis tube (or tubes, for multitube devices) is vibrated through the
and an outlet. While some are U-shaped, most Coriolis meters have use of electromagnetic devices. The tube has a drive assembly, and has
some type of complex geometric shape that is proprietary to the a predictable vibratory profile in the no-flow position.
manufacturer. *
15
Coriolis method principle Coriolis method characteristics-Advantages
 The Coriolis force induced by flow is described by an equation that is • The most significant advantage of Coriolis meters is high
equivalent to Newton’s second law for rotational motion. This equation is
accuracy under wide flow ranges and conditions. Because
as follows: Coriolis meters measure mass flow directly, they have
fewer sources of errors.
• Coriolis meters have a high turndown, which makes them
applicable over a wide flow range. This gives them a
strong advantage over orifice plate meters, which typically
have low turndown.
In Equation above, F is force, m is the mass to be applied to a known point • Coriolis meters are also insensitive to swirl effects, making
at a distance L from the axis 0-0, w is a vector representing angular motion, flow conditioning unnecessary. Flow conditioners are
and /v is a vector that represents average velocity. placed upstream from some flowmeters to reduce swirl and
turbulence for flowmeters whose accuracy or reliability is
affected by these factors.
Coriolis principle Coriolis method characteristics-Advantages
 Coriolis meters have a low cost of ownership. Unlike

turbine and positive displacement meters, Coriolis
meters have no moving parts to wear down over time.
The only motion is due to the vibration of the tube,
and the motion of the fluid flowing inside the tube.
 Because Coriolis flowmeters are designed not to be
affected by fluid parameters such as viscosity,
pressure, temperature, and density, they do not have
to be recalibrated for different fluids.
 Installation is simpler than installation for many other
flowmeters, especially orifice plate meters, because
Coriolis meters have fewer components.
16
Coriolis method characteristics-Advantages Coriolis method characteristics -Disadvantages
 Coriolis meters can measure more than one  The lack of an established body of knowledge about
process variable. Besides mass flow, they Coriolis meters is a substantial disadvantage. *
can also measure density, temperature, and  This has made it difficult for Coriolis meters to gain
viscosity. This makes them especially
approvals from industry associations such as the
valuable in process applications where American Petroleum Institute.
information about these variables reduces
costs.  This will change with time, as more manufacturers
enter the market and users build up a larger base of
 It also makes it unnecessary to have a experience.
separate instrument to measure these
additional variables.
Industrial Instruments
Coriolis method characteristics -Disadvantages
The SITRANS F C MASS 6000 Ex - Transmitter
 The SITRANS F C MASS 6000 Ex d is based on the latest developments

 The chief disadvantage of Coriolis meters is their initial within digital signal processing technology – engineered for high
cost. While some small meters have prices as low as performance, fast flow step response, fast batching applications, high
$4000, the base price for most Coriolis meters is $6000 immunity against process noise, easy to install, commission and maintain.
and up. The transmitter is manufactured in stainless steel (AISI 316L) and able to
withstand harsh installation conditions in hazardous application within the
 The cost of Coriolis meters rises significantly as line sizes process and chemical industry.
increase. The physical size of Coriolis meters increases  In order to make a complete flowmeter, the SITRANS F C MASS 6000 flow
substantially with the increase in line size, making 150 mm transmitter must be combined with one of the following MASS sensors:
(6 in.) the upper line size limit on Coriolis meters today. SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 3-40: Mass flow measurement for general
 The large size of some Coriolis meters makes them industry
difficult to handle, and can also make installation difficult in SITRANS F C MASS 2100 1.5: For low flow applications
some cases. SITRANS FC300: For low flow applications
 Typical applications: Chemical process industry, Oil & gas industry,
Automotive industry and Power generation & utility industry
17
Industrial Instruments –Sensors
Industrial Instruments The SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 1.5
 The SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 1.5 has

Accuracy, mass flow 0.1% of mass flow rate demonstrated superior performance in numerous
applications and field trails relating to mass flow-
1 current
and density accuracy and turn down ratio.
Outputs 1 pulse
1 relay  The single continuous tube design without
internal welds, reductions or flow splitters, offers
HART
Communication PROFIBUS PA optimal hygiene, safety and CIP cleanability for
Foundation Fieldbus food & beverage and pharmaceutical
applications.
Display 3 x 20 characters
 The SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 1.5 is today
Enclosure Ratings IP67 the preferred meter for research and
From -20 °C to 50 °C (-4 development and mini-plant applications for
Ambient temperature liquid or gas measurement, where measuring
°F to 122 °F)
very small quantities (e.g. drops per hour) is
Approvals Eex de (ia/ib) IIC important.

Industrial Instruments The SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 1.5 (Conti.)
 Benefits
 Safe operation due to intrinsically safe keypad and
 In order to make a complete flowmeter, the
display directly programmable in hazardous area SITRANS F C MASS 2100 flow sensor must
 Exchange of transmitter directly in hazardous area be combined with one of the following MASS
without shut down of process pipe line due to ia IIC transmitters:
sensor / transmitter interface  SITRANS F C MASS 6000 (only remote
 Accurate measurement and fast batching due to flow installation): For general industry applications
step response with an 30 Hz update rate
 Superior noise immunity due to a patented DFT  SIFLOW FC070: For direct integration into
(Discrete Fourier Transformation) algorithm SIMATIC based systems
 Built-in batch controller with compensation and  Typical applications: Dosing with chemical
monitoring comprising 2 stage batching industry (dosing of chemicals), Food &
beverage industry (concentrates, ketchup,
pastes) and Pharmaceutical industry
(preparation, dialysis liquids).
18
The SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 1.5 (Conti.)
Symbols
Measuring range From 0 to 65 kg/h (0 to 143 lb/h)

Nominal size DI 1.5 (1/16")
Accuracy ≤ 0.1 % of rate
Nominal pressure Liquid pressure max 365 bar / max 5294 psi
(Hastelloy)
Liquid pressure max 230 bar / max 3330 psi
(Stainless steel)
Medium temperature From -50 to 180 °C (-58 to 356 °F)
Sensor design One tube bended
Enclosure IP66 (NEMA 4)
Approvals EEx (ia) IIC T3-T6

The SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 1.5 (Conti.)
Example
 Benefits
 Dual-drive pick-up and driver construction facilitate
ultra low-weight pipe construction giving the
markets smallest and most stable zero point
 Markets biggest wall thickness, ensure optimal
lifetime, corrosion resistent and high pressure
durability
 Multiplug electrical connector and SENSORPROM
enables true Plug & Play facilitating cost efficient
installation and commisioning
 Enhanced safety due to standard intrinsically safe
EEx ia design
 4-wire Pt1000 temperature measurement ensures
optimum accuracy on mass flow, density and %
fraction
19
References
1. http://www.yokogawa.com
2. http://www.abb.com
3. http://www.wikipedia.org
4. http://www.automation.siemens.com
5. Video from:
http://www.products.endress.com/flow
Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 77
Thank you for your attention!
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Introducion

FLOW MEASUREMENT  What is the flow? Mass flow rate?

 Why do we have to measure it?

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 1 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 3

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 2 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 4

 Axial turbines perform best when measuring clean, onditioned,

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 5 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 7

Turbine principle Industrial Instruments

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 6 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 8

 This sensor requires two pressure

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Differential pressure principle

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Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 13 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 15

Industrial Instruments Introduction to Vortex method

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Vortex method principle (Cont.) Vortex method

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Vortex principle Industrial Instruments

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 Magnetic flowmeters have been widely used in

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Electro-magnetic method Electro-magnetic principle (Cont.)

 If a liquid is even slightly conductive (and many are), a

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 26 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 28

 The induced voltage as a function of the

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Electro-magnetic principle (Cont.) Electro-magnetic principle

 Faraday’s Law of Induction

• The principle of application of Faraday’s

Industrial Instruments Industrial Instruments

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Thermal method Thermal flow sensors (Cont.)

Ha Noi, March 2012

 Control and evaluation circuit of heat-wire and heat-film

Ha Noi, March 2012

Thermal method characreristics

Ha Noi, March 2012

 Flow is one of the most important physical parameters measured in

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 45 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 47

 There are various types of ultrasonic flowmeters in use for discharge

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 46 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 48

Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 49 Buidangthanh.3i@gmail.com Ha Noi, March 2012 51

Ultrasonic Flowmeters (Cont.) Ultrasonic Flowmeters

 Since the transducers are generally used both as transmitters and

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 Coriolis flowmeters were developed in the 1980s to

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 Maintenance requirements for Coriolis meters

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Coriolis method principle Coriolis method principle

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Coriolis principle Coriolis method characteristics-Advantages

 Coriolis meters have a low cost of ownership. Unlike

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 The SITRANS F C MASS 6000 Ex d is based on the latest developments

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 The SITRANS F C MASS 2100 DI 1.5 has

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