“To Study The Reasons Of Absenteeism Of XI Std

Student And Find Out The Remedies.”

Yashwant Rao Chavan Maharastra Open University,

(YCMOU)

ACTION RESERCH

Student Name

Shaini Jaura

Study centre Code

35284

PRN

2012017002901312

Dnyan Ganga Education Trust’s

College of Education (B.Ed.)

Thane(W)

2012-2013

1
 I - Self Declaration

I Shalini Jaura declare that the research work “To Study The Reasons Of
Absenteeism Of XI Std Student And Find Out The Remedies.”

” have successfully completed under the guidance of Nitin M. Dhage

This is my own writing .This research I have not presented for any
degree course.

Researcher

Date: ___________

Shalini Jaura

2
 II - Certificate Guide

This is to certify that Shalini Jaura has done research on “To Study The
Reasons Of Absenteeism Of XI Std Student And Find Out The Remedies.”

This work has done under my own guidance and her writing based on
facts and questionnaire.

Date: ___________

_______

Guide’s Sign

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 III – Certificate of College

This is to certify that Shalini Jaura has taken admission to

D.S.M course and has presented work on “To Study The Reasons Of
Absenteeism Of XI Std Student And Find Out The Remedies.”

For this research she has completed her work under the guidance
of Mr. Nitin M. Dhage.

This research is part and parcel of D.S.M course and this subject
is not presented to any other degree course.

Date Signature of Principal

4
 IV – Acknowledgement

“A student is like a pearl diver in search of treasure, in the ocean of

knowledge. For research studies, even sky is not the limit, but a researcher
tries to get as much as possible.”

To start with a hymn of thanks to God for his blessings was and is
always with me to overcome any difficulty.

This is to acknowledge my sincere, humble and deepest sense of

gratitude towards my guide respected Mr. Nitin M. Dhage. His guidance,
expert suggestions and moral support during course of investigation has
helped me to complete this project successfully.

It’s my pleasure to avail this golden opportunity to express my sincere

thanks to Mrs. Lavanya M. Joshi ; Principal B.Ed college .I am grateful To all
the staff members and my dear classmates.

I think words with me are insufficient to express my heart to

acknowledge my parents, Husband and son for their endurance and being
there for me in every thick and thin.

Date Shalini Jaura

5
 CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

6
 Chapter I
Introduction

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Need of research
1.3 Statement of problem
1.4 Definition of variable
1.5 Objective of research
1.6 Hypothesis of research
1.7 Scope of research
1.8 Limitation of research
1.9 Importance of research

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction:-
Education is not merely the delivery of knowledge, skills and
information from teachers to students. what is really important about being and becoming
educated. Being an educated person means you have access to optimal states of mind
regardless of the situation you are in. You are able to perceive accurately, think clearly and
act effectively to achieve self-selected goals and aspirations

The study of absenteeism is very important for any college. The word
absenteeism means the absence of student from class when he is scheduled to be present at
school/college. when teacher has no information in advance, that the student will not
reputed for class if he has taken leave to which he is entitled or on ground of sickness or in
case of accident. Thus absence may authorized or unauthorized willful or caused by
circumstance beyond teacher's control.

Attendance is an important factor in school success among children and

youth. Studies show that better attendance is related to higher academic achievement for
students of all backgrounds, but particularly for children with lower socio-economic
status.Beginning in kindergarten, students who attend school regularly score higher on
tests than their peers who are frequently absent.

Chronic truancy (frequent unexcused absence) is a strong predictor of

undesirable outcomes in adolescence, including academic failure, dropping out of school,
substance abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity.

Many factors can contribute to student absenteeism. Family health or financial

concerns, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use, transportation problems, and differing
community attitudes towards education are among the conditions that are often associated
with a child’s frequent absence from school.

Absenteeism and Student Performance

People have strong opinions about almost anything and
the issue of education is no exception. How these opinions have been formed needs to be

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examined. This is what good research does. It informs and guides. A myriad of factors
influence education and oftentimes, these factors are not independent from each other.
Factors interact, sometimes these add, and other times, these subtract. General notions
therefore need to be carefully drawn. Writing articles on education can also be quite
challenging. When problems in basic education involve an inability to think critically, it is
difficult to reach the audience and convey the correct message. Oftentimes, sarcasm is lost
so such style of writing needs to be avoided. For people who are convinced of their
wisdom and understanding of how education works, profound messages from basic
research can be often easily lost.
Education Week recently came out with an article, "School Absences Translate to
Lower Test Scores, Study Says". One of the first comments on the article was "Really? We
need a study to show a link between absences and achievement". This is followed by
"Another obvious finding..., A wise man once said that data that is easy to gather is
meaningless". And then, "Duh!" The article related the following important findings from
the study:
"Three days, if you multiply that out by nine months, is five weeks a year," Mr.
Ginsburg said. "You've got more than a quarter of the below-basic kids who are going to
miss five weeks of school a year or more," he said, noting that only 8 percent of students at
the advanced level had missed that much school. "That, to me, would be something that if
you are a chief state school officer or a superintendent, you might worry about."
Being absent for three days in a month strongly correlates with poor performance.
As educators, it is important to know the threshold. Drawing policies on school
intervention regarding absenteeism requires guiding information on where to draw the line.
Policies cannot be simply drawn out of thin air. Three days in a month, that number, a
result of research, is a useful guide for teachers and school administrators. The study as
described by the article is only an initial analysis of the data. Ongoing research will
continue to unravel further the underlying factors that result into absenteeism. This is an
important task since this information likewise is necessary to design the interventions that
are relevant.
Among the comments on the article is an informed one and it brings us to another
website, "Attendance Works: Advancing Student Success by Reducing Chronic Absence".

"Sure, the connection between attendance and achievement is obvious. But do you
know how many students in your district or your school are missing 10% of the school

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year, the point where research shows that absenteeism undermines academic performance?
Unless you live in Maryland, probably not. Most schools measure average daily attendance
(who shows up) and truancy (who's skipping). But they don't look at who's missing too
much school in excused and unexcused absences. When they do, they get to some of the
"why"--asthma, homelessness, transportation problems, boredom--and they can figure out
how to address it."
The causes of absenteeism of students
1. Lack of Subject Interest
2. Lack of Personal Interest in studies.
3. Available opportunities for entertainment like malls, movie halls etc.
4. The mental capacity of a students does not matches with the course opted.
5.Too much Pampered from family.
6. The poor teaching skills of a teacher also keep away student from the school.
7. Lack of confidence
8. Ragging also cause absenteeism
9. Lack of allied activities also causes absenteeism like no sports program, no fresher’s or
farewell parties ,no annual day celebration etc.
10.Poor food of canteen may also be consider as one of the reason for absenteeism.
11. Poor infrastructure facility in school such as no place in a library to sit is also one of
the reason of absenteeism.
12. Most of the students are doing private coaching s for their entrance examinations such
as medical engineering or are preparing for their board exams through private tuition
causes absenteeism in school & college.
13 Excess of homework and sometimes fear from examination keep away students from
school/college.
14 Preparation for the participation in TV shows in dance musical or acting,G.K. contest
programs also increase the percentage of absenteeism.
15. Preparation for examination causes absenteeism.
16. If school or college is far off the percentage of absenteeism may increase.
17. Over expectation of parents also deteriorate the attendance of a student when s/he is
unable to cope with parent nature of making comparison among their own children of with
the friends of their child.
18. Too much socialization causes absenteeism. It mostly happens during teen age and

10
college when the students forms a group to freak out .
19 .When more than desired facilities are provided by parents such as CAR, Mobiles, High
Amount of Money as Pocket Money the student start enjoying those facilities and becomes
absent.
20. Inferiority complex within student causes absenteeism.

Need for research:-

Student absenteeism is a serious issue in public education. Concerted efforts have

been expended aimed at engaging students and promoting active learning, but schools are
still full of “clock-watchers” Many high schoolers regularly skip classes and, according to
some inside reports, “the hallways are virtually empty some Friday afternoons.”
Student absenteeism is a major concern for lecturers at institutions of higher
learning. Absences create a dead, tiresome, unpleasant classroom environment that makes
students who come to class uncomfortable and the lecturer irritable (Marburger 2001).

Absenteeism disturbs the dynamic teaching-learning environment and adversely

affects the overall well-being of classes (Segal 2008). In quality terms, absenteeism is a
waste of educational resources, time and human potential. Student absenteeism also causes
rework and wasted time for lecturers (Lalek 1995; Rumberger 1997). Lecturers who spend
class time re-teaching lessons take instructional time away from students who attend class
regularly, and the extra time spent going over absentee homework and class assignments
takes time away from lecturer planning periods and time needed to provide individual
assistance (Weller 1996). When students are absent from class, they miss valuable
information resulting from peer-lecturer interaction and the benefits of the specific
examples lecturers use to clarify difficult concepts.

1.3 Statement of Problem

“ To study the reasons of XI std student Absenteeism and find out the remedies ”

1.4 Definition of Variable

Absenteeism, according to Casio (2003), is “any failure of an employee to report
for or to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of reason” (pg. 45); Strickland (1998)
writes that absenteeism is a period of not attending school. Truancy, according to Bell et.

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 al (1994), is an “unexcused and unlawful absence from school without parental knowledge
and consent.”

1.5 Objectives of research

1. To find out root cause of Absenteeism among 11th standard students

2. To find out remedies for the students’ Absenteeism.
1.6 Hypothesis of research
If proper guidance is provided to the students, the problem will be solved.

1.7 Scope of research

1. The researcher has selected 11th commerce class for her research
2. The researcher has selected Dnyan Ganga Junior college for her research
3. The researcher has selected Thane city as a place of research
4. The researcher has selected the academic year 2012-2013
1.8 1.8 Limitation of research
1 The researcher has not selected 12th standard or any other Degree class for her
research
2 The researcher has not selected 11th (Science) standard or any other Degree class for
her research
3
4 The researcher has not selected Dnyan sadna junior College, St. Xavier Senior
secondary School for her research.
5 The researcher has not selected Kalva, Mulund, Airoli as a place of research.
6 The researcher has selected the academic year 2010-2011, 2011-2012.

1.9 Importance of Research

1. Students: The students will find out the positive results of being in the classroom.
As Absenteeism can spoil their future too. They will learn to be disciplined and other
moral values to be present in the classroom. They will understand the concepts related to
their curricular being regular in Class. The encouragement, rewards and gaining attention
after understanding the consequences, improve their self esteem too.
2. Teacher: This research will help the teacher to understand the main problem,

12
cause for it and suggestion provided will help her to bring drastic change in her classroom
and provide her hold in the class to teach qualitatively with maximum effectiveness.
3. Principal: This research will help her in planning her goal, to organize,
administrate and to supervise the school discipline with the help of better presence of
students in the class in a better way, to guide the teaching and non-teaching staff and
students of the institution, to maintain Human relations in a healthy manner by the steps,
activity and remedies given through the action research study.
4. Society: Absenteeism creates the nuisance in college and in society too. Without
students class is not the class, As it is said that Empty Mind Devil’s Home. If students
understand the value of the regularity in the class, only then they can be a good social
animal. The distractive and disturbing behavior of the student is vulnerable. It may induce
them to take part in any of the anti-social act. This research will help the society to
indentify the children with problem of not attending college and also to correct them by
the advised remedies to keep the environment and society in a safe hand. Because today’s
children are the tomorrow’s future of the society and country.

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 CHAPTER – II
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE

14
 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Review of related literature

2.3 Criticism of related literature

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 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

2.1 Introduction

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of
current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and
methodological contributions to a particular topic.

Purpose of a Literature Review

There are several purposes to writing a literature review:

1. To provide the reader with an up to date account and discussion of the research
findings in a particular topic.

2. This might sound pretty esoteric but you will find that in writing a literature review
you will learn about the ways other people have constructed their own research projects.

3. Seeing what others have done might help you understand your own assignment.

4. You might be able to see the methods that other more experienced researchers have
used and you might decide to follow on their footsteps and copy their methodological
approach.

5. You might also be able to detect conflicting points of view expressed by different
authors. These conflicting points of view might be the indicators of diverging theories
within the same topic.

6. You need to be aware of these conflicting theories as well as of the arguments

supporting these theories in order for you to assess their value and make up your own
mind on the topic.

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 7. Being aware of the theories will help you later in your life as a student when you will
have to design a larger research project like your dissertation.

8. You might also be able to discuss relevant research carried out in the same topic.

9. It is important to be able to discuss relevant research because very often it is very

difficult (as students and as researchers) to keep abreast of everything that is published
every year in a topic.

10. The job of the writer of the literature review is to summarize and discuss the major
documents published in that topic over a stated period of time.

2.2 Review of related literature

1. Student Absenteeism: Whose Responsibility?

Author(s): Barlow, Joyce; Fleischer, Stephanie

Abstract:
Internationally there is concern about levels of student absenteeism. Research
underpinning this article consisted of a survey of academic staff and 25 interviews with
first year students in a well regarded "new" university in Britain. The article explores the
issue of poor attendance and why a significant number of students seem to have difficulty
in engaging fully with their studies in order to become critical and autonomous learners.
We look at the role of government policy, institutions, educators, students, schools and
parents.

2. Causes and Structural Effects of Student Absenteeism:

A Research on Three South African Universities

Author(s): Newman Wadesango and Severino Machingambi

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of student absenteeism in
selected universities in South Africa, explore the reasons why student absent themselves
from classes and examine the implications of student

17
absenteeism. The study adopted the mixed methodology and used a survey research design
as the operational framework for data gathering. Data were collected by self administered
questionnaires and interviews with one hundred and twenty-six students from three
universities in South Africa. The study revealed that student absenteeism is rampant in the
universities under study due to reasons such as: lack of subject interest, poor teaching
strategies by lecturers, unfavourable learning environment, too much socialization, part-
time jobs to augment meagre bursaries granted by various sponsors and poor relations with
the lecturers. The study also found an inverse relationship between student absenteeism
and course performance

3. An Analysis of Teacher and Student Absenteeism in Urban Schools:

What the Research Says and Recommendations for Educational

Leaders

Author(s): Karen Dupre Jacobs, William Allan Kritsonis, PhD

This article addresses an analysis of current literature on employee and student

absenteeism and seeks to provide key recommendations that may yield higher levels of
attendance and student achievement in urban school districts. It hones on the idea that
educational leaders must be cognizant of the factors relating to absenteeism and its cost
to the educational community at large. Additionally, examples of employee incentives
and elements of effective student truancy plans are recommended that may aide in
curtailing student and teacher absenteeism rate for the district.

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 CHAPTER - III
RESEARCH DESIGN

19
 Chapter III

Research Design

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Research
Methodology

3.3 Sample

3.4 Tools of Research

3.5 Statistical techniques

3.6 Action of Research

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 Chapter III

Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction –

Research implies the discovery of truth. It is an intellectual activity undertaken

with the ultimate aim of scientific and systematic creation of knowledge. Human beings
rely on several sources of acquiring knowledge.

1. Research contributes to systematic and scientific development of new theories, laws and
principles, i.e. creation of new knowledge in the academic discipline of education.

2. It helps in testing existing theories and modifying them if necessary.

3. The purpose of research is to trace growth, developmental history, change and status of
phenomena.

4. Research is aimed at solving problems faced by practioners in the field of education

including teachers and principals.

5. It tries to study the cause-and-effect relationships among and between certain

phenomena.

3.2 Meaning of Research –

Etymologically, the word ‘Research’ is derived from the French word ‘recherché’
which means ‘to seek again’.

Although human beings have not yet devised any perfect method of finding
solutions to their problems found worthy of investigation, there is a general transition from
acquiring knowledge based on customs, tradition, culture, authority and experience to the
use of research incorporating the scientific method.

Research is a systematic attempt at seeking answers to meaningful questions about

events, processes or phenomena through the application of the scientific method. In other
words, research is a formal, logical, methodical and rigorous process aimed at discovering
new knowledge and solving problems.

21
 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English defines research as “a
careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge”

According to Kerlinger, “Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical

and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among
natural phenomena”.

On the other hand, Redman and Mory defined research in a simplistic manner as a
“systematized effort to gain new knowledge”.

This is one of the earlier definitions of the term research.

Young defines social research as “the systematic method of discovering new facts or
verifying old facts, their sequences, interrelationships, casual explanations and the natural
laws which govern them”.

Based on the preceding definitions, it may be said that research is an academic

activity aimed at making original contribution to the available stock of knowledge thereby
leading to progress and advancement. Research enables an individual to comprehend
reality through a logical array of processed data and information. This is very clear from
the definition of research as “a studious inquiry or examination, especially a critical and
exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the discovery of new facts
and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories or laws in the
light of newly discovered facts or the practical application of such conclusions, theories or
laws”.

This definition implies that there is no research without discovery of new knowledge.

3.3 Method of Research

1. Experimental Research
2. Survey Research
3. Historical Research

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3.3.1. Experimental Research: -

Experimental research describes “what will be” when certain variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated. The focus is on establishing cause-and-effect
relationship between variables. The basic idea behind the experimental method is to
attempt to account for the influence of a factor or factors conditioning a given situation.
Purposeful manipulation is a part of the experimental method. Experimental research
provides the most rigorous test of casual hypothesis. It is an attempt by the researcher to
maintain control over all factors that may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this,
the researcher attempts to determine or predict what may occur.

An experiment involves the comparison of the effects of a particular treatment with

that of a different treatment or with no treatment. In conventional experiments, mention is
typically made to the terms experimental group and control group.

1. Experimental Group : The group in which the experimental treatment is

manipulated is known as the experimental group. It is usually denoted by the symbol ‘X’
in a research study.
2. Control Group : The group to which either no experimental treatment is given or an
alternate treatment is given is known as the control group. It is usually denoted by the
symbol ‘C’ in a research study.
3. Pre-Test : The scores on a variable measured before the experimental treatment is
administered are known as pre-test scores or observations. They are usually denoted by the
symbol ‘O’.

4. Post-Test : The scores on a variable measured after the experimental treatment is

administered are known as post-test scores. They are usually denoted by the symbol
‘O’ in a research study.

5. Randomization: The symbol ‘R’ denotes random assignment of subjects.

6. Variables : Variables are the conditions or characteristics that the experimenter

manipulates, controls or observes. Following are some of the different types of
variables –

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a. Independent Variable – The independent variables are those conditions or
characteristics that the experimenter manipulates, controls or observes in his attempt to
ascertain their relationship to observed phenomena.

b. Dependent Variable – The dependent variables are those conditions or

characteristics that the experimenter expects to be influenced by the treatment variables. It
is measured to determine the effects of the experimental treatment.

c. Control Variables – The term control refers to the researcher’s effort to remove the
influence of any extraneous variable that might affect the scores on the dependent
variables.
d. Confounding variables – They are the attributes or characteristics that the
researcher cannot directly measure because their effects cannot be easily separated from
other variables, even though they may influence the relationship between the independent
and dependent variables.
Survey Research : -
Survey research studies large or small populations by selecting and studying
samples chosen from the populations to discover the relative incidence, distribution or
interrelationships among educational, psychological and sociological variables. It collects
data from a relatively large number of cases at a particular time. It is not concerned with
characteristics of individuals as individuals. It is concerned with the generalized statistics
that result when data are abstracted from a large number of individual characteristics. A
Survey research determines and describes the way things are. It is a distinctive research
method that has its origin in the field of sociology. The key factor in defining the Survey
Research is that some phenomenon is studied, but the researcher does not have control
over its variation.

Historical Research :-
Researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that
occurred in the past employ the historical method. An attempt is made to examine past
events or combinations of events and establish facts in order to arrive at conclusions
concerning past events or predict future events. Historical research is a type of analytical
research. Its common methodological characteristics include

(i) Identifying a research topic that addresses past events,

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(ii) Review of primary and secondary data
(iii) Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences
with the help of techniques of criticism for historical searches and evaluation of the
information.
(iv) synthesis and explanation of findings in order to test hypothesis concerning causes,
effects or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate
future events.

Historical studies attempt to provide information and understanding of past historical,

legal and policy events. The historical method consists of the techniques and guidelines by
which historians use historical sources and other evidences to research and then to write
history.

Steps of conducting Historical Research –

A systematic approach to the process of historical research requires the following five
basic steps –

a) Definition of a Problem

b) Formulation of Research Questions, Objectives or Hypothesis.

c) Systematic Collection of Data

d) Evaluation of Data and Making Inferences

e) Report Writing.

3.4 Methodology of Research

Any project work can be fruitful only if conducted by proper method in a systematic
manner. The investigator has adopted the Survey Method. For conducting the project
work students of different schools are surveyed with the help of questionnaire. This helped
the investigator to get detailed information. The tool helped to have face to face contact
with the student which is appropriate for this project.The Historical Method would not
have been appropriate as the current problems faced by the children are considered.

25
Similarly the Experimental Method was also not suitable as it was not practically feasible
to conduct experiment for each child. Due to the time constraint this method could not be
selected.

Hence the best suited method was the Survey Method, which was selected.

3.5 Action Research:-

Action Research is associated with ‘hands-on’, small-scale research projects. It is

also known as decision-oriented research since it necessitates that the researcher is the
same person as the practitioner who will make and implement the decision based on the
findings of the action research. It is concerned with those practical issues, problems,
concerns and needs of teachers or principals, which arise as a routine part of activity ‘in
the real world’. Action research therefore is applied research conducted by teachers or
school/college administrators themselves for dealing with their day-to-day problems and
improving educational and/or managerial practices. It thus applies the scientific method to
the solution of day-to-day school/college problems.

According to Picciano, “Action research studies problems at the local level. It

usually focuses on the development, implementation and testing of a new product,
programme, plan or procedure in a school building.”

It is an approach in which teachers or administrators study their own problems or

concerns in their own classrooms or schools.

According to Frost, “Action research is a process of systematic reflection, enquiry

and action carried out by individuals about their own professional practice.”

It is also known Teacher Research.

Purpose of Action Research

1. It is aimed at improving the quality of educational or managerial practices and working

conditions.
2. It is aimed at helping a teacher or a group of teachers to change or improve a practice or
to help them understand issues or problems for themselves.
3. Its focus is on solving practical issues of importance to teachers.

26
4. It enables teachers and principals to cope with the challenges and problems posed by
the internal and/ or external factors and bring about innovations.
5. It enables teachers and principals to develop a more comprehensive view of their
situation, to develop action strategies to bring about improvements and to evaluate the
outcomes of their efforts.
For this study the Survey Method was selected as it is the most suitable
method to collect data.

 First the subject or the problem for the research is selected by researcher.
 A well thought out and planned questionnaire was prepared taking into consideration
the problem of fatigue faced by the students in school.
 After the approval of the questionnaire the learner listed the schools to be visited.
 The students of 11th standard were considered for this questionnaire, hence the learner
went to each class
 The students were given an idea about the purpose of this questionnaire and the
questions were explained to them.
 Later on the students were given the questionnaires and asked to fill up the relevant
details.
 The gathered data was fed into the excel sheet.
For this study the learner has met many students . It needed proper planning and it also
gave an opportunity to have face to face contact with the students.

3.6 Population of research

 Population is any group of individual that has one or more characteristics in common
that is interested to the research.
 The population is very big and it is difficult to study the whole population. So the
Dnyan Ganga Junior College been selected for the research.
 For this research the 11th standard students of Dnyan Ganga Junior College,Thane is the
population of this research and the total number of students is 52.
3.7 Sample

Sample is a portion of which is selected from the entire population under study.
The population has to be sampled for effective carryout of project work. In the study the
reliable conclusions are drawn regarding the properties of the surveyed group. Such a

27
group is called population. To collect required information for the study from every factor
in the population is very expensive. It is more time consuming, expensive and laborious
work under such circumstances, a sub-group works as the representative of the population.

Definition of ‘Sampling’

1. “Sampling means methods used for drawing a sample from the population”.
2. “The representative proportion of the population is called Sample”.
Types of Sampling -

1. Random sampling : Random sampling is a process of selecting a sample in

such a way that all individuals in the defined population have an equal and
independent chance of being selected for the sample.
In this method every factor from the population has equal independent opportunity
of selection. This method is more useful when the population is homogeneous.

2. Stratified sampling : Stratified sampling is the process of selecting sample in

such a way that identified sub-groups in the population are represented in the same
preparation that they exist in the population.
When we want to select a sample from each level the stratified sampling method is
more useful. In this method since the sample is selected from each level, the
sample is more representative and accurate.

3. Cluster Sampling: When out of the total population group of the fundamental
factors from the population having identical properties is called cluster.
In cluster sampling, the cluster is selected from the other clusters only by random
sampling method, and all the factors of the selected cluster are included in the
sample, classroom, school, family, village etc.

Important points regarding Sample:

1. Sample is the part of population which indicated the exact population.

2. Every factor of the sample is from the population only.
3. Sample procedures provide generalization on the basis of a relatively small proportion
of the population.

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4. Similarity between the conclusions drawn from the sample and from studying
populations depends on the methods used for selecting samples.
3.8 Tools of Research

Questionnaire: - A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series

of questions and other prompts asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful
information about a given topic. The questionnaire provides a standardized data-gathering
procedure.

Points to be kept in mind while forming a questionnaire –

1. Keep the language simple – Analyse the audience and write as per their level.
2. Keep the questions short – Long questions tend to become ambiguous and
confusing.
3. Keep the number of questions to a minimum – Ask questions that will contribute to
your survey.
4. Limit each question to one idea or a concept – A question consisting of more than
one idea may confuse the respondent and lead to a meaningless answer.
5. Do not ask leading questions – These questions are worded in a manner that
suggests an answer.
6. Avoid subjective terms such as good, fair and bad – These terms mean different
things to different people.
7. Allow for all possible answers – Respondents who cannot find their answer among
your list will be forced to give an invalid reply or possibly, become frustrated and
refuse to complete the survey.
8. Avoid emotional or morally charged questions – The respondent may feel your
survey is getting a bit too personal.
9. Formulate your questions and answers to obtain exact information and to minimize
confusion – Try to alleviate conflicts.
10. Organize the pattern of the questions – Arrange the questions properly.
11. Pre-test the questionnaire – This is the most important step in preparing your
questionnaire.
12. Have your questionnaire neatly produced on quality paper – A professional looking
product will increase your return rate.

29
Advantages of a Questionnaire

1. Questionnaires are relatively inexpensive in terms of both money and time, as they
do not require training interviewers as is done in interviewing.
2. They do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone
surveys.
3. They often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data.
4. They enable the researcher to maintain the respondents privacy.
5. They can be administered simultaneously to large groups whereas.

Disadvantages of a Questionnaire

1. There is the problem of non-returns, which refers to questionnaires, or individual

questions that are not answered by the people to whom they were sent.
2. There is the problem of misinterpretation especially when the respondent does not
understand either the research instructions or the questions in the tool.
3. There is the problem of validity.
3.9 Method Of Marks

 The questions have been divided into three important factors.

 The expected answer can be one of these:Always, Frequently, Never

Statement Always Often Never

Positive 2 1 0

Negative 0 1 2

3.10 Mathematical / Statistical Technique

A statistical technique has contributed greatly in gathering, organizing, analyzing

and interpreting data. The processing of numerical data through statistical method and for
understanding the concept that underline there development and their application the

30
learner must know the strength and the weakness of the statistical methods which he uses
so that he may not mislead or be mislead by such methods.

The learner has drawn some important statements from questionnaire of the
students, teachers and students. Learner has taken out the percentage of response of
students. Separate tables for different factors have been made and according to this bar
graphs are drawn separately.

Statistical Instrument

Learner used the statistical instrument in which bar graph is used for analysis. The
bar graph which can be arranged either horizontally or vertically representing data by bar
of equal width drawn to scale length the numerical data may be lettered within the bar of
outside it. A grade may be used to help quantity of the graphic representation of the
components off a whole unit is one bar.

Horizontal bar graphs are used to compare components at a particular time comparison at
different times.

3.11 Bibliography

1. Research Methodology by Best and Khan

2. Research methodology by Shahu and Garret
3. Lokesh Koal

31
 CHAPTER – IV

DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS

AND INTERPRETATION

32
 Chapter IV
Data Collection Analysis and Interpretation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Descriptive and Inferential Analysis

4.3 Testing of Hypothesis

33
 Chapter IV
Descriptive and Inferential Analysis

4.1 Introduction

Analysis is the computation of certain indices or measures along with searching

for patterns of relationship that exit among the data groups.

“Descriptive analysis is largely the study of distributions of one variable. This

study provides us with profiles of companies, workshops, persons and other subjects on
any of the multiple characteristics such as size, composition, efficiency, preference.

The analysis may be in respect of two variables or in respect of more than two
variables or in respect of two variables to work out various measures that show the size
and shape of distribution (s) along with the study of measuring relationship between two or
more variables.

4.2Inferential analysis:-

Inferential analysis is concerned with the various tests of significance for testing
hypotheses in order to determine with what validity data can be said to indicate some
conclusion or conclusions. It is also concerned with the estimation of population values. It
mainly on the basis of inferential analysis that the task of interpretation ( i.e. the task of
drawing inferences and conclusions) is performed.

Inferential analysis is often known as statistical analysis. Inferential statistics is

concern with the process of generalization. Inferential statistics is also known as sampling
statistics and are mainly concerned with two major types of problems

(i) The estimation of population parameters.

(ii) The testing of statistical hypotheses.

34
4.3 Tools of inferential analysis:-

4.3.1 Measure of central tendency

Measures of central tendency point about which item have a tendency to

cluster. Such a measures is considered as the most representative figure for the entire
mass of data. It is also known as statistical average.

Types of measures of central tendency

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

1. Mean
Mean is known as arithmetic average, is the most common measures of central
tendency. It can be defined as the value which we get by dividing the total of the value
which we get by dividing the total of the values of various given items in a series by the
total number of items.

Mean or X = ∑fX

----------

Where,

X = Mean

∑ = Symbol of summation

fX = Value of the i th items X

i= 1,2,…………n

N = total number of items

35
 2. Median
Median is a positional average and is used only in the context of qualitative
phenomena. Median is the value of the middle items of series when it arranged in
ascending or descending order of magnitude. It divides the series into two half; in one
half all items are less than median, where as in the other half all the items have values
higher than median.

Median l + N /2-- F *i

Where,

l = Lower limit of the interval in which the median falls

F = No. of cases below median interval

f = frequency

N = frequency total

i = size of the class interval

3. Mode
The mode is a distribution is that item around which there is maximum
concentration.

Mode is the size of the item which has the maximum frequency but at items such
as item may not be mode on account of the effect of the frequencies of neighbouring
items.

Measures Of Dispersion
Standard deviation

Standard deviation is most widely used measure of dispersion of a series and is

commonly denoted by the symbol’ ‘ ’ (pronounced as sigma).

36
 Standard deviation is defined as “ the square-root of the average of square of
deviations, when such deviations for the values of individual items in a series are
obtained from arithmetic average i.e mean.

Measure Of Asymmetry
1) Skewness:-

Skewness is a measure of asymmetry and shows the manner in which the items
are clustered around the average. In skew distribution the balance is thrown to one side.
The amount by which the balance exceeds on one side measures the skewness of the
series.

In position skewness,

Z<M<X

In negative skewness

X<M<Z

Where,

Z = Skewness

X= Mean

M= Median

Usually skewness is measure as –

Skewness =X – Z

With co-efficient (j) as

j= X-Z

2) Kurtosis:-

Kurtosis is the measure of flat- Toppedness of a curve. A bell shaped curve or the
normal curve is Mesokurtic because it is kurtic in the centre. If the curve is relatively more
peaked than the normal curve , it is called Leptokurtic and the curve is more flate than the

37
 normal curve it is called Platykurtic. Kurtosis is the humpedness of the curve and points to
the nature of distribution of items in the middle of class.

4.1: Score according to pre- test of total student of Absenteeism

Table 4.1

Score of Absenteeism among total student according to pre- test

No Part Pre-test

1 Sample 52

2 Median 41.54

Interpretation:-

From the above table shows that pre test sample is 52 & their Pre test median is 41.54. It
shows that

Findings:-

1. Available opportunities for entertainment like malls, movie halls etc is the reason for
increasing absenteeism in class.
2. Most of the students find that their interest does not match with the course opted.
3. Many students are so much pampered in family that they don’t want to attend the classes;
they like to stay home only.
4. Many students stay away from school because they think that their teacher’s teaching skills
are not upto mark.
5. Most of the students feel lack of confidence that’s why they avoid college.
6. Ragging is also the reason of absenteeism sometimes.
7. Sometimes. Lack of allied activities also causes absenteeism.
8. As canteen facility is not proper, so students bunk the classes or not come to college.
9. Library is also not so big that can’t afford for more than 20 students one time due to this
reason also students prefer to study at home.
10. In days of examination students prefer to study at friend home or their own home.

38
11. Most of the time students form groups to freak out , that also cause absenteeism.
12. Students are not interested in studies.
13. Due to irregularities students could not complete their class work & home work.
14. Student’s feel school is boring.

Remedies: -

1. Guidance on punctuality and regularity of each student is take care by teachers.

2. Value education should include in syllabus to avoid absenteeism among students.

3. Teaching methods should improve by the teachers, so that students feel interested to attend
the classes

4. Students should given the choice to choose their subject according to their interest.

5. Canteen facilities should be improved. Nutritious food should be provided.

6. Library sitting arrangement should be improved.

7. Ragging sometimes cause absenteeism in starting of the session, so staff should keep watch
on these activities.

8. There should be system of conveying the message to the parents of the students, if any
student is absent for 7 to 10 days without any prior intimation.

9. There should be extracurricular activities at college so that students feel enthusiastic in

college.

10. There should be award for the regular students.

11. Internal marks weightage should be there for the regular students.

12. Activities should be arranged by making the groups of students who are friends... as G.K
competitions, Group Discussions etc.

13. There should be seminars or guest lecturers to boost the confidence of the students.

14. Parents should understand the value of the study and they should not pamper their
children for not attending the college.

39
15. If any student is having problem to understand any subject, there should be teachers who
can understand their problem, and arrange the special classes for the students.

4.2: Score according to Post- test of total student Absenteeism

Table 4.2

Score of Absenteeism among total student according to pre- test

No Part Post-test

1 Sample 52

2 Median 25.32

From the above table 4.2, It shows that post test sample is 52 & their median is 25.32. It
shows that there is a drastic improvement on students’ Absenteeism after providing the
above said remedies to the students.

40
Score according to Pre-test and Post- test of total student Absenteeism

Table 4.3

Score according to Pre- test and Post- test of total student Absenteeism

No Part Test Difference

Pre test Post test

1 Sample 52 52 -

2 Median 41.54 25.32 16.22

From the above table4.3, it shows that pre-test sample is 52 & their median is 41.54%. It
shows after understanding problem of Absenteeism among student research has suggested
remedies. In post test researcher got median of 25.32% means there is improvement in
presence in class among students and the difference is 16.22.

41
 Graph 4.1

Graph according to Pre- test and Post- test of total student

Absenteeism

Median
45

40

35

30

25
Pre Test
20 Post Test

15

10

0
Pre Test Post Test

42
 CHAPTER - V
FINDINGS AND
SUGGESTIONS

43
 Chapter V
Findings and Suggestions

5.1 Summary

5.2 Findings

5.3 Remedies

5.4 Suggestion for Further studies

44
 Chapter V
Finding & Suggestions

5.1 Introduction
Education is not merely the delivery of knowledge, skills and information from
teachers to students. what is really important about being and becoming educated. Being
an educated person means you have access to optimal states of mind regardless of the
situation you are in. You are able to perceive accurately, think clearly and act effectively to
achieve self-selected goals and aspirations

The study of absenteeism is very important for any college. The word absenteeism
means the absence of student from class when he is scheduled to be present at
school/college. When teacher has no information in advance, that the student will not
reputed for class if he has taken leave to which he is entitled or on ground of sickness or in
case of accident. Thus absence may authorize or unauthorized wilful or caused by
circumstance beyond teacher's control.

Attendance is an important factor in school success among children and youth.

Studies show that better attendance is related to higher academic achievement for students
of all backgrounds, but particularly for children with lower socio-economic status.
Beginning in kindergarten, students who attend school regularly score higher on tests than
their peers who are frequently absent.3

Chronic truancy (frequent unexcused absence) is a strong predictor of undesirable

outcomes in adolescence, including academic failure, dropping out of school, substance
abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity.

Many factors can contribute to student absenteeism. Family health or financial

concerns, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use, transportation problems, and differing
community attitudes towards education are among the conditions that are often associated
with a child’s frequent absence from school.6

Statement of Problem

“To study the reasons of Absenteeism of XI std student and find out the remedies.”

Definition of Variable

Absenteeism, according to Casio (2003), is “any failure of an employee to report for or

to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of reason” (pg. 45); Strickland (1998) writes

45
that absenteeism is a period of not attending school. Truancy, according to Bell et. al
(1994), is an “unexcused and unlawful absence from school without parental knowledge
and consent.”

Objectives of research
1.To find out root cause of Absenteeism among 11th standard students

2.To find out remedies for the students’ Absenteeism.

Hypothesis of research

If proper guidance is provided to the students, the problem will be

Research design:

The researcher has selected experimental method because present subject is related
to future problems. So in this research, researcher intension is to search problems of
Absenteeism among students and to find out remedies. So the researcher ha selected
experimental method for Research.

Samples:-

1. Research has selected thane city as the place for her research as step one.

2. In second step, Research has selected Dnyan Ganga Junior College for her research

3. In third step, Research has selected 52 students for her research.

Tools used for research:

This is to study problem of indiscipline among 11th standard students and to find out
remedies. Researcher has the printed questionnaire.

In this research, there are 20 questions and options are

1. Always
2. Sometimes
3. Never.

46
 Marking Scheme:

There are 5 negative statements in the questionnaire and the other 15 are positive
statements.

Statement Always Sometimes Never

Positive 2 1 0

Negative 0 1 2

Data Analysis:

The data collecting analysis and interpretation : The researcher has selected central
tendencies for her research.

1. Descriptive Analysis
B) Central tendencies:
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

Scope of research

 The researcher has selected 11th commerce class for her research
 The researcher has selected Dnyan Ganga Junior college for her research
 The researcher has selected Thane city as a place of research
 The researcher has selected the academic year 2012-2013

47
 Limitation of research
 The researcher has not selected 12th standard or any other Degree class for her
research
 The researcher has not selected 11th (Science) standard or any other Degree class for
her research
 The researcher has not selected Dnyan sadna junior College, St. Xavier Senior
secondary School for her research.
 The researcher has not selected Kalva, Mulund, Airoli as a place of research.
 The researcher has selected the academic year 2010-2011, 2011-2012.

5.2 Findings:-

1. Available opportunities for entertainment like malls, movie halls etc is the reason
for increasing absenteeism in class.
2. Most of the students find that their interest does not match with the course opted.
3. Many students are so much pampered in family that they don’t want to attend the
classes, they like to stay home only.
4. Many students stay away from school because they think that their teacher’s
teaching skills are not upto mark.
5. Most of the students feel lack of confidence that’s why they avoid college.
6. Ragging is also the reason of absenteeism sometimes.
7. Sometimes . Lack of allied activities also causes absenteeism.
8. As canteen facility is not proper, so students bunk the classes or not come to
college.
9. Library is also not so big that can’t afford for more than 20 students one time due
to this reason also students prefer to study at home.
10. In days of examination students prefer to study at friend home or their own home.
11. Most of the time students form groups to freak out , that also cause absenteeism.
12. Students are not interested in studies.
13. Due to irregularities students could not complete their class work & home work.
14. Student’s feel school is boring.

48
5.3 Remedies: -

1. Guidance on punctuality and regularity of each student is take care by teachers.

2. Value education should included in syllabus to avoid absenteeism among students.

3. Teaching methods should improve by the teachers, so that students feel interested to
attend the classes

4. Students should given the choice to choose their subject according to their interest.

5. Canteen facilities should be improved. Nutritious food should be provided.

6. Library sitting arrangement should be improved.

7. Ragging sometimes cause absenteeism in starting of the session, so staff should keep
watch on these activities.

8. There should be system of conveying the message to the parents of the students, if any
student is absent for 7 to 10 days without any prior intimation.

9. There should be Extracurricular activities at college so that students feel enthusiastic in

college.

10. There should be award for the regular students.

11. internal marks weightage should be there for the regular students.

12. Activities should be arrange by making the groups of students who are friends.. as G.K
competitions , Group Discussions etc.

13. There should be seminars or guest lectures to boost the confidence of the students .

14. Parents should understand the value of the study and they should not pamper their
children for not attending the college.

15. If any student is having problem to understand any subject, there should be teachers
who can understand their problem, and arrange the special classes for the students.

49
5.4 SuggeAstion for further studies:

1. A study problem of Absenteeism among 12th standard students and to find out
remedies.
2. A study of Absenteeism among college students and to find out remedies.
3. A study of Absenteeism among school students and to find out remedies.

50
Annexure

51
Annexure:
Enclosures:
QUESTIONAIRRE
I am absent from class because Always Sometime Never

1. Lack of Subject Interest

2. Lack of Personal Interest in studies.

3. Available opportunities for entertainment

like malls, movie halls etc.

4. The mental capacity of a student’s does not

matches with the the course opted.

5. Too much Pampering from family.

6. The poor teaching skills of a teacher also

keep away student from the school.

7. Lack of confidence

8. Ragging also cause absenteeism

9. Lack of allied activities also causes

absenteeism like no sports program, no
fresher’s or farewell parties ,no annual day
celebration etc.
10.Poor food of canteen may also be consider
as one of the reason for absenteeism.

11.Poor infrastructure facility in school such as

no place in a library to sit is also one of the
reason of absenteeism.

12. Most of the students are doing private

coaching s for their entrance examinations such
as medical engineering or are preparing for
their board exams through private tuition causes
absenteeism in school & college.

52
13 Excess of homework and sometimes fear
from examination keep away students from
school/college.

14 Preparation for the participation in TV

shows in dance musical or acting, G.K. contest
programs also increase the percentage of
absenteeism.

15. Preparation for examination causes

absenteeism.

16. If school or college is far off the percentage

of absenteeism may increase.

17. Over expectation of parents also deteriorate

the attendance of a student when s/he is unable
to cope with parent nature of making
comparison among their own children of with
the friends of their child.

18. Too much socialization causes absenteeism.

It mostly happens during teen age and college
when the students form a group to freak out.

19 .When more than desired facilities are

provided by parents such as CAR, Mobiles,
High Amount of Money as Pocket Money the
student start enjoying those facilities and
becomes absent.

20. Inferiority complex within student causes

absenteeism.

53