T Girder Example

Project:
Client:
Mille-Chifra-Alewuha Road
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
Calculation for: Date: 13/ 01/’11 Sheet Nr
Designed by: Fekadu Melese 1 of 50
Design of Wuhama River Bridge Checked by: Date:
Design of Wuhama River Bridge

Materials:
1. Concrete: C30, f c'  24 MPa
2. Steel: fy = 400 MPa
Design Method: Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method according to
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) Code, SI Units, 3rd Edition, 2005 Interim Revisions.
1. SUPERSTRUCTURE
The superstructure consists of two 15.22m center to center span T-girders and one
33.51m center to center span box girder central span as shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1. Longitudinal section of Wuhama river bridge
T – Girders Design
1.1 Preliminary Design Dimensions
Depth of girders [Table Art. 2.5.2.6.3.1-1]
For simple span T- girders, D = 0.07L where L is span length = 15.22m
Dmin = 0.07 * 15.22 = 1.065m
Take D = 1.10m
Spacing between longitudinal girders, S:- varies from1.8 - 3.6m
C is 0.25S to 0.75S, 2C + 3S= 9.52, C = 0.5S , S + 3S = 9.52m, S = 2.38m
and C = 1.19m
Take S = 2.35m and C = 1.235m
Web width
Minimum thickness = 200mm without pre-stressing duct [Art 5.1.4.1.3.1c and C
5.1.4.1.3.1c]
But the width of the web has to satisfy the clear spacing between bars. The clear spacing
between bars in a row should not be less than 1.5 or the maximum aggregate size.
Minimum concrete cover = 50mm
Taking 32 bars and considering splice, 432 bars in a row
require a beam width of
bw > 3*1.5+ 6*+ cover > 3 * 48 + 192 + 2 * 50> 436mm
Take bw= 450mm
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Slab thickness
( S  3000) (2350  3000)
tS    178.3mm [Table Art. 2.5.2.6.3-1]
30 30
Take ts = 200mm for structural thickness of the slab, 292mm at the middle to provide a
2.5% side slope(camber) for drainage.
Diaphragms
For T - Girder bridges, diaphragms should be provided at the ends and at one or more
points at spans. The purpose is to help in load distribution between the girders. Further,
finite element analysis shows that there is stress concentration at the supports due to the
big support reactions. Diaphragms reduce the stress concentration. Use 0.3m thick, 1.1m
deep diaphragms at the ends (at each support) and 0.3m by 750mm deep diaphragms at
third points of spans.
Posts and railings
Use continuous concrete barrier wall of height 850mm and thickness varying from
300mm to 200mm as shown in the cross section of the bridge in Fig.2. Pipe posts and
railings will be provided at the top.
Fig.2 shows plan of the bridge and section of the T-girder.
Fig.2. Plan of Wuhama river bridge and section of the T-girder

1.2 Design of Bridge Slab
1.2.1 Deck slab
Loads
a) Dead loads
 75mm future asphalt wearing surface = 0.075* 22.07 kN/m3 = 1.66 kN/m2
 RC slab = (0.2m + 0.292)/2* 22.76 kN/ = 5.6 kN/m2
 Overhang slab ( (0.25+0.35)/2 * 22.76 kN/m3 = 6.83 k N/m2
 Curb (250mm above slab) = 0.25 * 22.76 kN/m3 = 5.69 kN/m2
 Posts and railings = [(0.3*0.3 + 0.25*0.55)22.76 + 0.084 + 0.0096) = 5.27kN/m
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Dead load moments (slab, curb and railing dead load moments)
An approximate analysis of strips perpendicular to girder will be considered [Art 9.6.1]
The extreme positive moment in any deck panel between girders shall be taken to apply to all
positive moment regions. Similarly, the extreme negative moment over any girder shall be
taken to apply to all negative moment regions [Art 4.6.2.1.1]
The strips shall be treated as continuous with span length equal to C/C distance of the girders.
1m strip width will be taken MEnd = 5.27*1.1 + 12.52* 1.2352 = 15.35kNm/m
2
Member end moments by cross method of moment distribution :
Half the structure will be used for the distribution due to symmetry as shown
K 0.75 0.5
DF 1 0.6 0.4
FEM -15.35 0 -5.01 3.34
15.35 7.675
-3.60 -2.40
f.m -15.35 15.35 -0.94 0.94
Reactions and moments at sections of maximum positive and negative live load moments
Reactions:
RA1= 5.27 + 12.52x1.235 = 20.73; RA2= (15.35+ 7.26x2.352x0.5 - 0.94)/2.35 = 14.66
RB1= 7.26x2.35-14.66 = 2.40; RB2=0.5x7.26x2.35 = 8.53kN
M0.4S = M0.94 = 14.66x0.94 - 15.35 – 7.26x0.942/2 = -4.78kNm
MFace. = M0.225 = 0.94 - 7.26x0.2252/2 – 2.40x0.225 = 0.22kNm
b) Live loads
i) Overhang live load moments
The critical placement of a single wheel load is 300mm from the face of the curb for
design of overhang slabs.
The equivalent width of a transverse strip is 1140 + 0.833x, where x is distance from the
wheel load to centerline of support. In our case it doesn’t produce negative moment.
Overhang negative moment due to horizontal vehicular collision force on railings will be used
to design the overhang slab (done towards the end of deck slab design).
ii) Maximum positive live load moment

For repeating equal spans, the maximum positive bending moment occurs near the 0.4
5.19kN 3
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points of the exterior spans.

72.5kN 72.5kN
0.4*2.35 = 0.94 1.8m
A 1.41m B 0.39 C
K 0.75 1 0.75
DF 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1
FEM 0 - 28.623 19.67 -3.91 0 0
3.841 5.11 2.56
0.385 0.77 0.58
-0.165 -0.22 -0.11
0.06 0.047
f.m 0 -24.945 24.945 -0.63 0.63 0
72.5kN 72.5kN
32.89 110.96 0.88 0.27
Mmaxp = 32.89*0.94 = 30.92kNm

E = 660+0.55S = 660 + 0.55 * 2350 = 1952.5mm [Table Art. 4.6.2.1.3-1]
Mmaxp = 1.2 * (30.92/1.9525) = 19.00 kNm/m
RB = 1.2 * (110.96)/ 1.9525 = 68.2 kN/m
iii) Maximum interior negative live load moment

The critical placement of live load for maximum negative moment is at the first interior
deck support with one lane loaded (m = 1.2).
The width of the equivalent transverse strip is, E = 1220 + 0.25s = 1220+0.25(2350) =
1807.5mm
72.5kN 0.9 0.9m 72.5kN
K 0.75 1 0.75
DF 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1
FEM 0 - 32.55 24.84 -15.42 0 0
3.31 4.40 2.20
3.77 7.55 5.67
-1.62 -2.16 -1.08
0.31 0.62 0.46
- 0.133 -0.177 -0.089
0.05 0.038
f.m 0 -30.99 30.99 -6.17 6.17
72.5 kN 0.9 0.9 m 72.5 kN
14.58 113.22 kN 19.83 kN 2.63
Mmaxn = 1.2 * (30.99/1.8075) = -20.57 kNm/m [Art 4.6.2.1.1]

MFace = 30.99-55.3x0.225 = 18.55kNm/m
MFace = 1.2 * (18.55/1.8075) = -12.32 kNm/m
RB = 1.2 (113.22)/1.8075 = 75.17 kN/m
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iv) Maximum live load reaction on exterior girder

The exterior wheel is placed 300mm from curb. E = 660 + 0.55*2350 = 1952.25
72.5 kN 72.5 kN
0.165m 1.8m 0.385
73.07 kN
K 0.75 1 0.75
DF 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1
FEM 0 - 27.38 0 0 0 0
0 11.745 15.634 7.817
-2.23 -4.46 -3.35
0.96 1.274 0.64
-0.183 -0.365 -0.27
0.078 0.104 0.052
-0.03 -0.022
f.m 0 -14.60 14.60 3.64 -3.64 0
RA = 1.2 * 73.07/1.9525 = 44.91 kN/m
Gravity load combination

iQi = [pDC + pDW + 1.75(LL + IM)]
 = D * R * I >0.95
D = 0.95 ductility factor [Art 1.3.4]
R = 0.95 continuity factor for continuous span [Art 1.3.5]
I = 1.05 importance factor for operationally important bridges
 = D * R * I >0.95
 = 0.95 * 0.95 * 1.05 = 0.95
Action DC LL
RA 35.39 44.91
MA -15.35 0
RB 10.93 75.17
MB -0.22 -12. 32
MMaxp -4.78 19
Reactions and maximum moments for strength I limit state

RA = 0.95 [1.25(RA-DC) + 1.5(RA-DW) + 1.75 * 1.33 (RA-LL)
RA = 0.95[1.25(35.39) + 1.5(0) + 1.75 * 1.33 (44.91)] = 141.33 kN/m
MA = 0.95 [1.25(-15.35) + 1.5(0) + 1.75 (1.33)(0)] = -18.23 kNm/m
Mmaxp = 0.95 [1.25(-4.78) + 1.5 (0) + 1.75 * 1.33 * 19)] = 36.34 kNm/m
MB = 0.95 [1.25(-0.94) + 1.5 (0) + 1.75 * 1.33 (-12. 32)] = -28.36 kNm/m> MA
Strength I limit State

Reinforcement
fc’ = 24 MPa , fy = 400 MPa
Using 14 bars

dneg = 267.7 - 60 - 14/2 = 200.7mm for negative reinforcement.
dpos = 225 - 25 - 14/2 = 193 for positive reinforcement
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Positive moment reinforcement

Maximum reinforcement is limited by ductility requirement, which is given by
C < 0.42d, a =1C, a<0.421d, 1 = 0.85, a < 0.357d
Mu = 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) =0.2244 fc'bd2,  = 0.9
Mu 35.98 * 106
d   81.73 mm  193 mm 0k
0.2244 f c ' b 0.2244* 1000* 24
    
  1  1  2.352 * 36.34 *10  
' 6
2.352 M u  fc 24
  1  1  
'   
bd f c  1.176 f y  
2  
0.9 *1000 *193 * 24  1.176 * 400 
2

0.03 f c'
 0.00279   min   0.0021,   0.00279
fy

AS= bd = 0.00279*1000*193 = 537.7mm2
 (7)2  1000  (7) 2  1000 2

S   286 mm , Provide 14C/C200mm, Asprovided = 769.7 mm
As 537.7
Negative moment reinforcement

Mu = 28.36 kNm/m
 2.352M u   fc '   2.352* 28.36 *106  

  1  1     1  1  24

  bd 2
f '  1.176 f y   0.9 *1000* 200.7 * 24 
2
 1.176* 400 
 c    
  0.002   min  0.0021
As = bd = 0.0021 * 1000 * 200.7 = 421.47 mm2
, Provide 14 C/C 200mm, As provided = 769.7 mm2
Distribution reinforcement
Secondary reinforcement is placed at the bottom of the slab in the longitudinal direction to
distribute wheel loads on the bridge to the primary reinforcement in the transverse direction.
The required area as a percentage of the primary reinforcement is:
3840
%  67%   Se = 2350 - 450 = 1900 - clear span between girders
Se
3840
%  88.1  67%, take 67%
1900
As = 0.67 * 769.7 = 515.7 mm2
 (6) 2  1000 113.1  1000
Using 12, S    219.3mm ,
As 515.7
Provide 12 C/C 200 mm
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Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

The minimum amount of reinforcement in each direction will be
Ag 246  1000
AS  0.75  0.75   461.25mm2
fy 400
For members greater than 150mm in thickness the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is
to be distributed equally on both faces. But the primary and secondary reinforcements
provided are more than this amount. This reinforcement will be provided on top face in the
longitudinal direction only.
AS 461.25
  230.63mm2
2 2
 (6) 2  1000 113.1  1000
Using 12, S    490.4mm  450mm or 3  180mm
As 230.63
Provide 12 C/C 400mm at top in the longitudinal direction to place every other bar with the
bottom distribution reinforcement, ASprov. = 282.7mm2
Service I limit state

a) Control of cracking
Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing in the reinforcement under service
loads
123000 e dc
S  2d c , s 1 [Art. 5.7.3.4]
s fs 0.7(h  d c )
Where dc = depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar
or wire located closest there to (mm). For calculation purpose, the actual
thickness of clear concrete cover shall be used.
γe = exposure factor, 1 for class 1 exposure and 0.75 for class 2. Class 1
exposure applies when cracks can be tolerated due to reduced concerns
for appearance/corrosion. Class 2 is used when there is an increased
concern for appearance/corrosion.
h = overall depth or thickness of component (mm).
βS is a geometric relationship between crack width at the tension concrete
face and crack width at the level of reinforcement
Es = 200Gpa
Ec  0.043K1 c f c '  0.043 (2400)1.5 24  24.77GPa
1.5
K1 - is correction factor for source of aggregate to be taken as 1 unless

determined by physical test
ES 200
n   8.07 take n = 8
EC 24.77
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Load combination for service I limit state is

D = R = I= 1.0 =1.0
M  M DC  M LL IM
Check positive moment reinforcement
Mmaxp = -4.78 + 1.33 * 19 = 20.49 kNm/m

Assuming the N.A is above the top reinforcement, i.e.,
top reinforcement also in tension zone
bx2 *0.5= nA’S (d’ - x) + n AS (d-x)

1000x2 *0.5 = 8 * 769.7 (67 - x) + 8 * 769.7 (193 - x)
x2 + 24.63x –3201.95 = 0
x = 45.6mm < 67 Ok!
1000 45.6 3
I cr   8  769.7(67  45.6) 2  8  769.7(193  45.6) 2  168.21 106 mm4
3
nMy 8  20.49  106  (193  45.6)
fS    143.64MPa
Ic r 168.21  106
The contribution of the upper steel is very small and hence can be neglected.
32
S 1  1.237
0.7(225  32)
123000 x0.75
S  200   2 x32  455.2 Ok!
1.237 x143.64
Check negative moment reinforcement

M = (0.22 + 1.33x12.32) = 16.61 kNm
0.5bx2 + (n-1) As’ (x - d’) = nAs(d-x)
500x2 + 7 * 769.7 (x-32) =8 * 769.7 (200.7- x)
x2 + 23.09x – 2816.49 = 0
x=42.77mm > 32mm Ok.
1000 42.77 3
I cr   7 * 769.7(42.77  32) 2  8 * 769.7(200.7  42.77) 2  180.29 *106 mm4
3
nMy 8  16.61  106  (200.7  42.77)
fS    116.40 MPa
Icr 180.29  106
67
S 1  1.477
0.7(267.7  67)
123000 * 0.75
S  200   2 * 67  402.6mm Ok!
1.477 *116.4
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Fatigue limit state

Fatigue need not be investigated in multi girder applications. [Art. 9.5.3]
1.2.2 Design of deck overhang and barrier wall

Two limit states must be investigated: Strength I and Extreme Event II. The strength
limit state considers vertical gravity loads and it seldom governs unless the cantilever
span is large. The extreme event limit state considers forces in the following table for
test level 4, which is the case for bridges on highways conveying heavy vehicles
mixed with automobiles with maximum velocity of 100km/hr.
Design forces for a TL-4 barrier

Direction Force (kN) Length (m)
Transverse (Ft) 240 1.07
Longitudinal (Fl) 80 1.07
Vertical (Fv) 80 5.5
Ft = Rw
Where
Rw is the resistance or capacity of barrier
2  M L2 
Rw   8M b  8M w  c c 
2lc  Lt  H 
 L  8H M b  M w H 
2
L
Lc  t   t  
2 2 Mc
Mb is moment strength of beam at top of wall,
Mb=0 in our case
Mw is moment strength of wall about vertical axis
Mc is moment strength of wall about horizontal axis
H is height of wall, H=1100mm in this case.
Lt longitudinal distribution length of impact force
Lc critical wall length of yield line pattern
Try 12 C/C 200 mm for barrier wall reinforcement vertically so that it will be tied to
deck slab reinforcement. Try 12 C/C 200mm reinforcement horizontally also.
 a As f y 565.5  400
M c  As f y  d  , a   11.09mm
 2 0.85 f c b 0.85  24  1000
'
11.09
M c  1.0  565.5 * 400 * (269  )  59.6kNm / m ,
2
11.09
M w1  1.0  565.5 * 400 * (257  )  56.9kNm / m
2
11.09
M w2  1.0  565.5 * 400 * (157  )  34.26kNm / m
2
(56.9  34.26)
M wavg   45.58kNm / m
2
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 Lt  8H M b  M wavg H  1070  1070  8 *11000  45580

2 2
Lt
Lc            3183.8mm
2 2 Mc 2  2  59.6
2  M L2  2  59.6 * 3183.82 
Rw   8M b  8M wavg  c c    0  8 * 45580  
2 Lc  Lt  H  2 * 3183.8  1070  1100 

Rw  345.0kN  240kN Ok.
Overhang slab moment and reinforcement – the overhang moment will not be
bigger than that which requires 14mm bars which continue from the interior support.
1.3. Design of Girders

Summary of DL slab reactions transferred to girders
DC: rA = 20.73 + 14.66 = 35.39 kN/m rB = 2.40 + 8.53 = 10.93 kN/m
Dead load effect due to dead load of web and diaphragm
-3
D = 1.1m, w = 0.45 * (1.1-0.246) * 2320 * 9.81 * 10 = 8.75 kN/m
Diaphragm load on girders (acting at span third points)

exterior girder = (0.75-0.246) * 0.30 * (2.35-0.45)*0.5* 22.76 = 3.27 kN = FDiaphExt
interior girder = 3.27*2 = 6.54 kN = FDiaphInt
DL moment and shear functions:

exterior girders: wDCExt = 35.39 +8.75 = 44.14
x: 0 – 5.073m: V(x) = 339.18 – 44.14x = RADLExt - wDLExtx
2
M(x) = 339.18 x – 22.07x = RADLExtx - wDLExt*x2/2
x: 5.073 – 10.146m: V(x) =335.91 – 44.14x = RADLExt- FDiaphragExt - wDLExtx
2
M(x) = 335.91 x – 22.07x = (RADLExt- FDiaphragExt )x - wDLExt*x2/2
interior girders: wDCInt = 10.93 +8.75 = 19.68
x: 0 – 5.073m: V(x) = 156.31 – 19.68x = RADLInt - wDLIntx
2
M(x) = 156.31x – 9.84x = RADLIntx - wDLInt*x2/2
x:5.07–10.146m:V(x) = 149.77 – 19.68x = RADLInt- FDiaphragInt - wDLIntx
2
M(x) = 149.77 x – 9.84x = (RADLInt- FDiaphragInt )x - wDLInt*x2/2
Select resistance factors, 

i) Strength limit state
Flexural and tension = 0.9
Shear and torsion = 0.9
ii) Non-strength = 1.0
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Select load modifiers

Strength I Service I Fatigue AASHTO 2005 Art. No
Ductility, D 0.95 1.0 1.0 Art 1.3.3
Redundancy, R 0.95 1.0 1.0 Art 1.3.4
Importance, I 1.05 N/A N/A Art 1.3.5
 = D * R *I 0.95 1.0 1.0
Select applicable load combinations

Strength I U =0.95[1.25 DC + 1.5DW + 1.75 (LL + IM) + 1.0 (WA + FR)
Service I U = 1.0[DC + DW + 1.0(LL + IM) + 1.0 WA + 0.3 (WS + WL)
Fatigue U = 0.75(LL + IM)
Live load force effects

Number of lanes = 2. m = 1.2 for one lane loaded, m = 1.0 for two lanes loaded.
IM = 15% for fatigue and IM = 33% for all other limit states
Distribution factors for moments [Art 4.6.2.2.2]

This is applicable if all have constant deck width, at least four parallel beams and if
overhang is part of roadway.
 Cross section type is e in Table Art 4.6.2.2.2b-1, Nb = 4, ts = 246mm,
S=2350mm
Interior giders with concrete decks [Table art 4.6.2.2b and b-1]
Girder distribution factor with multiple presence factor included, g is taken the
smaller of the one obtained from empirical formulae for Nb = 4 or that obtained from
the lever rule.
One lane loaded
gSIM = 0.06 + (S/4300)0.4 * (S/L) 0.3 (kg/Lts3)0.1
gSIM = 0.06 + (2350/4300) 0.4 * (2350/15220) 0.3 = 0.508
SI = single lane loaded, interior; M = moment
Two or more lanes loaded

gMIM = 0.075 + (S/2900)0.6 * (S/L)0.2 (kg/Lts3)0.1
gMIM = 0.075 + (2350/2900)0.6 * (2350/15220)0.2 = 0.682
where (kg/Lts3) = 1.0 for preliminary design, MI = multiple lanes loaded, interior; M
= moment
Exterior girders [Table art 4.6.2.2.2d and d-1]

One lane loaded - lever rule with m = 1.2
res = 1.2*0.5P (85 + 1885)/2350 = 0.503P res exterior girder reaction for single
lane loading
gMEM = e * gMI ,
where e = 0.77 + de/2800 = 0.77 + 135/2800 = 0.818
e = 0.818 < 1.0 use e = 1.0 gMEM = 0.682
11
Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
Distributed live load moments

ILS for truck and tandem IL for Tandem
145kN
110kN
145kN 35kN 110kN
3.77 3.223 3.8

1.826
1.414
8.338 6.882 7.91 7.31
M(LL + IM) = g [ (MTr or MTan) (1+IM) + MLn]

MTr = 145(1.826 + 3.77) + 35(1.414) = 860.88 kNm ------ governs
MTan = 110 (3.223 + 3.8) = 772.50 kNm
Distribution factor for shear [Art 4.6.2.2.3]

Interior girder
One lane loaded: mg SI v = 0.36 +S/7600 = 0.669
Two lanes loaded: mg MI v = 0.2 + S/3600 - (S/10700)2 = 0.805
Exterior girder
One lane loaded---lever rule with m = 1.2
g SEv = 1.2*0.5P*(85 + 1885)/2350 = 0.503P

gMEv = e* gMIv = (0.6 + 135/3000)*0.805 = 0.52 – this governs
Distributed live load shears
VLL + IM = g [1.33(VTr or VTa) + VLn]
IL for truck IL for tandem
145 110 110
35
0.921
0.717
0.435 1
1
VTr = 145(1 + 0.717) + 35 * 0.435= 264.19 kN, governs

VTan = 110 (1 + 0.921) = 211.31 kN
It is necessary to construct factored moment and shear envelope equations for both Service I
and Strength I limit states. Truck governs for both shear and moment.
P
0.2414P P P P
0.2414P
x
x L-x
L-x
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Project:
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Upgrading Project
Moment:
M ( x) Ln 
1
* 9.3 * x *
L  x  * L  4.65( Lx  x 2 )
2 L
x: 0 4.3m (0.2414P axle load outside span, i.e., not on bridge)
x L  x  x 2P 2 P
M ( x)Tr  P  P( L  x  4.3)   x  (2L  4.3) x
L L L L
M LL  IM  g m 1.33M Tr  M Ln 
  2P 2 P  
M LL  IM  g m 1.33 x  (2 L  4.3) x   4.65( Lx  x 2 )
  L L  
 2.66 P 
M LL IM  g m  (  4.65) x 2  (2.66 P  4.65L  4.3) x
 L 
x: 4.3 L-4.3 ( All the three axle loads on bridge)

M ( x)Tr  0.2414 P
x  4.3L  x   P xL  x   P ( L  x  4.3) x
L L L
P 2 P
M ( x)Tr  2.2414 x  (2.2414 L  3.262) x  1.038P
L L
M LL IM  g m 1.33M Tr  M Ln 
  P P  
M LL IM  g m 1.33 2.2414 x 2  (2.2414 L  3.262) x  1.038P   4.65( Lx  x 2 )
  L L  
 2.9811P P 
M LL IM  g m  (  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 ) x  1.3805P 
 L L 
Shear:
X: 0 L-8.6 (All the three axles on bridge)
V ( x)Tr  P
L  x   P L  x  4.3  0.2414P L  x  8.6  P  2.2414 x  (2.2414L  6.376)
L L L L
 L  x ( L  x)  4.65
V ( x) Ln 
1
* 9.3 *    
( L  x) 2  
4.65 2

L  2 xL  x 2 
2  L  L L
VLL  IM

 gV 1.33 *  2.2414  (2.2414L  6.376) 
P 4.65 2
 
L  2 Lx  x 2  
 L L 
 4.65 2 P P 
VLL  IM  gV  x  (2.9811  9.3) x  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L)
 L L L 
Corresponding moment is (x: 0 L - 8.6m)

x L  x  L  x  4.3x  0.2414P( L  x  8.6) x  P  2.2414 x2  (2.2414L  6.376) x
M ( x)Tr  P
L
P
L L L
 
M ( x) Ln 
1
* 9.3 * x *
L  x  * L  4.65( Lx  x 2 )
2 L
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Project:
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Upgrading Project
 P
  
M LL  IM  g m 1.33 *  2.2414 x 2  (2.2414 L  6.376) x  4.65( Lx  x 2 )
 L 
 P P 
M LL IM  g m  (2.9811  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) x
 L L 
X: L-8.6 L – 4.3 (0.2414P axle load outside bridge)

V ( x)Tr  P
L  x   P L  x  4.3  P 2L  2 x  4.3
L L L
 L  x ( L  x)  4.65
1
V ( x) Ln  * 9.3 *    
( L  x) 2  
4.65 2

L  2 xL  x 2 
2  L  L L

VLL  IM  gV 1.33 * 2 L  2 x  4.3 
P 4.65 2
 
L  2 Lx  x 2  
 L L 
 4.65 2 P P 
VLL  IM  gV  x  (9.3  2.66 ) x  5.719  2.66 P  4.65L
 L L L 
Corresponding moment is (x: L – 8.6 L - 4.3m)
x L  x  L  x  4.3x  P  2 x 2  (2L  4.3) x
M ( x)Tr  P
L
P
L L
 
M ( x) Ln 
1
* 9.3 * x *
L  x  * L  4.65( Lx  x 2 )
2 L
 P
  
M LL  IM  g m 1.33 *  2 x 2  (2 L  4.3) x  4.65( Lx  x 2 )
 L 
 P P 
M LL  IM  g m  (2.66  4.65) x 2  (2.66P  5.719  4.65L) x
 L L 
Strength I limit state
Envelope equations for strength I limit state
U = [1.25DC + 1.5DW + 1.75(LL + IM)
Moments
a) Exterior girder
x: 0 4.3m, wDLExt = 44.14, RADLExt = 339.18, FDiaph = 3.27kN,
gmext
 0.682
 w  2.66 P 
M U  0.951.25( RADLExt x  DLExt x 2 )  1.75 * g mext  (  4.65) x 2  (2.66 P  4.65L  4.3) x
 2  L 
 wDLExt 4.655P ext 
 (1.25  * g m  8.1375 g mext ) x 2  
MU    2 L 
(1.25R 
ADLExt  4.655P * g m  8.1375 g m * L  7.525 g m ) x 
ext ext ext

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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
MU  60.21x2  915.46 x
x: 4.3 5.073m
 wDLExt 2 
1.25( RADLExt x  2 x )  
M U  0.95 
1.75 * g mext  ( 2.9811P  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 P ) x  1.3805P 
  L L 
 wDLExt 5.217 P ext 
 (1.25  * g m  8.1375 g mext ) x 2  
MU    2 L 
(1.25R  ext
 ext
 ext
 ext 
 ADLExt 5.217 P * g m 8.1375 g m * L 7.592 g m ) x 2.416 Pg m 
MU  63.68x2  968.215x  238.92

x: 5.073m 10.14m
 wDLExt 2 
1.25(( RADLExt  FDiaph ) x  2 x )  
M U  0.95 
1.75 * g mext  ( 2.9811P  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 P ) x  1.3805P 
  L L 
 (1.25  * g m  8.1375 g mext ) x 2  
MU    2 L 
(1.25( RADLExt  FDiaph )  5.217 P * g mext  8.1375 g mext * L  7.592 g mext ) x  2.416 Pg mext 
 
MU  63.68x2  964.332 x  226.97
dM u
0, x = 7.572m, Mumax = 3423.85 kNm
dx
b) Interior girder
x: 0 4.3m, wDLInt = 19.68, RADLExt = 156.31, FDiaph = 6.54kN,
g m  0.682
int
 w  2.66 P 
M U  0.951.25( RADLInt x  DLInt x 2 )  1.75 * g mint  (  4.65) x 2  (2.66 P  4.65L  4.3) x
 2  L 
 wDLInt 4.655P int 
 (1.25  * g m  8.1375 g mint ) x 2  
MU    2 L 
(1.25R 
ADLExt  4.655P * g m  8.1375 g m * L  7.525 g m ) x 
int int int

MU  45.69 x2  698.30 x
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
x: 4.3 5.073m
 wDLInt 2 
1.25( RADLInt x  2 x )  
M U  0.95 
1.75 * g mint  ( 2.9811P  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 P ) x  1.3805P 
  L L 
 wDLInt 5.217 P int 
 (1.25  * g m  8.1375 g mint ) x 2  
MU    2 L 
(1.25R int 
ADLInt  5.217 P * g m  8.1375 g m * L  7.592 g m ) x  2.416 Pg m 
int int int

MU  49.16 x 2  751.06 x  226.97
x: 5.073m 10.14m
  2.9811P 
  (  4.65) x 2  
wDLInt 2  L
M U  0.951.25(( RADLInt  FDiaph ) x  x )  1.75 * g mint  
 2 (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 P ) x  1.3805P 
  L 
 (1.25  * g m  8.1375 g mint ) x 2  
MU    2 L 
(1.25( RADLInt _ FDiaph )  5.217 P * g mint  8.1375 g mint * L  7.592 g mint ) x  2.416 Pg mint 
 
MU  49.16 x 2  743.29 x  226.97
dM u
0, x = 7.56m, Mumax = 2582.63 kNm
dx
Shear Forces
a) Exterior girder
x: 0 5.073m, wDLExt = 44.14, RADLExt = 339.18, FDiaph = 3.27kN,
g v  0.52
ext
 4.65 2 P P 
VU   1.25( RADLExt  wDLExt x)  1.75 * g vext x  (2.9811  9.3) x  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) 
 L L L 
 8.1375 ext 2 P ext 

 L g v x  (1.25wDLExt  5.217 L g v  13.95 g v ) x  
ext
VU    
(1.25R P ext
 ADLExt  5.217 Pg v  14.84
ext
g v  8.1375Lgv ) 
ext
L 
VU  0.264 x 2  83.86 x  767.31
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
x: 5.073 L- 8.6
 4.65 2 P P 
VU   1.25( RADLExt  FDiaph  wDLExt x)  1.75 * g vext x  (2.9811  9.3) x  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) 
 L L L 
 8.1375 ext 2 P ext 

g x  (1.25 w  5.217 g v  13.95 g vext ) x 
 L v DLExt
L 
VU    
(1.25( R P ext ext 
 ADLExt  F Diaph )  5 .217 Pg ext
v  14 .84 g v  8 .1375 Lg v ) 
L
VU  0.264 x 2  83.86 x  763.42
The corresponding moments are:
x: 0 5.07
 w P P 
M C  0.951.25( RADLExt x  DLExt x 2 )  1.75 * g mext  (2.9811  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) x 
 2 L L 
 (1.25 2  L * g m  8.1375 g m ) x 
ext 2

MC  
(1.25R P ext
 ADLExt  5.217 P * g m  14.84
ext
g m  8.1375 g m * L) x
ext
L 
M C  63.68x 2  881.53x
x: 5.073 L – 8.6
 w P P 
M C  0.951.25( RADLExt x  FDiaphx  DLExt x 2 )  1.75 * g mext  (2.9811  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) x 
 2 L L 
 (1.25 2  L * g m  8.1375 g m ) x 
ext 2

MC  
(1.25( R P ext
 ADLExt  FDiaph )  5.217 P * g m  14.84
ext
g m  8.1375 g m * L) x
ext
L 
M C  63.68x 2  877.65x
b) Interior girder
x: 0 5.073m, wDLInt = 19.68, RADLExt = 156.31, FDiaph = 6.54kN,
g v  0.805
int
 4.65 2 P P 
VU   1.25( RADLInt  wDLInt x)  1.75 * g vint x  (2.9811  9.3) x  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) 
 L L L 
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
 8.1375 int 2 P int 

g x  (1.25 w  5.217 g v  13.95 g vint ) x  
 L v DLInt
L 
VU    
(1.25R P int 
 ADLInt  5.217 Pg int
v  14.84 g v  8.1375 Lg v
int
) 
L
VU  0.41x 2  72.05x  750.72
x: 5.073 L- 8.6
 4.65 2 P P 
VU   1.25( RADLExt  FDiaph  wDLExt x)  1.75 * g vext x  (2.9811  9.3) x  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) 
 L L L 
 8.1375 ext 2 P ext 

 L g v x  (1.25wDLExt  5.217 L g v  13.95 g v ) x 
ext

VU    
(1.25( R P ext ext 
ADLExt  FDiaph )  5.217 Pg v  14.84 g v  8.1375Lgv )
ext
 L 
VU  0.41x 2  72.05x  742.95
The corresponding moments are:
x: 0 5.073
 w P P 
M C  0.951.25( RADLInt x  DLInt x 2 )  1.75 * g mint  (2.9811  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) x 
 2 L L 
 (1.25 2  L * g m  8.1375 g m ) x 
int 2

MC  
(1.25R P int
 ADLInt  5.217 P * g m  14.84
int
g m  8.1375 g m * L) x
int
L 
M C  49.16 x 2  664.38x
x: 5.073 L – 8.6
 w P P
M C  0.951.25( RADLExt Inx  FDiaphx  DLInt x 2 )  1.75 * g mint  (2.9811  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  8.48  4.65L) x
 2 L L
 (1.25 2  L * g m  8.1375 g m ) x 
int 2

MC  
(1.25( R P int 
 ADLInt  FDiaph )  5 .217 P * g int
m  14 . 84 g m  8.1375 g int
m * L ) x 
L
M C  49.16 x 2  656.61x
Check adequacy of section for compression in concrete

c < 0.42d, a = 1c a  0.421d 1 = 0.85 [Art 5.7.3.3]
a< 0.85 * 0.42d
a< 0.357d ------------- (a)
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
From the moment equation

M = (0.85fc’ab)(d - a/2) -------- (b)
From equations (a) and (b) above
M = 0.2244fc’bd2
MU
d
0.2244bf C'
1 15220
Leff   3805
4 4
bi  12t s  bw  12(246)  450  3402
S  2350
1 15220
Leff   1902.5
8 8
b b 450
be  i  6t s  w  6(246)   1701
2 2 2
Overhang  1235
bi = 2350 mm taking the minimum

be = 1235 + 0.5*2350 = 2410 mm
Exterior girder
MU 3423.85 *106
d   513.6mm  1100  146  954mm ok!
0.2244bfC' 0.2244  2410 * 24
Interior girder
MU 2582.63 *106
d   451.73  1100  106  994mm ok
0.2244bfC' 0.2244 * 2350 * 24
Reinforcement
Flexure
a) Exterior girder
Assuming two rows of 32 bars, d =954mm, Mumax = 3423.85 kNm
 2.352 M  fc '   2.352 * 3423.85 *10 6  24 

     1  
1  1  b d 2 f ' 1 
u
 1.176 f   0.9 * 2410 * 954 2 * 24  1.176 * 400 
 e c  y   
  0.0045
s = bed = 0.0045* 2410* 954 = 10346.1mm2 , 1332 bars


Provide 1432 bars in four rows.
y = 4 *(50 +16) + 4 * (50 + 3 * 32) + 4*(50 + 5.5*32)+2*(50+8*32) = 168.86

14
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Project:
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Consultant:
Upgrading Project
y = 4 *(66) + 4 * (146) + 4*(226)+2*(306) = 168.86

14
d = 1100 – 168.86 = 931.14 mm,
revise ,
 2.352 * 3423.85 *10 6  24 
  1  1   
 0.9 * 2410 * 931.14 2 * 24  1.176 * 400 
 
  0.0048
s = bed = 0.0048* 2410* 931.14 =10771.43mm2, 13.432 bars,
Provide 1432 bars in four rows, 4 bars in each row and 2 bars in the fourth row
Asprov.= 11259.5 mm2
This area of reinforcement is required to resist moment at section of maximum

moment. Moment decreases as we go away from this point and so bars that are not
needed have to be curtailed.
Cutting off the two bars in row 4, moment capacity of section with 1232 bars is
9650.97 * 400
As = 12(16)2 = 9650.97 mm2, c   92.38
0.7225 * 24 * 2410
M = Asfy(d - 0.425c),
M = (0.9)(9650.97)(400)(954 - 0.425 * 92.38) = 3178.13 kNm
Assuming x: 5.073 – 10.14m
3178.13 kNm = – 63.68x2 + 964.332x-226.97
x = 5.61m and 9.53m. Length of the two bars in row 4, l1 = 9.53 - 5.61 + 2ld
Development length
Basic tension development length, ldb [Art 5.11.2]
0.02 Ab f y
l db   0.06d b f y
f c'
Modification factor do not apply to this girder [Art 5.11.2.1.2and 3]
ldb = 1215.91mm
1800 hook anchorage is provided for bars that continue to the support as per AASHTO
Art. 5.11.2.4.
Provide ld = 1220mm
l1 = 9.53 - 5.61 + 2ld = 3.92 + 2*1.22 = 6.36m
Then two bars will be terminated from row 3, capacity of section with 10  32 bars
(8042.5mm2) assuming x: 4.3 – 5.073m: y =130mm, d=970, c=76.98,
M=2713.72kNm = -63.68x2 + 968.215x – 238.92, x=4.22 outside assumed range
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Project:
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Consultant:
Upgrading Project
Assuming x: 0 – 4.3m: M=2713.72 kNm = -60.21x2 + 915.46x, x = 4.04m (and 15.22-

4.04=11.2m)
l2 = 11.2 - 4.04 + 2ld = 7.16 + 2*1.22 = 9.6m
Then the rest 2 bars in the third row will be terminated where they are no more
needed, capacity of section with 8  32 bars (6433.98mm2): y =106mm, d=994,
c=61.58, M=2241.7kNm=-60.21x2 + 915.46x, x=3.07 and (15.22 – 3.07) 12.15m
l3 = 12.15 - 3.07 + 2ld = 9.08 + 2*1.22 = 11.52m
(4825.5mm2) assuming x: 0 – 4.3m: y = 92.67mm, d= 1007.3mm, c=46.2,
M=1730.2kNm = -60.21x2 + 915.46x, x=2.21m (and 15.22-2.21=13.01m)
l4 = 13.01 - 2.21 + 2ld = 10.8 + 2*1.22 = 13.24m, two bars of 12m length lapped with
two bars of length 1.24 + 1.22 = 2.46m.
Then the rest 2 bars in the second row will be terminated where they are no more
needed, capacity of section with 4  32 bars (3217mm2): y =66mm, d=1034mm,
c=30.79, M=1182.34kNm = -60.21x2 + 915.46x, x=1.425 and (15.22 – 1.425)
13.795m
l4 = 13.795 - 1.425 + 2ld = 12.37 + 2*1.22 = 14.81m, two bars of 12m length lapped
with two bars of length 2.81 + 1.22 = 4.03m.
Finally, 4  32 bars in the first row will continue to the support.
b) Interior girder
Assuming two rows of 32 bars, d =954mm,, Mumax = 2582.63 kNm
 2.352 M u     6 
  1  1   fc '   1  1  2.352 * 2582.63 *10  
24 

  1.176 f   
 
2 2
 be d f c '  y   0.9 * 2350 * 994 * 24 1.176 * 400
  0.0032
s = bed = 0.0032* 2350 * 994 = 7474.88 mm2, 9.332, Asprovided= 6433.98mm2


Provide 1032 bars, 4 bars in rows 1 and 2, and 2 bars in row 3. 
y = 4 *(50 +16) + 4 * (50 + 3 * 32) + 2*(50 + 5.5*32)= 130, d = 970,

10
s = mm2, 1032 bars
Cutting the top 2 bars, moment capacity of section with 832 bars (6433.98mm2)
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
As = 8(16)2 = 6433.98 mm2, y = 106mm, d=994mm,

6433.98 * 400
c  63.16
0.7225 * 24 * 2350
M = Asfy(d - 0.425c),
M = (0.9)(6433.98)(400)(994 - 0.425 * 63.16) = 2240.16 kNm
Assuming x: 5.073 – 10.14m
2240.16 kNm = – 49.16x2 + 743.29x-226.97 , x = 4.91 outside assumed range
Assume x:4.3 – 5.073 m, 2240.16 kNm = – 49.16x2 + 751.06x - 226.97 , x = 4.78 and
(15.22 – 4.78) 10.44m
Development length
The same as for exterior girders.
l1 = 10.44 - 4.78 + 2ld = 5.66 + 2*1.22 = 8.1m
(4825.5mm2) assuming x: 0 – 4.3m: y = 92.67mm, d= 1007.3mm, c=47.37,
M=1714.89kNm = -45.69x2 + 698.3x, x=3.07m (and 15.22-3.07=12.146m)
l2 = 12.146 - 3.07 + 2ld = 9.08 + 2*1.22 = 11.52m
Then the rest 2 bars in the second row will be terminated where they are no more
needed, capacity of section with 4  32 bars (3217mm2): y =66mm, d=1034mm,
c=31.58, M=1181.95kNm = -45.69x2 + 698.3x, x=1.942 and (15.22 – 1.942) 13.278m
l3 = 13.278 - 1.942 + 2ld = 11.336 + 2*1.22 = 13.78m, two bars of 12m length lapped
with two bars of length 1.78 + 1.22 = 3.0m.
Finally, 4  32 bars in the first row will continue to the support, to which is provided
1800 hook anchorage.
Shear reinforcement
Nominal shear resistance Vn is the lesser of
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp or
Vn = 0.25fc’bvdv + Vp
In which the nominal shear resistance of concrete Vc is

Vc = 0.083 f c' bvdv, traditional value of  = 2.0
Nominal stirrup shear resistance, Vs is
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Project:
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Consultant:
Upgrading Project
Av f y d v (cot   cot  ) sin 

Vs 
S
For vertical stirrups,  = 900 (angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to

longitudinal axis) and
Av f y d v cot 
Vs 
S
bv = effective web width taken as the minimum web width with in the depth dv
dv = effective shear depth taken as the distance measured perpendicular to the NA
between the resultants of the tensile and compressive forces due to flexure
> 0.9de or 0.72D = 0.9*(1100-126.8) or 0.72*1100 = 875.88 for exterior girder and
the larger of 0.9*994 or 0.72*1100 = 894.6mm or 792mm = 894.6mm
S = spacing of shear reinforcement
Vu < 0.1fc’bvdv S  0.8dv  600mm
Vu > 0.1fc’ bvdv S  0.4dv  300mm
Vp = component of pre stressing force in the direction of shear (N)
Vu
Nominal shear stress in concrete  u 
bv d v
Tensile strain in the longitudinal reinforcement

MC
 0.5Vu cot 
dv
x   0.001
2 Es As
Shear causes tension in the longitudinal reinforcement that must be added to flexural
tension force.
M C  Vu 
As f y     0.5Vs  cot  [Art 5.8.3.5]
d v  v 
If this equation is not satisfied either the tensile reinforcement As must be increased or
the stirrups must be placed closer together to increase Vs. Vu is shear envelope for
strength I limit state which will be taken with MC.
The shear envelopes and the corresponding moments and are:
a) Exterior girder
X: 0 – 5.073m
VU  0.264 x2  83.86 x  822.79
M C  63.68x2  881.53x
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
x: 5.073 L- 8.6
VU  0.264 x2  83.86 x  763.42
M C  63.68x2  877.65x
b) Interior girder
x: 0 5.073m
VU  0.41x2  72.05x  750.72
M C  49.16 x2  664.38x
x: 5.073 L- 8.6
VU  0.41x  72.05x  742.95
2
M C  49.16 x2  656.61x
Reinforcement As at tenth points:
Exterior Girder Reinforcement (mm2) Interior Girder Reinforcement ( mm2)

dv 6Φ32 = 4825.5 dv 6Φ32 = 4825.5
0.1L=1.522 m 8Φ32 = 6433.98 0.1L=1.522 m 6Φ32 = 4825.5
0.2L=3.044 m 10Φ32 = 8042.48 0.2L=3.044 m 8Φ32 = 6433.98
0.3L=4.566 m 14Φ32 = 11259.5 0.3L=4.566 m 10Φ32 = 8042.5
0.4L=6.088 m 14Φ32 = 11259.5 0.4L=6.088 m 10Φ32 = 8042.5
0.5L=7.61 m 14Φ32 = 11259.5 0.5L=7.61 m 10Φ32 = 8042.5
a) Exterior Girder
Step 1
Determine Vu and MC at distance dv from the support
632 bars, As = 4825.5 mm2, bv = 450mm, be = 2410
As f y 4825.5  400
a   39.26 mm
0.85 f b'
c ee 0.85  24  2410
d = 1007.3 mm = de
 a 39.26
 d  2  1007.3  2  987.7 mm

d v  max of  0.9d  0.9 1007.3  906.6 mm
0.72 D  0.72 1100  792mm


dv = 987.7 mm, Vu = 684.71, Mc = 808.79
Step2
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
Calculate the shear stress ratio u/fc’
Vu 684.71 103
u    1.712
bv d v 0.9  450  987.7
 1.712
'
  0.071
f c 24
Step 3
Estimate an initial value of and calculate x
first trial  = 35 0, cot = 1.428, Es = 200GPa
MC
 0.5Vu cot 
dv
x   0.001 
2 Es As

 0.5Vu cot  808.79 10  0.5  684.71 103 1.428
MC 6
d 987.7
x  v   0.678 10 3 
2 Es As 2 * 200 10  4825.5
3

Step 4
Use the calculated values of u/fc’ and x to determine  from Table 5.8.3.4.2-1 of
AASHTO 2005 and compare with the value estimated in step 3. If different,
recalculate x and repeat step 4 until the estimated value of  agrees with the value
from Fig 5.8.3.4.2-1 of AASHTO 98. When it does, take the corresponding value of
.
 = 33.7, cot = 1.499, x = 0.69*10-3  = 33.7 is okay.

 = 2.38
Vc  0.083bv d v f c'  0.083  2.38  450  987.7  24  430.13 kN
Vu 684.71
Vs   Vc   430.13  330.66
 0.9
Using 10, Av = 2**(5)2 = 157.08 mm2
Av f y d v cot  157.08  400  987.7  cot 33.7

s   281.4 mm
Vs 330.66 103
Av f y 157.08  400
s   343.4 mm
0.083bv f c' 0.083  450  24
Vu  0.1 f c'bv dv  0.1 24  450  987.7  1066.7, s  0.8  987.7mm  790.2 mm
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Project:
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Consultant:
Upgrading Project
Check T in longitudinal reinforcement

M V
T  As f y  C  ( u  0.5Vs ) cot 
d v 
808.79 *106 684.71*103
4825.5 * 400  (  0.5 * 330.66 *103 ) cot 33.7
0.9 * 987.7 0.9
1930.2kN  1802.7kN okay.
At x = 1.522m, Vu = 640.36, Mc = 1194.17, a = 52.35, d = 994, dv = 967.8 mm, u

=1.634, u/fc’ = 0.068 and x = 0.66*10-3 from table,  = 33.7, cot = 1.499, x =
0.659*10-3,  = 33.7 is okay,  = 2.38, S = 343.4mm, T = 2573.6kN > 2273.65kN.

=1.355, u/fc’ = 0.056 and assuming  = 33.7, x = 0.814*10-3 from table,  = 36.4,
cot = 1.356, x = 0.803*10-3,  = 36.4 is okay,  = 2.23, S = 343.4mm,
T = 3217.0kN > 3167.3kN okay.
At x = 4.566m, Vu = 389.91, Mc = 2697.4, a = 91.61, d = 931.1, dv = 885.3 mm, u

=1.087, u/fc’ = 0.045 and assuming  = 36.4, x = 0.735*10-3 from table,  = 33.7
okay, x = 0.74*10-3,  = 33.7,  = 2.23, S = 343.4mm T = 4508.8kN > 3953.3kN
okay.
Provide 10 C/C 340 mm afterwards
b) Interior girder
Step 1
Determine Vu and MC at distance dv from the support, Vu = 680kN, MC =607.97kNm
632 bars, As = 4825.5 mm2, bv = 450mm, bi = 2350
As f y 4825.5  400
a   40.26 mm
'
0.85 f b
c ee 0.85  24  2350
d = 1007.3 mm = de
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Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
 a 40.26
 d  2  1007.3  2  987.2 mm

d v  max of  0.9d  0.9 1007.3  906.6 mm
0.72 D  0.72 1100  792mm


Take dv = 987.2 mm
Step2
Calculate the shear stress ratio u/fc’
Vu 680.0 103
u    1.70
bv d v 0.9  450  987.2
u 1.70
'
  0.071
f c 24
Step 3
Estimate an initial value of and calculate x first trial  = 33.7 0, cot = 1.499,
Es = 200GPa
MC
 0.5Vu cot 
dv
x   0.001 
2 Es As

 0.5Vu cot  607.97 10  0.5  680 103 1.499
MC 6
d 987.2
x  v   0.583 103 
2 Es As 2 * 200 10  4825.5
3

Step 4
Use the calculated values of u/fc’ and x to determine  from Table 5.8.3.4.2-1 of
AASHTO 2005 and compare with the value estimated in step 3. If different,
recalculate x and repeat step 4 until the estimated value of  agrees with the value
from Fig 5.8.3.4.2-1 of AASHTO 98. When it does, take the corresponding value of
.
 = 33.7 is okay.
 = 2.38
Vc  0.083bv dv f c'  0.083  2.38  450  987.2  24  429.91 kN
Vu 680
Vs   Vc   429.91  325.64
 0.9
Using 10, Av = 2**(5)2 = 157.08 mm2
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Project:
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Consultant:
Upgrading Project
Av f y d v cot  157.08  400  987.2  cot 33.7

s   283.8 mm
Vs 325.64 103
Av f y 157.08  400
s   343.4 mm
0.083bv f c
'
0.083  450  24
Vu  0.1 f c'bv dv  0.1 24  450  987.2  1066.7, s  0.8  987.7mm  790.2 mm
Check T in longitudinal reinforcement

M V
T  As f y  C  ( u  0.5Vs ) cot 
d v 
607.97 *106 680 *103
4825.5 * 400  (  0.5 * 250.09 *103 ) cot 33.7
0.9 * 987.2 0.9
1930.2kN  1314.8kN okay.
At x = 1.522m, Vu = 642.0, Mc = 897.31, a = 52.35, d = 1007.3, dv = 987.2 mm, u

=1.606, u/fc’ = 0.0669 and assuming  = 34.6, x = 0.696*10-3 from table,  = 33.7
is okay,  = 2.38, VC = 402.82, VS = 239.18, S = 343.4mm, T = 1930.2kN >
1815.06kN.

=1.355, u/fc’ = 0.057 and assuming  = 36.4, x = 0.77*10-3 from table,  = 36.4 is
okay,  = 2.23, VC = 394.64, VS = 140.56, S = 343.4mm,
T = 2573.6kN > 2511.14kN okay.
Provide 10 C/C 340 mm afterwards
Summary of Shear Reinforcement:

Exterior Girder
Location   Sreqiured [mm] Sprovided [mm]
dv = 0.988 m 33.7 2.38 281.4 280
0.1L = 1.522 m 33.7 2.38 343.4 340
0.2L = 3.044 m 36.4 2.28 343.7 340
0.3L = 4.566 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340
0.4L = 6.088 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340
0.5L = 7.61 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340
Interior Girder
Location   Sreqiured [mm] Sprovided [mm]
dv = 0.988 m 33.7 2.38 283.8 280
0.1L = 1.522 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340
0.2L = 3.044 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340
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Project:
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Consultant:
Upgrading Project
0.3L = 4.566 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340

0.4L = 6.088 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340
0.5L = 7.61 m 36.4 2.28 343.4 340
Service I Limit State

Load Combination for Service I limit state is:
M  M DC  M LL IM
a) Durabiilty
It is assumed that concrete materials and construction procedures provide adequate
concrete cover, nonreactive aggregates, thorough consolidation, adequate cement
content, low water/cement ratio and thorough curing. If these conditions are satisfied,
it is sufficient to provide minimum cover provision of AASHTO Table Art. 5.12.3-1,
which are provided in here.
b) Crack control
i) Positive bending moment reinforcement – exterior girder
x:5.073 - 10.146m
M = MDC + MLL+IM
 wDLExt 2 
(( RADLExt  FDiaph ) x  2 x )  
M  
 g mext  ( 2.9811P  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 P ) x  1.3805P 
  L L 
 ( 2  L
g m  4.65 g mext ) x 2  
M  
(( R P ext 
 ADLExt  FDiaph )  g m (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 L )) x  1.3805Pg m 
ext
M C  44.61x2  650.79 x  136.52

dM/dx = 0, x = 7.29 m, Mmax = 2236.98 kNm
Assuming the section cracks and j = 0.875, fs = 0.6fy = 0.6*400 = 240MPa
d = 1100 – 130 = 970 mm
M 2236.98 *106
As    10981.7mm2 , 12 32 less than the area provided.
f s jd 240 * 0.875 * 970
( )√ = 24.77GPa, , take n = 8
Effective flange width is [Art 4.6.2.6.1]
Assuming neutral axis is in flange, depth of neutral axis x is
29
Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
2
 nA  2nAs d
2
nA 8(11259.5)  8 *11259.5  2(8)(11259.5)(931.1)
x   s   s       
be  be  be 2410  2410  2410
 229.08 mm  t s  246mm assumption okay
bx 3 2410  229.083
I cr   nAs (d  x) 2   8 11259.5(931.1  229.08) 2  5.405 1010 mm4
3 3
nM (d  x) 8(2236.98 *106 )(702.02)
fs    232.44MPa
I cr 5.405 *1010
ii) Positive bending moment reinforcement – interior girder
 wDLExt 2 
(( RADLExt  FDiaph ) x  2 x )  
M  
 g mext  ( 2.9811P  4.65) x 2  (2.9811P  4.65L  4.3385 P ) x  1.3805P 
  L L 
 ( 2  L
g m  4.65 g mext ) x 2  
M  
(( R P ext 
 ADLExt  F )  g ext
( 2.9811P  4 .65 L  4.3385 )) x  1.3805 Pg m 

Diaph m
L
M C  32.38x 2  464.65x  136.47
dM/dx = 0, x = 7.175 m, Mmax = 1530.45 kNm
Assuming the section cracks and j = 0.875, fs = 0.6fy = 0.6*400 = 240MPa

M 1530.45 *106
As    7513.3mm2 , less than the rows area provided
f s jd 240 * 0.875 * 970
Assuming neutral axis is in flange, depth of neutral axis x is
2 2
nA  nA  2nAs d 8(8042.5)  8(8042.5)  2(8)(8042.5)(970)
x s   s        204.71 mm
b  b  b 2350  2350  2350
x  flange thickness, assumption is ok
30
Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Upgrading Project
The actual steel stress must be compared to the allowable steel stress for crack control
bx 3 2350  204.713
I cr   nAs (d  x) 2  I cr   8  8042.48(970  204.71) 2  4.44 1010 mm4
3 3
nM (d  x) 8(1530.45 *10 )(765.29)
6
fs    211.03MPa
I cr 4.44 *1010
S< spacing of flexural reinforcement.
31

T Girder Example

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Design of Wuhama River Bridge

Fig.1. Longitudinal section of Wuhama river bridge

Fig.2. Plan of Wuhama river bridge and section of the T-girder

ii) Maximum positive live load moment

points of the exterior spans.

32.89 110.96 0.88 0.27

Mmaxp = 32.89*0.94 = 30.92kNm

iii) Maximum interior negative live load moment

72.5 kN 0.9 0.9 m 72.5 kN

14.58 113.22 kN 19.83 kN 2.63

Mmaxn = 1.2 * (30.99/1.8075) = -20.57 kNm/m [Art 4.6.2.1.1]

iv) Maximum live load reaction on exterior girder

RA = 1.2 * 73.07/1.9525 = 44.91 kN/m

Gravity load combination

Reactions and maximum moments for strength I limit state

Strength I limit State

Using 14 bars

Positive moment reinforcement

 (7)2  1000  (7) 2  1000 2

Negative moment reinforcement

 2.352M u   fc '   2.352* 28.36 *106  

As = bd = 0.0021 * 1000 * 200.7 = 421.47 mm2

, Provide 14 C/C 200mm, As provided = 769.7 mm2

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

Service I limit state

K1 - is correction factor for source of aggregate to be taken as 1 unless

Load combination for service I limit state is

Check positive moment reinforcement

Mmaxp = -4.78 + 1.33 * 19 = 20.49 kNm/m

bx2 *0.5= nA’S (d’ - x) + n AS (d-x)

Check negative moment reinforcement

Fatigue limit state

1.2.2 Design of deck overhang and barrier wall

Design forces for a TL-4 barrier

 Lt  8H M b  M wavg H  1070  1070  8 *11000  45580

1.3. Design of Girders

Diaphragm load on girders (acting at span third points)

DL moment and shear functions:

Select resistance factors, 

Select load modifiers

Select applicable load combinations

Live load force effects

Distribution factors for moments [Art 4.6.2.2.2]

Two or more lanes loaded

Exterior girders [Table art 4.6.2.2.2d and d-1]

Distributed live load moments

3.77 3.223 3.8

8.338 6.882 7.91 7.31

M(LL + IM) = g [ (MTr or MTan) (1+IM) + MLn]

Distribution factor for shear [Art 4.6.2.2.3]

Two or more lanes loaded

VTr = 145(1 + 0.717) + 35 * 0.435= 264.19 kN, governs

x: 4.3 L-4.3 ( All the three axle loads on bridge)

Corresponding moment is (x: 0 L - 8.6m)

X: L-8.6 L – 4.3 (0.2414P axle load outside bridge)

Strength I limit state

Envelope equations for strength I limit state

U = [1.25DC + 1.5DW + 1.75(LL + IM)

MU  63.68x2  968.215x  238.92

 8.1375 ext 2 P ext 

 8.1375 ext 2 P ext 

The corresponding moments are:

 8.1375 int 2 P int 

y = 4 (50 +16) + 4 (50 + 3 * 32) + 4(50 + 5.532)+2(50+832) = 168.86

y = 4 (66) + 4 (146) + 4(226)+2(306) = 168.86

y = 4 (50 +16) + 4 (50 + 3 * 32) + 2(50 + 5.532)= 130, d = 970,

Using 10, Av = 2(5)2 = 157.08 mm2

Using 10, Av = 2(5)2 = 157.08 mm2