Chapter Review (Cellular Respiration)

Vocabulary
1- Pyruvic acid
2- NAD+
3- NADH, FADH2
4- Oxygen
5- The enzymes found in the cell.
Multiple Choice
6- C
7- A
8- A
9- B
10- D
11- B
12- B
13- C
14- A
15- D
16- Pyruvic acid produced from glycolysis diffuses from cytosol to
mitochondrial matrix where it is converted to Acetyl CoA. This reaction produces
CO2 and NADH. Acetyl CoA enter Krebs cycle and combine with oxaloacetic acid
to produce Citric acid.
17- Because in most eukaryotic cells, the NADH that is made in the cytosol
during glycolysis cannot diffuse through the inner membrane of mitochondrion.
Instead, it must be actively transported into mitochondrial matrix. The active
transport of NADH consumes ATP. As a result, most eukaryotic cells produce only
about 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
18- The pathways of aerobic respiration occurs in the cytosol, while the
pathways of aerobic respiration exist and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and
the inner membrane of mitochondrion.
19- With strenuous exercise, oxygen levels in muscles become depleted and
lactic acid fermentation occurs. The buildup of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue
and sometimes cramps.
20- Photosynthesis supplies both organic compounds and oxygen that are used
in aerobic respiration.
21- Chemiosmosis is responsible on the synthesis of ATP in electron transport
chain.
22- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of electron transport. It
receives the final electrons (and protons) to form water. This ensures the continuity
of the flow of electrons, hence keep the synthesis of ATP going on.
23- In A: 6- carbon atoms, B: 5-carbon atoms, and each of C, D, & E: 4- carbon
atoms.
Critical Thinking
1- Human must consume foods that provide the right and proper supply of
vitamins. Without thiamine, for example, pyruvic acid will not be converted
to Acetyl CoA, and the Krebs cycle would stop.
2- The cristae increase the surface area of the inner wall of the mitochondria,
which allows more electron transport chain pathways and ATP synthase.
Thus, the rate of cellular respiration is increased.
3- Fermentation is a much less efficient process than aerobic respiration, and
yeast cells must consume more glucose when O2 is absent in order to make
the amount of ATP they need for survival.
4- During extraneous exercises, muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to
lactic acid fermentation which will be converted back to pyruvic acid when
 oxygen become available. Deeper and faster breathe will fasten this
recovery. More lactic acid will be accumulated with the increase in the
period of the exercise and the period of converting this lactic acid will be
longer.
5- Aerobic respiration should be more efficient in prokaryotic cells because the
reactions in aerobic respiration occur in the cytosol and no ATP is used in
transporting NADH across a membrane.
6- Blocking the flow of electrons along the electron transport chain will quickly
stop the production of ATP by aerobic respiration, as indicated by the sharp
drop in the curve. ATP may still be produced at a low rate through
glycolysis after the cyanide is added, as indicated by the right- hand portion
of the curve.