24. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction takes place?

-In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplasts.

25. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.-The key difference between both the photosystems

– Photosystem I and photosystem II is that PS I tends to absorb light of longer wavelengths > 680nm,
whereas PS II absorbs light of shorter wavelengths <680 nm.

-PS 1 use light energy to convert NADP+ to NADPH² (seen at the outer surface of the grana thylakoid
membrane)

-PS 2 are protein complexes absorbing light energy. It functions in the dissociation of water molecules
(seen at the inner surface of the grana thylakoid membrane)

-Photosystem II has a quinone type reaction centre (also known as Q-Type or type II), while photosystem
I has an iron-sulphur (FeS) type reaction centre (or type I)

26. Explain how NAD+, pyruvate, oxygen and ATP are involved in aerobic cellular respiration.

NAD+

-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+) are two cofactors
that are involved in cellular respiration. They are responsible for accepting "high energy" electrons and
carrying them ultimately to the electron transport chain where they are used to synthesize ATP
molecules.

Pyruvate

-Pyruvate travels into the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to a two-carbon molecule bound to
coenzyme A, called acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is made

ATP

-Specifically, during cellular respiration, the energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP. ATP, or
adenosine triphosphate, is chemical energy the cell can use. It is the molecule that provides energy for
your cells to perform work

Oxygen

-During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the
cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as byproducts. The overall equation for aerobic cellular
respiration is: In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to form ATP.
27. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration.

-Oxygen is required in the cellular respiration in the electron transporter chain. It serves as the final
electron acceptor of the electron transport chain facilitating the movement of electrons down the chain
hence producing the ATP or adenosine triphosphate.

28. What are the members of the chain in the electron transport system?

-Oxygen is required in the cellular respiration in the electron transporter chain. It serves as the final
electron acceptor of the electron transport chain facilitating the movement of electrons down the chain
hence producing the ATP or adenosine triphosphate.

29. What do the cristae (or folds) in the mitochondrion contain?

-The crista membranes contain most, if not all, of the fully assembled complexes of the electron
transport chain and the ATP synthase

30. What happens to the hydrogen ions (H+) carried by NADH and FADH2?

-As the high-energy electrons are transported along the chains, some of their energy is captured. This
energy is used to pump hydrogen ions(from NADH and FADH2) across the inner membrane, from the
matrix into the intermembrane space

31. Contrast the energy-investment step with the energy-payoff step of glycolysis.

-Glycolysis is described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase because it must 'invest' 2 ATP
molecules in order to get a 4 ATP payoff at the end of the pathway.

32. How is aerobic cellular respiration different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?

-The main difference is that aerobic produces much more energy. Eukaryotes need to do aerobic cellular
respiration (and we breathe to get that necessary oxygen!), but prokaryotes are much simpler, so
anaerobic cellular respiration is often sufficient

33. What happens during electron transport and what it has to do with a proton pump?

-In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, and
oxygen is reduced to form water.

34. Using arrows show in simple diagram the metabolic for glycolysis.
(picture)

35. Explain how ATP can continue to be produced in the absence of oxygen.

-In the absence of oxygen, cells generate ATP through glycolysis, which is a common process in both
aerobic and anaerobic respiration. E.g. Because the oxygen supply is insufficient for oxidative
phosphorylation during strenuous exercise, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase
after glycolysis

36. How many metabolic pathways are present in aerobic respiration?

-Cellular respiration is a collection of three unique metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle,
and the electron transport chain

37. Where in the cell part does glycolysis take place? What about the formation of Acetyl CoA, Krebs
cycle and the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?

-Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the mitochondrion, the citric acid cycle occurs in the
mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative metabolism occurs at the internal folded mitochondrial membranes

38. How many reduced NADH molecules are produced after the glucose has been completely broken
down to ATP? And what stage of the aerobic respiration is glucose completely broken down to carbon
dioxide?

-Glucose is split into two molecules called pyruvate and 2 ATP molecules are generate per molecule of
glucose as well as 2 molecules of NADH.

-After the second turn through the Citric Acid Cycle, the original glucose molecule has been broken
down completely. All six of its carbon atoms have combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide

39. As glucose is split in the cytosol of the cell, is there a release of carbon dioxide as by-product of the
reaction?

- Carbon dioxide is also released as a waste product of these reactions

40. What molecule accepts the hydrogen atoms at the end of electron transport chain?

-Oxygen sits at the end of the electron transport chain, where it accepts electrons and picks up protons
to form water.

41. What is the major goal of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic respiration?
-NADH and FADH2 molecules formed during Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle carry their electrons to the
electron transport chain. The electron transport chain creates a proton gradient that ultimately leads to
the production of a large amount of ATP.

42. Why do you think the cell needs to digest glucose or any other nutrients such as protein and fats?

-The proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides that make up most of the food we eat must be broken down
into smaller molecules before our cells can use them—either as a source of energy or as building blocks
for other molecules.

43. Among the metabolic pathways of cellular respiration, which phase is the major contributor of ATP?

-The stage that produces most of the ATP during cellular respiration is the electron transport system
(ETS). The inner mitochondrial membrane holds the ATPase enzyme and the complexes for ETS

44. What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available in the cell?

-When oxygen is not present or if an organism is not able to undergo aerobic respiration, pyruvate will
undergo a process called fermentation. Fermentation does not require oxygen and is therefore
anaerobic. Fermentation will replenish NAD+ from the NADH + H+ produced in glycolysis.

45. How many acetyl-CoAs are produced from each glucose molecule?

-Each glucose molecule produces two molecules of acetyl CoA, enough for two cycles. These products
can be multiplied by two to produce the per-glucose yield.

46. What are the three kinds of food that provide the building blocks for the cells, and that all can
provide energy?

-Carbohydrates (starches and sugars), fat, and protein within food can all function as sources of energy
when they are metabolized to carbon dioxide and water in respiration processes in all of our body's
cells.

47. What are the basic metabolic pathways organisms use to extract energy from carbohydrates in
aerobic respiration? What about for proteins and fats? Are the pathways the same or not?

-Glycolysis is the first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It was probably one
of the earliest metabolic pathways to evolve and is used by nearly all of the organisms on earth

-The breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids connect with the
metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle but enter the pathways at different points.
48. To which pathway do glycerol and fatty acids of fat enter?

-Glycerol is changed into one of the intermediate products of glycolysis, so enters the cell respiration
pathway. Fatty acids are changed in a series of reactions called beta-oxidation into acetyl CoA molecules,
which enter cell metabolism at the Kreb's Cycle.