Joseph Heavner

Honors Complex Analysis (Continued)

Chapter 4
July 11, 2015

4.1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

3.) Find the derivative of f (z) = eiz − e−iz .

d
eiz − e−iz = d iz d −iz ) d
= eiz dz (iz) − e−iz dz
d
(−iz) = ieiz + ie−iz


dz dz ( e ) − dz ( e

 
7.) Write arg ei(z+z) in terms of x and y.

By (5) we have the argument is simply I(i (z + z)), so we simply expand this to get the desired result.

I(i (z + z)) = I(i (( x + iy) + ( x − iy))) = I(2ix ) = 2x

But, we must recall periodicity, which provides the final solution

2x + 2nπ , n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

15.) Find the image of the line y = −2 under the exponential mapping.

Horizontal lines map to rays, in particular the line y = c 7→ Arg(w) = c, thus the solution is simply

Arg(w) = −2

23.) Find all complex values of ln(−2 + 2i ).

√ 3π
The complex natural logarithm is simply ln(r ) + iθ, and we have that r = 8 = e3/2 and θ = 4 + 2nπ,
so the logarithm is
 
3/2 3π 3 (8n + 3)π
ln(2 )+i + 2nπ = ln(2) + i , n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
4 2 4

27.) Find the principal value of Ln(6 − 6i ) in a + bi form.

√
Here we restrict −π < θ ≤ π and have r = 72 and θ = −π/4, so

√ iπ 1 π
Ln(6 − 6i ) = ln( 72) − = ln(72) − i
4 2 4

35.) Find all z ∈ C satisfying ez−1 = −ie3 .

This implies that z − 1 = ln(−ie3 ), which means z = 1 + ln(−ie3 ). We simplify using Definition 4.1.2:

(4n − 1)π (4n − 1)π

 π   
1 + ln(e3 ) + i − + 2nπ = 1 + 3 ln(e) + i = 4+ i , n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
2 2 2

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43.) Find the image of the circle |z| = 4 under the mapping w = Ln(z).

Circles map to vertical lines under this mapping, in particular this maps to

the vertical line segment u = ln(4) , −π < v ≤ π

47.) Use (1) to prove that ez1 /ez2 = ez1 −z2 .

This and similar properties are simple enough to prove.

e x1 (cos(y1 ) + i sin(y1 ))
ez1 /ez2 =
e x2 (cos(y2 ) + i sin(y2 ))

But we know division of complex numbers amounts to dividing moduli and subtracting arguments, so
we have

ez1 /ez2 = e x1 − x2 [cos(y1 − y2 ) + i sin(y1 − y2 )]

And this gives us the desired ez1 −z2 .

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 4.2 Complex Powers

3.) Find all values of (1 + i )1−i .

√
|z| = 2 and θ = π/4 + 2nπ, thus
√ 1 (8n + 1)π
ln(1 + i ) = ln( 2) + i (π/4 + 2nπ ) = ln(2) + i , n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
2 4

So, we have
1 (8n+1)π
(1 + i )1−i = e(1−i) ln(1+i) = e(1−i)( 2 ln(2)+ 4 i)
= e(ln(2))/2+(8n+1)π/4+i[(8n+1)π/4−(ln(2))/2]
√
Noting that eln(2)/2 = 2 yields the simplified (a misnomer here) solution

1− i
√ 
(8n + 1)π

(8n + 1)π ln(2)

(1 + i ) = 2 exp +i − , n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
4 4 2

7.) Find the principal value of (−1)3i .

This is less messy than the last problem. |z| = 1 and Arg(z) = π, so Ln(−1) = ln(1) + iπ = iπ. Thus,

(−1)3i = e3iLn(−1) = e−3π

15.) Find the derivative of z3/2 on the domain |z| > 0, −π < arg(z) < π at z = 1 + i.

Since 1 + i is in the function’s usual domain we have that

3 1/2 3
f 0 ( z ) | z =1+ i = z |z=1+i = (1 + i )1/2
2 2
√ √
4 πi
If one were so inclined, one could also find that 1+i = 2e 8 , so
√
3/2 0 3 4 2 πi/8
(z ) = e
2

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 4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions


7.) Express sec π
2 − i in terms of a + bi.

π  1 1 1
sec −i =
= = = −icsch(1)
2 cos π
2 −i cos(π/2) cosh(−1) − i sin(π/2) sinh(−1) i sinh(1)

11.) Find all z ∈ C such that sin z = cos z.

Using the definition of the trigonometric functions in terms of the exponential (and skipping a few
steps)

eiz − e−iz eiz + e−iz

=
2i 2
e2iz − 1 = ie2iz + i
(eiz )2 = i

Taking the square root of i yields eiπ/4 and e5iπ/4 , so we solve two equations, setting both of those equal
to eiz . To save some time, the work will only be show for the first case.

eiz = eiπ/4
π 
iz = ln(1) + i + 2πk
4
(1 + 8k)π
z= , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
4
7π π 9π
z = ··· ,− , , ,···
4 4 4
For the second case we have a similar solution:
3π 5π 13π
z = ··· ,− , , ,···
4 4 4
Thus,

(4n + 1)π
z= , n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
4

15.) Verify that cos z = cos z ∀z ∈ C.

cos z = cos( x ) cosh(−y) − i sin( x ) sinh(−y)

cos( x ) cosh(y) + i sin( x ) sinh(y)
=
cos( x ) cosh(y) − i sin( x ) sinh(y)
= cos z

 
d
19.) Find dz z tan( 1z ) .

   0      0      
d 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
z tan( ) = z · tan + tan = z sec + tan = − sec + tan
dz z z z z z z z z z

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 π
23.) Express cosh(1 + 6 i) in a + bi form.

π   π 
cosh(1 + i ) = cos i 1 + i
6  π 6
= cos − + i
 π6  π
= cos − cosh(1) − i sin − sinh(1)
6 6
√
3 i
= cosh(1) + sinh(1)
2 2

27.) Find all z ∈ C such that sinh z = cosh z.

By definition

ez − e−z ez + e−z
=
2
2
−z
ez z
= e e + e−z
z z


e −e
−1 = 1

Therefore, no solutions exist.

31.) Verify that | sinh z|2 = sinh2 x + sin2 y.

| sinh z|2 = | − i sin(iz)|2

= | sin(−y + ix )|2
= sin2 (−y) + sinh2 ( x )
= (− sin y)2 + sinh2 x
= sin2 (y) + sinh2 ( x )

35.) Find the derivative of tanh(iz − 2).

(tanh(iz − 2))0 = sech2 (iz − 2) · (iz − 2)0 = sech2 (iz − 2) · i = isech2 (iz − 2)

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 4.4 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

7.) Find all values of sinh−1 i.

  π (4n + 1)π
sinh−1 (i ) = ln i + (−1 + 1)1/2 = ln(1) + i ( + 2nπ ) = i , n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
2 2

√
15.) Use the branch reiθ/2 , −2π < θ < 0 and the principal branch of ln z to (a) find the value of
cosh−1 z at z = −i, and (b) find the derivative of cosh−1 z at that point.

(a)
 
cosh−1 (−i ) = ln −i + (−1 − 1)1/2
 
= ln −i + (−2)1/2
 √ 
= ln −i + 2e−iπ/2
 √ 
= ln −( 2 + 1)i
√  π
= ln 2+1 − i
2

(b)
 0 1
cosh−1 (z) |z=−i = |z=−i
( z2− 1)1/2
1
=
(−2)1/2
1
= √ iπ
2e− 2
√
2
= i
2

19.) Use implicit differentiation to derive formula (8) for the derivative of the of the inverse cosine.

Note that w = cos−1 (z) ⇔ z = cos(w), so we implicitly differentiate to get

dw dw −1
1 = − sin z · ⇔ =
dz dz sin w
√
But, 1 = sin2 w + cos2 w = sin2 w + z2 , so 1 − z2 = sin w. Thus,

dw −1 −1
= = √
dz sin w 1 − z2

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 Special Topic: The Lambert W Function
While we are on the topic of the exponential function and its inverse, the logarithmic function, it is
worth briefly discussing the famous Lambert W. This function can be defined by the following

z = W ( z ) eW ( z ) , z ∈ C

As with most complex functions, this is multi-valued. However, we can restrict the function to be
single-valued. While this function generally comes in play in combinatorics or applied settings, we
shall look at a single example from the simple setting of exponential equations. This is a particularly
significant equation, one that is not only common but also instructive.
Example Solve the equation x x = z.
We begin with logarithms

xx = z
x ln x = ln z
ln x
e ln x = ln z

Now, we invoke the W function.

eln x ln x = ln z
ln x = W (ln z)
x = eW (ln z)

It is worth looking into this further, if only just for entertainment value. http://goo.gl/HW5kMG
provides a good image of the function’s Riemann surface as well as some examples, http://goo.gl/
cBEldp is a good technical exposition, and finally https://goo.gl/RO4qlp provides an extended, some-
what technical introduction as well as some history.