i en 10

We saw it.
12. He was walking into the hotel. I THE GERUND
noticed that.
13. She was filling up the application form. I
Gerund: A gerund is a word ending with 'ing' and has the force of
found it.
14. They were playing cricket in the ground. I n0un and verb. It is also known as verbal noun. Ex:

saw this. Writing is my profession.

15. They were laughing. They were Celebrating various festivals is a common feature of the Hindu culture. I
talking. They were drinking and enjoy teaching English.
eating. I found all these things.
A. USES OF GERUND
EXERCISE 31.
1. As subject of a verb
Fill in the blanks with present participles: Ex: Walking is a good exercise for health.
1. I saw her ____ english to school children. Reading books increases our knowledge.
Working hard makes you successful.
2. the language, I faced many troubles in Delhi,
3. 2. Object of a transitive verb Ex: He
do. dislikes sleeping long. She hates
4. ____ along the road, we saw a dead snake. worrying about the future. I prefer
5. We found Xrishna ____ to her sister. studying computer science.
5. I noticed Madhu
7. through the window, he found a car in front of I 3. Object of a preposition
house. Ex: I am tired of applying for jobs. He
8. she is fit for the job, I sent her a call for the int is afraid of telling the truth. My father
9. away the newspaper, I looked at the main gate, is addicted to drinking.
10. that she love me, I asked her to marry me.
4. Complement of a verb
EXERCISE 32. Ex: My aim in life is becoming a writer.
Her objective is starting a home for parentless children.
Correct the following sentences: What I want to do in life is achieving something useful for all.
1. Being a fine day, we started the work. 5
2. Being a holiday, I have no work to do. - In place of infinitive
3. Having failed in the first attempt, no further attempt was madej
him. Infinitive Gerund
4. Having no friends in Delhi, the streets could not be known.
5. Waiting for a friend at the bus stop, a stone was thrown. Teach me to speak. Teach me speaking.
6. Looking at the window, a lizard was creeping on the w'all.
7. Walking along the road, a dead body was lying on the grou To advise is easier than to Advising is easier than
8. Returning from office, the cycle tire was burst. practise. practising.
9. Entering the room, the light was dim.
To read is easier than to write. Reading is easier than
money and ____ friends, I could not know writing.
the child into her arms. "__ To save is to earn.
Saving is earning.
 auu participle snouid
noted carefully.

Gerund Participle f cy// in the blanks with gerunds: j

I am fond of _______
Writing letters to her hust she forgot 2 She is afraid of_
She is tired of writing
letters to her husband everything. 3 is injurious to health.
. in English is not easy.
4 stories is a difficult task. She
I was prevented from Meeting Padma for the firstj, time, I
prevented me from _____ her. I prefer_____ to
meeting Padma. decided to marry her.1 . _____ I enjoy _____
5 ___ first class.
Respecting OUT parents is Respecting her words, I tried to meet . I am confident of ___ 10. She is addicted to ______ 11
our duty. her. 6 _______ in India is very traditional and based on blind faith.
7. 12. ______ up early is a good habit.
Gerund may be used like an ordinary noun 13. ______ children is a cruel act.
Ex: The planning of time helps us succeed in life. The 14. She likes __ with children. ___ long
collecting of taxes is the duty of the Government. The 15. I am tired of. distance.
loving of children delights me.
EXERCISE 34.
. The Possessive Case of the noun and pronoun should be
before gerunds. Correct the following sentences:
Ex: She insisted on me paying the money. [Incorrect] She 1. He is sorry for me failing in the exam.
2 You cannot force me forgetting Kumari.
insisted on my paying the money. [Correct] Padma objected to
. There is risk of Raju's losing the job.
Vijaya talking like that. [Incorrect] Padma objected to Vijaya's
3 There is a chance of the rain's coming.
talking like that. [Correct] I am sorry for him having spent life . I look forward to receive a reply from Kumari.
uselessly. [Incorrect] I am sorry for his having spent life 4 It is no use to wait for the bus.
uselessly. [Correct] .
Don't give up to teach her.
Note: The Possessive case should not be used with the gerund] the 8. The doing this work is very difficulty.
following cases: 9. Writing of a letter is a simple thing.
(a) Gerund in the passive form. 10. She prevented me to meet her daughter.
Ex: I was shocked at Rajiv Gandhi being assassinate
[Correct]
We were delighted at Mother Teresa being awarded Not
Peace Prize. [Correct]
I was shocked at Rajiv Gandhi's being assassinates
[Incorrect]
We were delighted at Mother Teresa's being awarded Nobl
Peace Prize. [Incorrect]

(b) Noun denoting a lifeless thing.

Ex: There is no chance of the snow falling. [Correct] There is
no chance of the snow's falling. [Incorrect] There is
possibility of the election taking place. [Correct] < There is
possibility of the election's talking place. [Incorrect] i
2. Might is used to express possibility
Ex: It might rain today. She might be
happy with her husband. He might be
awarded noble prize. He might attend the
meeting.
3.' Might is used to express permission
Ex; Might I go early today? Might I
use your phone? Might I borrow
your dictionary? Might I clean the
table?
4. Might is used to make a gentle reproach
Ex: You might spend the money with a little care.
You might have told me earlier about it. You might go
there a little early.
Will
1. Will is used to express simple futurity in the second ai
person
Ex: The plane will take off in a few seconds.
Tomorrow will be a holiday. They will come
tomorrow.
2. Will is used to express determination, promise,
willingness in the first person
(a) Determination
Ex: I will marry her. [I am determined to marry he
I will not agree with him. [I am determined not to agt
him]
We will not see her again. [We are determined not to
again]
(b) Promise
Ex: I will give you a nice gift on your birthday. [Pror
give]
We will help you in this matter. [Promise to help]
I will consider the case. [Promise to consider]
(c) Threat
Ex: I will teach her.
I will dismiss you from service.
We will see your end.
(d) Willingness
Ex: We will tell you the address. [Willing to tell] I
will type the matter. [Willing to type] I will drop you
by bike. [Willing to lend]
Will is used to talk about characteristic habit
3. Ex: He will listen to the news on T.V. in the evening.
Padma will talk about her husband and children. They will
boast of their wealth and prosperity.
4. Will is used to talk about probability
Ex: I think she will be an expert in computers. I
suppose he will be the director of the film. I think
Madhavi will be a great singer.
5. Will is used to indicate.an invitation or a polite request
Ex: Will you have a cup of tea? Will you post
this letter for me? Will you have dinner with
me tomorrow? Will.you type this letter neatly?
Would
1. Would is the past tense of will and it is used in indirect speech
Ex: She told me that she would see me the next day.
He said that he would consult the advocate.
Padma told me that she would not like to marry him.
2. Would is used to express willingness or determination
Ex: The Chief Surgeon said he would operate the patient. [Willing
to operate]
The Nurse said she would look after the patient. [Willing to look
after]
She would apply for the post. [Determined to apply]
Would is used to express a past habit Ex: He would sit
there and think about his childhood. She would meet
him and take part in his pleasures. He would return
home and read newspapers daily.
• 'Would' and 'would like to' are used to express a wish %.
Ex: I would know her opinion about it. [Wish to know] I would
like to talk about it later. [Wish to talk}

I would like to express my thanks to her for her help. [Wish
express]
5. Would you + infinitive is used to make a polite request
Ex: Would you give this letter to my brother?
Would you please read this book to me? Would
you please wait for me?
6. 'Would rather' is used to express a choice or preference
Ex: I would rather die than marry her.
He would rather go out than stay at home.
She would rather apply for a job than continue her studies.
7. Would is used in the main clause when preceded bj
subordinate clause expressing improbable condition Ex: If I
were rich, I would go to America. If I were a poet, I would
express my feelings to you. If she were a film star, I would
marry her.
8. Wish + wcould is used to express intention Ex:
I wish I would know her address. She wishes she
would visit Agra. I wish I would see Madhavi
again.
9. Would you be good/kind+enough+to infinitive is used to expi a
polite request
Ex: Would you be good enough to allow me to speak to manager?
Would you be kind enough to lend me your book?
Note: This type of sentences are rarely used. So students advised
to use the other simpler forms to make a request.
10. Would you mind + gerund may be used to make a request a
natural way
Ex: Would you mind lending me your magazine?
Would you mind typing the letter for me? Would you
mind getting me a taxi?
Shall
1. Shall is used in the first person to express futurity
Ex: I shall see Madhavi tomorrow. We shall visit Agra
the next week. We shall attend yoga classes from
Mondav.
IS UScu in me secuuu mm me mil u perauu iu c*pi caa a
command, a promise or a threat
(a) Command:
Ex: You shall not smoke in the room. [You are commanded
not to smoke]
You shall obey, me. [You are commanded to obey]
He shall sign the documents. [He is commanded to sign]
(b) Promise:
Ex: You shall get a gold medal, if you win distinction. He shall
be encouraged, if he works hard. You shall be offered the post,
if you are qualified in the written test.
(c) Threat:
Ex: You shall be fined, if you exceed the speed limit.
He shall be punished for his misbehaviour.
He shall be expelled from college for his bad conduct.
(d) Determination
Ex: You shall explain the reason for your delay.
[I am determined that you must explain to me the reason for
your delay]
You shall do whatever I tell you.
[/ am determined that you must do whatever I tell you]
He shall type the matter by evening.
They shall pay the fine.
[/ am determined that they should pay the fine]
(e) Shall is used in the first person to express permission and
suggestion.
(i) Permission:
Ex: Shall I post the letter? [Do you allow me to post the
letter]
Shall I read the book to you? [Do you allow me to read
the book to you]
Shall I open the window? \Will you allow me to open the
window]
(ii) Suggestion:
Ex: Shall I apply for a bank loan? [Do you feel it proper
for me to apply for a loan]
Shall I come tomorrow? [Do you expect me to come
 tomorrow]
Shall we go to temple this evening? [I want to
whether you appreciate my idea]
Should
1. Should is the past tense of shall and it is used in in< speech
Ex: He said that he should go to Delhi next week. Padma
said that she should visit her uncle the next monl My friend
said that he should stay in my house for a we
2. Should is used to express duty or obligation in all pel
(a) Duty
Ex: You should attend the classes regularly. [It is yon
to attend the classes regularly as a Student]
We should pay taxes to the government. [As citizen
duty to pay taxes]
Madhavi should bring up the child. [As a mother, i|
duty to bring up the child]
"(b) Obligation:
Ex: You should help the poor. [Moral obligation] We
should realise our mistakes. [Personal obligation You
should respect others. [Social obligation] He should give
up smoking. [He is obliged to give up; on health grounds]
3. Should is used to express possibility or supposit
conditional clauses
Ex: If she should come, I shall talk to her about it.
Should it rain, the exam will be cancelled.
If he should go to Delhi, he will bring a nice gift for me
4. Should is used in clause expressing unreal condition Ex:
If I were you, I should marry Madhavi. If I were you, I
should resign the job. If I were a hero, she should be my
heroine.
5. Should is used after 'lest' in a clause expressing purpc
Ex: Come early lest we should be late.
They worked hard lest they should fail in their attempt.
Walk carefully lest you should fall.
p • I should like to congratulate the winners in the competition.
T ^should like to see the film with you.
T should like to have an interview with the film star.
Should is used to express probability or likelihood
7
Ex1 1 should be able to complete the book in time. He
should be in the office now. I should pay you the money, if
I get the salary in time.
g Should + perfect infinitive is used to indicate a past obligation
which was unfulfilled:
Ex: I should have spoken to her about it.
[But I did not speak to her about]
He should have sent a telegram to his brother.
[But He did not send a telegram to his brother]
They should have sold the house.
[But they did not sell the house]
Must 1. Must is
used to express obligation or duty
(a) Obligation:
Ex: We must complain the matter to the police. She
must go with her husband. You must tell me the
truth.
(b) Duty:
Ex: You must look after your old parents.
[It is your duty as a son]
She must love her husband.
[It is her duty as a wife]
We must use our right to vote properly.
[It is our duty as citizens]
• Must is used to express necessity
Ex: You must take the medicine daily. [You have
the necessity of taking the medicine] "e must
work hard for promotion. is necessary for him to
work hard] must cut down our expenditure.
"
is necessary for us to cut down our expenditure]
 CONJUNCTION ough—Yet
miah he tried to convince his wife, yet she was not happy
Conjunction: A word which joins together sentences or ' rjwws
clauses is known as Conjunction. Ex: and *— "with his words.
after if before
and for Whether—Or
though unless
but also although till T don't know whether she will marry him or continue her
or as
still oecause till studies.
that when
else Ex: I like Padmaja
for where ¥
because and Madhavi. She
I/O Not only—But also
answered all questions and passed the exam. He He not only wrote the song but also sang it well.
tried hard but he did not. succeed in his attempt. Although she
is not beautiful, she wants to be a film star. Unless you go (g) Such—As
there, you don't know what has happened ti I read such books as increase my knowledge.
Kinds
namely:of Conjunctions: Conjunctions are divided into fou (h) Such—That
1. Correlative Conjunctions Such was her reply that I never expected.
2. Compound Conjunctions
3. Co-ordinating Conjunctions (i) As—As
4. Sub-ordinating Conjunctions. Vijaya is as beautiful as her sister.
4
1. Correlative Conjunctions: Conjunctions which are used i (j) As—So
are known as Correlative Conjunctions. As you work, so the result is.
Ex: either—or such—that
neither—nor as—as (k) So—That
both—and as—so He went to Agra so that he might see his sister.
though—yet so—that
whether—or hardly—when 0) Hardly—When
not only—but also scarcely—when I had hardly reached home when the phone began raining.
such—as no sooner—than
(a) Either—Or (m) Scarcely—When
Madhavi is either a typist or a teacher. She had scarcely returned home when someone knocked at the
door.
(b) Neither—Nor
She can speak neither English nor Hindi.
2- Compound Conjunctions: Group of words which are used
(c) Both—And conjunctions are known as Compound Conjunctions.
He is both handsome and clever. Ex: in order that as though
on condition that in as much as
even if as well as
so that as soon as
provided that as if

(n) No sooner—Than
We had no sooner started for Hyderabad than our uncle
arrived.
as
 He applied for a job in order that he might help his (d) Nor
He is not my Mend nor my relative.
(b) On condition that
(e) Or »
• You must begin the work today or you will not
I can lend you the money on condition that you return jl a time.
month.

(c) Even if (f) Either—or

Even if she is beautiful, I won't many her. You must either take up this job or continue yo

(d) So that (g) Neither—nor

He saved some money so that he might use it in fut He neither helped his father nor loved him.
She neither liked nor respected her husband.
(e) Provided that They neither returned the money nor promised
I shall give, you the job provided that you must know i
Co-ordinating Conjunctions are divided into four kinds,
(f) As though 1. Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions
She appears as though she were a film star. 2. Adversative Conjunctions
3. Disjunctive or Alternative Conjunctions
(g) As well as 4. Illative Conjunctions
Madhavi as well as her friend is beautiful.
* (h) 1. Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions: Conjun
As soon as are used to join statements are known as Cumulative
Ex: and no less than
As soon as I saw madhavi, I fell in love with her.
so not only—but also
(i) As if both—and as well as
He spends as //he were a rich man.
(a) And
•!'.-;

.'1 She looked and smiled at me.

3. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: Conjunctions which are usee|
join together clauses of equal rank are known as Co-ordir
(b) So
Conjunctions. He is my father so I respect him.
Ex: and or
but also (c) Both—And
for either—or They both gave me money and stood by me i
nor neither—nor
(d) As well as
(a) And
As well as writing the letter for me, he posted
She spoke impressively at the meeting and won the appreciat of
all. (e) No less than
(b) But She no less than her friend tried to cheat me.
I offered to help her but she refused my help. (f) Not only—But also
(c) For They not only invited me to dinner but also se
I must try hard for there is heavy competition.