WCDMA RAN Principle PDF

WCDMA RAN
Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the development of 3G
 Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
 Characterize code sequence
 Outline the fundamentals of RAN
 Describe feature of wireless propagation
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Different Service, Different
Technology
1G 1980s 2G 1990s 3G
Analog Digital IMT-2000
AMPS GSM
UMTS
CDMA WCDMA
TACS Technologies IS-95 Demands
drive drive cdma
NMT TDMA 2000
IS-136
Others TD-SCDMA
PDC
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
3G Evolution
 Proposal of 3G
 IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
 The third generation mobile communication was first

proposed in 1985，and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the
year of 1996
 Commercialization: around the year of 2000
 Work band : around 2000MHz
 The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
3G Spectrum Allocation
Bands WCDMA Used
 Main bands
 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
 Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
 ...
 Frequency channel number＝central frequency×5, for
main band:
 UL frequency channel number ：9612～9888
 DL frequency channel number : 10562～10838
3G Application Service
Error Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000 TD-SCDMA
CN: based on ANSI 41 and CDMA CN: based on MAP and GPRS
MIP RTT: TD-SCDMA
RTT: cdma2000
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
 Multiple Access Technology
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
 Time division multiple access (TDMA)
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Multiple Access Technology
FDMA TDMA
Power
Power
CDMA
Power
Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
 Duplex Technology
 Frequency division duplex (FDD)
 Time division duplex (TDD)
Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD DL
USER 1
UL
Frequency
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture
CN Core Network
CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu
UE
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN NGN
WCDMA RTT WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
2000 2001 2002 2005
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
 Features of R6
 MBMS is introduced
 HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
 Features of R7
 HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
 Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
 Features of R8
 HSPA+ PhaseII is introduced, which adopts 64QAM+MIMO or 64QAM+DC
in downlink (Defined by 3GPP 25.XXX)
 LTE is introduced which adopts OFDMA instead of CDMA (Defined by 3GPP
36.XXX)
 Max DL rate: 100Mbps, Max UL rate: 50Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
Uu Interface protocol structure
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control
PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
MAC L2/MAC
PHY L1
General Protocol Mode for UTRAN
Terrestrial Interface
 The structure is based on the principle that the layers and
planes are logically independent of each other.
Radio Control Plane User Plane

Network
Layer Application Data
Protocol Stream(s)
Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network

Network User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Layer ALCAP(s)
Signaling Signaling Data

Bearer(s) Bearer(s) Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
Iu-CS Interface
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
RANAP Iu UP
Layer
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Iu-PS Interface

Network
Layer RANAP Iu UP
Transport Network Transport Network

Transport
Network SCCP
Layer GTP-U
MTP3-B
UDP
C
IP
SAAL NNI
AAL Type 5
ATM
Physical Layer
Iub Interface
Network
Layer NBAP Iub FP
NCP CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Transport Network

Network Transport Network ALCAP
Layer
SAAL UNI SAAL UNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Iur Interface
Network Iur Data
RNSAP
Layer Stream
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
Transport
Network ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Service Source Channel Coding

Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding & Interleaving
modulated
bit symbol chip Radio
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding & Deinterleaving
Receiver
WCDMA Source Coding
 AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
Speech
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
 A integrated speech codec with 8
AMR_10.20 10.2
source rates
AMR_7.95 7.95
 The AMR bit rates can be controlled
AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
by the RAN depending on the
system load and quality of the AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
speech connections AMR_5.90 5.9
 Video Phone Service AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
 H.324 is used for VP Service in CS
domain
 Includes: video codec, speech codec,
data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
Transmitter

modulated
signal
Channel

Receiver
WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
 Block coding is used to detect if there are any
uncorrected errors left after error correction.
 The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method

of block coding.
 Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding

and they are checked after the channel decoding.
WCDMA Channel Coding
 Effect
 Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
 Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the
delay
 Types
 No Coding
 Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
No Coding Uncoded N bits
 Turbo Coding (1/3)
1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits
WCDMA Interleaving
 Effect
 Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits
error
 Longer interleaving
Input bits periods have better data protection with more
delay 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ... 10111
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 ... Interleaving periods:

... ... ... ... 20, 40, or 80 ms
 
... ... ... 1
 0 1 1 1 
0 0 1 0
0 00…010…100…10…11 Output bits
 0 0 ...
Inter-column
permutation ... ... ... ...
 
... ... ... 1
 0 1 1 1 

modulated
signal
Channel

Receiver
Correlation
 Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary
signals.
 Identical
+1
and Orthogonal signals:
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1

+1 Correlation = 1
C2 -1 1 -1 1
Identical signals
-1
+1 1 1 1 1
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1  Correlation = 0
+1 1 1 1 1
C2 Orthogonal signals
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: ＋1 －1
UE2: －1 ＋1
C1 : －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1
C2 : ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1：－1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1
UE2×c2：－1 －1 －1 －1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2：－2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1×C1＋ UE2×C2: －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0
UE1 Dispreading by c1: －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1

Dispreading result: ＋2 0 ＋2 0 －2 0 －2 0
Integral judgment: ＋4 (means＋1) －4 (means－1)
UE2 Dispreading by c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
Dispreading result: －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0
Integral judgment: －4 (means－1) ＋4 (means＋1)
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading &
Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)
f Spreading code f
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading &
Dispreading
Eb / No = Ec / No ×PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No
Requirement
Max allowed interference
Processing Gain Max interference caused by

UE and others
Interference from
other UE
Echip
Process Gain
 Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain  10 log( )
bit rate
 Process gain differs for each service.

 If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller,
UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of
this service will be smaller, vice versa.
Spreading Technology
 Spreading consists of 2 steps:
 Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into
chips
 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data Chips after

symbol spreading
channelization scrambling
WCDMA Channelization Code
 OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) ……

Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
WCDMA Channelization Code
 SF = chip rate / symbol rate
 High data rates → low SF code
 Low data rates → high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Purpose of Channelization Code
 Channelization code is used to distinguish different
physical channels of one transmitter
 For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
 For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to

separate different physical channels of one UE
Purpose of Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code is used to distinguish different
transmitters
 For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different
cells in one carrier
 For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different

UEs in one carrier
Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
 There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by RNC.
 For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary scrambling
code 0
Group 0 Primary scrambling

code 1
…………
Primary
scrambling Group 1 ……
codes for
downlink Primary scrambling
physical … code 7
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Group 63 8*63
……
Primary
scrambling code
64 primary 8*63 +7
512 primary
scrambling scrambling code Each group consists of 8
codes groups primary scrambling codes
Code Multiplexing
 Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1 NodeB
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal
Code Multiplexing
 Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal NodeB
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal

modulated
signal
Channel

Receiver
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input 1 0 1 0
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2pFt+f)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
Phase Shift Keying:

A.cos(2pFt+f)
Modulation Overview
 Digital Modulation - BPSK
1 0 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Information t
signal
NRZ coding
Digital Input
1
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
fo
Carrier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modulated
f=0 f=p f=0 BPSK
BPSK Waveform BPSK
signal
Modulation Overview
 Digital Modulation - QPSK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NRZ Input 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
I di-Bit Stream 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 -1 -1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Modulation Overview
±A ±Acos(ot)
NRZ I(t)
coding
fo
QPSK
o
90
NRZ Q(t)
coding
±A ±Acos(ot + p/2)
QPSK : A 2 cos(ot  f )
f
1 1 p/4
1 -1 7p/4
-1 1 3p/4
-1 -1 5p/4
Demodulation
 QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,1 -1,1 -1,1
1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
WCDMA Modulation
 Different modulation methods corresponding to different
transmitting abilities in air interface
R99/R4: QPSK HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM
Transmitter
Service Source Channel

Signal Coding Coding
modulated
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Reception

Signal Decoding Decoding
Receiver
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
2
0
15
10
5
dBm
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
dB
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40
Fading Categories
 Fading Categories
 Slow Fading
 Fast Fading
Diversity Technique
 Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals
for combining
 Reduce the effects of fading
 Fast fading caused by multi-path
 Slow fading caused by shadowing
 Improve the reliability of communication
 Increase the coverage and capacity
Diversity
 Time diversity
 Channel coding, Block interleaving
 Frequency diversity
 The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
 Space diversity
 Polarization diversity
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
The combined
Correlator 2 Combiner signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Summary
 In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
 Spreading / Despreading principle
 UTRAN Voice Coding
 UTRAN Channel Coding
 UTRAN Spreading Code
 UTRAN Scrambling Code
 UTRAN Modulation
 UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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WCDMA RAN

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Outline the advantage of CDMA principle

 Characterize code sequence

 Outline the fundamentals of RAN

 Describe feature of wireless propagation

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

 The third generation mobile communication was first

 Work band : around 2000MHz

 The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

 Time division multiple access (TDMA)

 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

 Time division duplex (TDD)

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Node B Node B Node B Node B

2000 2001 2002 2005

PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP

RLC RLC L2/RLC

Radio Control Plane User Plane

Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network

Signaling Signaling Data

SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH

Radio Control Plane User plane

Transport Network Transport Network

Transport Transport Network

SAAL UNI SAAL UNI AAL2 PATH

SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

speech connections AMR_5.90 5.9

 Video Phone Service AMR_5.15 5.15

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

 The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method

 Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding

1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

UE1 Dispreading by c1: －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1

UE2 Dispreading by c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1

Integral judgment: －4 (means－1) ＋4 (means＋1)

Noise & Other Signal

Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Processing Gain Max interference caused by

 Process gain differs for each service.

 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal

Data Chips after

Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) ……

Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)

 Low data rates → high SF code

Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF

Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128

Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32

Data 128 kbps UL 8 Data 128 kbps DL 16

Data 144 kbps UL 8 Data 144 kbps DL 16