Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chili and Makabuhay Stem Extract As Molluscicide 2
Chili and Makabuhay Stem Extract As Molluscicide 2
Page
Cover Page
Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
I. Introduction 1
(Schematic Diagram)
Hypotheses 3
Definition of Terms 4
Materials/ Equipment 14
Research Design 15
General Procedure 15
Data Analysis 16
“Success is a continuing process. Failure is stoppage. The man who keeps moving and
First and foremost, we thank the almighty Father, Lord, God, for everything. For the life
given to us, for the strength, for the love, for giving us wonderful people surround us, most
especially to our family. We are humbled and glorified for everything that HE has given to us.
Second, is to our excellent, pleased and humble adviser Dr. Queen Ann M. Navallo for
imparting her expertise to make this research will done and successful.
To our classmates who help us also and share their knowledge to keep this study will done.
Lastly, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our parents, family, that without
their undying support we cannot step forward to reach our ambitions in life. Our gratefulness is
immeasurable.
This research study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem
extract.
Plants were extracted and varied percentage compositions of the extract were prepared.
Golden apple snails are separated in three (3) different cages for mortality test. The first cage was
labeled A is consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 50%, second was
labeled B consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 75%, while the third one
was labeled C consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 100% extract. The
Results revealed that the time death of the golden kuhol (ampullariidae) is at its highest
time reading at 50% and is at its lowest reading at 100%. However, the difference of the death time
may vary from its age. In the three (3) different concentration of extract, it is the 100%
concentration of chili and makabuhay stem extract has the lowest time reading of death time period
(in min.). In all percentage level of concentrations the recorded death time is in between 52 to 375
minutes.
The findings revealed that 100% concentration of the chili and makabuhay extract is the
most effective molluscicide which kills the golden kuhol within(average death time 63.2 minutes).
In view of the finding of the study it is recommended that present & prospective farmers,
and personnel in Bacuag agricultural office to follow the method stated in the study in able to
INTRODUCTION
A certain mollusks has enormous damage to agricultural activities. Its perils is obviously seen
on rice fields. In the modern world, pests are largely controlled by chemicals that is disparaging to all
forms of living things. If spraying on rice fields will be continuously practiced, then a vast
environmental degradation will be experienced. The ozone layer will decrease its thickness that
leads to climate change. All inhabitants will tremendously be affected by the ill effect of global
warming. In some point will trigger to bad health conditions. However, if a single farmer will do away
with it and practice the traditional way, only then a positive change will be experience.
The mean reason why the researchers conducted this study is to highly improve medicinal
plant or natural toxins as molluscicides that will help to maintain the balance of the ecosystem, and
The purpose of this paper is to assemble pertinent information and provide general
guidelines and recommendations to those target farmers who uses toxins and experience heavy
The researcher was determined to have some experiments to test the effectiveness of the
plants. Golden apple snail will be used for the experiment, extract of the chili and makabuhay will be
applied and after that, results will show if there will be an effect on the golden apple snail. This is
what the researcher is trying to prove, to determine if the extract of Chili (Capsicum Annum) and
Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia) is a potential extermination for golden apple snail, and to share
Present and Prospective Farmers: Farmers are the main beneficiaries of this research as this
Personnel in Bacuag Agricultural Office: Through this study, they can expand their campaign to
Crop plants.
This study is anchored in the concept of killing competitor to the growth of rice in the rice
field based on the study of S.E Shawari, S.M Abd-Alla et. Al. (2013)
Experimental Set-up
50% in minutes
75%
100%
This study aimed to determine the potential of Chili and Makabuhay stem extract as
molluscicide.
Specifically, this study will sought to find answer to the following questions:
1. Can Chili and Makabuhay stem extract are effective to kill certain mollusks in the farm?
2. Is there significant difference between the effect of Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill
2.1 100%
2.2 75%
2.3 50%
Research Hypotheses
Null hypothesis: There is no effect of using Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill certain
mollusks.
Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the effect of Chili and Makabuhay
The study covers on assessing the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem extract from
A phytochemical analysis of chili &makabuhay extract was not secured because BAE permit
was not secured. Caraga State University and Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of
technology did not accommodate the phytochemical screening as well due to lack of reagents.
Definition of Terms:
Golden Kuhol (Ampullariidae)- Most description of the habitat of the golden apple snail are
qualitative. In its native area, the apple snail has been described as inhabiting
Mollusks - Any one of a large group of animals (such as snails and clams) that have a soft body
aromatic plant)
Molluscicide - Are pesticides which kill mollusks, an animal phylum of ten of thousands of
invertebrate creature. Mollusks include octopi and squid as well as snail or slugs,
during the 16th and 17th centuries. Today chili pepper is grown widely in many parts of the world as
Several cultivars of chili peppers grown all around the world. Depending upon cultivar type,
it bears flowers which subsequently develop into fruit pods of variable size, shape, color, and
pungency. Moreover, again, depending on the cultivar type, their hotness ranges from mild, fleshy
(Mexican bell peppers) to fiery, tiny, Nag Jalokiya chili peppers of the Indian subcontinent. The
hotness of chili measured in “Scoville heat units” (SHU). On the Scoville scale, a sweet bell pepper
scores 0, a jalapeño pepper around 2,500-4,000 units, and Mexican habañeros may have 200,000 to
500,000 units. Inside, each chili fruit pod features numerous tiny, white, or cream colored, circular,
Chilies have a strong spicy taste that comes to them from the active alkaloid compounds:
capsaicin,capsanthin,and,capsorubin.
To get rid of burning feeling, it is advisable to take fat or greasy content like milk, curd, sugar, or ice
cream. Drinking water will not relieve the burning of your mouth because capsaicin is insoluble in
water.
Medicinal Value
When chilly is eaten, it makes the brain to release endorphins, a natural painkiller present in
the body. The endorphin lowers blood pressure and helps to fight against cancer.
Sore throat, varicose ulcers, and laryngitis can be cured by using antibacterial chilly. Man
Chilly helps cure many diseases like blood pleasure, insomnia, hay fever, flu(Andrews 1984).
Benefits of Chili
Chilies are excellent source of Vitamin, A, B, C and E with minerals like molybdenum, manganese,
folate, potassium, thiamin, and copper. Chili contains seven times more vitamin C than orange.
According to Proulx (1985) ever since its introduction to India in 1498, chilies have been included in
Ayurvedic medicines and used as tonic to ward off many diseases. Chilies are good for slimming
down as it burns the calorie easily. Chilies stimulate the appetite, help to clear the lungs, and
Capsaicin : Chilies have vitamin C and Vitamin A containing beta-carotenoids which are
powerful antioxidant. These antioxidants destroy free radical bodies. Usually, these radical
bodies may travel in the body and cause huge amounts of damage to cells. These radical
The antioxidants present in the chili wipe out the radical bodies that could build up
Chilies have antioxidants that can destroy cholesterol which could cause major disease like
atherosclerosis and other heart diseases. Other disease like cataract and arthritis like
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It also dilates airway of lungs which reduces asthma
andwheezing.
Detoxicants : Chilies acts as detoxifiers as they removes waste products from our body and
increases supply nutrients to the tissues. It also acts as gastrointestinal detoxicants helping
in digestion of food.
Pain killer : Chilies stimulates the release of endorphins that are natural pain killers. It
relieves pain caused due to shingles (Herpes Zoster), bursitis, diabetic neuropathy and
muscle spasm in shoulders, and extremities. It also helps in relieving arthritic pains in the
extremities.
Antibiotic : Chilies brings fresh blood to the site of the infection. The fresh blood fights
infection. The white blood cells and leukocytes present in the fresh blood fights viruses.
Brain : Capsaicin stimulates brain to excrete endorphin and gives a sense of pleasure when
the risk of colon cancer. Chilies such as red pepper have cartonoid lycopene, which prevents
cancer disease.
Heart Attack : Chilies have vitamin B6 and folic acid. The vitamin B reduces high
homocysteine level. High homocysteine levels have been shown to cause damage to blood
vessels and are associated with a greatly increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It also
converts homocysteine into other molecules which is beneficial to lower cholesterol level.
Lung disease : Chilies gives relief from nasal congestion by increasing the metabolism. It also
dilates airway of lungs which reduces asthma and wheezing. It relieves chronic congestion in
Cigarette smoke contains benzopyrene which destroys the vitamin A in the body. The
vitamin A present in chili reduces inflammation of lungs and emphysema caused due to
cigarette smoking.
Menispermaceae, and can grow, or rather climb, up to fifteen meters long. The makabuhay
leaves are thin sheets that are heart-shaped, and its flowers look distinct as they only have
three petals. The makabuhay plant is known for its bitter nature, and the fruits of this plant
are held in clusters, which can be as long as two centimeters. This plant may be propagated
by planting its stem, which contains a bitter sap. However, it is important to note that
makabuhay can be found in most forests all over the Philippines. It grows in tropical areas,
and it is of little wonder why it is abundant in a country like the Philippines. The fruits of this
plant have not been utilized nor established to have medicinal values. Only the leaves and the
stems of makabuhay have been found to cure particular health concerns. For the stems, both
medicinal use in India alsa called Guduchi. Makabuhay has long been used in Ayurveda medicine
(traditional medicine in India) for thousands of years. Ayurvedic practitioners in India used
Makabuhay to promote longevity, prevent diseases and to treat various illness from arthritis to
treatment cancer.
In the Philippines, Makabuhay plant extract is traditionally combined with coconut oil to treat
rheumatism and arthritis, abdominal pains (kabag), scabies, skin ulcers and others.
Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia) contains many chemicals that are known to have
antioxidant activities while a few can even fight cancer cells in animal studies. However, most of the
scientific studies that are made on the medicinal uses of Makabuhay are limited to animals or in test
Makabuhay roots, stems and leaves are used as herbal treatment for fevers, malaria.
Makabuhay leaves and roots are pounded then dissolved in cold water. Applied with a soft
cloth over the nape, forehead, underarms and other body parts to bring down the body
temperature.
Makabuhay poultice is used to treat gout, arthritis, and rheumatism by reducing pain and
edema.
Makabuhay is used to treat skin diseases (athlete’s foot, scabies, etc.), promotes wound
Makabuhay tonic is believed to promote over all good health and longevity, improves
Makabuhay tonic is used to treat gastrointestinal and digestive problems, which includes
diarrhea, hyperacidity, abdominal pains, gas pains (kabag), vomiting, dyspepsia, dysentery,
Makabuhay is also used in the treatment of diabetes, heart problems, hepatitis, anemia,
impotence,tuberculosis,jaundice.
University, studied the mechanism of the active ingredients of Tinospora cordifolia against key
marker cells of insulin dependent glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) and the predominant protein
that influences glucose metabolism. According to results, the Glut-4 and the dominant protein
were modulated by Tinospora cordifolia. Moreover, the uptake of glucose was likewise
The Division of Ethnopharmacology of Loyola College in India conducted a study on the effects
determine its potential use in cancer therapy. Results have shown that those treated with
Tinospora cordiflia extract (TCE) exhibit an increased level of antioxidants and detoxification
enzymes, and decreased serum transaminase level and hepatic marker enzymes to near
normal. TCE likewise reduced tumor incidence and reversed the damaged hepatocytes to
normal. The study concludes that TCE exhibits preventive effect against chemically induced
hepatocellular carcinoma in rats and further suggests that Tinospora cordifolia extract can be
a potent chemopreventive drug for HCC. (Investigational New Drugs, August 2011:
investigation of the effects of beta-Ecdysone (ECD), a steroid found in Tinospora cordifolia extract on
joints, epiphyseal cartilage and trabecular tissues in rats. The study has shown that rats subjected to
treatment of ECD have developed thicker joint cartilage and thicker epiphyseal growth plate. The
study suggests that Tinospora cordifolia has antiosteoporotic effects and may be of value in the
prevention and treatment osteoporosis and osteoarthritis which is of increasing importance due to
aging and obesity among individuals. (Phytomedicine, April 2010: Beneficial effects of beta-Ecdysone
on the joint, epiphyseal cartilage tissue and trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats).
apparently made it an ideal supplement to the low-protein diet of the rural poor. Unfortunately, the
snails were not a success with consumers, and although they were initially expensive, their market
The escaped and discarded snails quickly spread through waterways and irrigation canals.
When they reached the rice fields they found an ideal habitat, feeding by night and at dawn on
young succulent plants such as newly transplanted rice crops and weeds. With only a few natural
enemies to constrain them, the snails rapidly developed into a serious pest in many areas of
cultivated rice land in Asia. Their fast growth and reproduction - females lay egg masses of up to 500
eggs once a week - leads to population levels that can destroy entire rice crops.
Most description of the habitat of the golden apple snail are qualitative. In its native area,
the apple snail has been described as inhabiting mainly quiet stretches of water, such as lagoons,
ponds and swamps (Scott 1957, Bachmann 1960). However, field research suggest that the snail is
frequently found in streams in its native area (Martin et. Al. 2001). In Japan, the snail is found in a
wide variety of habitat , including rivers, ponds, swamps, reservoirs, creeks, drainage canals and
METHODOLOGY
Materials/ Equipment
100g Makabuhay
15 Golden Kuhol
Apparatus:
Beaker
Lab gown
Goggles
Gloves
Vial
Scissors
Clean cloth
Laboratory
Research Design
This study used experimental research design because it concerned with examining of the
effect of independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is
manipulated through treatment or interventions. Experimental research designs are familiar to most
people as the classic science experiment, much like those performed in high school science class.
Imagine that golden kuhol that is affected by the chili and makabuhay stem extract as molluscicide in
different concentration, though all subjects affected of the extract. If the golden kuhol that affected
of the highest concentration of extract than those that effected of higher and high concentration of
extract, the researchers can conclude that the chili and makabuhay stem extract is effective as
molluscicde. Further, if we are certain that all subjects in both percentage concentration of extract
were identical at the start of the experiment and that affecting molluscicide was the only way they
differed; the researchers can conclude that molluscicide will cause the death of all golden kuhol.
General Procedure:
This study used the following statistical tools to analyze the gathered data:
1. t-test- use to differentiate if there is a significant difference the two means from two variables.
Step 1. The researchers collects chili and makabuhay planst that will be used.
Step 3. The chili and makabuhay plant both weighs 100 grams.
Step 4. The chili and makabuhay plants will be extracted with the use of mortar and pestle.
Step 5. The chili and makabuhay extract will be divided into different composition.
Step 6. The chili and makabuhay extract will be orally applied to golden kuhol.
This chapter presents the results and provides comprehensive discussion on the effect of
chili and makabuhay stem extract from varied composition of plant extract.
Time Recorded as to the Death of golden Kuhol after Chili & Makabuhay Extract Used as
molluscicide
Shown in Table 1 is the time recorded death of golden apple snail after chili and makabuhay extract
used as mollscicide.
Table 1. Time Recorded Death of Golden Apple Snail after Chili & Makabuhay Extract Used as
molluscicide
(in minutes)
50% 75% 100%
Kuhol
240 180 60
1
250 178 70
2
318 216 52
3
226 22 75
4
375 200 59
5
281.8 159.2 63.2
Average
Results reveal on a variation of percentage mortality of golden apple snail treated with the
different concentration of the plant extract throughout the entire exposure period. It is noted that
the golden apple snail exposed to different concentration showed highest percentage of golden
Extract as Molluscicide
** Significant at p<0.05
Based on the result in Table 2, reveals the computed the p-value of different percentage
composition of chili and makabuhay extract. The data in said table tell that the computed the p-
value of 0.023 at 0.05 level of significance. Result shows a significant difference: therefore the null
hypothesis, “There is no effect of using Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill certain mollusks” is
rejected. Statistically, this means that chili and makabuhay which are in different percentage
Summary
This research study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem
extract as molluscicide.
Plants were extracted and varied percentage compositions of the extract were prepared.
Golden apple snails are separated in three (3) different cages for mortality test. The first cage was
labeled A is consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 50%, second was
labeled B consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 75%, while the third one
was labeled C consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 100% extract. The
It used experimental research design because it concerned with examining of the effect of
independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated
The findings revealed that 100% concentration of the chili and makabuhay extract is the
most effective molluscicide which kills the golden kuhol within 63.2 minutes.
The data gathered also revealed that there is a significant difference on the efficacy of chili
and makabuhay extract considering the following concentration: (1) 100%, (2) 75%, (3) 50%.
Conclusions
Based on the results and discussions, the following conclusions are made:
1. The three (3) different percentage compositions could either be used as potential
2. Pure chili and makabuhay extract is preferable to be used in killing golden kuhol.
Recommendations
Based on the results and calculations, the following recommendations are offered:
1. The Present and Prospective Farmers should use chili and makabuhay extract as an
2. The Personnel in Bacuag Agricultural Office should recommend the use of the newly
3. For the future researchers that they should consider other plants to be used in making
Retrievefrom:http://rullanamador.blogspot.com/2010/01/makabuhay-tinospora-rumphii-boerl.html
Retrievefrom:http://rullanamador.blogspot.com/2010/01/makabuhay-tinospora-rumphii-boerl.html