See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/317657332

Effect of fermented rice bran on growth performance and bioavailability of

phosphorus in broiler chickens

Article  in  Indian Journal of Animal Research · May 2017

DOI: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.8002

CITATIONS READS

0 181

8 authors, including:

Ali Ahmad Aftab Anjum

University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
26 PUBLICATIONS   11 CITATIONS    99 PUBLICATIONS   398 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Masood Rabbani Kamran Ashraf

University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
100 PUBLICATIONS   293 CITATIONS    99 PUBLICATIONS   573 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Immunology Notes View project

Zoonotic Biohazardous bacteria View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Mian Muhammad Awais on 27 April 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Indian J. Anim. Res., 53 (3) 2019: 361-365 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE
Print ISSN:0367-6722 / Online ISSN:0976-0555 www.arccjournals.com

Effect of fermented rice bran on growth performance and bioavailability of

phosphorus in broiler chickens
Ali Ahmad*1, Aftab Ahmad Anjum1, Masood Rabbani1, Kamran Ashraf2, Mian Muhammad Awais3,
Muhammad Nawaz1, Nisar Ahmad2, Ali Asif4 and Saba Sana1
Department of Microbiology,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
Received:28-10-2016 Accepted:14-12-2016 DOI: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.8002
ABSTRACT
In the present study, sterilized rice bran was fermented for 48, 72 and 96 hours by Aspergillus flavus and proximate
analysis indicated that fermentation changed nutritive value of the rice bran. Four experimental feeds were fed to 4 groups
of day old broiler chicks for 6 weeks to evaluate their effects on broiler performance (weekly feed intake, weight gain, FCR
and mortality). During first 2 weeks, birds of group D showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake and weight
gain as compared to groups A (control), B and C. All groups did not show significant differences in feed conversion ratios
(FCR). During 3rd week of trial, chickens of Group D showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake, weight gain
and FCR as compared to group A. During last 3 weeks, birds in group D showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed
intake, weight gain and FCR as compared to birds of groups A, B and C. Group D showed significantly higher weight gain
and better FCR (P<0.05) as compared to groups A, B and C. On the whole, broiler chickens fed on 96 hours fermented rice
bran showed best growth performance. In-vivo phytase activity was determined in ash of tibia bones collected from selected
birds in each group. Group D showed significantly high percentage (P<0.05) of ash and phosphorus in tibia bones as
compared to groups A (control), B and C. In conclusion, fermented rice bran showed beneficial effect on broiler performance
and could be used in poultry feed as phytase source.
Key words: Broilers, Fermented rice bran, Proximate analysis, Growth performance, Phytase activity.
INTRODUCTION acid profile of the rice bran protein is generally superior to
Rice bran is a by-product of rice milling industry that of cereal grains. The fiber content ranges from 10-15%
and abundantly available at cheap price during the rice (Farrell, 1994). A sizable portion of rice bran is used as feed
milling season in Pakistan. It is the third largest crop ingredient. These qualities lead to a high demand for rice
(7005tonns/annum) in the country (Anonymous, 2014-15). bran use as poultry feed (Piliang et al., 1982). Keeping in
It is about 10% of the paddy by weight and derived from the view the increasing importance of rice bran for poultry feed
outer layers of the rice caryopsis during milling and consists industry, present study was conducted to use in fermented
of pericarp, seed coat, nucleus, aleurone layer, germ and rice bran as phytase source and determine its effect on
part of sub-aleurone layer of starchy endosperm (Juliano, performance and bioavailability of phosphorus in broiler
1988). Nutritionally, rice bran contains 13-15% protein, 12- chickens.
13% oil and 40-45% nitrogen free extract. In addition, it MATERIALS AND METHODS
contains a fair amount of vitamins and minerals. Khalique Solid state fermentation of locally purchased rice
et al. (2004) reported that rice bran is comparatively bran was carried out by procedure as described by Bidura et
economical than routinely used grains and rich in essential al. (2012). Sterilized rice bran with 52 percent moisture level
amino acids. It is a rich source of essential nutrients like was inoculated with spore suspension (2x107/mL per 100
water-soluble vitamins especially thiamine and niacin (NRC, grams) of Aspergillus flavus PHY168. Three steel trays of
1994). It is reported that amino acid profile of rice polishing inoculated rice bran were incubated at 35ºC for 48, 72 and
protein is better than cereal grain (Farrell, 1994). This 96 hours respectively. Proximate analysis of unfermented
chemical profile is comparable to other cereals like maize, and fermented rice bran was carried out using procedures of
wheat, sorghum and rice tips. It is also a rich source of AOAC (1994). Phosphorus percentage in ash of rice bran
phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper and zinc, and the amino samples was determined by phytase assay as described by
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: aliahmedvet@yahoo.com
1
Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
2
Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
3
Department of Pathobiology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, 4Gomal College of Veterinary Sciences, Dera Ismail khan.
362 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH
Fiske and Subbarow (1925). Fermented rice bran was dried Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA
at 55ºC in hot air oven for 3 days to kill fungi and mixed in using SPSS version 20. Differences among treatments were
basal feed to prepare treatment feeds 2, 3 and 4.Feed 1 further separated by Duncan’s post hoc test. A P-value of
contained unfermented rice bran and phytase. Based on <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Values were
difference in composition, each feed was further divided into expressed as means ± SE.
starter, grower and finisher feeds (Table 1). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
One hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks Proximate analysis of rice bran: Proximate analysis
(Cobb) purchased from Punjab chicks hatchery in Lahore, indicated that fermentation improved nutritional value of rice
were randomly divided into 4 groups A (control), B, C and bran. Significant improvement was observed in nutritional
D and fed 4 treatment feeds 1(control), 2, 3 and 4 value of 96 hours fermented rice bran. Both dry matter and
respectively. The chicks were kept in a clean room of animal crude fiber percentage were decreased by 2.4 % and 2.7 %
research center at University of Health Sciences, Lahore. respectively while crude protein, ether extract, ash and
Birds were offered feed and water ad libitum during trial phosphorus percentage were increased by 2.06, 3.23, 3.9
period of 42 days. Continuous light was provided throughout and 0.14 %, respectively in 96 hours fermented rice bran as
experimental period. Effects of treatment feeds on compared to unfermented rice bran (Table 2). The dry matter
performance of broiler chickens were determined. Mortality loss during fermentation by bacteria, fungi or yeast could be
was recorded daily for each group. a possible reason for such an increase in crude protein (Rozan
et al., 1996). The disappearance of dry matter can be
In-vivo phytase activity was determined by using accounted for utilization of nutrients by Aspergillus flavus
method described by Ahmad et al. (2000). Six birds were PHY168. The higher crude protein and ether extract content
randomly selected from each group after 42 days and in fermented rice bran were possibility due to the presence
slaughtered to collect left tibia bone of each bird. Each bone of microbial biomass and phytase in the fermented rice bran.
sample was excised to remove muscles and adhering tissues. In a previous study, Purwardia et al. (2003) reported that
The cleaned tibia bones were dried at 60C in hot air oven fermentation of agriculture by-product improved its
for 48 hours. Dried bones of each group were grind nutritional values. Similar to present results, Bidura et al.
individually. Five grams tibia powder was taken in china dish (2012) reported that fermentation increased content of crude
and kept at 600C for 4 hours in furnace for determination of protein and metabolizable energy of rice bran. Hardini (2010)
ash percentage (Scheideler, 1993). The ash from the tibia conducted a study to find out the effect of soild state
was mixed with 25 ml HCl (4%) in 100 ml glass flask. fermentation on rice bran nutritional status using Aspergillus
Phosphorus percentage in tibia ash mixture was calculated niger and observed significant improvement in the nutritive
by colorimetric method (Fiske and Subarrow, 1925). value of fermented rice bran. Martin et al. (1988).
Table 1: Composition (g / kg) of Experimental Feeds.
Feeds Starter (1-14 days) Grower (15-21 days) Finisher (22-42 days)
Ingredients Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4
Maize 374 374 374 374 464 464 464 464 502 502 502 502
Rice Bran 150* 150** 150*** 150**** 100* 100** 100*** 100**** 100* 100** 100*** 100****
Phytase 0.1 - - - 0.1 - - - 0.1 - - -
Gluton 60 % 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Gluton 30 % 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Canola Meal 100 100 100 100 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
Guar Meal 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30
SFM 43 43 43 43 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 40
Soybean 213 213 213 213 178 178 178 178 156 156 156 156
Molasses 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 17 17 17 17
Lime stone 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Canola Oil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 10
Vitamin Premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Mineral premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Salt 1.78 1.64 1.64 1.78 1.64 1.57 1.57 1.64 1.57 1.78 1.78 1.57
Soda 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34
Lysine sulphate 4.79 4.79 4.79 4.79 4.76 4.76 4.76 4.76 4.41 4.41 4.41 4.41
DLM 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
L-therionine 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.24 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.10 0.4 0.4 0.4
*
Non fermented** 48 hours fermented ***
72 hours fermented ****
96 hours fermented
 Volume 53 Issue 3 (March 2019) 363
Table 2: Proximate analysis of unfermented and fermented rice bran (on % dry matter basis).
Rice Bran
Parameters Unfermented 48 Hours Fermented 72 Hours Fermented 96 Hours Fermented
Dry Matter % 92.2 91.8 90.6 89.8
Crude Fiber % 12.05 11.42 10.50 9.35
Crude Protein % 14.52 14.96 15.45 16.58
Ether Extract % 14.33 15.72 16.54 17.56
Ash % 9.8 10.8 11.4 13.7
Phosphorus % 1.74 1.76 1.8 1. 88

stated that Aspergillus niger produced phytase during
fermentation which hydrolyzed phytic acid in rice bran. As
a result, protein trapped by phytic acid was released and
became diluted for easy digestion.
Our results of rice bran proximate analysis were in
agreement to those reported in studies of IRRI (2009),
Oladunjoye and Ojebiyi (2010) and Amissah et al. (2003)
who stated that crude protein and crude fat contents of
fermented rice bran were significantly higher (P<0.05) than
those of non-fermented rice bran and rice bran fermented
for 48 hours and 96 hours. The crude protein, crude fat and
crude fibre content were higher in comparison with the
average value of Malaysian rice bran reported by Ukil
(1999). However, total ash and total phosphorus content were
within the range of 1.26-1.79 % as reported by Ukil (1999)
and 1.62-1.81 % reported by Warren and Farrel (1990). The
variation in nutrient composition might be due to sources
from which bran was obtained. Chemical composition of
rice bran varies due to the variation in milling processing
and adulteration with hull (Warren and Farrel,1990a).
Effect of fermented feeds on broiler performance: Effect
of experimental feeds on broiler performance (weekly feed
intake, weight gain, food conversion ratio and mortality) was
evaluated statistically (Table 3). Birds in group D fed had
significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake and weight gain
as compared to group A (control) during first 2 weeks. All
groups had non-significant difference (P>0.05) in feed
conversion ratio during first 2 weeks. During 3rd week, group
D birds showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake,
weight gain and feed conversion ratio as compared to other
groups. The birds were fed finisher feeds for next 21 days
and during each of last 3 weeks, birds in group D had
significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake, weight gain
and FCR as compared to other groups. Birds in control group
had maximum consumption of finisher feed whereas group
D birds had better FCR among all four groups. Birds died
due to heat stress during second week. Mortality percentage
was 6.6 % in control group and 10 % in group B, C and D.
Control group (A) had significantly high feed intake (P<0.05)
as compared to birds kept in group B,C and D. Thus group

Table 3: Performance characteristics of broiler chickens fed on treatment feeds.

Parameters Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4
Initial Weight (g/bird) 42.00±0.57 42.33±0.44 42.50±0.28 42.33±0.33
Final Weight (g/bird) 440.33±0.88b 429.50±0.76c 438.83±o.72 b 447.16±0.72a
Total Weight Gain (g/bird) 398.63±0.49b 387.23±0.17d 396.83±0.44c 405.26±0.39a
Starter Weight Gain(g/bird/week) 199.46±0.31b 193.66±0.08d 198.41±0.22c 202.68±0.14a
Feed Intake (g/bird/week) 244.00±0.57b 232.00±1.15d 238.66±0.88c 247.16±0.72a
Feed Conversion Ratio 1.22±0.01a 1.19±0.01a 1.18±0.01a 1.21±0.01a
Mortality (%) 6.6 10 10 10
Initial Weight (g/bird) 440.33±0.88b 429.50±0.76c 438.83±o.72 b 447.16±0.72a
Final Weight (g/bird) 853.16±1.16b 751.5±1.32d 807.76±1.58c 873.00±1.44a
Weight Gain (g/bird/week) 412.73±1.43b 322.83±0.72d 368.86±1.55c 427.23±1.21a
Grower Feed Intake (g/bird/week) 637.66±1.76a 588.50±1.89d 604.33±1.45c 619.83±1.58b
Feed Conversion Ratio 1.54±0.01c 1.86±0.02a 1.63±0.02b 1.45±0.03d
Mortality (%) 0 0 0 0
Initial Weight (g/bird) 853.16±1.16b 751.5±1.32d 807.76±1.58c 873.00±1.44a
Final Weight (g/bird) 2574.00±2.30b 1990.33±1.33d 2387.66±2.60c 2649.00±2.08a
Total Weight Gain (g/bird) 1720.44±1.02b 1239.96±1.18d 1578.53±1.76c 1776.6±1.44a
Finisher Weight Gain (g/bird/week) 573.83±.86b 413.63±0.49d 526.80±0.52c 592.56±0.54a
Feed Intake (g/bird/week) 1245.16±1.87a 1048.33±2.02d 1189.66±2.60c 1210.66±2.02b
Feed Conversion Ratio 2.16±0.01c 2.55±0.01a 2.25±0.02b 2.04±0.02d
Mortality (%) 0 0 0 0
Values are Means ± SE. Values in a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05).
364 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH
Table 4: Tibia ash and phosphorus percentage.
Parameters Group A(Control) Group B Group C Group D
b d c
Ash % 47.34 ±.60 43.90±.26 45.93±.29 51.93±.40a
Phosphorus % 15.74±.03b 14.26±.04d 15.46±.03c 17.40±.04 a
Values are grams per 100 grams of tibia ash.
Values are Means ± SE. Values in a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05).

D had significantly better weight gain and FCR (P<0.05) as
compared to birds in group A (control), B and C. These
results are in agreement with Park et al. (l994) who found
significant improvement in body weight gain and gain/feed
ratio by the addition of 0.10% yeast culture in diets of broiler.
Bidura et al (2012) reported that addition of rice bran
fermented by Saccharomyces spp.N-2isolate culture in
rations caused numerical increases both in the final body
weight and live weight gains. This can be attributed to the
positive effects of fermented rice bran. Present study was
consistent with some studies which indicated that fermented
diets affected bird performance positively. Contrary to
present results, Mu et al. (2011) reported that broiler chickens
fed on fermented rice bran in corn-soya bean feed had non-
significant difference in feed intake, weight gain and feed
conversion ratio as compared to bird group fed on untreated
rice bran.
Determination of in-vivo phytase activity: Results of In-
vivo phytase activity showed that Group D had significantly
high percentage (P<0.05) of ash and phosphorus in tibia
bones as compared to birds of group A (control), B and C
(Table 4). Feed 4 containing 96 hours fermented rice bran
as source of crude phytase increased phosphorus content in
the tibia ash by 1.66 g/100 g as compared to control feed.
present results were similar to those of Mu et al. (2011) who
studied effect of fermented rice bon on performance of broiler
chickens in Malaysia and reported that the addition of
fermented rice bran in poultry feed produced better
phosphorus content (P<0.05) in tibia ash as compared to
unfermented rice bran. Similar findings were reported in the
previous studies (Nelson et al., 1971; Perney et al., 1993;
Broz et al., 1994; Sebastian et al., 1996). The ash
concentrations of tibia were directly proportional to the
phosphorus and calcium bioavailability and closely related
to the weight gain of the birds.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that fermentation changed nutritional
status of rice bran and fermented rice bran addition up to
15% in broiler feed had beneficial effects on broiler
performance.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
Thanks are due to the staff of animal research center
at University of Health Sciences, Lahore for help and
cooperation during the experiment on broiler chickens.

REFERENCES
Ahmad, T., Rasool, S., Sarwar, M., Haq A. U. and Hasan,Z.U. (2000). Effect of microbial phytase produced from a fungus Aspergillus
niger on bioavailability of phosphorus and calcium in broiler chickens. Ani. Feed Sci. and Tech. 83: 103-114.
Amissah, J.G.N., Ellis,W.O.,Oduro,I. and ManfulJ.T (2003) Nutrient composition of bran from new rice varieties under study in
Ghana. Food Cont., 14:21-24.
Anonymous, 2014-15. Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic survey of Pakistan, Chapter 2: 23-44.
Assocciation of Official Analytical Chemists (l994). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition. Association of Analytical Chemists,
Arlington, Virginia p. 1230.
Bidura, I.G.N.G., Mahardika, I.G.,Suyadnya, I.P.,. Partama,I.G Oka,I.G.L.,Candrawati,D.P.M.A. and AryaniI.G.A.I. (2012). The
implementation of Saccharomyces spp. n-2 isolate culture (isolation from traditional yeast culture) for improving feed quality
and performance of male Bali duckling. Agri. Sci. Res. J.2:486-492.
Broz, J.,Oldale,P., Perrin-Voltz,A.H., Rychen, G., Schulze, J., Nunes, C.S. (1994). Effect of supplemental phytase on performance
and P utilization in broiler chickens fed a low phosphorus diet without addition of inorganic phosphorus. Br. Poult. Sci. 35:
273-280.
Farrell D. J. (1994). Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings. World Poult. Sci. J. 5:116-128.
Fiske, C.H. and Subbarow,Y. (1925). The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J. Biol. Chem. 66:375-400.
Hardini, D.(2010). The nutrient evaluation of fermented rice bran as poultry feed. Int. J. of Poult. Sci. 9:152-154.
IRRI, (2009). By Products and Their Utilization. Rice Knowledge Bank. Retrieved from: http//www. knowledgebank.irri.org/rkb/
index.php/rice-milling/ byproducts-and-their-utilization (Accessed date: August 31, 2010).
Juliano, B. O. (1988). Rice bran. In “Rice Chemistry and Technology” Ed. D.F. Houston Chapt. 18:647-687. Publi. American Association
of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Khalique, A., Lone,K.P., Pasha,T.N. and Khan,A.D. (2004). Amino acid digestibility of chemically treated and extruder cooked
defatted rice polishing. Proceedings of WPC, pp.8-13.
Martin, E.A., Nolan, J.V., Nitsan, Z. and Farrell,D.J. (1998). Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry
diets. IV. Effects of addition of fish meal and a microbial phytase to duckling diets on bird performance and amino acid
digestibility. Br. Poult. Sci. 39: 612–621.
 Volume 53 Issue 3 (March 2019) 365
Mu, K.S., Kasim,A., Ideris,A. and Saad,C.R. (2011). Effect of fermented rice bran, bio-converted byproduct on performance of broiler
chickens. J. of Ani. and Vet. Adv.10:2990-2995.
Nelson, T.S., Shieh,T.R., Wodzinski,R.J. and Ware,J.H. (1971). Effect of supplemental phytase on the utilization of phytate phosphorus
by chicks.J. Nutr. 101:1289-1293.
NRC, (1994). Nutrient requirements of poultry. National Research Council. 9 th Rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Oladunjoye, I.O. and Ojebiyi,O.O. (2010). Performance characteristics of broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) fed rice (Oriza sativa) bran
with or without Roxazyme G2G. Int. J. Ani. Vet. Adv. 2:135-140.
Park, H.Y., Han, I.K. and Heo,K.N. (1994). Effects of supplementation of single cell protein and yeast culture on growth performance
in broiler chicks. Kor. J. Anim. Nutr. Feed, 18:346-351.
Perney, K.M., Cantor,A.H., Starw,M.L. and Herkelman, K.L. (1993). The effect of dietary phytase on growth performance and
phosphorus utilization of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 72:2106-2114.
Piliang, W.G., Bird,H.R., Sunde,M.L.and Pringle,D.J. (1982). Rice bran as the major energy source for laying hens. Poult. Sci. 61:357-363.
Purwadaria, T., Nirwana,N., Ketaren,P.P., Pradono,D.I. and Widyastuti,Y. (2003). Synergistic activity of enzymes produced by
Eupenicillium javanicum and Aspergillus niger NRRL 337 on palm oil factory wastes. BIOTROPIA-The Southeast
Asian J. Trop. Bio. 20
Rozan, P., Villaum, C., Bau, H.M., Schwertz, A., Nicolas, J.P. and Mejean, L. (1996). Detoxication of rapeseed meal by Rhizopus
Oligosporus sp T3: A first step towards rapeseed protein concentrate. Int.J. food Sci& Tech. 31:85-90.
Sebastian, S., Touchburn,S.P., Chavez, S.P. and Lague, P.C. (1996). The effect of supplemental microbial phytase on the performance
and utilization of dietary calcium, phosphorus, copper, and zinc in broiler chickens fed corn-soybean diets. Poult. Sci.75:729-736.
Scheideler, S.E., (1993). Effect of various types of aluminosilicates and aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin toxicity, chick performance and mineral
status. Poult. Sci. 72: 282-288.
Ukil, M. (1999). Effect of Phytate Phosphorus on the Utilisation of Rice Bran in Broiler Chickens) (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti
Putra Malaysia).
Warren, B.E. and Farrell, D.J. (1990). The nutritive value of full-fat and defatted Australian rice bran. I. Chemical composition. Ani.
Feed Sci. and Tech.27:219-228.
Warren, B.E. and Farrell,D.J. (1990a). The nutritive value of full-fat and defatted Australian rice bran. II. Growth studies with
chickens, rats and pigs. Ani. Feed Sci. and Tech.27:229-246.

View publication stats