Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ethics is a key component of the ACCT1006 unit and there will be a substantive ethics question
in the final exam. To give you an opportunity to practice answering questions before the exam, the
focus of the week 8 tutorials will be how to recognize ethical issues and determine an appropriate
course of action.
Some students struggle at first to see the relevance of ethics to accounting. So, we have put this
document together for you to help you with this process.
Why is ethics important for accounting and accountants?
The purpose of general purpose financial statements is to provide information to users so they
can make resource allocation decisions. For example, a potential investor may be interested in
the financial position and performance as well as future cash flows to determine whether or not
to invest in the organisation. A creditor might be interested in a company’s liquidity and solvency
– that is the ability to pay its debts in the short and long term ‐ before deciding whether to lend
money to the organisation.
Accounting information is the basis upon which general purpose financial statements are
prepared. If the information is to be useful for decision making it needs to be relevant and
faithfully represent the financial position and performance of an organisation. Accountants may
come up against ethical dilemmas that they need to resolve when recording accounting
transactions and preparing financial statements. Hence acting ethically is an important part of
the role of an accountant and in the preparation of general purpose financial statements.
In order to be able to act ethically, accountants need to be able to:
1. Recognise there is a potential ethical issue
2. Identify which stakeholders may be harmed and the impact
3. Determine alternative actions
4. Take the appropriate most ethical course of action
The ethics activities in this unit will help you to develop the skills you need for your future
career. We make this clear in the unit outline that ethics is one of the learning objectives.
To prepare you for your future roles as accountants or leaders in corporations, you need to be
able to identify ethical dilemmas and to act ethically. Hence ethics is directly relevant to a career
in accounting or management in business, not for profit or government sectors.
Having an ethics component in accounting courses is critical as there have been criticisms of
the academic community in the past claiming that a failure to incorporate sufficient ethics
education into the accounting curriculum has resulted in unethical behaviour and corporate
collapses.
The numerous corporate collapses and scandals in the US, Australia and Europe, together with
the demise of Arthur Anderson, have prompted increased public scrutiny of business and
accounting practices—with particular focus on professional ethics (or lack of it). One of the
questions that has arisen as a result of these financial collapses is: what form of ethics training
did the implicated parties (auditors, accountants and managers) receive as part of their degrees?
In this unit, you will be exposed to cases that explore accounting and business ethics to
develop your skills for recognising and resolving ethical issues.
Here are some comments from past students who reflected upon the relevance of accounting
ethics cases to their learning in accounting.
Past student reflections on teaching ethics in accounting units:
Before I learn ethics in accounting I always think accounting is only about preparing all the
reports and do the calculation but know I know a good accountant should not only be good at
preparing the report but also good at distinguishing what is ethical and what is unethical.
When we first started learning about ethical theories I was cynical about how useful the material
would be. My perception was that ethics had been added to the course simply to satisfy critics
who felt the spate of recent corporate accounting scandals could somehow be blamed on failing
to teach executives proper ethics. I felt that it is pointless to attempt to teach ethical behaviour in
a formal course, because ethical behaviour can only be developed through life experience. These
beliefs and assumptions have definitely been changed over the last few weeks. I have learnt to
better appreciate the huge variety of ethical perspectives, and the fact that ethical decisions are
not straightforward ‐ decisions may be unethical from one perspective and ethical from another.
I have also learnt to appreciate the usefulness of a detailed framework like the identify the issues,
identify the stakeholders and how they might be impacted, identify alternative courses of action
and select the most ethical course of action ‐ without it, our analysis of the case would not have
been as rigorous. Also, our group discussion members did benefit somewhat from the chance to
debate key issues.
My beliefs and assumptions have most definitely been challenged and changed through the
completion of the ethics assignments. Firstly, I now recognise how complex ethical dilemmas
can be and how all the accounting and ethical issues must be identified in order to create a
resolution. My group discussion also challenged me to be open to other perspectives through
our various discussions. After formulating my own opinion, listening to their perspectives
enabled me to re‐evaluate my ethical interpretation and consider how other ethical
perspectives might even be more appropriate. Also, my beliefs have definitely been challenged
in the way that I have now realised the great density of ethical dilemmas and how they have
implications for many stakeholders and functions of a company.
I used to believe that every company’s only goal is to maximize the profit and responsible to
shareholders and customers. I am not aware that company’s profit making activity may create
negative externality to third parties and they have to be responsible for it. I am quite shocked
knowing investors and shareholders nowadays are not only concerning about the company’s
financial reports in making investment decisions but whether the profit earning method is
ethical. After learning ethics, I understand that how different parties are affected in an issue
and decision make should be taking concern of every stakeholders, companies should not focus
on own interest but on society‘s benefits. Profit maximization should not be the only goal of
the company. Companies also has citizen responsibilities, and being unethical in decision making
may worsen the company‘s future situation..
In some situations, certain actions do not necessarily have to be wrong in order to be unethical.
Beforehand used analyse situations more based on whether the actions were right, or correct.
It would seem to me that if the law was not broken, and certain stakeholders in a given situation
benefited from the action, then it is ethical, and there isn't necessarily anything wrong with
undertaking it. By looking at the ethics cases in the course and identifying all of the stakeholders
and how they were affected, it became clearer that if the greatest number of people lose, or
are affected negatively by an action, then the action may probably be unethical. I understood
that when you act in order to benefit the majority of the people, it will actually benefit you in
the end, and visa versa. Learning about ethics helped me to understand how you can view a
situation from a number of different perspectives and how to be able to make a
recommendation for a solution. I also understood how ethics reflects on accounting both
directly and indirectly.
My personal learning about solving ethical cases in class was quite weird since I thought this
ethical perspective is only for powerful company, when considering the overall influence of the
environment. I thought big company would be ethical for their benefit in the long term even
though it would be disadvantage in the short term. In addition, if the company does not
consider the environment and behaves unethically, the stakeholders might see a bad image for
that company. As a result, it made investors and society mistrust to the company. Hence, for
the long term, the company should be ethical. In our case, the company was no doubt unethical
attracting vulnerable invertors by misleading advertisement. All the bad results and loss of
money would be the investor’s problem. They should have a duty to disclose information and
associated risks according in order to be ethical and for the sustainable business.