Technical guide to corrugated web steel beams

SIN BEAM
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Corrugated Web Steel Beam
STEELCON Fabrication Inc.

62 Progress Crt, Brampton, Ontario
416-798-3343 - steelcon.ca
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Table of Contents
1 GENERAL 1-1
1.1 General Description 1-1
1.2 Basis for Calculation 1-1
1.3 Product Range and Designation 1-2
1.4 Material 1-4
1.5 Tolerances 1-4
1.6 Corrosion Protection / Painting 1-4
1.7 Quality Monitoring 1-5
1.8 List of Symbols / Abbreviations 1-5
2 TECHNICAL SECTION 2-7
2.1 Bending Capacity 2-7
2.2 Shear Capacity 2-8
2.3 Axial Capacity 2-10
2.4 Web Crippling 2-11
2.5 Web Openings 2-11
2.6 Sectional Properties Calculation 2-12
2.7 Sample Calculation 2-12
3 TABLES 3-1
3.1 Bending Capacity – Laterally Supported 3-1
3.2 Bending Capacity – Laterally Unsupported 3-1
3.3 Shear Capacity 3-1
3.4 Axial Capacity 3-1
3.5 Concentrated Load / Web Crippling Capacity 3-1
3.6 M/D and W/D ratios for ULC Calculation 3-1
4 SAMPLE DETAILS 4-1
4.1 Shear Connections 4-1
4.2 Moment Connections 4-1
4.3 Miscellaneous Details 4-1
5 REFERENCES / CERTIFICATION 5-1
5.1 CWB Certification for Steelcon - SIN Beam Welding 5-1
5.2 European Code 1993-1-5:2005 Annex D Plate Girders with Corrugated Webs 5-1
5.3 Annex D – Commentary 5-1
5.4 Flange Buckling Behavior of H-Shaped Member with Sinusoidal Webs - 2008 5-1
5.5 Plate Girders with Corrugated Webs from the Journal for Civil Engineering and
Management – 2010 5-1
5.6 Pages from CAN S136 – North American Specification for Design of Cold Formed
Steel Members 5-1
5.7 Shear Load Testing Results of WT0330 beams 5-1
SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE I

TECHNICAL GUIDE
1 GENERAL
1.1 General Description
The SIN beam is a corrugated web welded wide flange steel beam with a corrugated steel web
welded to flat steel flanges.
SIN Beams may be used as flexural members such as roof or floor beams, as components
subjected to axial loads such as columns, or as combined bending and axial members such as in
moment frames or wind columns. The optimal application for the SIN beam is as an alternate
to a rolled or welded wide flange shape or a joist or joist girder section with a depth between
300mm and 1800mm.
Traditionally the shear capacity of a thin web steel beam has always been governed by the loss
of stability and buckling of the web. Web stiffeners can be used to avoid web bucking but are
costly to install. The sinusoidal shape of the SIN beam web prevents buckling, eliminating the
need for web stiffeners, and allowing the web steel material to reach is full shear capacity.
Figure 1: Corrugated Web Steel Beam
1.2 Basis for Calculation

The resistance of the SIN beam to bending, axial and shear forces is described in detail in
Section 2 of this guide. The bending and axial capacity of the SIN beam is based on the
formula provided in CSA S16 “Design of Steel Structures”. The web of the SIN beam is cold
formed steel therefore the shear capacity is calculated based on CSA S136 “North American
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members”.
Due to the sinusoidal shape, the web has a negligible contribution to the axial capacity of the
SIN beam flanges. The axial forces in the beam (due to axial load or a bending moment
SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 1-1

TECHNICAL GUIDE
couple) are carried solely by the SIN beam flanges. The corrugated web resists the beam shear
forces and stabilizes the flanges. In this way the SIN beam behaves similar to a truss or joist,
where the axial and bending forces are carried by the chords (flanges) and the shear forces are
carried by the web diagonals (corrugated web).
The SIN beam capacity is backed up by a number of experimental results and expert opinions,
some of which are included in part 6 of this document.
1.3 Product Range and Designation

Standard SIN beam members are composed of a uniform height corrugated steel web and two
flat steel flanges of equal size. Other configurations, including different top and bottom flanges
or tapered webs, are also available. The standard configurations and designations are
described in this section.
1.3.1 Beam Components

1.3.1.1 Web:
The SIN beam web is manufactured from steel coil material which is cold formed into the
corrugated shape. The standard coil widths used to manufacture SIN beam webs are 60”
(1524mm). Each of these coils is available in thickness ranging from 16ga (1.52mm) to 11ga
(3.04mm).
These standard coils can be split to create the following standard web heights:
• 13” (333mm)
• 19.7” (500mm)
• 24” (610mm)
• 29.5” (750mm)
• 39.4” (1000mm)
• 48” (1219mm)
• 59” (1500mm)
The web thickness and associated designations are as follows:
• 0 : 16ga (1.52mm) – Note 16ga is not commonly used because the welding process
involves additional time and quality control requirements.
• A : 14ga (1.90mm)
• B : 12ga (2.66mm)
• C : 11ga (3.04mm)
The corrugated web follows a sinusoidal shape with a wave length of 155mm and an amplitude
of 40mm (43mm for the 3mm web), see figure 1. The web is continuously fillet welded to both
beam flanges by robotic welding equipment, on one side of the web.

TECHNICAL GUIDE
1.3.1.2 Flange:
The flanges are fabricated of flat stock material or de-stressed coil material with thickness
ranging from ¼” (6.4mm) to 1 ½” (38mm) and in widths between 5” (127mm) and 17.7”
(450mm). For all standard size SIN beams the ratio of the flange width to thickness has been
established to ensure that the beam flange is considered Class 3 or better by CSA S16. A list of
standard sizes is included in Part 3 of this document.
Due to the availability of materials flanges thicker than 1” (25.4mm) and longer than 20’ (6m)
will be spliced with full penetration welds.
1.3.2 Parallel Flange Beam:

The standard SIN beam member is a parallel flange configuration where the web height is
constant along the length of the member. Parallel flange SIN beam sections can be
manufactured in lengths anywhere between 13’ (4m) and 50’ (15m). For spans longer than 50’
(15m) members must be fabricated in multiple pieces to suit both manufacturing and
transportation limitations, once on site members can be connected using bolted moment splices
to achieve spans over 50’ (15m).
1.3.2.1 Designation:
The standard designation for a parallel flange SIN beam is:
WT [web_thickness] [web_height] / [flange_width] x [flange_thickness] – [weight]
Example: WTA 610 / 203x16 – 61.7
A – 14ga (1.90mm) thick web

610 – 24” (610mm) tall web
203 – 8” (203mm) wide top and bottom flange
16 – 5/8” (16mm) thick top and bottom flange
61.7 – 61.7 kg / m beam weight.
SIN beam sizes are always shown in metric units.
1.3.2.2 Differing Top and Bottom flanges

Parallel flange beams can be manufactured with different upper and lower flanges. For
manufacturing reasons either the flange widths should be the same while the flange thickness
may vary or the flange thicknesses should be the same and the flange width may vary by +/-
50mm.
The designation for parallel flange SIN beams with differing upper and lower flanges is:
WT [web_thickness] [web_height] /
[upper_flange_width] x [upper_flange_thickness] /
[lower_flange_width] x [lower_flange_thickness]
Example: WTB 1000 / 229x16 / 229x10

12ga x 1000mm web
TECHNICAL GUIDE
229mm x 16mm upper flange

229mm x 10mm bottom flange
1.3.3 Trapezoidal Corrugated Web Beam

SIN beams can be manufactured with a trapezoidal / tapered configuration, where the web
height varies linearly from one end to the other. To avoid scrap two trapezoidal beams are
manufactured from a standards height beam. Using a cutting torch the beam web is cut at an
angle to the flanges and then new flanges are welded in to create two identical trapezoidal
beams.
Due to manufacturing limits the maximum length of a trapezoidal beam is 12,000mm and the
web height must be between 250mm and 1250mm.
1.3.3.1 Designation:
The designation for a trapezoidal web SIN beam follows the same convention as the parallel
flange beams (the upper flange designates the flange which is orthogonal to the web):
WT [web_thickenss] [web_height_max – web_height_min]

/ [upper_flange_width] x [upper_flange_thickness]
/ [lower_flange_width,LF] x [lower_flange_thickness]
Example: WTA 1000 – 500 / 300x15 / 320x12

A : 2.0mm thick corrugated web
1000 – 500 : web height 1000mm at one end to 500mm at the other
300x15 : 300mm x 15mm flange welded orthogonal to the web
300x12 : 300mm x 12mm flange welded along the sloped side of the web
Different upper and lower flanges are possible. For manufacturing reasons, the flange widths
should be the same, while the thicknesses may vary.
1.4 Material
The standard material for both flange and web steel is W350 in accordance with
G40.20/G40.21. Other steel grades can also be used but would be considered a special order
and would require longer procurement times, minimum order quantities and premium pricing.
1.5 Tolerances
SIN beam members are fabricated to the tolerances given in CSA G40.21 for rolled or welded
wide flange steel shapes.
All welding is W47.1 compliant and done by procedures approved by the Canadian Welding
Bureau (CWB).
1.6 Corrosion Protection / Painting

SIN beam members are available in any of the following conditions:

TECHNICAL GUIDE
1.6.1 Raw Steel

If further fabrication will be required or a special coating will be applied elsewhere the SIN
beam member can be shipped as raw steel without any coating.
The corrugated web is welded to the flanges using a continuous fillet weld on one side of the
web. It is recommended that a zinc rich primer be applied to the non-welded side of the web in
the area where the web contacts the flanges (i.e. opposite the throat of the fillet weld) or other
corrosion control measures used to protect this area of the beam.
1.6.2 Standard Shop Paint

The standard SIN beam is coated with a shop primer. Other primers, colors or coatings may be
available as a special order.
1.6.3 Hot Dip Galvanized

SIN beam members can easily be Hot Dip Galvanized.
1.7 Quality Monitoring

The manufacturing process is subject to constant and documented internal monitoring. All
welding is W47.1 compliant and done by procedures approved by the Canadian Welding Bureau
(CWB).
The quality of the original materials is verified through mill test certificates which are available
upon request.
All SIN Beam members are manufactured to meet the same or stricter tolerances than those
given for either welded or rolled wide flange steel shapes in CAN / CSA G40.20.
1.8 List of Symbols / Abbreviations

a3 – the amplitude of the SIN beam web corrugation (see 1.1)
Aw – web area
bel – width of compression element (see 2.1.1)
bf (U) or (L) – width of the SIN beam flange (Upper or Lower)
Cr – Factored compressive resistance
Cw – warping torsional constant
CWB – Canadian Welding Bureau
d – overall depth of a SIN beam member
E – Steel elastic modulus, Young’s Modulus (200,000 MPa)
EN 1993-1-5 – European code for plated steel elements
Fy – specified minimum steel yield strength
G40.20/G40.21 – CSA Standard for the requirements for rolled or welded structural steel
hw – height of the SIN beam web (i.e. between the flanges)
Ix, Iy – Moment of inertial about the strong axis / weak axis
J – St. Venant torsional constant

TECHNICAL GUIDE
Lu – longest unbraced length where the beam will reach its full moment resistance
M/D – mass over heated perimeter (kg / m / m) per ULC
Mr – factored moment resistance
N – length of bearing for an applied load
rx – radius of gyration with respect to the strong axis
ry – radius of gyration with respect to the weak axis
s – unfolded length of half of a single wave of the SIN beam corrugation
S16 – CSA Standard for Structural Steel
S136 – CSA Standard for Cold Formed Steel
Sx – elastic section modulus
tf (U) or (L) – thickness of the SIN beam flange (Upper or Lower)
tw – SIN beam web thickness
ULC – Underwriters Laboratory of Canada
Vr – factored shear resistance
w – length of half of a single wave of the SIN beam corrugation
W/D – weight over heated perimeter (lb / ft / ft) per ULC
W47.1 – CSA Standard for fusion welding
WTA, WTB, WTC – SIN Beam web thickness designation (see 1.3.1.1)
Zx – plastic section modulus
– poisson’s ratio
, / , – reduction factor for local and global buckling

TECHNICAL GUIDE
2 TECHNICAL SECTION
2.1 Bending Capacity
2.1.1 Laterally Supported Members
The SIN beam bending moment capacity can be calculated based on the formula given in CSA
S16, Clause 13.5. Due to the nature of the corrugated beam web the web material has an
insignificant contribution to the bending capacity of the member and should be ignored.
Because only the beam flanges contribute to the bending section modulus there is little
difference between the elastic (Sx) and plastic (Zx) section modulus therefore the elastic
section modulus (Sx) is used for all bending capacity calculations.
S16 requires that for flanges of flexural members the following ratio of flange width to thickness
be maintained ≤ (Cl 11.2). Based on testing and published research it is considered
conservative to determine the effective flange width for a SIN beam member as
= ( ) . All standard SIN beam sections (published in Part 3 of this document) have been
determined to ensure that the flanges meet this criteria and are therefore considered Class 1, 2,
or 3 in bending.
Standard SIN beam sectional properties and Laterally Supported Moment capacity are given
Section 3.1 of this document in both Metric and Imperial units.
2.1.2 Laterally Unsupported Members

The capacity of laterally unsupported flexural members can also be calculated based on the
formula given in CSA S16, Clause 13.6. Again the bending sectional properties are calculated
based on the flanges only, neglecting any contribution of the web. For standard SIN beam
sections all of the member properties ( , , , ) required to use the formula given in Clause
13.6 are given in Section 3.1 of this document, and the moment capacity for various
unsupported lengths is given in Section 3.2, in both metric and imperial units.
There is research that suggests that the nature of the corrugated web provides enhanced
resistance to lateral torsional buckling (over a standard wide flange shape). There are currently
no proposed design formula that takes this enhanced stability into effect so the formula of S16
can be used knowing that they will be conservative.

TECHNICAL GUIDE
2.1.3 Deflection Calculations

Because of the thin and deep web of the SIN beam member, shear deformations may be
significant and should be considered for accurate deflection calculations. The beam shear area
for each web height and thickness is included in Section 3.3, and can be used to calculate the
shear deformation of the SIN beam.
The Shear Deflection calculation has been included in the sample MathCAD calculations included
in section 2.7 of this report. For common beam sizes i.e. less than 36in (914mm) in depth and
typical beam spans the shear deflections typical increase the deflection by 5 to 15%. However
for deep sections i.e. over 36in (914mm) in depth particularly with low span to depth ratios this
ratio will increase.
2.2 Shear Capacity

The SIN beam web material is cold formed steel therefore the shear design of the beam is
governed by CSA S136.
There are two clauses in CSA S136 for the shear design of beams, clause C3.2 covers the
design of flat web beams, while clause C3.7 applies to stiffened beams. The corrugated shape
of the SIN beam will stiffen the web of the beam however none of the stiffened cases covered
in C3.7 are directly applicable to the SIN beam configuration. Clause C3.7.4 covers non-
conforming stiffeners and indicates that the capacity of such beams shall be determined by
either tests in accordance with Chapter F or rational engineering analysis in accordance with
Section A1.2b.
2.2.1 Shear Capacity – Rational Engineering Analysis

CSA S136 allows for the calculation of shear capacity for a beam with non-conforming
stiffeners, such as the SIN beam, to be carried out by rational engineering analysis in
accordance with S136 Section A1.2b. For the calculation of the SIN beam shear capacity we
will use the formula from the European code (which is more conservative than S136 or S16)
multiplied by a material resistance factor of 0.75 per S136.
First the following is a brief look at the Canadian Codes (S136 and S16) and their approach to
shear design, followed by a comparison to the European Code (EN 1993-1-5:2005 Annex D).
All three codes follow similar design approaches, neither S136 nor S16 account for the stiffening
effect of the corrugated web, while the European Code was developed specifically for a
corrugated web beam. The shear capacity of a steel beam web is governed by either material
yielding or by buckling of the beam web.
2.2.1.1 CSA S136 Approach

CSA S136, clause C3.2 contains formula for the analysis of flat web steel beams. The formula
for the shear capacity is given as:
!" = #$ %& , where F( = 0.60 F, or a reduced value to allow for web buckling

TECHNICAL GUIDE
2.2.1.2 CSA S16 Approach

CSA S16, clause 13.4 contains formula for the analysis of flat web steel beams. The formula for
the shear capacity is given as:
!" = #$ %- , where %- = 0.66 % or a reduced value to allow for web buckling
2.2.1.3 EN 1993-1-5:2005 Annex D Approach

The European steel design code EN 1993-1-5:2005 includes Annex D entitled “Plate Girders with
Corrugated Webs” which has been developed specifically to design corrugated web steel beams.
Annex D provides formula for the shear design of corrugated web beams which accounts for the
yielding, local buckling, or global buckling of a corrugated web. The basic shear formula of the
European Code and Annex D is:
.
!" = ℎ 4
/0 √3
is a reduction factor to account for local or global buckling
/0 is the partial factor equal to 1.0 (we are using a material resistance factor below)
= .577 . is similar and slightly more conservative than %- = 0.66 % used in S16 or
√5
F( = 0.60 F, used in S136
ℎ 4 =$ is the area of the web
In the European code material resistance factors are left up to each country and not
included in the code formula.
For the calculations in this document the above formula has been multiplied by a limit states
material resistance factor of #- = 0.75 as per the requirements of CSA S136 Clause A1.2b.
Therefore the factored shear capacity for the SIN beam to comply with CSA S136 is given by:
!" = #- ℎ 4
√5
Where:
#- = 0.75 - Material resistance factor based on CSA S136
- is the lesser of the local or global buckling coefficient , or ,
Local Buckling
. 8
, = .9:;<=, ≤ 1.0
?̅ , = AB
=C, ∙ √5
IJ K OP Q
E ", = F5.34 + L N F MN
( RSP ) -
M M
T5 - Web amplitude

TECHNICAL GUIDE
- unfolded length of one half wave
U – Young’s modulus
– Poisson’s Ratio
Global Buckling
.8
, = <=,V P
≤ 1.0
.8:;
?̅ , = AB ∙ √5
=C,V
5 .W Z
E ", = P AX XY 5
M LM
Q J
X = ( RSP ) -
Q [\
XY =
] - length of one half wave
Y - second moment of area of one corrugation of length w
% – Web steel yield strength
ℎ 4 - The height and thickness of the corrugated steel web
2.2.2 Shear Capacity – Load Testing

S136, Chapter F provides an outline of the testing regime required to determine member
capacities based on load testing alone. This process would require a minimum of 3 load tests
for every possible web thickness and depth, which would be a long and restrictive process as
SIN beam members can be produced in a range of sizes and web thicknesses.
Steelcon has conducted shear load testing, based on S136 Chapter F, of a selection of SIN
beam members to ensure that the shear formula based on EN-1993-1-5 is conservative. A
report of the shear load testing is included in section 6 of this guide. As the shear load testing
has shown that the EN-1993-1-5 formula are conservative, but not overly conservative, all SIN
Beam shear capacities are determined based the above formula.
2.2.3 Combined Shear and Moment

Both CSA S16 and S136 include clauses to limit combined bending and shear. This is not
required for the SIN beam design as any contribution of the web material to the flexural
capacity is ignored.
2.3 Axial Capacity

The axial capacity of a SIN beam section can be determined by formula contained in S16 clause
13.3, or 13.8 for combined compression and bending. Similar to the flexural resistance the

TECHNICAL GUIDE
axial resistance is provided solely by the steel area of the flanges (neglecting any contribution
of the web). All of the parameters required to calculate the axial capacity of the SIN beam
members are indicated in the table 3.1. Table 3.4 includes the compressive resistance of SIN
beam members for various unsupported lengths calculated based on S16 clause 13.3.
2.4 Web Crippling

Testing has been done in Europe that indicates that the European code formula given in
EN1993-1-8:2005 clause 6.2.6.2 is conservative for the calculation of bearing resistance / web
`∙aM= ∙ bb,=,M= ∙ M= ∙
crippling, % , = =4 + 2√2T + 5(4 + g). A number of
,M=
,^_ cde
where , ,
these variables in these formulas can be eliminated because they are equal to unity or zero and
the formula rearranged using the common S16 variable names to read h" = 4 ij + 54 k% .
This formula is more conservative than the S16 formula in 14.3.2 for interior loads. Table 3.5
summarizes the web crippling capacity for common SIN beam sizes using this formula and
applying a material resistance factor of # l = 0.80.
When the bearing resistance of the web is exceeded, or for any concentrated loads located at
the end of a SIN beam member bearing stiffeners shall be used.
2.5 Web Openings

Openings can be cut into the web of the SIN beam members during the manufacturing process.
The equipment used to manufacture the SIN beam member is equipped with a plasma cutting
device to cut holes in the web of the members. The following rules are to be followed for web
openings:
• No holes within 200mm of the top or bottom flange of the member. (the equipment
cannot cut close to the flange and the web material is required to stabilize the
compression flange of the beam)
• Holes only where the shear utilization ratio is less than 67%
• Holes should be located as near to mid depth of the beam as possible.
2.5.1 Hole Reinforcing

The following reinforcing is generally recommended for web openings:
Hole diameter Reinforcing Required

<1/10 Web Depth No Reinforcing
1/10 to ¼ web depth Weld pipe into hole
¼ to ½ web depth Full height vertical stiffeners and horizontal
stiffeners above and below the opening

TECHNICAL GUIDE
2.6 Sectional Properties Calculation

Part 3 of this document contains member sectional properties for standard size SIN beams. All
of these sections are based on constant depth beams with equal top and bottom flanges. The
following formula were used to calculate the SIN beam properties:
• $noT = 2 ∙ ∙ 4 (Area of Flanges for Axial load or bending)

• ℎoTn $noT = ℎ 4 (Area to be used for shear distortion calculations)
-
• pqonTrr Xos4ℎ t = ℎ + 2 ∗ 4
5
• = 2v ∙ ∙4 5
+ ∙ 4 ∙ ( ℎ + 4 ) w or = ∙ ∙ t5 − ∙ ∙ℎ
[
• = zy
_
P
5
• = ∙2∙4 ∙
[
• =z
P b
∙ b∙ bJ
• = (Galambos 1968 based on Flange only)
5
(_R b )P ∙ b J ∙ b
• = W
(Galambos 1968, Picard and Beaulieu 1991 based on Flange only)
• {" = ∅ ∙ % (CSA S16 Cl 13.5)
2.7 Sample Calculation

Attached is a sample calculation for the bending, shear capacity and deflection (including shear
deformations) of a typical SIN beam flexural member using PTC Mathcad. A digital (editable)
copy of this calculation is available on request, and PTC Mathcad Express can be downloaded
for free from www.ptc.com.

Project: Sample Calculation Date: Sept 16, 2016
Description: SIN Beam Capacity
Sample Calculation for a SIN Beam WTA 750/230x9.5
Beam Properties
hw ≔ 762 mm bflange ≔ 203 mm Web Thickness
WT0 = 1.519 mm
tweb ≔ 1.897 mm tflange ≔ 9.5 mm WTA = 1.897 mm
WTB = 2.657 mm
aweb ≔ 40 mm WTC = 3.038 mm
Material Properties
Fy_Flange ≔ 350 MPa Fy_Web ≔ 350 MPa ϕs ≔ 0.9
ν ≔ 0.3 Poissons Ratio E ≔ 200 GPa G ≔ 77 GPa ϕs.shear ≔ 0.75
Calculated Section Properties
A ≔ 2 ⋅ bflange ⋅ tflange = 3857 mm 2
d ≔ hw + 2 ⋅ tflange = 781 mm
1 1
Ix ≔ ― ⋅ bflange ⋅ d 3 − ― ⋅ bflange ⋅ hw 3 = ⎛⎝573.962 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ mm 4
12 12
Ix Ix
Sx ≔ ――= ⎛⎝1.47 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ mm 3 Zx ≔ ―――――― = ⎛⎝1.488 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ mm 3
1 1 1
― ⋅d ―⋅ hw + ―tflange
2 2 2
1 1
Iy ≔ ― ⋅ bflange 3 ⋅ d − ― ⋅ bflange 3 ⋅ hw = ⎛⎝13.245 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ mm 4
12 12
Iy
Sy ≔ ――― = ⎛⎝130.495 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 3
1
―⋅ bflange
2
2 ⋅ bflange ⋅ tflange 3
J ≔ ―――――― = ⎛⎝116.031 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 4
3
2
⎛⎝d − tflange⎞⎠ ⋅ bflange 3 ⋅ tflange
Cw ≔ ――――――――― = ⎛⎝1.971 ⋅ 10 12⎞⎠ mm 6
24
CSA S16-09 - Moment Calculation

Flange Classification per Clause 11.2
1
―bflange < 145 = Class 1
2 2 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Fy_Flange
―――⋅ ―――= 199.883 < 170 = Class 2
tflange 1 MPa < 200 = Class 3
Moment Capacty per 13.5 - Laterally Supported
Mr ≔ ϕs ⋅ Fy_Flange ⋅ Sx = 462.991 kN ⋅ m Elastic Capacity is generally

used because it is very close
Mr ≔ ϕs ⋅ Fy_Flange ⋅ Zx = 468.693 kN ⋅ m to the plastic capacity
Moment Capacity 13.6 - Laterally UnSupported

full unsupported for 6m
My ≔ Fy_Flange ⋅ Sx
ω2 ≔ 1.0 this is to match what is shown in S16 design tables actual value
could be calculated based on S16 if requried
Cw = ⎛⎝1.971 ⋅ 10 12⎞⎠ mm 6
J = ⎛⎝116.031 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 4
L ≔ 6000 mm
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2
ω2 ⋅ π ⎛π⋅E⎞
Mu ≔ ――⋅ E ⋅ Iy ⋅ G ⋅ J + ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ Iy ⋅ Cw = 291.503 kN ⋅ m
L ⎝ L ⎠
Mu < 0.67 ⋅ My = 1 Mr ≔ ϕs ⋅ Mu = 262.352 kN ⋅ m
Shear Capacity - Per CSA S136 / EN 1993-1-5:2006 Annex D clause 2.2
155
tw ≔ tweb a3 ≔ aweb fyw ≔ Fy_Web w ≔ ―― mm
2
γm1 ≔ 1.0 Partial Factor EN1993-1-1:2005 cl 6.1
2w
⌠ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 2
1 ⎮ ⎛ a3 ⋅ π ⎛ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞⎞
s ≔ ―⎮ 1 + ⎜――⋅ sin ⎜――― ⎟⎟ d x = 88.985 mm 2 s = 177.97 mm
2 ⎮
⌡ ⎝ 2 w ⎝ 2 w ⎠⎠
0
2w
⌠⎛ 2⎞
1 ⎮⎜ 1 3
⎛ a3 ⎛ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞⎞ ⎟ 4
Iz ≔ ―⎮ ― ⋅ tw + tw ⋅ ⎜―⋅ sin ⎜――― ⎟⎟ ⎟ d x = 2.945 cm
⎜
2 ⌡ ⎝ 12 ⎝2 ⎝ 2 w ⎠⎠ ⎠
0
⎛ aweb ⋅ s ⎞ π2 ⋅ E ⎛ tw ⎞ 2
⎜―⎟ = ⎛⎝640.964 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ kPa
3
τcr.l ≔ ⎜5.34 + ――― ⎟ ⋅ ―――― ⋅
⎝ h ⋅ t ⎛ 2⎞
w w ⎠ 12 ⋅ ⎝1 − ν ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fyw
λc.l ≔ ―――= 561.483 ⋅ 10 −3
τcr.l ⋅ ‾‾
3
⎛ 1.15 ⎞
χc.l ≔ min ⎜1 , ―――⎟ = 786.872 ⋅ 10 −3
⎝ 0.9 + λc.l ⎠
E ⋅ Iz
Dz ≔ ――= 75.994 kN ⋅ m
w
E ⋅ tw 3 w
Dx ≔ ―――― ⋅ ―= ⎛⎝108.891 ⋅ 10 −3⎞⎠ kN ⋅ m
12 ⋅ ⎛⎝1 − ν ⎞⎠ s
2
32.4 4 ‾‾‾‾‾‾
τcr.g ≔ ――― 2
⋅ Dx ⋅ Dz 3 = ⎛⎝434.91 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kPa
tw ⋅ hw
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fyw
λc.g ≔ ―――= 681.638 ⋅ 10 −3
τcr.g ⋅ ‾‾
3
⎛ 1.5 ⎞
χc.g ≔ min ⎜―――― 2
, 1⎟ = 1
⎝ 0.5 + λc.g ⎠
χc ≔ min ⎛⎝χc.l , χc.g⎞⎠ = 786.872 ⋅ 10 −3

fyw
V ≔ χc ⋅ ―――⋅ hw ⋅ tw = 229.844 kN
γm1 ⋅ ‾‾
3
Vr ≔ ϕs.shear ⋅ V = 172.383 kN
Deflection Calculation - Including Shear Deformations
wload ≔ 4.8 kPa ⋅ 6 m l ≔ 12000 mm

4
5 wload ⋅ l
∆flexure ≔ ―― ⋅ ―――= 67.74 mm
384 E ⋅ Ix
G ≔ 77 GPa b ≔ bflange = 203 mm
w
d1 ≔ hw = 762 mm t ≔ tweb ⋅ ―= 1.652 mm
s
b ⋅ d 2 − b ⋅ d1 2 + t ⋅ d1 2
α ≔ A ⋅ ―――――――
8 ⋅ Ix ⋅ t
wload ⋅ l 2 ⋅ α
∆shear ≔ ―――― = 6.133 mm
8⋅A⋅G
∆shear
∆total ≔ ∆flexure + ∆shear = 73.873 mm ―― = 83.021 ⋅ 10 −3
∆total
For A Point Load
P ≔ 200 kN L ≔ 10000 mm
P ⋅ L3
∆flexure ≔ ―――= 36.297 mm
48 ⋅ E ⋅ Ix
P⋅L⋅α
∆shear ≔ ――― = 5.915 mm
4⋅A⋅G
∆shear
∆total ≔ ∆flexure + ∆shear = 42.213 mm ―― = 140.13 ⋅ 10 −3
∆total
TECHNICAL GUIDE
3 TABLES
3.1 Common SIN Beam Sizes
1 Page – Combined Metric and Imperial
3.2 Bending Capacity – Laterally Supported

8 Pages – Metric
8 Pages - Imperial
3.3 Bending Capacity – Laterally Unsupported

7 Pages – Metric
7 Pages – Imperial
3.4 Shear Capacity

1 Page – Metric
1 Page – Imperial
3.5 Axial Capacity

7 Pages – Metric
7 Pages – Imperial
3.6 Concentrated Load / Web Crippling Capacity

1 Page – Metric
1 Page – Imperial
3.7 M/D and W/D ratios for ULC Calculation

8 pages – Combined Metric and Imperial

Common SIN Beam Sizes 2016‐02‐02
Web Thicknesses Web Height Flange Size

ga mm in mm in t (mm) W (mm) t (in) W (in)
WT0 16 1.519 0.060 333 13.11 6 127 1/4 5
WTA 14 1.897 0.075 500 19.69 6 152 1/4 6
WTB 12 2.657 0.105 610 24.00 10 127 3/8 5
WTC 11 3.038 0.120 750 29.53 10 152 3/8 6
1000 39.37 10 178 3/8 7
1219 48.00 10 203 3/8 8
1500 59.06 10 229 3/8 9
16 152 5/8 6
16 178 5/8 7
Designation is WebThickness WebHeight / FlangeW x FlangeT 16 203 5/8 8
i.e.WTA610/203x10 16 229 5/8 9
‐ 2.0mm thick web 16 254 5/8 10
‐ 610mm tall web 16 279 5/8 11
‐ 203 x 10 mm flanges 16 305 5/8 12
Each SIN beam can be any combination of Web Thickness, WebHeight and 16 330 5/8 13
FlangeSize 16 356 5/8 14
The length of the sin wave is constantly 155mm 25 203 1 8
The magnitude of the sin wave is 40mm for the WTA, and WTB but 43mm 25 229 1 9
for the WTC 25 254 1 10
25 279 1 11
25 305 1 12
25 330 1 13
25 356 1 14
25 406 1 16
25 450 1 17.7
32 305 1 1/4 12
32 330 1 1/4 13
32 356 1 1/4 14
32 406 1 1/4 16
32 450 1 1/4 17.7
Web Thicknesses (for weigth calculation)
mm in
WT0 1.847 0.073
WTA 2.307 0.091
WTB 3.231 0.127
WTC 3.694 0.145
For Tekla Modeling with a flat web beam
use an increased web thickness to achive
the proper beam weigth
Table 3.2a
(metric)
SIN Beam Bending Properties

Metric
Depth of Flange Overall Section Properties Moment Mass
Web Width Thickness Area Depth Strong Axis Weak Axis Torsion Warping Resistance
hw bf tf d Ix Sx Iy Sy J Cw Mr Lu WT0 WTA WTB WTC
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) 106 mm4 103 mm3 106 mm4 103 mm3 103 mm4 109 mm6 kN m mm kg / m kg / m kg / m kg / m
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 0 p q r
333 127 x 6 1612.9 346 46.44 268.7 2.17 34.1 21.7 62.4 84.6 1910 17.5 18.7 21.1 22.3
127 x 10 2419.4 352 70.98 403.2 3.25 51.2 73.2 95.4 127.0 1950 23.8 25.0 27.4 28.6
152 x 2903.2 352 85.18 483.9 5.62 73.7 87.8 164.8 152.4 2340 27.6 28.8 31.2 32.4
178 x 3387.1 352 99.37 564.5 8.92 100.4 102.4 261.7 177.8 2740 31.4 32.6 35.0 36.2
203 x 3871 352 113.57 645.2 13.32 131.1 117.1 390.7 203.2 3130 35.2 36.4 38.8 40.0
152 x 16 4838.7 365 147.34 807.9 9.37 122.9 406.5 285.0 254.5 2480 42.8 44.0 46.4 47.6
178 x 5645.2 365 171.89 942.5 14.87 167.3 474.2 452.5 296.9 2890 49.1 50.3 52.8 54.0
203 x 6451.6 365 196.45 1077.2 22.20 218.5 542.0 675.5 339.3 3300 55.5 56.7 59.1 60.3
229 x 7258.1 365 221.00 1211.8 31.61 276.5 609.7 961.8 381.7 3720 61.8 63.0 65.4 66.6
254 x 8064.5 365 245.56 1346.5 43.36 341.4 677.5 1319.3 424.1 4130 68.1 69.3 71.8 73.0
279 x 8871 365 270.12 1481.1 57.71 413.1 745.2 1756.0 466.5 4540 74.5 75.7 78.1 79.3
305 x 9677.4 365 294.67 1615.7 74.92 491.6 813.0 2279.7 509.0 4960 80.8 82.0 84.4 85.6
330 x 10484 365 319.23 1750.4 95.26 577.0 880.7 2898.5 551.4 5370 87.1 88.3 90.7 92.0
203 x 25 10323 384 332.04 1730.3 35.52 349.6 2219.9 1140.6 545.0 3720 85.9 87.1 89.5 90.7
229 x 11613 384 373.54 1946.6 50.57 442.5 2497.4 1624.0 613.2 4180 96.0 97.2 99.6 100.8
254 x 12903 384 415.05 2162.8 69.37 546.2 2774.9 2227.7 681.3 4650 106.1 107.3 109.7 110.9
279 x 14194 384 456.55 2379.1 92.33 660.9 3052.4 2965.1 749.4 5110 116.2 117.5 119.9 121.1
305 x 15484 384 498.06 2595.4 119.87 786.6 3329.9 3849.5 817.6 5580 126.4 127.6 130.0 131.2
330 x 16774 384 539.56 2811.7 152.41 923.1 3607.3 4894.3 885.7 6040 136.5 137.7 140.1 141.3
356 x 18064 384 581.07 3028.0 190.36 1070.6 3884.8 6112.8 953.8 6510 146.6 147.8 150.3 151.5
406 x 20645 384 664.08 3460.5 284.15 1398.4 4439.8 9124.7 1090.1 7440 166.9 168.1 170.5 171.7
450 x 22860 384 735.32 3831.8 385.76 1714.5 4916.1 12387.9 1207.0 8230 184.3 185.5 187.9 189.1
305 x 32 19355 397 645.38 3255.4 149.84 983.2 6503.6 4983.9 1025.4 6130 156.8 158.0 160.4 161.6
330 x 20968 397 699.16 3526.7 190.51 1153.9 7045.6 6336.6 1110.9 6640 169.4 170.6 173.0 174.3
356 x 22581 397 752.94 3797.9 237.95 1338.3 7587.6 7914.2 1196.4 7160 182.1 183.3 185.7 186.9
406 x 25806 397 860.51 4340.5 355.18 1748.0 8671.5 11813.7 1367.3 8180 207.4 208.6 211.0 212.2
450 x 28575 397 952.82 4806.2 482.20 2143.1 9601.8 16038.4 1513.9 9060 229.1 230.3 232.8 234.0
Factored Shear Resistance Vr (kN)
Depth WT0 WTA WTB WTC
aa bb cc dd ee
333 60.5 80.2 121.8 143.5
SIN Properties - v0.08 | 2016-09-26

Table 3.2a
(metric)

Metric
500 127 x 6 1612.9 513 103.39 403.3 2.17 34.1 21.7 139.0 127.0 1900 19.9 21.7 25.3 27.2
127 x 10 2419.4 519 157.04 605.1 3.25 51.2 73.2 211.1 190.6 1910 26.2 28.0 31.7 33.5
152 x 2903.2 519 188.45 726.1 5.62 73.7 87.8 364.7 228.7 2300 30.0 31.8 35.5 37.3
178 x 3387.1 519 219.86 847.2 8.92 100.4 102.4 579.1 266.9 2680 33.8 35.6 39.3 41.1
203 x 3871 519 251.27 968.2 13.32 131.1 117.1 864.5 305.0 3070 37.6 39.4 43.1 44.9
152 x 16 4838.7 532 322.03 1211.2 9.37 122.9 406.5 623.1 381.5 2360 45.2 47.0 50.7 52.5
178 x 5645.2 532 375.70 1413.1 14.87 167.3 474.2 989.4 445.1 2760 51.6 53.4 57.0 58.8
203 x 6451.6 532 429.37 1614.9 22.20 218.5 542.0 1476.9 508.7 3150 57.9 59.7 63.3 65.1
229 x 7258.1 532 483.04 1816.8 31.61 276.5 609.7 2102.9 572.3 3540 64.2 66.0 69.7 71.5
254 x 8064.5 532 536.71 2018.7 43.36 341.4 677.5 2884.6 635.9 3940 70.6 72.4 76.0 77.8
279 x 8871 532 590.39 2220.5 57.71 413.1 745.2 3839.5 699.5 4330 76.9 78.7 82.3 84.1
305 x 9677.4 532 644.06 2422.4 74.92 491.6 813.0 4984.7 763.1 4730 83.2 85.0 88.6 90.5
330 x 10484 532 697.73 2624.3 95.26 577.0 880.7 6337.6 826.6 5120 89.5 91.4 95.0 96.8
203 x 25 10323 551 712.93 2588.7 35.52 349.6 2219.9 2451.2 815.4 3340 88.3 90.1 93.7 95.5
229 x 11613 551 802.04 2912.3 50.57 442.5 2497.4 3490.0 917.4 3760 98.4 100.2 103.8 105.7
254 x 12903 551 891.16 3235.9 69.37 546.2 2774.9 4787.4 1019.3 4180 108.5 110.3 114.0 115.8
279 x 14194 551 980.28 3559.5 92.33 660.9 3052.4 6372.1 1121.2 4590 118.7 120.5 124.1 125.9
305 x 15484 551 1069.39 3883.1 119.87 786.6 3329.9 8272.7 1223.2 5010 128.8 130.6 134.2 136.0
330 x 16774 551 1158.51 4206.6 152.41 923.1 3607.3 10518.0 1325.1 5430 138.9 140.7 144.4 146.2
356 x 18064 551 1247.62 4530.2 190.36 1070.6 3884.8 13136.7 1427.0 5850 149.1 150.9 154.5 156.3
406 x 20645 551 1425.86 5177.4 284.15 1398.4 4439.8 19609.4 1630.9 6680 169.3 171.1 174.7 176.6
450 x 22860 551 1578.83 5732.9 385.76 1714.5 4916.1 26622.0 1805.8 7400 186.7 188.5 192.1 194.0
305 x 32 19355 564 1369.81 4861.8 149.84 983.2 6503.6 10592.4 1531.5 5270 159.2 161.0 164.6 166.4
330 x 20968 564 1483.96 5266.9 190.51 1153.9 7045.6 13467.2 1659.1 5710 171.8 173.7 177.3 179.1
356 x 22581 564 1598.11 5672.1 237.95 1338.3 7587.6 16820.3 1786.7 6140 184.5 186.3 189.9 191.8
406 x 25806 564 1826.41 6482.4 355.18 1748.0 8671.5 25107.8 2041.9 7020 209.8 211.6 215.3 217.1
450 x 28575 564 2022.35 7177.8 482.20 2143.1 9601.8 34086.7 2261.0 7780 231.6 233.4 237.0 238.8
aa bb cc dd ee
500 87.2 116.4 178.7 211.0

Table 3.2a
(metric)

Metric
610 127 x 6 1612.9 622 152.99 491.7 2.17 34.1 21.7 205.6 154.9 1890 21.5 23.7 28.1 30.3
127 x 10 2419.4 629 231.86 737.7 3.25 51.2 73.2 311.6 232.4 1900 27.8 30.0 34.5 36.7
152 x 2903.2 629 278.23 885.2 5.62 73.7 87.8 538.5 278.8 2290 31.6 33.8 38.3 40.5
178 x 3387.1 629 324.61 1032.7 8.92 100.4 102.4 855.1 325.3 2670 35.4 37.6 42.0 44.3
203 x 3871 629 370.98 1180.2 13.32 131.1 117.1 1276.4 371.8 3050 39.2 41.4 45.8 48.1
152 x 16 4838.7 641 473.35 1476.1 9.37 122.9 406.5 916.0 465.0 2330 46.8 49.0 53.4 55.7
178 x 5645.2 641 552.24 1722.1 14.87 167.3 474.2 1454.5 542.5 2720 53.2 55.4 59.8 62.0
203 x 6451.6 641 631.13 1968.1 22.20 218.5 542.0 2171.2 620.0 3110 59.5 61.7 66.1 68.3
229 x 7258.1 641 710.02 2214.2 31.61 276.5 609.7 3091.4 697.5 3500 65.8 68.0 72.4 74.7
254 x 8064.5 641 788.92 2460.2 43.36 341.4 677.5 4240.6 775.0 3890 72.1 74.3 78.8 81.0
279 x 8871 641 867.81 2706.2 57.71 413.1 745.2 5644.2 852.4 4280 78.5 80.7 85.1 87.3
305 x 9677.4 641 946.70 2952.2 74.92 491.6 813.0 7327.7 929.9 4670 84.8 87.0 91.4 93.6
330 x 10484 641 1025.59 3198.2 95.26 577.0 880.7 9316.5 1007.4 5050 91.1 93.3 97.8 100.0
203 x 25 10323 660 1041.13 3153.0 35.52 349.6 2219.9 3580.5 993.2 3240 89.9 92.1 96.5 98.7
229 x 11613 660 1171.28 3547.2 50.57 442.5 2497.4 5098.0 1117.4 3640 100.0 102.2 106.6 108.8
254 x 12903 660 1301.42 3941.3 69.37 546.2 2774.9 6993.1 1241.5 4050 110.1 112.3 116.8 119.0
279 x 14194 660 1431.56 4335.4 92.33 660.9 3052.4 9307.8 1365.7 4460 120.3 122.5 126.9 129.1
305 x 15484 660 1561.70 4729.6 119.87 786.6 3329.9 12084.1 1489.8 4860 130.4 132.6 137.0 139.2
330 x 16774 660 1691.84 5123.7 152.41 923.1 3607.3 15363.9 1614.0 5270 140.5 142.7 147.1 149.4
356 x 18064 660 1821.98 5517.8 190.36 1070.6 3884.8 19189.1 1738.1 5670 150.6 152.8 157.3 159.5
406 x 20645 660 2082.27 6306.1 284.15 1398.4 4439.8 28643.8 1986.4 6480 170.9 173.1 177.5 179.7
450 x 22860 660 2305.66 6982.6 385.76 1714.5 4916.1 38887.3 2199.5 7180 188.3 190.5 194.9 197.1
305 x 32 19355 673 1991.93 5918.7 149.84 983.2 6503.6 15408.8 1864.4 5030 160.8 163.0 167.4 169.6
330 x 20968 673 2157.92 6411.9 190.51 1153.9 7045.6 19590.9 2019.7 5450 173.4 175.6 180.1 182.3
356 x 22581 673 2323.92 6905.1 237.95 1338.3 7587.6 24468.5 2175.1 5870 186.1 188.3 192.7 194.9
406 x 25806 673 2655.90 7891.6 355.18 1748.0 8671.5 36524.5 2485.8 6710 211.4 213.6 218.0 220.3
450 x 28575 673 2940.84 8738.2 482.20 2143.1 9601.8 49586.1 2752.5 7440 233.2 235.4 239.8 242.0
aa bb cc dd ee
610 104.4 139.9 215.8 255.0

Table 3.2a
(metric)

Metric
750 127 x 6 1612.9 763 230.68 604.9 2.17 34.1 21.7 310.0 190.5 1890 26.2 31.7 34.4
127 x 10 2419.4 769 348.94 907.4 3.25 51.2 73.2 469.0 285.8 1900 32.6 38.0 40.7
152 x 2903.2 769 418.72 1088.9 5.62 73.7 87.8 810.4 343.0 2280 36.4 41.8 44.5
178 x 3387.1 769 488.51 1270.4 8.92 100.4 102.4 1286.9 400.2 2660 40.2 45.6 48.3
203 x 3871 769 558.30 1451.9 13.32 131.1 117.1 1920.9 457.4 3040 44.0 49.4 52.1
152 x 16 4838.7 782 709.65 1815.6 9.37 122.9 406.5 1373.3 571.9 2310 51.6 57.0 59.7
178 x 5645.2 782 827.93 2118.1 14.87 167.3 474.2 2180.8 667.2 2690 57.9 63.3 66.1
203 x 6451.6 782 946.21 2420.7 22.20 218.5 542.0 3255.3 762.5 3080 64.2 69.7 72.4
229 x 7258.1 782 1064.48 2723.3 31.61 276.5 609.7 4635.0 857.8 3460 70.6 76.0 78.7
254 x 8064.5 782 1182.76 3025.9 43.36 341.4 677.5 6358.0 953.2 3850 76.9 82.3 85.1
279 x 8871 782 1301.03 3328.5 57.71 413.1 745.2 8462.5 1048.5 4230 83.2 88.7 91.4
305 x 9677.4 782 1419.31 3631.1 74.92 491.6 813.0 10986.6 1143.8 4620 89.6 95.0 97.7
330 x 10484 782 1537.58 3933.7 95.26 577.0 880.7 13968.5 1239.1 5010 95.9 101.3 104.0
203 x 25 10323 801 1552.15 3876.5 35.52 349.6 2219.9 5338.8 1221.1 3170 94.6 100.1 102.8
229 x 11613 801 1746.17 4361.1 50.57 442.5 2497.4 7601.6 1373.7 3560 104.7 110.2 112.9
254 x 12903 801 1940.19 4845.6 69.37 546.2 2774.9 10427.4 1526.4 3960 114.9 120.3 123.0
279 x 14194 801 2134.21 5330.2 92.33 660.9 3052.4 13878.8 1679.0 4360 125.0 130.4 133.2
305 x 15484 801 2328.23 5814.8 119.87 786.6 3329.9 18018.5 1831.6 4750 135.1 140.6 143.3
330 x 16774 801 2522.25 6299.3 152.41 923.1 3607.3 22909.0 1984.3 5150 145.3 150.7 153.4
356 x 18064 801 2716.27 6783.9 190.36 1070.6 3884.8 28612.7 2136.9 5550 155.4 160.8 163.6
406 x 20645 801 3104.30 7753.0 284.15 1398.4 4439.8 42710.6 2442.2 6340 175.6 181.1 183.8
450 x 22860 801 3437.35 8584.8 385.76 1714.5 4916.1 57984.5 2704.2 7020 193.0 198.5 201.2
305 x 32 19355 814 2958.72 7274.0 149.84 983.2 6503.6 22893.6 2291.3 4870 165.5 171.0 173.7
330 x 20968 814 3205.28 7880.2 190.51 1153.9 7045.6 29107.1 2482.3 5280 178.2 183.6 186.3
356 x 22581 814 3451.83 8486.4 237.95 1338.3 7587.6 36354.1 2673.2 5680 190.8 196.3 199.0
406 x 25806 814 3944.95 9698.7 355.18 1748.0 8671.5 54266.2 3055.1 6500 216.2 221.6 224.3
450 x 28575 814 4368.18 10739.2 482.20 2143.1 9601.8 73672.6 3382.9 7190 237.9 243.3 246.1
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
750 169.9 263.2 311.3

Table 3.2a
(metric)

Metric
1000 127 x 6 1612.9 1013 408.37 806.5 2.17 34.1 21.7 548.9 254.0 1880 30.8 38.0 41.7
127 x 10 2419.4 1019 616.43 1209.8 3.25 51.2 73.2 828.5 381.1 1890 37.1 44.4 48.0
152 x 2903.2 1019 739.72 1451.8 5.62 73.7 87.8 1431.7 457.3 2270 40.9 48.2 51.8
178 x 3387.1 1019 863.01 1693.7 8.92 100.4 102.4 2273.4 533.5 2650 44.7 51.9 55.6
203 x 3871 1019 986.29 1935.7 13.32 131.1 117.1 3393.6 609.7 3030 48.5 55.7 59.4
152 x 16 4838.7 1032 1248.49 2420.1 9.37 122.9 406.5 2416.2 762.3 2290 56.1 63.3 67.0
178 x 5645.2 1032 1456.57 2823.5 14.87 167.3 474.2 3836.9 889.4 2670 62.4 69.7 73.3
203 x 6451.6 1032 1664.65 3226.9 22.20 218.5 542.0 5727.4 1016.5 3050 68.8 76.0 79.6
229 x 7258.1 1032 1872.73 3630.2 31.61 276.5 609.7 8154.8 1143.5 3430 75.1 82.3 86.0
254 x 8064.5 1032 2080.81 4033.6 43.36 341.4 677.5 11186.2 1270.6 3810 81.4 88.7 92.3
279 x 8871 1032 2288.90 4436.9 57.71 413.1 745.2 14888.9 1397.6 4200 87.7 95.0 98.6
305 x 9677.4 1032 2496.98 4840.3 74.92 491.6 813.0 19329.8 1524.7 4580 94.1 101.3 105.0
330 x 10484 1032 2705.06 5243.6 95.26 577.0 880.7 24576.2 1651.7 4960 100.4 107.7 111.3
203 x 25 10323 1051 2713.96 5165.5 35.52 349.6 2219.9 9336.4 1627.1 3100 99.1 106.4 110.0
229 x 11613 1051 3053.20 5811.2 50.57 442.5 2497.4 13293.5 1830.5 3490 109.3 116.5 120.2
254 x 12903 1051 3392.45 6456.9 69.37 546.2 2774.9 18235.2 2033.9 3880 119.4 126.7 130.3
279 x 14194 1051 3731.69 7102.6 92.33 660.9 3052.4 24271.0 2237.3 4270 129.5 136.8 140.4
305 x 15484 1051 4070.93 7748.3 119.87 786.6 3329.9 31510.4 2440.7 4660 139.7 146.9 150.5
330 x 16774 1051 4410.18 8393.9 152.41 923.1 3607.3 40062.7 2644.1 5050 149.8 157.0 160.7
356 x 18064 1051 4749.42 9039.6 190.36 1070.6 3884.8 50037.4 2847.5 5440 159.9 167.2 170.8
406 x 20645 1051 5427.91 10331.0 284.15 1398.4 4439.8 74691.3 3254.3 6210 180.2 187.4 191.1
450 x 22860 1051 6010.24 11439.4 385.76 1714.5 4916.1 101402.0 3603.4 6880 197.6 204.8 208.4
305 x 32 19355 1064 5152.46 9689.6 149.84 983.2 6503.6 39877.4 3052.2 4730 170.0 177.3 180.9
330 x 20968 1064 5581.83 10497.1 190.51 1153.9 7045.6 50700.5 3306.6 5120 182.7 190.0 193.6
356 x 22581 1064 6011.20 11304.6 237.95 1338.3 7587.6 63323.8 3560.9 5520 195.4 202.6 206.3
406 x 25806 1064 6869.95 12919.5 355.18 1748.0 8671.5 94524.1 4069.6 6310 220.7 227.9 231.6
450 x 28575 1064 7606.98 14305.6 482.20 2143.1 9601.8 128327.3 4506.3 6980 242.4 249.7 253.3
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
1000 222.9 347.3 411.2

Table 3.2a
(metric)

Metric
1219 127 x 6 1612.9 1232 605.64 983.3 2.17 34.1 21.7 814.0 309.7 1880 34.7 43.6 48.0
127 x 10 2419.4 1238 913.18 1475.0 3.25 51.2 73.2 1227.4 464.6 1890 41.1 49.9 54.3
152 x 2903.2 1238 1095.82 1769.9 5.62 73.7 87.8 2120.9 557.5 2260 44.9 53.7 58.1
178 x 3387.1 1238 1278.45 2064.9 8.92 100.4 102.4 3367.9 650.5 2640 48.7 57.5 61.9
203 x 3871 1238 1461.09 2359.9 13.32 131.1 117.1 5027.3 743.4 3020 52.5 61.3 65.7
152 x 16 4838.7 1251 1845.35 2950.3 9.37 122.9 406.5 3571.4 929.4 2280 60.1 68.9 73.3
178 x 5645.2 1251 2152.91 3442.0 14.87 167.3 474.2 5671.3 1084.2 2660 66.4 75.2 79.7
203 x 6451.6 1251 2460.47 3933.8 22.20 218.5 542.0 8465.6 1239.1 3040 72.7 81.6 86.0
229 x 7258.1 1251 2768.03 4425.5 31.61 276.5 609.7 12053.6 1394.0 3420 79.1 87.9 92.3
254 x 8064.5 1251 3075.59 4917.2 43.36 341.4 677.5 16534.5 1548.9 3800 85.4 94.2 98.7
279 x 8871 1251 3383.15 5408.9 57.71 413.1 745.2 22007.4 1703.8 4180 91.7 100.6 105.0
305 x 9677.4 1251 3690.70 5900.6 74.92 491.6 813.0 28571.6 1858.7 4560 98.0 106.9 111.3
330 x 10484 1251 3998.26 6392.4 95.26 577.0 880.7 36326.2 2013.6 4940 104.4 113.2 117.7
203 x 25 10323 1270 3998.04 6296.1 35.52 349.6 2219.9 13754.8 1983.3 3080 103.1 112.0 116.4
229 x 11613 1270 4497.80 7083.1 50.57 442.5 2497.4 19584.4 2231.2 3460 113.2 122.1 126.5
254 x 12903 1270 4997.55 7870.2 69.37 546.2 2774.9 26864.8 2479.1 3850 123.4 132.2 136.6
279 x 14194 1270 5497.31 8657.2 92.33 660.9 3052.4 35757.0 2727.0 4230 133.5 142.3 146.8
305 x 15484 1270 5997.06 9444.2 119.87 786.6 3329.9 46422.3 2974.9 4620 143.6 152.5 156.9
330 x 16774 1270 6496.82 10231.2 152.41 923.1 3607.3 59021.9 3222.8 5000 153.8 162.6 167.0
356 x 18064 1270 6996.57 11018.2 190.36 1070.6 3884.8 73716.9 3470.7 5390 163.9 172.7 177.2
406 x 20645 1270 7996.08 12592.3 284.15 1398.4 4439.8 110038.1 3966.6 6160 184.1 193.0 197.4
450 x 22860 1270 8853.93 13943.2 385.76 1714.5 4916.1 149389.3 4392.1 6820 201.5 210.4 214.8
305 x 32 19355 1283 7573.59 11808.8 149.84 983.2 6503.6 58621.5 3719.8 4670 174.0 182.9 187.3
330 x 20968 1283 8204.72 12792.9 190.51 1153.9 7045.6 74532.1 4029.8 5050 186.7 195.5 200.0
356 x 22581 1283 8835.86 13777.0 237.95 1338.3 7587.6 93088.8 4339.7 5440 199.3 208.2 212.6
406 x 25806 1283 10098.12 15745.1 355.18 1748.0 8671.5 138954.8 4959.7 6220 224.7 233.5 237.9
450 x 28575 1283 11181.48 17434.3 482.20 2143.1 9601.8 188647.0 5491.8 6890 246.4 255.2 259.7
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
1219 269.1 420.9 498.7

Table 3.2a
(metric)

Metric
1500 127 x 6 1612.9 1513 914.96 1209.7 2.17 34.1 21.7 1229.8 381.1 1880 39.8 50.7 56.2
127 x 10 2419.4 1519 1378.24 1814.6 3.25 51.2 73.2 1852.4 571.6 1880 46.2 57.0 62.5
152 x 2903.2 1519 1653.89 2177.5 5.62 73.7 87.8 3201.0 685.9 2260 50.0 60.8 66.3
178 x 3387.1 1519 1929.54 2540.5 8.92 100.4 102.4 5083.1 800.2 2640 53.8 64.6 70.1
203 x 3871 1519 2205.19 2903.4 13.32 131.1 117.1 7587.6 914.6 3020 57.6 68.4 73.9
152 x 16 4838.7 1532 2779.79 3629.6 9.37 122.9 406.5 5380.0 1143.3 2270 65.2 76.0 81.5
178 x 5645.2 1532 3243.08 4234.5 14.87 167.3 474.2 8543.3 1333.9 2650 71.5 82.4 87.8
203 x 6451.6 1532 3706.38 4839.4 22.20 218.5 542.0 12752.6 1524.4 3030 77.8 88.7 94.1
229 x 7258.1 1532 4169.68 5444.3 31.61 276.5 609.7 18157.6 1715.0 3410 84.1 95.0 100.5
254 x 8064.5 1532 4632.98 6049.3 43.36 341.4 677.5 24907.5 1905.5 3790 90.5 101.3 106.8
279 x 8871 1532 5096.27 6654.2 57.71 413.1 745.2 33151.9 2096.1 4170 96.8 107.7 113.1
305 x 9677.4 1532 5559.57 7259.1 74.92 491.6 813.0 43040.2 2286.6 4550 103.1 114.0 119.5
330 x 10484 1532 6022.87 7864.0 95.26 577.0 880.7 54721.8 2477.2 4920 109.5 120.3 125.8
203 x 25 10323 1551 6005.30 7744.8 35.52 349.6 2219.9 20661.5 2439.6 3060 108.2 119.1 124.5
229 x 11613 1551 6755.97 8712.9 50.57 442.5 2497.4 29418.4 2744.6 3440 118.3 129.2 134.7
254 x 12903 1551 7506.63 9681.0 69.37 546.2 2774.9 40354.4 3049.5 3820 128.5 139.3 144.8
279 x 14194 1551 8257.29 10649.1 92.33 660.9 3052.4 53711.7 3354.5 4200 138.6 149.5 154.9
305 x 15484 1551 9007.96 11617.2 119.87 786.6 3329.9 69732.4 3659.4 4590 148.7 159.6 165.0
330 x 16774 1551 9758.62 12585.3 152.41 923.1 3607.3 88658.7 3964.4 4970 158.8 169.7 175.2
356 x 18064 1551 10509.28 13553.4 190.36 1070.6 3884.8 110732.5 4269.3 5350 169.0 179.8 185.3
406 x 20645 1551 12010.61 15489.6 284.15 1398.4 4439.8 165291.7 4879.2 6120 189.2 200.1 205.6
450 x 22860 1551 13299.15 17151.3 385.76 1714.5 4916.1 224402.4 5402.7 6770 206.6 217.5 222.9
305 x 32 19355 1564 11354.46 14524.4 149.84 983.2 6503.6 87892.8 4575.2 4620 179.1 190.0 195.4
330 x 20968 1564 12300.67 15734.8 190.51 1153.9 7045.6 111747.9 4956.5 5010 191.8 202.6 208.1
356 x 22581 1564 13246.88 16945.2 237.95 1338.3 7587.6 139570.5 5337.7 5390 204.4 215.3 220.8
406 x 25806 1564 15139.29 19365.9 355.18 1748.0 8671.5 208338.4 6100.3 6160 229.7 240.6 246.1
450 x 28575 1564 16763.48 21443.5 482.20 2143.1 9601.8 282843.2 6754.7 6820 251.5 262.4 267.8
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
1500 290.1 433.2 577.8

Table 3.2a
(metric)

Metric
6 4 3 3 6 4 3 3 3 4 9 6
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm kN m mm kg / m kg / m kg / m kg / m
Notes
- SIN Beam sizes are indicated as WT[WEB THICKNESS] [WEB DEPTH] / [FLANGE WIDTH] x [FLANGE THICKNESS] - [WEIGHT]
i.e. For a 914mm x 2.5mm web with 254mm x 16mm Flanges and a Weight of 86.5 kg/m the designation is WTB915 / 254x16 - 86.5
- Flanges and Webs are all fabricated from W350 Material (Fy = 350MPa)
- Flanges of over 16mm in thickness will include a premium due to the required splicing of the flat bar
a Depth of the Beam web, i.e. Inside of flanges

b Width of top and bottom flange
d Thickess of top and bottom flange
e Cross sectionional area of flanges only (web is neglected)
f Overall depth of section
g Strong Axis Moment of Inertia computed using flange properties only
h Strong Axis Section Modulas computed using flange properties only
i Weak Axis Moment of Inertia computed using flange properties only
j Weak Axis Section Modulas computed using flange properties only
k Torsional Constant J computed using flange properties only
l Warping Constant Cw - computed using flange properties only
m Strong Axis Factored Moment Restance assuming compression flange is fully braced based on CSA S16-09
n Maximum unbraced lenght for which Mr is applicable
o Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 16 ga (1.519mm)
p Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 14ga (1.897mm)
q Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 12 ga (2.657mm)
r Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 11ga (3.038mm)
aa Depth of Beam web

bb Shear Capacity for a 16 ga (1.519mm) web
aa Shear Capacity for a 14ga (1.897mm) web

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
SIN Size Depth Flange Overall Section Properties Moment Mass
of Web Width Thickness Area Depth Strong Axis Weak Axis Torsion Warping Resistance
in in in in2 in in4 in3 in4 in3 in4 in6 kip ft in lb / ft lb / ft lb / ft lb / ft
- a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r
WT_ 333/127x6 13.1 5.0 x 0.250 2.50 13.61 129 16.4 6.0 2.1 0.052 289 62.4 75 11.7 12.5 14.2 15.0
WT_ 333/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 3.75 13.86 197 24.6 9.0 3.1 0.176 441 93.7 77 16.0 16.8 18.4 19.2
WT_ 333/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 13.86 236 29.5 15.6 4.5 0.211 762 112.4 92 18.5 19.3 20.9 21.8
WT_ 333/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 13.86 276 34.4 24.8 6.1 0.246 1210 131.2 107 21.1 21.9 23.5 24.3
WT_ 333/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 13.86 315 39.4 37.0 8.0 0.281 1806 149.9 123 23.6 24.4 26.0 26.9
WT_ 333/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 7.50 14.36 409 49.3 26.0 7.5 0.977 1318 187.7 97 28.7 29.5 31.1 31.9
WT_ 333/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 14.36 477 57.5 41.3 10.2 1.139 2092 219.0 113 33.0 33.8 35.4 36.2
WT_ 333/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 14.36 545 65.7 61.6 13.3 1.302 3123 250.3 130 37.2 38.0 39.6 40.4
WT_ 333/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 14.36 613 73.9 87.7 16.9 1.465 4447 281.5 146 41.4 42.2 43.9 44.7
WT_ 333/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 14.36 682 82.2 120.3 20.8 1.628 6100 312.8 162 45.7 46.5 48.1 48.9
WT_ 333/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 14.36 750 90.4 160.2 25.2 1.790 8119 344.1 179 49.9 50.7 52.4 53.2
WT_ 333/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 14.36 818 98.6 207.9 30.0 1.953 10541 375.4 195 54.2 55.0 56.6 57.4
WT_ 333/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 14.36 886 106.8 264.4 35.2 2.116 13402 406.7 211 58.4 59.2 60.8 61.7
WT_ 333/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 16.00 15.11 922 105.6 98.6 21.3 5.333 5274 402.0 146 57.6 58.4 60.0 60.8
WT_ 333/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 15.11 1037 118.8 140.4 27.0 6.000 7509 452.2 164 64.4 65.2 66.8 67.6
WT_ 333/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 15.11 1152 132.0 192.5 33.3 6.667 10301 502.5 183 71.2 72.0 73.6 74.4
WT_ 333/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 15.11 1267 145.2 256.3 40.3 7.333 13710 552.7 201 78.0 78.8 80.4 81.2
WT_ 333/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 15.11 1382 158.4 332.7 48.0 8.000 17799 603.0 219 84.7 85.5 87.2 88.0
WT_ 333/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 15.11 1498 171.6 423.0 56.3 8.667 22630 653.2 238 91.5 92.3 94.0 94.8
WT_ 333/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 15.11 1613 184.8 528.3 65.3 9.333 28265 703.5 256 98.3 99.1 100.8 101.6
WT_ 333/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 15.11 1843 211.2 788.6 85.3 10.667 42191 804.0 292 111.9 112.7 114.3 115.1
WT_ 333/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 15.11 2041 233.8 1070.7 104.6 11.811 57280 890.3 324 123.6 124.4 126.0 126.8
WT_ 333/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 30.00 15.61 1791 198.7 415.9 60.0 15.625 23045 756.3 241 105.1 105.9 107.5 108.4
WT_ 333/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 15.61 1940 215.2 528.8 70.4 16.927 29299 819.4 261 113.6 114.4 116.0 116.8
WT_ 333/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 15.61 2090 231.8 660.4 81.7 18.229 36594 882.4 281 122.1 122.9 124.5 125.3
WT_ 333/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 15.61 2388 264.9 985.8 106.7 20.833 54625 1008.4 322 139.1 139.9 141.5 142.3
WT_ 333/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 15.61 2645 293.3 1338.3 130.8 23.068 74159 1116.6 356 153.7 154.5 156.1 156.9
Factored Shear Resistance Vr (kips)
aa bb cc dd ee
13.1 13.6 18.0 27.4 32.3

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
WT_ 500/127x6 19.7 5.0 x 0.250 2.50 20.19 287 24.6 6.0 2.1 0.052 643 93.7 74 13.4 14.6 17.0 18.2
WT_ 500/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 3.75 20.44 436 36.9 9.0 3.1 0.176 976 140.6 75 17.6 18.8 21.2 22.5
WT_ 500/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 20.44 523 44.3 15.6 4.5 0.211 1686 168.7 90 20.1 21.4 23.8 25.0
WT_ 500/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 20.44 610 51.7 24.8 6.1 0.246 2678 196.8 105 22.7 23.9 26.3 27.6
WT_ 500/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 20.44 697 59.1 37.0 8.0 0.281 3997 224.9 120 25.2 26.4 28.9 30.1
WT_ 500/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 7.50 20.94 894 73.9 26.0 7.5 0.977 2881 281.4 93 30.3 31.5 34.0 35.2
WT_ 500/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 20.94 1043 86.2 41.3 10.2 1.139 4575 328.3 108 34.6 35.8 38.2 39.4
WT_ 500/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 20.94 1192 98.5 61.6 13.3 1.302 6829 375.2 124 38.8 40.0 42.5 43.7
WT_ 500/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 20.94 1341 110.9 87.7 16.9 1.465 9724 422.1 139 43.1 44.3 46.7 47.9
WT_ 500/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 20.94 1490 123.2 120.3 20.8 1.628 13338 469.0 155 47.3 48.5 51.0 52.2
WT_ 500/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 20.94 1639 135.5 160.2 25.2 1.790 17753 515.9 170 51.6 52.8 55.2 56.4
WT_ 500/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 20.94 1788 147.8 207.9 30.0 1.953 23048 562.8 186 55.8 57.0 59.4 60.7
WT_ 500/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 20.94 1937 160.1 264.4 35.2 2.116 29304 609.7 201 60.0 61.3 63.7 64.9
WT_ 500/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 16.00 21.69 1979 158.0 98.6 21.3 5.333 11334 601.4 131 59.2 60.4 62.8 64.1
WT_ 500/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 21.69 2226 177.7 140.4 27.0 6.000 16137 676.6 148 66.0 67.2 69.6 70.9
WT_ 500/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 21.69 2473 197.5 192.5 33.3 6.667 22136 751.8 164 72.8 74.0 76.4 77.6
WT_ 500/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 21.69 2721 217.2 256.3 40.3 7.333 29464 827.0 181 79.6 80.8 83.2 84.4
WT_ 500/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 21.69 2968 237.0 332.7 48.0 8.000 38252 902.2 197 86.4 87.6 90.0 91.2
WT_ 500/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 21.69 3215 256.7 423.0 56.3 8.667 48634 977.3 213 93.2 94.4 96.8 98.0
WT_ 500/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 21.69 3463 276.5 528.3 65.3 9.333 60742 1052.5 230 100.0 101.2 103.6 104.8
WT_ 500/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 21.69 3957 315.9 788.6 85.3 10.667 90671 1202.9 263 113.5 114.7 117.2 118.4
WT_ 500/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 21.69 4382 349.8 1070.7 104.6 11.811 123096 1331.9 291 125.2 126.4 128.8 130.1
WT_ 500/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 30.00 22.19 3802 296.7 415.9 60.0 15.625 48977 1129.5 207 106.7 108.0 110.4 111.6
WT_ 500/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 22.19 4119 321.4 528.8 70.4 16.927 62270 1223.7 224 115.2 116.4 118.9 120.1
WT_ 500/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 22.19 4435 346.1 660.4 81.7 18.229 77774 1317.8 242 123.7 124.9 127.4 128.6
WT_ 500/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 22.19 5069 395.6 985.8 106.7 20.833 116095 1506.1 276 140.7 141.9 144.3 145.6
WT_ 500/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 22.19 5613 438.0 1338.3 130.8 23.068 157612 1667.6 306 155.3 156.5 158.9 160.1
aa bb cc dd ee
19.7 19.6 26.2 40.2 47.4

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
WT_ 610/127x6 24.0 5.0 x 0.250 2.50 24.50 425 30.0 6.0 2.1 0.052 951 114.2 74 14.4 15.9 18.9 20.3
WT_ 610/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 3.75 24.75 644 45.0 9.0 3.1 0.176 1441 171.4 75 18.7 20.1 23.1 24.6
WT_ 610/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 24.75 772 54.0 15.6 4.5 0.211 2490 205.7 90 21.2 22.7 25.6 27.1
WT_ 610/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 24.75 901 63.0 24.8 6.1 0.246 3954 239.9 105 23.8 25.2 28.2 29.7
WT_ 610/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 24.75 1030 72.0 37.0 8.0 0.281 5902 274.2 120 26.3 27.8 30.7 32.2
WT_ 610/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 7.50 25.25 1314 90.1 26.0 7.5 0.977 4235 342.9 91 31.4 32.9 35.8 37.3
WT_ 610/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 25.25 1533 105.1 41.3 10.2 1.139 6725 400.1 107 35.6 37.1 40.1 41.6
WT_ 610/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 25.25 1752 120.1 61.6 13.3 1.302 10039 457.3 122 39.9 41.4 44.3 45.8
WT_ 610/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 25.25 1971 135.1 87.7 16.9 1.465 14294 514.4 137 44.1 45.6 48.6 50.1
WT_ 610/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 25.25 2190 150.1 120.3 20.8 1.628 19608 571.6 153 48.4 49.9 52.8 54.3
WT_ 610/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 25.25 2409 165.1 160.2 25.2 1.790 26098 628.7 168 52.6 54.1 57.1 58.5
WT_ 610/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 25.25 2628 180.2 207.9 30.0 1.953 33882 685.9 183 56.9 58.3 61.3 62.8
WT_ 610/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 25.25 2846 195.2 264.4 35.2 2.116 43078 743.1 199 61.1 62.6 65.6 67.0
WT_ 610/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 16.00 26.00 2890 192.4 98.6 21.3 5.333 16556 732.6 127 60.3 61.7 64.7 66.2
WT_ 610/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 26.00 3251 216.5 140.4 27.0 6.000 23572 824.1 143 67.1 68.5 71.5 73.0
WT_ 610/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 26.00 3612 240.5 192.5 33.3 6.667 32335 915.7 159 73.8 75.3 78.3 79.8
WT_ 610/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 26.00 3973 264.6 256.3 40.3 7.333 43038 1007.3 175 80.6 82.1 85.1 86.6
WT_ 610/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 26.00 4334 288.6 332.7 48.0 8.000 55875 1098.8 191 87.4 88.9 91.9 93.4
WT_ 610/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 26.00 4696 312.7 423.0 56.3 8.667 71040 1190.4 207 94.2 95.7 98.7 100.2
WT_ 610/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 26.00 5057 336.7 528.3 65.3 9.333 88728 1282.0 223 101.0 102.5 105.5 106.9
WT_ 610/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 26.00 5779 384.8 788.6 85.3 10.667 132445 1465.1 255 114.6 116.1 119.0 120.5
WT_ 610/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 26.00 6399 426.1 1070.7 104.6 11.811 179809 1622.3 282 126.3 127.7 130.7 132.2
WT_ 610/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 30.00 26.50 5529 361.2 415.9 60.0 15.625 71248 1375.1 198 107.8 109.3 112.2 113.7
WT_ 610/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 26.50 5989 391.3 528.8 70.4 16.927 90585 1489.7 214 116.3 117.8 120.7 122.2
WT_ 610/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 26.50 6450 421.4 660.4 81.7 18.229 113139 1604.3 231 124.8 126.3 129.2 130.7
WT_ 610/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 26.50 7371 481.6 985.8 106.7 20.833 168884 1833.5 264 141.8 143.2 146.2 147.7
WT_ 610/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 26.50 8162 533.2 1338.3 130.8 23.068 229279 2030.2 292 156.3 157.8 160.8 162.3
aa bb cc dd ee
24.0 23.5 31.5 48.5 57.3

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
WT_ 750/127x6 29.5 5.0 x 0.250 2.50 30.03 640 36.9 6.0 2.1 0.052 1434 140.5 74 17.6 21.2 23.1
WT_ 750/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 3.75 30.28 968 55.4 9.0 3.1 0.176 2168 210.8 74 21.8 25.5 27.3
WT_ 750/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 30.28 1162 66.5 15.6 4.5 0.211 3747 253.0 89 24.4 28.0 29.9
WT_ 750/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 30.28 1356 77.5 24.8 6.1 0.246 5950 295.2 104 26.9 30.6 32.4
WT_ 750/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 30.28 1550 88.6 37.0 8.0 0.281 8882 337.3 119 29.5 33.1 35.0
WT_ 750/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 7.50 30.78 1970 110.8 26.0 7.5 0.977 6350 421.8 91 34.6 38.2 40.1
WT_ 750/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 30.78 2298 129.3 41.3 10.2 1.139 10084 492.1 106 38.8 42.5 44.3
WT_ 750/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 30.78 2626 147.7 61.6 13.3 1.302 15052 562.4 121 43.1 46.7 48.5
WT_ 750/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 30.78 2954 166.2 87.7 16.9 1.465 21431 632.7 136 47.3 51.0 52.8
WT_ 750/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 30.78 3283 184.7 120.3 20.8 1.628 29398 703.0 151 51.6 55.2 57.0
WT_ 750/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 30.78 3611 203.1 160.2 25.2 1.790 39129 773.3 166 55.8 59.5 61.3
WT_ 750/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 30.78 3939 221.6 207.9 30.0 1.953 50800 843.6 182 60.0 63.7 65.5
WT_ 750/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 30.78 4268 240.0 264.4 35.2 2.116 64588 913.9 197 64.3 67.9 69.8
WT_ 750/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 16.00 31.53 4308 236.6 98.6 21.3 5.333 24686 900.6 124 63.4 67.1 68.9
WT_ 750/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 31.53 4846 266.1 140.4 27.0 6.000 35148 1013.2 140 70.2 73.9 75.7
WT_ 750/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 31.53 5385 295.7 192.5 33.3 6.667 48215 1125.8 156 77.0 80.7 82.5
WT_ 750/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 31.53 5923 325.3 256.3 40.3 7.333 64174 1238.4 171 83.8 87.5 89.3
WT_ 750/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 31.53 6462 354.8 332.7 48.0 8.000 83315 1351.0 187 90.6 94.3 96.1
WT_ 750/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 31.53 7000 384.4 423.0 56.3 8.667 105928 1463.5 202 97.4 101.1 102.9
WT_ 750/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 31.53 7539 414.0 528.3 65.3 9.333 132301 1576.1 218 104.2 107.8 109.7
WT_ 750/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 31.53 8616 473.1 788.6 85.3 10.667 197487 1801.3 249 117.8 121.4 123.3
WT_ 750/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 31.53 9540 523.9 1070.7 104.6 11.811 268111 1994.5 276 129.4 133.1 134.9
WT_ 750/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 30.00 32.03 8212 443.9 415.9 60.0 15.625 105856 1690.0 191 111.0 114.6 116.5
WT_ 750/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 32.03 8896 480.9 528.8 70.4 16.927 134587 1830.8 207 119.5 123.1 125.0
WT_ 750/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 32.03 9580 517.9 660.4 81.7 18.229 168096 1971.7 223 128.0 131.6 133.4
WT_ 750/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 32.03 10949 591.9 985.8 106.7 20.833 250919 2253.3 255 145.0 148.6 150.4
WT_ 750/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 32.03 12124 655.3 1338.3 130.8 23.068 340651 2495.1 283 159.5 163.2 165.0
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
29.5 38.2 59.2 70.0

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
WT_ 1000/127x6 39.4 5.0 x 0.250 2.50 39.87 1133 49.2 6.0 2.1 0.052 2538 187.4 74 20.6 25.5 27.9
WT_ 1000/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 3.75 40.12 1711 73.8 9.0 3.1 0.176 3831 281.1 74 24.9 29.7 32.2
WT_ 1000/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 40.12 2053 88.6 15.6 4.5 0.211 6620 337.3 89 27.4 32.3 34.7
WT_ 1000/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 40.12 2395 103.4 24.8 6.1 0.246 10512 393.5 104 30.0 34.8 37.3
WT_ 1000/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 40.12 2737 118.1 37.0 8.0 0.281 15691 449.7 119 32.5 37.4 39.8
WT_ 1000/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 7.50 40.62 3465 147.7 26.0 7.5 0.977 11172 562.3 90 37.6 42.5 44.9
WT_ 1000/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 40.62 4043 172.3 41.3 10.2 1.139 17741 656.0 105 41.9 46.7 49.2
WT_ 1000/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 40.62 4620 196.9 61.6 13.3 1.302 26482 749.7 120 46.1 51.0 53.4
WT_ 1000/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 40.62 5198 221.5 87.7 16.9 1.465 37706 843.4 135 50.4 55.2 57.7
WT_ 1000/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 40.62 5775 246.1 120.3 20.8 1.628 51723 937.1 150 54.6 59.5 61.9
WT_ 1000/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 40.62 6353 270.8 160.2 25.2 1.790 68844 1030.8 165 58.8 63.7 66.1
WT_ 1000/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 40.62 6930 295.4 207.9 30.0 1.953 89378 1124.6 180 63.1 67.9 70.4
WT_ 1000/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 40.62 7508 320.0 264.4 35.2 2.116 113636 1218.3 195 67.3 72.2 74.6
WT_ 1000/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 16.00 41.37 7532 315.2 98.6 21.3 5.333 43170 1200.1 122 66.5 71.3 73.8
WT_ 1000/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 41.37 8474 354.6 140.4 27.0 6.000 61467 1350.1 137 73.3 78.1 80.6
WT_ 1000/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 41.37 9416 394.0 192.5 33.3 6.667 84317 1500.1 153 80.1 84.9 87.4
WT_ 1000/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 41.37 10357 433.4 256.3 40.3 7.333 112226 1650.2 168 86.9 91.7 94.2
WT_ 1000/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 41.37 11299 472.8 332.7 48.0 8.000 145699 1800.2 183 93.7 98.5 101.0
WT_ 1000/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 41.37 12240 512.2 423.0 56.3 8.667 185244 1950.2 198 100.4 105.3 107.7
WT_ 1000/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 41.37 13182 551.6 528.3 65.3 9.333 231365 2100.2 214 107.2 112.1 114.5
WT_ 1000/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 41.37 15065 630.4 788.6 85.3 10.667 345361 2400.2 244 120.8 125.7 128.1
WT_ 1000/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 41.37 16681 698.1 1070.7 104.6 11.811 468868 2657.7 271 132.5 137.3 139.8
WT_ 1000/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 30.00 41.87 14300 591.3 415.9 60.0 15.625 184387 2251.2 186 114.0 118.9 121.3
WT_ 1000/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 41.87 15492 640.6 528.8 70.4 16.927 234432 2438.8 201 122.5 127.4 129.8
WT_ 1000/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 41.87 16684 689.8 660.4 81.7 18.229 292799 2626.4 217 131.0 135.9 138.3
WT_ 1000/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 41.87 19067 788.4 985.8 106.7 20.833 437065 3001.6 248 148.0 152.8 155.3
WT_ 1000/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 41.87 21113 873.0 1338.3 130.8 23.068 593366 3323.6 275 162.6 167.4 169.9
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
39.4 50.1 78.1 92.4

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
WT_ 1219/127x6 48.0 5.0 x 0.250 2.50 48.50 1681 60.0 6.0 2.1 0.052 3764 228.4 74 23.3 29.2 32.2
WT_ 1219/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 3.75 48.75 2535 90.0 9.0 3.1 0.176 5675 342.7 74 27.5 33.5 36.4
WT_ 1219/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 48.75 3041 108.0 15.6 4.5 0.211 9807 411.2 89 30.1 36.0 39.0
WT_ 1219/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 48.75 3548 126.0 24.8 6.1 0.246 15573 479.8 104 32.6 38.6 41.5
WT_ 1219/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 48.75 4055 144.0 37.0 8.0 0.281 23245 548.3 119 35.2 41.1 44.1
WT_ 1219/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 7.50 49.25 5122 180.0 26.0 7.5 0.977 16514 685.5 89 40.3 46.2 49.2
WT_ 1219/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 49.25 5975 210.0 41.3 10.2 1.139 26223 799.7 104 44.5 50.4 53.4
WT_ 1219/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 49.25 6829 240.1 61.6 13.3 1.302 39144 913.9 119 48.8 54.7 57.7
WT_ 1219/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 49.25 7683 270.1 87.7 16.9 1.465 55734 1028.2 134 53.0 58.9 61.9
WT_ 1219/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 49.25 8536 300.1 120.3 20.8 1.628 76453 1142.4 149 57.3 63.2 66.2
WT_ 1219/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 49.25 9390 330.1 160.2 25.2 1.790 101759 1256.7 164 61.5 67.4 70.4
WT_ 1219/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 49.25 10243 360.1 207.9 30.0 1.953 132111 1370.9 179 65.7 71.7 74.6
WT_ 1219/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 49.25 11097 390.1 264.4 35.2 2.116 167967 1485.2 194 70.0 75.9 78.9
WT_ 1219/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 16.00 50.00 11096 384.2 98.6 21.3 5.333 63600 1462.8 121 69.1 75.1 78.0
WT_ 1219/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 50.00 12483 432.2 140.4 27.0 6.000 90555 1645.6 136 75.9 81.9 84.8
WT_ 1219/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 50.00 13871 480.3 192.5 33.3 6.667 124219 1828.5 151 82.7 88.7 91.6
WT_ 1219/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 50.00 15258 528.3 256.3 40.3 7.333 165335 2011.3 166 89.5 95.4 98.4
WT_ 1219/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 50.00 16645 576.3 332.7 48.0 8.000 214650 2194.2 181 96.3 102.2 105.2
WT_ 1219/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 50.00 18032 624.3 423.0 56.3 8.667 272908 2377.0 197 103.1 109.0 112.0
WT_ 1219/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 50.00 19419 672.4 528.3 65.3 9.333 340856 2559.9 212 109.9 115.8 118.8
WT_ 1219/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 50.00 22193 768.4 788.6 85.3 10.667 508799 2925.6 242 123.5 129.4 132.4
WT_ 1219/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 50.00 24574 850.9 1070.7 104.6 11.811 690754 3239.5 268 135.1 141.1 144.0
WT_ 1219/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 30.00 50.50 21020 720.6 415.9 60.0 15.625 271057 2743.6 183 116.7 122.6 125.6
WT_ 1219/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 50.50 22772 780.7 528.8 70.4 16.927 344625 2972.2 199 125.2 131.1 134.1
WT_ 1219/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 50.50 24524 840.7 660.4 81.7 18.229 430429 3200.8 214 133.7 139.6 142.6
WT_ 1219/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 50.50 28027 960.8 985.8 106.7 20.833 642506 3658.1 245 150.6 156.6 159.5
WT_ 1219/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 50.50 31034 1063.9 1338.3 130.8 23.068 872275 4050.5 271 165.2 171.1 174.1
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
48.0 60.5 94.6 112.1

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
WT_ 1500/127x6 59.1 5.0 x 0.250 2.50 59.56 2539 73.8 6.0 2.1 0.052 5686 281.1 74 26.7 34.0 37.7
WT_ 1500/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 3.75 59.81 3825 110.7 9.0 3.1 0.176 8565 421.6 74 31.0 38.2 41.9
WT_ 1500/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 59.81 4590 132.9 15.6 4.5 0.211 14801 505.9 89 33.5 40.8 44.4
WT_ 1500/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 59.81 5355 155.0 24.8 6.1 0.246 23504 590.2 104 36.0 43.3 47.0
WT_ 1500/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 59.81 6120 177.2 37.0 8.0 0.281 35084 674.5 118 38.6 45.9 49.5
WT_ 1500/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 7.50 60.31 7715 221.5 26.0 7.5 0.977 24876 843.3 89 43.7 51.0 54.6
WT_ 1500/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 60.31 9001 258.4 41.3 10.2 1.139 39503 983.8 104 47.9 55.2 58.9
WT_ 1500/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 60.31 10287 295.3 61.6 13.3 1.302 58966 1124.4 119 52.2 59.5 63.1
WT_ 1500/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 60.31 11573 332.2 87.7 16.9 1.465 83958 1264.9 134 56.4 63.7 67.4
WT_ 1500/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 60.31 12859 369.1 120.3 20.8 1.628 115169 1405.4 149 60.7 68.0 71.6
WT_ 1500/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 60.31 14145 406.1 160.2 25.2 1.790 153289 1546.0 164 64.9 72.2 75.9
WT_ 1500/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 60.31 15430 443.0 207.9 30.0 1.953 199011 1686.5 179 69.2 76.5 80.1
WT_ 1500/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 60.31 16716 479.9 264.4 35.2 2.116 253025 1827.1 194 73.4 80.7 84.4
WT_ 1500/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 16.00 61.06 16668 472.6 98.6 21.3 5.333 95535 1799.4 120 72.6 79.8 83.5
WT_ 1500/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 61.06 18751 531.7 140.4 27.0 6.000 136026 2024.3 135 79.3 86.6 90.3
WT_ 1500/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 61.06 20834 590.8 192.5 33.3 6.667 186593 2249.2 150 86.1 93.4 97.1
WT_ 1500/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 61.06 22918 649.8 256.3 40.3 7.333 248355 2474.1 165 92.9 100.2 103.9
WT_ 1500/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 61.06 25001 708.9 332.7 48.0 8.000 322432 2699.0 180 99.7 107.0 110.7
WT_ 1500/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 61.06 27085 768.0 423.0 56.3 8.667 409944 2924.0 195 106.5 113.8 117.5
WT_ 1500/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 61.06 29168 827.1 528.3 65.3 9.333 512010 3148.9 210 113.3 120.6 124.3
WT_ 1500/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 61.06 33335 945.2 788.6 85.3 10.667 764284 3598.7 241 126.9 134.2 137.8
WT_ 1500/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 61.06 36911 1046.6 1070.7 104.6 11.811 1037602 3984.8 266 138.6 145.8 149.5
WT_ 1500/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 30.00 61.56 31514 886.3 415.9 60.0 15.625 406403 3374.5 182 120.1 127.4 131.0
WT_ 1500/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 61.56 34140 960.2 528.8 70.4 16.927 516705 3655.7 197 128.6 135.9 139.5
WT_ 1500/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 61.56 36766 1034.1 660.4 81.7 18.229 645353 3936.9 212 137.1 144.4 148.0
WT_ 1500/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 61.56 42019 1181.8 985.8 106.7 20.833 963325 4499.3 242 154.1 161.4 165.0
WT_ 1500/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 61.56 46526 1308.6 1338.3 130.8 23.068 1307824 4982.0 268 168.6 175.9 179.6
Depth WTA WTB WTC
aa cc dd ee
59.1 65.2 97.4 129.9

Table 3.2b
(imperial)

Imperial
Notes
- SIN Beam sizes are indicated as WT[WEB THICKNESS] [WEB DEPTH] / [FLANGE WIDTH] x [FLANGE THICKNESS] - [WEIGHT]
SIN Beam sizes are always indicated in Metric units
i.e. For a 36in x 12ga web with 10in x 5/8in Flanges and a Weight of 58 lb/ft the designation is WTB915 / 254x16 - 86.5
- Flanges and Webs are all fabricated from W350 Material (Fy = 350MPa)
- Flanges of over 5/8in (16mm) in thickness will include a premium due to the required splicing of the flat bar
a Depth of the Beam web, i.e. Inside of flanges

b Width of top and bottom flange
d Thickess of top and bottom flange
e Cross sectionional area of flanges only (web is neglected)
f Overall depth of section
g Strong Axis Moment of Inertia computed using flange properties only
h Strong Axis Section Modulas computed using flange properties only
i Weak Axis Moment of Inertia computed using flange properties only
j Weak Axis Section Modulas computed using flange properties only
k Torsional Constant J computed using flange properties only
l Warping Constant Cw - computed using flange properties only
m Strong Axis Factored Moment Restance assuming compression flange is fully braced based on CSA S16-09
n Maximum unbraced lenght for which Mr is applicable
o Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 16 ga (1.519mm)
p Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 14ga (1.897mm)
q Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 12 ga (2.657mm)
r Mass of member per unit length with a web thickess of 11ga (3.038mm)
aa Depth of Beam web


Table 3.3a
(metric)
SIN Beam Bending Capacity - Laterally Unsupported

Metric
Depth of Flange Factored Moment Resistance Mr' (kN m)
Web Width Thickness
hw bf tf Unbraced Length (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s
333 127 x 6 - 83.6 76.1 67.3 57.3 45.1 30.2 22.1 17.2 14.0 11.7 10.0 8.8 7.8 6.4
127 x 10 - 126.2 116.0 104.1 91.0 75.2 52.3 39.6 31.7 26.4 22.6 19.8 17.6 15.8 13.2
152 x - - 149.6 139.1 127.4 114.6 84.3 62.8 49.6 40.8 34.6 30.0 26.5 23.7 19.6
178 x - - - 172.9 162.3 150.7 124.7 93.9 73.3 59.6 50.1 43.2 37.9 33.7 27.7
203 x - - - - 196.1 185.5 161.5 134.2 103.7 83.7 69.8 59.7 52.0 46.1 37.5
152 x 16 - - 254.0 239.9 224.8 209.0 176.5 139.7 114.3 96.8 84.1 74.4 66.7 60.5 51.1
178 x - - - 294.0 279.8 264.8 233.1 200.4 163.0 136.9 118.1 104.0 92.9 84.0 70.6
203 x - - - - 334.1 319.8 289.3 257.2 223.5 186.3 159.7 139.8 124.4 112.1 93.7
229 x - - - - - 374.1 344.8 313.6 281.2 246.0 209.6 182.5 161.7 145.3 120.8
254 x - - - - - - 399.8 369.5 337.7 305.1 268.6 232.8 205.5 183.9 152.1
279 x - - - - - - 454.1 424.8 393.8 361.7 329.0 291.4 256.1 228.5 188.0
305 x - - - - - - 507.9 479.7 449.6 418.1 385.8 353.0 314.3 279.4 228.7
330 x - - - - - - - 534.1 504.8 474.0 442.2 409.7 376.9 337.3 274.6
203 x 25 - - - - - 535.8 502.6 469.2 436.0 403.1 370.5 331.4 298.3 271.3 229.9
229 x - - - - - - 586.2 552.8 519.5 486.4 453.5 420.9 382.4 347.1 293.4
254 x - - - - - - 669.8 636.6 603.1 569.8 536.7 503.9 471.3 433.7 365.5
279 x - - - - - - - 720.2 686.8 653.4 620.2 587.1 554.3 521.7 446.7
305 x - - - - - - - 803.8 770.5 737.1 703.8 670.5 637.5 604.7 537.3
330 x - - - - - - - - 854.2 820.8 787.4 754.1 720.9 687.9 622.4
356 x - - - - - - - - 937.7 904.5 871.1 837.7 804.4 771.3 705.5
406 x - - - - - - - - - 1071.7 1038.5 1005.1 971.7 938.3 872.0
450 x - - - - - - - - - - 1182.0 1148.8 1115.4 1082.0 1015.3
305 x 32 - - - - - - - - 996.4 962.9 929.7 896.7 863.9 831.3 766.7
330 x - - - - - - - - 1099.1 1065.5 1032.1 998.9 965.9 933.1 868.2
356 x - - - - - - - - - 1168.1 1134.6 1101.2 1068.1 1035.1 969.8
406 x - - - - - - - - - - 1339.8 1306.2 1272.8 1239.6 1173.6
450 x - - - - - - - - - - - 1482.4 1448.8 1415.4 1349.0
aa bb cc dd ee
333 60.5 80.2 121.8 143.5

Table 3.3a
(metric)

Metric
Web Width Thickness
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000
500 127 x 6 - 125.0 113.4 99.4 82.5 63.8 41.9 29.9 22.7 18.0 14.7 12.4 10.6 9.3 7.4
127 x 10 - 188.2 171.5 151.7 129.0 101.4 68.1 49.8 38.7 31.4 26.3 22.6 19.7 17.5 14.3
152 x - - 222.8 205.8 186.2 164.2 113.0 81.7 62.7 50.3 41.7 35.4 30.7 27.1 21.9
178 x - - - 257.3 240.1 220.7 174.9 125.3 95.3 75.8 62.2 52.5 45.2 39.6 31.6
203 x - - - - 291.7 274.4 234.0 182.7 138.0 109.0 88.9 74.5 63.8 55.5 43.9
152 x 16 - - 375.4 350.1 321.9 291.4 219.6 165.0 131.3 108.7 92.7 80.8 71.6 64.4 53.6
178 x - - - 433.9 408.4 380.5 318.7 244.8 192.5 157.8 133.4 115.4 101.7 90.9 75.1
203 x - - - - 492.5 466.8 409.3 345.4 270.8 220.0 184.5 158.6 139.0 123.6 101.2
229 x - - - - - 550.9 497.4 437.2 368.5 297.1 247.5 211.4 184.2 163.1 132.5
254 x - - - - - 633.3 583.5 526.7 464.5 391.0 323.7 275.0 238.4 210.1 169.5
279 x - - - - - - 667.8 614.3 555.1 491.5 414.7 350.5 302.5 265.5 212.6
305 x - - - - - - 750.7 700.2 643.9 582.9 518.2 439.1 377.5 330.0 262.6
330 x - - - - - - - 784.6 731.1 672.7 610.3 542.0 464.2 404.5 319.8
203 x 25 - - - - 805.6 772.6 702.4 629.2 554.8 467.7 402.1 352.9 314.6 284.0 238.1
229 x - - - - - 902.2 834.7 763.1 689.4 614.8 526.2 459.6 408.1 367.2 306.3
254 x - - - - - - 965.7 896.0 823.4 749.4 672.6 584.6 517.2 463.8 385.0
279 x - - - - - - 1095.5 1027.9 956.8 883.7 809.5 729.8 643.1 574.9 474.7
305 x - - - - - - - 1158.9 1089.4 1017.4 943.9 869.5 787.3 701.6 576.4
330 x - - - - - - - 1288.8 1221.1 1150.5 1077.8 1004.0 929.5 845.0 690.7
356 x - - - - - - - 1417.7 1352.0 1282.8 1211.2 1138.1 1064.1 989.5 818.5
406 x - - - - - - - - 1611.1 1545.1 1476.1 1404.9 1332.2 1258.5 1109.5
450 x - - - - - - - - - 1767.9 1701.3 1632.0 1560.9 1488.3 1340.6
305 x 32 - - - - - - - 1479.7 1406.5 1332.1 1257.1 1182.1 1107.2 1032.7 861.7
330 x - - - - - - - 1638.7 1566.7 1492.8 1418.1 1343.1 1268.1 1193.3 1026.6
356 x - - - - - - - - 1726.3 1653.3 1579.0 1504.1 1429.1 1354.1 1204.8
406 x - - - - - - - - - 1972.9 1900.0 1825.9 1751.2 1676.1 1526.2
450 x - - - - - - - - - 2245.7 2174.3 2101.3 2027.2 1952.5 1802.5
aa bb cc dd ee
500 87.2 116.4 178.7 211.0

Table 3.3a
(metric)

Metric
Web Width Thickness
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000
610 127 x 6 - 152.3 137.9 120.6 99.2 76.5 49.8 35.3 26.5 20.8 16.9 14.1 12.0 10.4 8.1
127 x 10 - 229.0 208.1 183.1 154.0 119.7 79.3 57.3 43.9 35.2 29.1 24.8 21.5 18.9 15.3
152 x - - 271.0 249.7 225.1 197.2 133.1 95.2 72.2 57.3 47.0 39.5 34.0 29.7 23.6
178 x - - - 312.9 291.4 266.9 207.4 147.3 111.0 87.4 71.1 59.4 50.7 44.1 34.7
203 x - - - - 354.7 333.0 282.0 216.2 162.1 126.9 102.7 85.4 72.5 62.6 48.7
152 x 16 - - 455.3 422.7 385.8 345.3 249.1 184.1 144.4 118.0 99.6 86.0 75.6 67.5 55.6
178 x - - - 526.1 493.2 456.6 374.1 277.1 214.8 173.9 145.3 124.5 108.8 96.5 78.8
203 x - - - - 596.8 563.6 488.0 398.1 305.9 245.5 203.6 173.3 150.4 132.7 107.3
229 x - - - - - 667.4 597.9 517.9 420.5 335.2 276.2 233.6 201.7 177.1 141.9
254 x - - - - - 768.7 704.5 630.0 546.9 445.2 364.8 306.9 263.7 230.4 183.2
279 x - - - - - - 808.6 739.0 660.8 575.3 471.2 394.6 337.6 293.8 231.9
305 x - - - - - - 910.6 845.4 771.7 690.6 597.2 498.3 424.6 368.3 288.7
330 x - - - - - - - 949.7 880.1 803.1 719.6 619.2 526.0 454.7 354.4
203 x 25 - - - - 971.6 926.8 829.3 724.9 604.4 499.7 425.5 370.4 328.1 294.6 244.9
229 x - - - - - 1087.6 995.1 894.4 788.7 664.5 562.1 486.7 429.0 383.7 317.0
254 x - - - - - - 1158.5 1061.8 959.0 852.4 725.2 624.6 548.1 488.3 401.0
279 x - - - - - - 1319.6 1227.0 1127.5 1023.3 916.0 786.3 687.0 609.7 497.6
305 x - - - - - - 1478.7 1390.2 1294.1 1192.6 1087.3 974.0 847.6 749.5 608.1
330 x - - - - - - - 1551.5 1458.9 1360.2 1257.2 1151.2 1031.6 909.1 733.3
356 x - - - - - - - 1711.0 1621.9 1526.2 1425.7 1321.6 1214.9 1090.0 874.4
406 x - - - - - - - - 1943.2 1853.6 1758.3 1658.6 1555.4 1449.7 1208.8
450 x - - - - - - - - - 2130.0 2039.2 1943.5 1843.9 1741.1 1528.8
305 x 32 - - - - - - - 1770.0 1666.1 1558.5 1448.8 1338.1 1220.4 1088.4 895.4
330 x - - - - - - - 1967.6 1866.2 1760.4 1652.0 1541.9 1431.1 1309.8 1072.3
356 x - - - - - - - 2163.7 2065.0 1961.4 1854.4 1745.3 1635.0 1524.0 1269.8
406 x - - - - - - - - 2459.1 2360.0 2256.6 2150.2 2041.6 1931.8 1710.0
450 x - - - - - - - - - 2698.8 2598.8 2495.1 2388.7 2280.3 2060.2
aa bb cc dd ee
610 104.4 139.9 215.8 255.0

Table 3.3a
(metric)

Metric
Web Width Thickness
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000
750 127 x 6 - 187.2 169.4 147.8 120.9 93.0 60.2 42.4 31.6 24.7 19.9 16.4 13.9 11.9 9.2
127 x 10 - 281.3 255.2 223.6 185.6 143.6 94.2 67.3 51.0 40.4 33.1 27.8 23.9 20.9 16.6
152 x - - 332.8 306.2 275.1 239.7 159.4 113.0 85.0 66.8 54.2 45.2 38.5 33.4 26.2
178 x - - - 384.2 357.2 326.4 250.0 176.3 131.9 103.0 83.1 68.9 58.4 50.3 39.0
203 x - - - - 435.4 408.2 343.9 260.1 193.8 150.7 121.2 100.0 84.3 72.3 55.5
152 x 16 - - 557.9 516.1 468.1 414.7 289.3 210.6 162.7 131.3 109.4 93.5 81.5 72.2 58.7
178 x - - - 644.4 602.1 554.6 445.5 321.1 245.7 196.4 162.2 137.5 119.0 104.7 84.2
203 x - - - - 730.7 688.1 589.4 466.0 353.9 280.8 230.3 194.0 166.8 145.9 116.2
229 x - - - - 855.6 817.0 727.2 622.0 490.9 387.2 315.9 264.5 226.2 196.9 155.4
254 x - - - - - 942.5 860.1 763.1 653.2 518.6 421.0 350.9 298.8 259.0 202.7
279 x - - - - - - 989.4 899.5 797.0 677.5 548.0 455.1 386.0 333.3 259.1
305 x - - - - - - 1115.8 1032.2 936.3 829.4 698.9 578.6 489.3 421.1 325.4
330 x - - - - - - - 1161.7 1071.8 971.1 860.7 723.3 610.1 523.7 402.5
203 x 25 - - - - 1184.7 1124.5 990.4 842.9 668.9 545.7 459.4 396.1 348.0 310.3 255.2
229 x - - - - - 1325.5 1200.2 1060.3 907.0 734.3 613.9 526.1 459.8 408.0 333.0
254 x - - - - - 1522.7 1405.6 1273.1 1129.0 963.2 800.3 682.1 593.1 524.1 424.7
279 x - - - - - - 1607.1 1481.7 1344.0 1196.9 1022.2 866.8 750.3 660.3 531.3
305 x - - - - - - 1805.3 1686.7 1555.3 1413.7 1264.3 1083.1 933.7 818.5 654.4
330 x - - - - - - - 1888.5 1763.1 1627.0 1482.5 1331.3 1145.4 1000.7 795.1
356 x - - - - - - - 2087.5 1967.8 1837.2 1697.5 1550.7 1388.0 1208.8 955.0
406 x - - - - - - - - 2369.3 2248.9 2118.9 1980.8 1836.0 1685.7 1337.7
450 x - - - - - - - - - 2594.6 2472.3 2341.6 2203.6 2059.5 1740.4
305 x 32 - - - - - - 2275.6 2140.5 1994.1 1839.7 1679.7 1510.8 1315.7 1164.2 945.5
330 x - - - - - - - 2388.2 2247.0 2096.8 1940.2 1779.0 1600.3 1411.2 1139.6
356 x - - - - - - - 2633.3 2497.3 2351.5 2198.5 2040.2 1878.2 1691.2 1358.2
406 x - - - - - - - - 2990.8 2854.0 2708.8 2557.0 2400.1 2239.6 1875.7
450 x - - - - - - - - - 3278.5 3140.1 2994.3 2842.5 2686.2 2363.7
aa bb cc dd ee
750 169.9 263.2 311.3

Table 3.3a
(metric)

Metric
Web Width Thickness
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000
1000 127 x 6 - 249.4 225.4 196.3 159.7 122.6 79.0 55.3 41.0 31.7 25.4 20.8 17.4 14.9 11.3
127 x 10 - 374.5 339.1 296.1 243.0 187.2 121.6 85.9 64.3 50.3 40.7 33.8 28.7 24.8 19.3
152 x - - 443.0 406.9 364.5 316.1 207.5 145.9 108.7 84.5 68.0 56.1 47.3 40.6 31.2
178 x - - - 511.3 474.7 432.8 327.0 229.2 170.2 131.9 105.6 86.8 72.8 62.2 47.3
203 x - - - - 579.4 542.5 454.7 339.7 251.7 194.5 155.3 127.2 106.4 90.6 68.5
152 x 16 - - 741.0 683.0 615.7 539.6 364.7 261.0 198.3 157.3 129.1 108.8 93.5 81.8 65.2
178 x - - - 855.6 796.9 730.2 568.2 403.8 304.5 239.9 195.4 163.4 139.6 121.3 95.5
203 x - - - - 969.9 910.7 771.7 592.3 444.2 348.0 281.9 234.4 199.1 172.2 134.2
229 x - - - - 1137.3 1084.2 958.7 809.5 622.3 485.5 391.5 324.2 274.2 236.0 182.4
254 x - - - - - 1252.5 1138.4 1002.0 843.4 655.9 527.2 435.0 366.7 314.5 241.4
279 x - - - - - - 1312.4 1187.0 1041.9 863.0 691.9 569.3 478.5 409.3 312.4
305 x - - - - - - 1482.1 1366.1 1231.4 1079.3 888.4 729.4 611.7 522.0 396.5
330 x - - - - - - 1648.3 1540.5 1415.0 1272.8 1114.9 917.7 768.1 654.2 495.0
203 x 25 - - - - 1565.3 1477.8 1277.6 1037.9 796.2 638.1 528.5 449.1 389.5 343.3 277.1
229 x - - - - 1830.2 1750.5 1566.7 1355.0 1095.9 872.3 717.9 606.4 522.9 458.6 366.8
254 x - - - - - 2016.7 1847.2 1650.1 1429.8 1159.7 949.3 797.6 684.5 597.6 474.2
279 x - - - - - - 2120.7 1936.8 1729.7 1502.9 1227.3 1026.8 877.4 762.9 601.0
305 x - - - - - - 2388.6 2216.6 2021.6 1806.7 1556.8 1297.5 1104.7 957.2 749.0
330 x - - - - - - - 2490.7 2306.7 2102.9 1881.7 1613.7 1369.5 1183.0 920.3
356 x - - - - - - - 2759.8 2586.1 2392.6 2181.6 1955.4 1675.0 1442.9 1116.7
406 x - - - - - - - - 3130.6 2955.5 2763.2 2555.3 2333.6 2075.8 1592.5
450 x - - - - - - - - 3586.1 3424.6 3246.4 3052.7 2845.0 2624.8 2098.8
305 x 32 - - - - - - 3002.8 2800.7 2575.5 2331.5 2072.7 1756.6 1509.8 1320.1 1050.3
330 x - - - - - - - 3138.6 2924.3 2690.6 2441.1 2168.2 1856.8 1617.9 1279.3
356 x - - - - - - - 3471.5 3267.5 3043.7 2803.4 2549.4 2255.0 1958.8 1540.1
406 x - - - - - - - - 3939.6 3734.3 3511.6 3274.1 3024.1 2763.6 2166.3
450 x - - - - - - - - 4504.1 4313.0 4104.4 3880.4 3643.1 3394.4 2827.0
aa bb cc dd ee
1000 222.9 347.3 411.2

Table 3.3a
(metric)

Metric
Web Width Thickness
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000
1219 127 x 6 - 303.9 274.6 238.9 193.9 148.7 95.6 66.8 49.4 38.1 30.3 24.8 20.7 17.6 13.2
127 x 10 - 456.3 412.8 359.9 293.8 225.9 146.0 102.6 76.4 59.4 47.8 39.4 33.2 28.5 21.8
152 x - - 539.7 495.3 443.2 383.3 250.2 175.2 130.0 100.7 80.5 66.1 55.4 47.3 35.9
178 x - - - 622.8 577.9 526.3 395.3 276.2 204.4 157.8 125.9 103.0 86.1 73.2 55.2
203 x - - - - 705.8 660.4 552.3 410.4 303.2 233.7 186.0 151.8 126.6 107.4 80.5
152 x 16 - - 901.9 829.9 745.8 650.3 433.2 307.4 231.4 181.9 147.9 123.5 105.3 91.4 71.7
178 x - - - 1041.1 968.2 885.0 678.7 479.1 358.6 280.3 226.5 187.9 159.2 137.4 106.6
203 x - - - - 1180.0 1106.5 932.6 706.3 526.6 409.8 329.7 272.3 229.7 197.2 151.6
229 x - - - - 1384.7 1318.9 1162.7 975.4 741.1 575.0 461.0 379.4 319.0 272.9 208.3
254 x - - - - - 1524.7 1383.1 1212.7 1008.0 780.3 624.1 512.3 429.4 366.4 278.1
279 x - - - - - - 1596.2 1440.1 1258.3 1030.2 822.4 673.6 563.5 479.7 362.4
305 x - - - - - - 1803.8 1659.7 1491.7 1300.5 1059.4 866.4 723.5 614.7 462.7
330 x - - - - - - 2006.9 1873.3 1717.2 1539.2 1338.7 1093.3 911.7 773.6 580.5
203 x 25 - - - - 1900.1 1788.9 1531.2 1208.0 916.7 726.7 595.7 501.3 430.7 376.5 299.4
229 x - - - - 2224.9 2124.4 1889.9 1615.3 1272.5 1003.0 817.6 684.2 584.8 508.6 400.9
254 x - - - - - 2450.8 2236.1 1982.8 1695.5 1344.0 1090.4 908.4 773.0 669.5 523.5
279 x - - - - - - 2572.6 2338.0 2070.3 1756.7 1420.0 1178.5 999.2 862.2 669.5
305 x - - - - - - 2901.4 2683.3 2433.1 2153.8 1812.1 1499.2 1267.2 1090.1 841.4
330 x - - - - - - - 3020.5 2785.9 2523.0 2234.3 1875.1 1580.7 1356.2 1041.3
356 x - - - - - - - 3351.1 3130.5 2882.4 2609.1 2310.7 1943.5 1663.7 1271.7
406 x - - - - - - - - 3800.1 3577.7 3331.3 3062.5 2773.0 2416.1 1833.3
450 x - - - - - - - - 4358.7 4154.8 3928.1 3679.8 3411.3 3124.1 2434.3
305 x 32 - - - - - - 3642.3 3381.7 3086.8 2762.2 2388.9 1993.0 1698.5 1473.1 1154.9
330 x - - - - - - - 3798.7 3520.3 3212.3 2878.6 2476.7 2103.9 1819.0 1417.6
356 x - - - - - - - 4208.5 3945.3 3652.6 3334.0 2992.8 2571.3 2216.9 1718.7
406 x - - - - - - - - 4774.1 4508.9 4217.9 3903.9 3569.4 3185.1 2447.3
450 x - - - - - - - - 5467.7 5222.9 4953.0 4660.0 4346.3 4014.0 3222.0
aa bb cc dd ee
1219 269.1 420.9 498.7

Table 3.3a
(metric)

Metric
Web Width Thickness
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000
1500 127 x 6 - 373.8 337.7 293.6 237.8 182.3 117.0 81.6 60.2 46.3 36.8 30.0 25.0 21.1 15.8
127 x 10 - 561.1 507.3 441.7 359.3 275.9 177.7 124.4 92.3 71.4 57.1 46.8 39.3 33.5 25.4
152 x - - 663.6 608.7 544.1 469.8 305.4 213.3 157.7 121.7 97.0 79.3 66.2 56.2 42.3
178 x - - - 765.7 710.2 646.2 483.3 337.0 248.8 191.6 152.3 124.3 103.5 87.7 65.6
203 x - - - - 867.7 811.6 677.5 501.4 369.8 284.4 225.8 183.9 152.9 129.3 96.3
152 x 16 - - 1108.1 1018.3 913.1 792.9 522.7 368.4 275.3 214.8 173.3 143.5 121.4 104.5 80.8
178 x - - - 1278.9 1188.0 1083.9 822.4 577.5 429.8 333.9 268.0 220.9 185.9 159.3 121.9
203 x - - - - 1449.5 1357.7 1139.8 854.7 634.3 491.2 393.0 322.7 270.7 231.0 175.5
229 x - - - - 1701.8 1619.9 1424.8 1189.4 896.0 692.3 552.6 452.6 378.6 322.2 243.4
254 x - - - - - 1873.6 1697.2 1483.8 1222.0 942.7 751.1 614.0 512.5 435.3 327.4
279 x - - - - - - 1960.2 1765.2 1536.9 1247.7 992.8 810.4 675.4 572.7 429.2
305 x - - - - - - 2216.2 2036.6 1826.2 1585.8 1282.1 1045.3 870.1 736.8 550.6
330 x - - - - - - 2657.7 2574.5 2477.0 2365.4 2240.1 2101.6 1950.2 1786.5 1387.0
203 x 25 - - - - 2686.6 2651.3 2568.8 2471.5 2361.2 2239.8 2108.8 1969.9 1824.3 1673.5 1325.5
229 x - - - - 3050.0 3018.3 2943.6 2855.1 2754.0 2641.8 2519.8 2389.3 2251.5 2107.7 1795.8
254 x - - - - - 3407.1 3352.7 3287.9 3213.4 3130.2 3039.2 2941.2 2837.1 2727.7 2495.9
279 x - - - - - - 3740.2 3690.4 3633.0 3568.5 3497.6 3420.9 3339.0 3252.5 3067.7
305 x - - - - - - 4115.6 4076.2 4030.4 3978.9 3922.0 3860.1 3793.8 3723.4 3572.1
330 x - - - - - - 4483.9 4451.8 4414.4 4372.2 4325.5 4274.4 4219.5 4161.1 4034.7
356 x - - - - - - - 4820.9 4789.8 4754.5 4715.4 4672.6 4626.3 4576.9 4469.7
406 x - - - - - - - - 5505.4 5474.0 5439.1 5400.6 5358.9 5314.1 5216.1
450 x - - - - - - - - 6117.2 6088.6 6056.6 6021.3 5982.9 5941.6 5850.7
305 x 32 - - - - - - 5172.8 5135.6 5093.0 5045.5 4993.6 4937.9 4878.8 4816.9 4686.1
330 x - - - - - - - 5582.9 5543.0 5498.2 5449.1 5396.2 5339.7 5280.3 5154.0
356 x - - - - - - - 6029.1 5991.5 5949.3 5902.8 5852.4 5798.5 5741.5 5619.7
406 x - - - - - - - - 6885.4 6847.5 6805.5 6759.8 6710.5 6658.1 6545.0
450 x - - - - - - - - 7649.8 7615.0 7576.4 7534.1 7488.4 7439.6 7333.4
aa bb cc dd ee
1500 290.1 433.2 577.8

Table 3.3b
(imperial)

Imperial
Depth of Depth Flange Factored Moment Resistance Mr' (kip ft)
Web of Web Width Thickness
hw bf tf Unbraced Length (ft)
in in in 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WT_ 333/127x6 13.1 5.0 x 0.250 - - 56.9 49.0 39.2 29.6 23.3 15.9 11.1 8.4 6.8 5.6 4.8 4.2
WT_ 333/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 - - 86.5 75.9 64.0 49.8 40.1 28.5 20.8 16.3 13.5 11.5 10.0 8.9
WT_ 333/152x10 6.0 x - - 111.2 101.8 91.1 79.2 64.8 45.2 32.3 25.0 20.3 17.2 14.9 13.1
WT_ 333/178x10 7.0 x - - - 126.8 117.1 106.3 94.5 67.5 47.4 36.1 29.1 24.4 20.9 18.4
WT_ 333/203x10 8.0 x - - - - 142.3 132.4 121.5 96.3 66.7 50.3 40.1 33.3 28.4 24.8
WT_ 333/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 - - - 175.9 162.2 147.8 133.2 100.9 75.8 60.9 50.9 43.8 38.5 34.4
WT_ 333/178x16 7.0 x - - - 215.9 203.0 189.2 174.9 145.2 107.5 85.4 71.0 60.8 53.3 47.4
WT_ 333/203x16 8.0 x - - - - 243.2 230.0 216.2 187.4 146.7 115.4 95.2 81.2 70.8 62.8
WT_ 333/229x16 9.0 x - - - - - 270.4 257.1 229.0 192.3 151.3 124.0 105.1 91.3 80.8
WT_ 333/254x16 10.0 x - - - - - 310.2 297.5 270.3 234.2 193.8 157.7 133.0 115.0 101.4
WT_ 333/279x16 11.0 x - - - - - - 337.5 311.2 275.9 239.2 196.8 165.1 142.2 125.0
WT_ 333/305x16 12.0 x - - - - - - - 351.7 317.3 281.1 241.8 201.8 173.1 151.7
WT_ 333/330x16 13.0 x - - - - - - - 391.9 358.4 322.7 286.0 243.4 208.0 181.6
WT_ 333/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 - - - - - 388.7 373.7 343.7 306.5 269.8 227.5 196.7 173.3 155.0
WT_ 333/229x25 9.0 x - - - - - 450.3 435.4 405.4 368.0 331.0 291.9 251.6 221.2 197.6
WT_ 333/254x25 10.0 x - - - - - - 497.0 467.1 429.6 392.4 355.6 314.2 275.7 245.8
WT_ 333/279x25 11.0 x - - - - - - - 528.8 491.3 453.9 416.8 380.2 337.1 300.0
WT_ 333/305x25 12.0 x - - - - - - - 590.5 553.0 515.5 478.3 441.4 404.8 360.3
WT_ 333/330x25 13.0 x - - - - - - - 652.0 614.8 577.2 539.8 502.7 465.9 426.9
WT_ 333/356x25 14.0 x - - - - - - - - 676.5 639.0 601.5 564.2 527.2 490.5
WT_ 333/406x25 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 799.7 762.4 724.9 687.4 650.1 613.0
WT_ 333/450x25 17.7 x - - - - - - - - - 868.3 830.8 793.3 755.8 718.5
WT_ 333/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 - - - - - - - - 719.6 682.2 645.2 608.5 572.2 536.1
WT_ 333/330x32 13.0 x - - - - - - - - 795.3 757.7 720.5 683.6 647.1 610.9
WT_ 333/356x32 14.0 x - - - - - - - - 871.0 833.3 795.9 758.8 722.1 685.7
WT_ 333/406x32 16.0 x - - - - - - - - - 984.6 946.9 909.6 872.5 835.7
WT_ 333/450x32 17.7 x - - - - - - - - - 1114.6 1076.8 1039.2 1001.9 964.8
aa bb cc dd ee
13.1 13.6 18.0 27.4 32.3

Table 3.3b
(imperial)

Imperial
in in in 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WT_ 500/127x6 19.7 5.0 x 0.250 - - 84.8 72.2 55.9 41.6 32.4 21.4 14.4 10.6 8.2 6.7 5.6 4.8
WT_ 500/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 - - 128.1 110.3 88.2 66.5 52.5 35.8 25.0 19.0 15.2 12.7 10.9 9.5
WT_ 500/152x10 6.0 x - - 165.7 150.5 132.4 111.5 87.2 58.6 40.2 30.0 23.7 19.5 16.6 14.4
WT_ 500/178x10 7.0 x - - - 188.6 172.7 154.5 134.0 89.8 60.7 44.7 35.0 28.5 24.0 20.7
WT_ 500/203x10 8.0 x - - - - 211.3 195.0 176.5 130.9 87.5 63.8 49.4 40.0 33.4 28.6
WT_ 500/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 - - 279.0 256.3 230.5 202.4 168.6 118.8 85.8 66.9 54.9 46.6 40.5 35.8
WT_ 500/178x16 7.0 x - - - 318.3 294.9 268.9 240.9 176.1 125.0 96.2 78.1 65.7 56.8 50.0
WT_ 500/203x16 8.0 x - - - - 357.4 333.5 307.4 249.9 174.9 133.0 106.9 89.3 76.6 67.2
WT_ 500/229x16 9.0 x - - - - 418.5 396.4 372.0 318.0 236.8 178.2 142.0 117.7 100.4 87.6
WT_ 500/254x16 10.0 x - - - - - 457.9 435.2 384.2 312.4 232.9 184.0 151.5 128.5 111.6
WT_ 500/279x16 11.0 x - - - - - - 497.1 449.0 380.6 298.1 233.8 191.3 161.4 139.5
WT_ 500/305x16 12.0 x - - - - - - 557.9 512.6 447.4 374.8 292.1 237.6 199.5 171.6
WT_ 500/330x16 13.0 x - - - - - - - 575.1 512.9 443.3 359.7 291.0 243.2 208.3
WT_ 500/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 - - - - 586.6 556.3 524.6 458.9 367.8 290.8 240.7 205.6 179.7 159.7
WT_ 500/229x25 9.0 x - - - - - 652.6 622.0 557.6 474.4 380.1 312.6 265.7 231.4 205.0
WT_ 500/254x25 10.0 x - - - - - 747.8 718.4 655.8 573.6 485.5 396.6 335.5 290.9 257.1
WT_ 500/279x25 11.0 x - - - - - - 813.9 753.2 672.4 589.1 493.8 415.6 359.0 316.2
WT_ 500/305x25 12.0 x - - - - - - - 849.9 770.8 688.3 604.5 506.9 436.1 383.0
WT_ 500/330x25 13.0 x - - - - - - - 945.9 868.6 787.2 703.8 610.1 523.0 457.8
WT_ 500/356x25 14.0 x - - - - - - - 1041.1 965.8 885.6 803.0 719.3 620.1 541.1
WT_ 500/406x25 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 1158.4 1081.2 1000.5 917.7 834.0 735.6
WT_ 500/450x25 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 1322.0 1247.6 1168.8 1087.3 1004.4 920.6
WT_ 500/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 - - - - - - - 1086.2 1003.4 919.2 835.0 749.9 651.1 575.8
WT_ 500/330x32 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1203.6 1121.9 1038.0 953.7 869.5 776.1 684.6
WT_ 500/356x32 14.0 x - - - - - - - - 1240.0 1156.7 1072.4 988.1 904.2 805.0
WT_ 500/406x32 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 1475.3 1393.5 1309.9 1225.6 1141.3 1057.3
WT_ 500/450x32 17.7 x - - - - - - - - - 1596.0 1513.4 1429.5 1345.2 1260.9
aa bb cc dd ee
19.7 19.6 26.2 40.2 47.4

Table 3.3b
(imperial)

Imperial
in in in 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WT_ 610/127x6 24.0 5.0 x 0.250 - - 103.2 87.6 67.2 49.8 38.5 25.3 16.8 12.1 9.3 7.5 6.2 5.3
WT_ 610/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 - - 155.6 133.1 104.5 78.2 61.2 41.1 28.1 21.0 16.6 13.6 11.6 10.0
WT_ 610/152x10 6.0 x - - 201.6 182.6 159.8 132.2 102.8 68.2 45.9 33.7 26.3 21.4 18.0 15.4
WT_ 610/178x10 7.0 x - - - 229.3 209.5 186.4 160.4 105.5 70.3 51.0 39.4 31.7 26.4 22.5
WT_ 610/203x10 8.0 x - - - - 256.8 236.3 213.0 154.7 102.3 73.6 56.3 45.0 37.1 31.5
WT_ 610/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 - - 338.5 309.3 275.4 237.7 191.7 132.4 93.6 71.8 58.1 48.8 42.1 37.0
WT_ 610/178x16 7.0 x - - - 385.8 355.5 321.3 283.8 199.0 138.4 104.7 83.8 69.7 59.7 52.2
WT_ 610/203x16 8.0 x - - - - 432.7 401.6 367.2 285.7 196.0 146.5 116.1 95.7 81.4 70.7
WT_ 610/229x16 9.0 x - - - - 507.8 479.4 447.7 376.0 268.3 198.6 155.9 127.6 107.7 93.1
WT_ 610/254x16 10.0 x - - - - - 555.1 525.9 459.0 357.1 262.1 204.1 165.9 139.2 119.7
WT_ 610/279x16 11.0 x - - - - - - 602.2 539.8 448.8 338.3 261.7 211.4 176.4 150.9
WT_ 610/305x16 12.0 x - - - - - - 677.0 618.6 532.7 428.5 329.6 264.8 219.8 187.2
WT_ 610/330x16 13.0 x - - - - - - - 695.8 614.5 521.6 408.7 326.7 270.0 229.0
WT_ 610/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 - - - - 706.5 665.0 620.8 527.1 394.6 307.2 251.5 213.1 185.0 163.7
WT_ 610/229x25 9.0 x - - - - 823.6 784.7 742.8 652.4 526.3 405.6 329.4 277.4 239.7 211.2
WT_ 610/254x25 10.0 x - - - - - 902.6 862.8 776.0 658.8 522.8 421.4 352.7 303.4 266.4
WT_ 610/279x25 11.0 x - - - - - - 981.2 898.2 784.3 660.9 528.9 440.2 376.9 329.6
WT_ 610/305x25 12.0 x - - - - - - 1098.2 1018.8 908.5 790.6 653.4 540.7 460.8 401.5
WT_ 610/330x25 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1138.0 1031.3 916.2 796.2 655.5 556.2 482.8
WT_ 610/356x25 14.0 x - - - - - - - 1255.9 1153.0 1040.6 922.4 785.5 663.7 574.0
WT_ 610/406x25 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 1392.8 1286.4 1172.7 1054.1 918.7 789.2
WT_ 610/450x25 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 1595.3 1494.1 1384.7 1269.4 1150.1 1012.1
WT_ 610/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 - - - - - - - 1298.3 1179.9 1056.9 932.1 786.4 677.4 595.4
WT_ 610/330x32 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1444.2 1328.4 1206.8 1082.7 945.9 811.7 711.2
WT_ 610/356x32 14.0 x - - - - - - - 1589.1 1476.0 1356.2 1233.0 1108.3 961.9 840.2
WT_ 610/406x32 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 1768.9 1653.2 1532.5 1409.2 1284.5 1140.6
WT_ 610/450x32 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 2017.6 1905.9 1788.0 1666.4 1542.7 1418.0
aa bb cc dd ee
24.0 23.5 31.5 48.5 57.3

Table 3.3b
(imperial)

Imperial
in in in 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WT_ 750/127x6 29.5 5.0 x 0.250 - - 126.7 107.3 81.7 60.4 46.6 30.3 19.9 14.2 10.8 8.6 7.0 5.9
WT_ 750/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 - - 190.8 162.5 125.8 93.7 72.8 48.2 32.4 23.8 18.5 15.0 12.6 10.8
WT_ 750/152x10 6.0 x - - 247.7 223.8 195.0 159.4 123.3 80.9 53.7 38.9 29.9 24.0 19.9 16.9
WT_ 750/178x10 7.0 x - - - 281.6 256.6 227.5 193.5 126.2 83.1 59.6 45.4 36.1 29.7 25.1
WT_ 750/203x10 8.0 x - - - 337.1 315.1 289.4 260.0 186.1 121.8 86.8 65.6 51.9 42.4 35.6
WT_ 750/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 - - 415.0 377.4 333.3 283.3 223.1 151.2 104.6 78.8 62.8 52.1 44.5 38.8
WT_ 750/178x16 7.0 x - - - 472.5 433.4 388.8 339.2 230.3 157.0 116.7 91.9 75.5 63.9 55.4
WT_ 750/203x16 8.0 x - - - - 529.4 489.3 444.4 334.0 225.1 165.5 129.1 105.1 88.3 76.0
WT_ 750/229x16 9.0 x - - - - 622.4 586.1 545.1 450.8 311.2 226.7 175.4 141.7 118.2 101.1
WT_ 750/254x16 10.0 x - - - - - 680.0 642.5 555.5 417.4 302.0 232.0 186.2 154.4 131.3
WT_ 750/279x16 11.0 x - - - - - 771.8 737.2 656.6 536.7 392.9 300.1 239.4 197.5 167.2
WT_ 750/305x16 12.0 x - - - - - - 829.9 754.9 642.6 500.9 380.7 302.3 248.2 209.2
WT_ 750/330x16 13.0 x - - - - - - - 850.9 745.4 622.5 475.1 375.8 307.3 258.0
WT_ 750/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 - - - - 860.2 804.1 743.3 610.8 433.0 331.2 267.5 224.2 193.1 169.6
WT_ 750/229x25 9.0 x - - - - 1006.2 954.2 897.3 771.7 584.3 442.2 354.0 294.6 252.2 220.6
WT_ 750/254x25 10.0 x - - - - - 1101.3 1048.0 929.1 763.5 576.1 457.4 378.1 321.9 280.2
WT_ 750/279x25 11.0 x - - - - - - 1195.9 1083.5 924.7 735.2 579.4 476.0 403.1 349.4
WT_ 750/305x25 12.0 x - - - - - - 1341.5 1235.1 1083.1 916.2 722.0 589.6 496.9 428.8
WT_ 750/330x25 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1384.4 1239.0 1077.7 886.8 720.4 604.2 519.3
WT_ 750/356x25 14.0 x - - - - - - - 1531.6 1392.5 1236.7 1068.9 869.7 726.3 621.8
WT_ 750/406x25 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 1693.4 1548.5 1390.1 1221.7 1018.7 866.0
WT_ 750/450x25 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 1946.1 1810.0 1659.6 1498.1 1326.7 1122.0
WT_ 750/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 - - - - - - 1689.9 1568.7 1400.7 1221.6 1014.0 840.0 716.5 624.7
WT_ 750/330x32 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1751.8 1589.3 1414.1 1231.4 1017.7 864.2 750.7
WT_ 750/356x32 14.0 x - - - - - - - 1933.0 1776.0 1605.0 1425.2 1218.9 1030.7 892.1
WT_ 750/406x32 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 2144.2 1982.0 1809.0 1628.8 1425.3 1225.4
WT_ 750/450x32 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 2455.2 2300.8 2134.1 1958.8 1777.6 1570.3
aa bb cc dd ee
29.5 38.2 59.2 70.0

Table 3.3b
(imperial)

Imperial
in in in 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WT_ 1000/127x6 39.4 5.0 x 0.250 - - 168.7 142.5 107.9 79.6 61.2 39.5 25.7 18.2 13.6 10.7 8.6 7.2
WT_ 1000/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 - - 253.6 215.1 164.4 121.8 94.1 61.5 40.6 29.2 22.3 17.8 14.7 12.4
WT_ 1000/152x10 6.0 x - - 329.7 297.3 258.1 208.5 160.6 104.4 68.3 48.7 36.8 29.1 23.8 20.0
WT_ 1000/178x10 7.0 x - - - 374.7 340.8 301.1 253.3 163.9 106.7 75.6 56.8 44.6 36.2 30.2
WT_ 1000/203x10 8.0 x - - - 448.9 419.2 384.2 344.1 242.9 157.5 111.1 83.1 64.9 52.4 43.5
WT_ 1000/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 - - 551.3 499.3 437.1 362.2 281.8 187.1 126.2 92.8 72.4 58.9 49.5 42.6
WT_ 1000/178x16 7.0 x - - - 627.1 572.9 510.0 439.4 289.2 192.9 140.2 108.2 87.2 72.7 62.0
WT_ 1000/203x16 8.0 x - - - - 702.2 646.2 582.8 424.0 280.4 202.1 154.7 123.7 102.2 86.7
WT_ 1000/229x16 9.0 x - - - - 827.0 776.7 719.5 585.6 391.8 280.6 213.3 169.4 139.2 117.3
WT_ 1000/254x16 10.0 x - - - - - 903.0 850.9 728.5 530.0 377.7 285.6 225.7 184.3 154.6
WT_ 1000/279x16 11.0 x - - - - - 1026.1 978.3 865.8 695.2 495.4 373.1 293.5 238.7 199.4
WT_ 1000/305x16 12.0 x - - - - - - 1102.7 998.6 840.2 636.0 477.3 374.1 303.2 252.3
WT_ 1000/330x16 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1127.9 980.1 801.3 599.7 468.7 378.7 314.2
WT_ 1000/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 - - - - 1134.9 1052.8 961.7 744.6 509.7 380.3 300.6 247.6 210.1 182.5
WT_ 1000/229x25 9.0 x - - - - 1332.1 1257.2 1173.5 983.5 698.6 516.0 404.3 330.4 278.5 240.4
WT_ 1000/254x25 10.0 x - - - - - 1456.2 1379.0 1202.2 930.7 681.8 530.1 430.1 360.4 309.5
WT_ 1000/279x25 11.0 x - - - - - - 1579.5 1414.6 1173.6 881.0 680.4 548.7 457.2 390.6
WT_ 1000/305x25 12.0 x - - - - - - 1776.1 1621.8 1394.4 1116.9 857.7 688.0 570.4 485.1
WT_ 1000/330x25 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1824.7 1609.8 1363.5 1064.4 849.8 701.4 594.0
WT_ 1000/356x25 14.0 x - - - - - - - 2023.9 1820.5 1585.7 1303.0 1036.0 851.7 718.6
WT_ 1000/406x25 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 2230.5 2016.6 1776.5 1489.1 1216.0 1019.4
WT_ 1000/450x25 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 2572.7 2374.5 2150.3 1903.8 1604.0 1338.6
WT_ 1000/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 - - - - - - 2231.8 2050.4 1789.5 1499.3 1168.6 950.5 798.0 686.4
WT_ 1000/330x32 13.0 x - - - - - - - 2300.4 2051.5 1773.1 1438.9 1164.2 972.8 833.4
WT_ 1000/356x32 14.0 x - - - - - - - 2546.7 2309.2 2041.3 1749.2 1408.6 1172.0 1000.1
WT_ 1000/406x32 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 2813.4 2565.5 2292.6 1999.1 1650.8 1398.8
WT_ 1000/450x32 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 3236.2 3004.1 2746.2 2467.5 2156.4 1817.9
aa bb cc dd ee
39.4 50.1 78.1 92.4

Table 3.3b
(imperial)

Imperial
in in in 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WT_ 1219/127x6 48.0 5.0 x 0.250 - - 205.5 173.5 131.0 96.5 74.1 47.7 30.9 21.7 16.2 12.6 10.1 8.3
WT_ 1219/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 - - 308.8 261.3 198.7 146.8 113.1 73.4 48.0 34.2 25.9 20.4 16.7 14.0
WT_ 1219/152x10 6.0 x - - 401.7 361.9 313.6 252.0 193.8 125.3 81.5 57.6 43.2 33.9 27.5 22.8
WT_ 1219/178x10 7.0 x - - - 456.4 414.8 365.8 306.3 197.5 127.9 90.1 67.2 52.4 42.2 34.9
WT_ 1219/203x10 8.0 x - - - 547.0 510.5 467.5 418.1 293.4 189.5 133.0 99.0 76.8 61.7 50.8
WT_ 1219/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 - - 671.1 606.5 528.8 432.7 335.0 220.1 146.4 106.1 81.7 65.7 54.6 46.5
WT_ 1219/178x16 7.0 x - - - 763.0 695.6 616.9 525.2 342.9 226.0 162.4 123.8 98.6 81.3 68.7
WT_ 1219/203x16 8.0 x - - - 913.5 854.0 784.4 705.0 505.3 331.0 236.2 178.9 141.5 115.8 97.2
WT_ 1219/229x16 9.0 x - - - - 1006.7 944.3 873.0 705.0 465.0 330.2 248.7 195.7 159.2 133.0
WT_ 1219/254x16 10.0 x - - - - - 1098.8 1034.2 881.3 631.6 446.7 335.1 262.6 212.7 176.9
WT_ 1219/279x16 11.0 x - - - - - 1249.2 1190.1 1050.1 834.5 588.5 440.1 343.6 277.3 229.8
WT_ 1219/305x16 12.0 x - - - - - - 1342.2 1213.0 1014.7 757.9 565.3 440.2 354.3 292.7
WT_ 1219/330x16 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1371.4 1187.0 957.6 712.8 553.8 444.7 366.5
WT_ 1219/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 - - - - 1376.6 1271.9 1154.5 865.7 582.9 427.9 333.4 271.1 227.5 195.7
WT_ 1219/229x25 9.0 x - - - - 1618.6 1523.8 1416.9 1170.5 806.3 586.9 453.4 365.9 305.0 260.7
WT_ 1219/254x25 10.0 x - - - - - 1768.3 1670.4 1443.2 1082.2 782.2 600.3 481.2 398.7 338.9
WT_ 1219/279x25 11.0 x - - - - - 2007.1 1916.9 1706.5 1393.4 1018.1 776.9 619.3 510.4 431.7
WT_ 1219/305x25 12.0 x - - - - - - 2158.1 1962.4 1669.2 1298.6 986.2 782.5 641.9 540.6
WT_ 1219/330x25 13.0 x - - - - - - - 2212.2 1936.9 1615.8 1231.3 973.0 795.0 667.0
WT_ 1219/356x25 14.0 x - - - - - - - 2456.9 2197.8 1893.9 1515.0 1193.1 971.6 812.3
WT_ 1219/406x25 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 2703.3 2429.5 2117.7 1731.5 1402.1 1165.7
WT_ 1219/450x25 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 3123.6 2871.8 2583.4 2262.1 1863.0 1543.1
WT_ 1219/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 - - - - - - 2708.1 2474.4 2130.6 1714.0 1318.3 1059.1 879.2 748.7
WT_ 1219/330x32 13.0 x - - - - - - - 2783.1 2458.0 2086.3 1634.7 1306.9 1080.1 916.0
WT_ 1219/356x32 14.0 x - - - - - - - 3086.4 2778.5 2423.8 1999.7 1592.0 1310.4 1107.1
WT_ 1219/406x32 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 3402.3 3078.6 2716.1 2285.3 1868.3 1568.1
WT_ 1219/450x32 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 3923.1 3623.0 3284.1 2912.0 2461.9 2056.8
aa bb cc dd ee
48.0 60.5 94.6 112.1

Table 3.3b
(imperial)

Imperial
in in in 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WT_ 1500/127x6 59.1 5.0 x 0.250 - - 252.7 213.1 160.7 118.2 90.7 58.3 37.6 26.3 19.5 15.1 12.1 9.9
WT_ 1500/127x10 5.0 x 0.375 - - 379.5 320.7 242.9 179.1 137.7 89.0 57.8 40.9 30.6 24.0 19.4 16.1
WT_ 1500/152x10 6.0 x - - 493.9 444.7 384.8 308.1 236.6 152.5 98.6 69.4 51.7 40.2 32.4 26.7
WT_ 1500/178x10 7.0 x - - - 561.1 509.6 448.9 374.5 240.9 155.4 109.0 80.9 62.7 50.3 41.3
WT_ 1500/203x10 8.0 x - - - 672.7 627.5 574.3 513.1 358.4 230.8 161.5 119.6 92.5 73.9 60.5
WT_ 1500/152x16 6.0 x 0.625 - - 824.6 744.1 646.7 524.3 404.5 263.6 173.3 124.2 94.4 75.0 61.6 52.0
WT_ 1500/178x16 7.0 x - - - 937.3 853.1 754.5 636.8 413.1 269.9 192.0 144.9 114.2 93.1 78.0
WT_ 1500/203x16 8.0 x - - - 1122.8 1048.7 961.8 862.3 611.3 397.5 281.4 211.2 165.6 134.2 111.7
WT_ 1500/229x16 9.0 x - - - - 1237.0 1159.3 1070.2 859.1 560.8 395.4 295.7 230.8 186.3 154.3
WT_ 1500/254x16 10.0 x - - - - - 1349.8 1269.3 1077.9 764.1 537.3 400.5 311.7 250.7 207.0
WT_ 1500/279x16 11.0 x - - - - - 1535.3 1461.8 1286.8 1011.9 710.1 528.1 409.9 328.8 270.7
WT_ 1500/305x16 12.0 x - - - - - - 1649.3 1488.2 1239.6 916.9 680.7 527.3 422.0 346.7
WT_ 1500/330x16 13.0 x - - - - - - - 1892.4 1777.1 1638.1 1476.5 1293.5 1063.4 872.0
WT_ 1500/203x25 8.0 x 1.000 - - - - 1973.7 1940.4 1902.7 1815.5 1686.9 1541.0 1381.7 1212.5 1009.3 858.8
WT_ 1500/229x25 9.0 x - - - - 2242.5 2212.5 2178.5 2099.1 1980.9 1845.0 1694.9 1533.7 1364.1 1157.7
WT_ 1500/254x25 10.0 x - - - - - 2503.0 2478.2 2420.1 2332.8 2231.5 2118.5 1995.9 1865.8 1729.8
WT_ 1500/279x25 11.0 x - - - - - 2781.7 2762.7 2718.1 2650.7 2571.8 2483.2 2386.3 2282.6 2173.4
WT_ 1500/305x25 12.0 x - - - - - - 3038.8 3003.4 2949.6 2886.3 2814.7 2735.9 2651.1 2561.1
WT_ 1500/330x25 13.0 x - - - - - - - 3281.0 3237.0 3185.1 3125.9 3060.5 2989.6 2914.0
WT_ 1500/356x25 14.0 x - - - - - - - 3553.6 3517.0 3473.5 3423.8 3368.5 3308.4 3243.9
WT_ 1500/406x25 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 4046.5 4007.7 3963.0 3912.9 3858.0 3798.7
WT_ 1500/450x25 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 4499.0 4463.5 4422.4 4376.2 4325.2 4269.9
WT_ 1500/305x32 12.0 x 1.250 - - - - - - 3818.3 3785.0 3735.1 3677.3 3613.1 3543.8 3470.3 3393.8
WT_ 1500/330x32 13.0 x - - - - - - - 4115.1 4068.2 4013.6 3952.5 3885.9 3815.0 3740.7
WT_ 1500/356x32 14.0 x - - - - - - - 4444.4 4400.2 4348.5 4290.2 4226.4 4158.1 4085.9
WT_ 1500/406x32 16.0 x - - - - - - - - 5061.4 5014.8 4961.8 4903.1 4839.6 4772.0
WT_ 1500/450x32 17.7 x - - - - - - - - 5626.6 5583.7 5534.6 5480.0 5420.4 5356.6
aa bb cc dd ee
59.1 65.2 97.4 129.9

Table 3.4
SIN Beam Shear

Metric
Constants
ν 0.3 Poissons Ratio
E 200 GPa Youngs Modulas
Fy web 350 MPa Web Material Yield Strength
φs 0.75 Material Resistance Factor (Per CSA S136)
Physical Properties
Designation tw tw a3 w s Iz Dx Dz
ga mm mm mm mm mm4 kN m kN m
WT0 16 1.52 40 77.5 89 23250 0.056 60.0

WTA 14 1.90 40 77.5 89 31050 0.109 80.1
WTB 12 2.66 40 77.5 89 38850 0.299 100.3
WTC 11 3.04 43 77.5 91.5 53900 0.439 139.1
Shear Capacity
Designation Web tw Shear Local Buckling (EN) Global Buckling Shear
Depth Distortion τcr.l λcr.l χcr.l τcr.g λcr.g χcr.g Resistance
Area Vr
mm mm mm2 MPa MPa kN
a b c d e f g h i j k
WT0333 333 1.52 440 651.7 0.557 0.79 2016.4 0.317 1.00 60.5
WTA333 333 1.90 550 901.6 0.473 0.84 2369.4 0.292 1.00 80.2
WTB333 333 2.66 770 1508.4 0.366 0.91 2576.8 0.280 1.00 121.8
WTC333 333 3.04 857 1867.9 0.329 0.94 3171.4 0.252 1.00 143.5
WT0500 500 1.52 661 527.9 0.619 0.76 894.4 0.475 1.00 87.2
WTA500 500 1.90 826 747.0 0.520 0.81 1051.0 0.438 1.00 116.4
WTB500 500 2.66 1157 1291.9 0.395 0.89 1143.0 0.420 1.00 178.7
WTC500 500 3.04 1287 1606.5 0.355 0.92 1406.7 0.379 1.00 211.0
WT0610 610 1.52 806 483.6 0.646 0.74 601.7 0.580 1.00 104.4
WTA610 610 1.90 1007 691.6 0.541 0.80 707.0 0.535 1.00 139.9
WTB610 610 2.66 1410 1214.3 0.408 0.88 768.9 0.513 1.00 215.8
WTC610 610 3.04 1569 1512.8 0.365 0.91 946.3 0.462 1.00 255.0
WTA750 750 1.90 1239 644.2 0.560 0.79 467.1 0.658 1.00 169.9
WTB750 750 2.66 1735 1148.0 0.420 0.87 508.0 0.631 1.00 263.2
WTC750 750 3.04 1930 1432.7 0.376 0.90 625.2 0.569 1.00 311.3
WTA1000 1000 1.90 1652 592.9 0.584 0.78 262.7 0.877 1.00 222.9
WTB1000 1000 2.66 2314 1076.0 0.433 0.86 285.7 0.841 1.00 347.3
WTC1000 1000 3.04 2573 1345.9 0.387 0.89 351.7 0.758 1.00 411.2
WTA1219 1219 1.90 2014 565.1 0.598 0.77 176.8 1.069 0.91 269.1
WTB1219 1219 2.66 2821 1037.2 0.441 0.86 192.2 1.025 0.97 420.9
WTC1219 1219 3.04 3137 1299.0 0.394 0.89 236.6 0.924 1.00 498.7
WTA1500 1500 1.90 2478 541.5 0.611 0.76 116.8 1.315 0.67 290.1
WTB1500 1500 2.66 3470 1004.1 0.449 0.85 127.0 1.261 0.72 433.2
WTC1500 1500 3.04 3860 1259.0 0.401 0.88 156.3 1.137 0.84 577.8

Table 3.4
SIN Beam Shear

Imperial
Constants
ν 0.3 Poissons Ratio
E 29008 ksi Youngs Modulas
Fy web 51 ksi Web Material Yield Strength
φs 0.75 Material Resistance Factor (Per CSA S136)
Physical Properties
Designation tw tw a3 w s Iz Dx Dz
ga in in in in in4 kip ft kip ft
WT0 16 0.060 1.57 3.05 3.50 0.0559 0.0038 4.11

WTA 14 0.075 1.57 3.05 3.50 0.0746 0.0075 5.49
WTB 12 0.105 1.57 3.05 3.50 0.0933 0.0205 6.87
WTC 11 0.120 1.69 3.05 3.60 0.1295 0.0301 9.53
Shear Capacity
Designation Web t web Shear Local Buckling (EN) Global Buckling Shear
Depth Distortion τcr.l λcr.l χcr.l τcr.g λcr.g χcr.g Resistance
Area Vr
in in in2 ksi ksi kip
a b c d e f g h i j k
WT0333 13.11 0.060 0.683 94.5 0.557 0.79 292.4 0.317 1.00 13.6
WTA333 13.11 0.075 0.853 130.8 0.473 0.84 343.7 0.292 1.00 18.0
WTB333 13.11 0.105 1.194 218.8 0.366 0.91 373.7 0.280 1.00 27.4
WTC333 13.11 0.120 1.328 270.9 0.329 0.94 460.0 0.252 1.00 32.3
WT0500 19.69 0.060 1.025 76.6 0.619 0.76 129.7 0.475 1.00 19.6
WTA500 19.69 0.075 1.280 108.3 0.520 0.81 152.4 0.438 1.00 26.2
WTB500 19.69 0.105 1.793 187.4 0.395 0.89 165.8 0.420 1.00 40.2
WTC500 19.69 0.120 1.994 233.0 0.355 0.92 204.0 0.379 1.00 47.4
WT0610 24.00 0.060 1.250 70.1 0.646 0.74 87.3 0.580 1.00 23.5
WTA610 24.00 0.075 1.561 100.3 0.541 0.80 102.5 0.535 1.00 31.5
WTB610 24.00 0.105 2.186 176.1 0.408 0.88 111.5 0.513 1.00 48.5
WTC610 24.00 0.120 2.431 219.4 0.365 0.91 137.3 0.462 1.00 57.3
WTA750 29.53 0.075 1.921 93.4 0.560 0.79 67.7 0.658 1.00 38.2
WTB750 29.53 0.105 2.689 166.5 0.420 0.87 73.7 0.631 1.00 59.2
WTC750 29.53 0.120 2.991 207.8 0.376 0.90 90.7 0.569 1.00 70.0
WTA1000 39.37 0.075 2.561 86.0 0.584 0.78 38.1 0.877 1.00 50.1
WTB1000 39.37 0.105 3.586 156.1 0.433 0.86 41.4 0.841 1.00 78.1
WTC1000 39.37 0.120 3.988 195.2 0.387 0.89 51.0 0.758 1.00 92.4
WTA1219 48.00 0.075 3.122 82.0 0.598 0.77 25.6 1.069 0.91 60.5
WTB1219 48.00 0.105 4.372 150.4 0.441 0.86 27.9 1.025 0.97 94.6
WTC1219 48.00 0.120 4.862 188.4 0.394 0.89 34.3 0.924 1.00 112.1
WTA1500 59.06 0.075 3.841 78.5 0.611 0.76 16.9 1.315 0.67 65.2
WTB1500 59.06 0.105 5.379 145.6 0.449 0.85 18.4 1.261 0.72 97.4
WTC1500 59.06 0.120 5.982 182.6 0.401 0.88 22.7 1.137 0.84 129.9

Table 3.5a
(metric)
SIN Beam Axial Capacity

Metric
Depth of Flange Factored Compressive Resistance Cr (kN)
Web Width Thickness Area Effective length (mm) with respect to least radius of gyration (ry)
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
2
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm ) (mm)
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q
333 127 x 6 1612.9 36.7 4.63 508.1 390.1 276.6 190.6 134.3 98.0 74.1 57.7 46.1 37.6
127 x 10 2419.35 36.7 4.67 762.1 585.2 414.9 285.8 201.4 147.1 111.2 86.6 69.2 56.4
152 x 2903.22 44.0 3.89 914.5 769.4 596.7 439.5 322.9 241.7 185.5 145.9 117.3 96.2
178 x 3387.09 51.3 3.34 1066.9 947.6 784.1 612.4 469.0 360.9 282.0 224.4 181.9 149.9
203 x 3870.96 58.7 2.92 1219.4 1120.1 970.8 795.6 633.6 501.5 399.6 322.3 263.6 218.7
152 x 16 4838.7 44.0 3.97 1524.2 1282.4 994.5 732.5 538.1 402.8 309.2 243.2 195.5 160.3
178 x 5645.15 51.3 3.40 1778.2 1579.3 1306.9 1020.6 781.7 601.5 470.0 374.0 303.2 249.8
203 x 6451.6 58.7 2.97 2032.3 1866.8 1618.1 1326.0 1056.0 835.8 665.9 537.1 439.4 364.5
229 x 7258.05 66.0 2.64 2286.3 2147.0 1923.6 1638.2 1350.8 1098.8 893.2 731.0 604.3 505.1
254 x 8064.5 73.3 2.38 2540.3 2421.6 2222.1 1950.7 1657.5 1383.0 1146.9 952.8 796.5 671.4
279 x 8870.95 80.7 2.16 2794.3 2691.9 2514.1 2260.1 1969.4 1681.6 1421.5 1198.9 1014.0 862.3
305 x 9677.4 88.0 1.98 3048.4 2959.1 2800.3 2564.7 2282.4 1988.9 1711.6 1465.1 1253.8 1076.2
330 x 10483.85 95.3 1.83 3302.4 3223.8 3081.5 2864.2 2593.7 2300.7 2012.6 1747.1 1512.7 1310.7
203 x 25 10322.56 58.7 3.06 3251.6 2986.9 2588.9 2121.5 1689.7 1337.3 1065.5 859.4 703.0 583.3
229 x 11612.88 66.0 2.72 3658.1 3435.2 3077.7 2621.1 2161.3 1758.1 1429.2 1169.6 966.8 808.2
254 x 12903.2 73.3 2.45 4064.5 3874.5 3555.4 3121.1 2651.9 2212.8 1835.1 1524.5 1274.4 1074.2
279 x 14193.52 80.7 2.22 4471.0 4307.1 4022.6 3616.1 3151.1 2690.5 2274.4 1918.3 1622.3 1379.7
305 x 15483.84 88.0 2.04 4877.4 4734.5 4480.4 4103.6 3651.9 3182.3 2738.6 2344.1 2006.0 1721.9
330 x 16774.16 95.3 1.88 5283.9 5158.1 4930.4 4582.7 4149.9 3681.2 3220.1 2795.4 2420.2 2097.2
356 x 18064.48 102.7 1.75 5690.3 5578.7 5373.8 5053.7 4642.8 4182.1 3712.7 3265.9 2859.7 2501.4
406 x 20645.12 117.3 1.53 6503.2 6413.4 6245.3 5973.9 5609.4 5177.9 4712.1 4243.1 3794.0 3379.3
450 x 22860 129.9 1.38 7200.9 7125.0 6981.1 6744.6 6418.1 6018.1 5569.8 5100.1 4633.0 4186.1
305 x 32 19354.8 88.0 2.08 6096.8 5918.2 5600.5 5129.5 4564.8 3977.9 3423.3 2930.2 2507.5 2152.4
330 x 20967.7 95.3 1.92 6604.8 6447.7 6163.0 5728.4 5187.4 4601.4 4025.2 3494.3 3025.3 2621.5
356 x 22580.6 102.7 1.78 7112.9 6973.4 6717.2 6317.1 5803.6 5227.6 4640.9 4082.3 3574.6 3126.7
406 x 25806.4 117.3 1.56 8129.0 8016.8 7806.6 7467.4 7011.8 6472.3 5890.2 5303.9 4742.5 4224.1
450 x 28575 129.9 1.41 9001.1 8906.2 8726.4 8430.7 8022.6 7522.7 6962.2 6375.1 5791.2 5232.7

Table 3.5a
(metric)

Metric
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
2
500 127 x 6 1612.9 36.7 6.91 508.1 390.1 276.6 190.6 134.3 98.0 74.1 57.7 46.1 37.6
127 x 10 2419.35 36.7 6.95 762.1 585.2 414.9 285.8 201.4 147.1 111.2 86.6 69.2 56.4
152 x 2903.22 44.0 5.79 914.5 769.4 596.7 439.5 322.9 241.7 185.5 145.9 117.3 96.2
178 x 3387.09 51.3 4.96 1066.9 947.6 784.1 612.4 469.0 360.9 282.0 224.4 181.9 149.9
203 x 3870.96 58.7 4.34 1219.4 1120.1 970.8 795.6 633.6 501.5 399.6 322.3 263.6 218.7
152 x 16 4838.7 44.0 5.86 1524.2 1282.4 994.5 732.5 538.1 402.8 309.2 243.2 195.5 160.3
178 x 5645.15 51.3 5.03 1778.2 1579.3 1306.9 1020.6 781.7 601.5 470.0 374.0 303.2 249.8
203 x 6451.6 58.7 4.40 2032.3 1866.8 1618.1 1326.0 1056.0 835.8 665.9 537.1 439.4 364.5
229 x 7258.05 66.0 3.91 2286.3 2147.0 1923.6 1638.2 1350.8 1098.8 893.2 731.0 604.3 505.1
254 x 8064.5 73.3 3.52 2540.3 2421.6 2222.1 1950.7 1657.5 1383.0 1146.9 952.8 796.5 671.4
279 x 8870.95 80.7 3.20 2794.3 2691.9 2514.1 2260.1 1969.4 1681.6 1421.5 1198.9 1014.0 862.3
305 x 9677.4 88.0 2.93 3048.4 2959.1 2800.3 2564.7 2282.4 1988.9 1711.6 1465.1 1253.8 1076.2
330 x 10483.85 95.3 2.71 3302.4 3223.8 3081.5 2864.2 2593.7 2300.7 2012.6 1747.1 1512.7 1310.7
203 x 25 10322.56 58.7 4.48 3251.6 2986.9 2588.9 2121.5 1689.7 1337.3 1065.5 859.4 703.0 583.3
229 x 11612.88 66.0 3.98 3658.1 3435.2 3077.7 2621.1 2161.3 1758.1 1429.2 1169.6 966.8 808.2
254 x 12903.2 73.3 3.58 4064.5 3874.5 3555.4 3121.1 2651.9 2212.8 1835.1 1524.5 1274.4 1074.2
279 x 14193.52 80.7 3.26 4471.0 4307.1 4022.6 3616.1 3151.1 2690.5 2274.4 1918.3 1622.3 1379.7
305 x 15483.84 88.0 2.99 4877.4 4734.5 4480.4 4103.6 3651.9 3182.3 2738.6 2344.1 2006.0 1721.9
330 x 16774.16 95.3 2.76 5283.9 5158.1 4930.4 4582.7 4149.9 3681.2 3220.1 2795.4 2420.2 2097.2
356 x 18064.48 102.7 2.56 5690.3 5578.7 5373.8 5053.7 4642.8 4182.1 3712.7 3265.9 2859.7 2501.4
406 x 20645.12 117.3 2.24 6503.2 6413.4 6245.3 5973.9 5609.4 5177.9 4712.1 4243.1 3794.0 3379.3
450 x 22860 129.9 2.02 7200.9 7125.0 6981.1 6744.6 6418.1 6018.1 5569.8 5100.1 4633.0 4186.1
305 x 32 19354.8 88.0 3.02 6096.8 5918.2 5600.5 5129.5 4564.8 3977.9 3423.3 2930.2 2507.5 2152.4
330 x 20967.7 95.3 2.79 6604.8 6447.7 6163.0 5728.4 5187.4 4601.4 4025.2 3494.3 3025.3 2621.5
356 x 22580.6 102.7 2.59 7112.9 6973.4 6717.2 6317.1 5803.6 5227.6 4640.9 4082.3 3574.6 3126.7
406 x 25806.4 117.3 2.27 8129.0 8016.8 7806.6 7467.4 7011.8 6472.3 5890.2 5303.9 4742.5 4224.1
450 x 28575 129.9 2.05 9001.1 8906.2 8726.4 8430.7 8022.6 7522.7 6962.2 6375.1 5791.2 5232.7

Table 3.5a
(metric)

Metric
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
2
610 127 x 6 1612.9 36.7 8.40 508.1 390.1 276.6 190.6 134.3 98.0 74.1 57.7 46.1 37.6
127 x 10 2419.35 36.7 8.44 762.1 585.2 414.9 285.8 201.4 147.1 111.2 86.6 69.2 56.4
152 x 2903.22 44.0 7.04 914.5 769.4 596.7 439.5 322.9 241.7 185.5 145.9 117.3 96.2
178 x 3387.09 51.3 6.03 1066.9 947.6 784.1 612.4 469.0 360.9 282.0 224.4 181.9 149.9
203 x 3870.96 58.7 5.28 1219.4 1120.1 970.8 795.6 633.6 501.5 399.6 322.3 263.6 218.7
152 x 16 4838.7 44.0 7.11 1524.2 1282.4 994.5 732.5 538.1 402.8 309.2 243.2 195.5 160.3
178 x 5645.15 51.3 6.09 1778.2 1579.3 1306.9 1020.6 781.7 601.5 470.0 374.0 303.2 249.8
203 x 6451.6 58.7 5.33 2032.3 1866.8 1618.1 1326.0 1056.0 835.8 665.9 537.1 439.4 364.5
229 x 7258.05 66.0 4.74 2286.3 2147.0 1923.6 1638.2 1350.8 1098.8 893.2 731.0 604.3 505.1
254 x 8064.5 73.3 4.27 2540.3 2421.6 2222.1 1950.7 1657.5 1383.0 1146.9 952.8 796.5 671.4
279 x 8870.95 80.7 3.88 2794.3 2691.9 2514.1 2260.1 1969.4 1681.6 1421.5 1198.9 1014.0 862.3
305 x 9677.4 88.0 3.55 3048.4 2959.1 2800.3 2564.7 2282.4 1988.9 1711.6 1465.1 1253.8 1076.2
330 x 10483.85 95.3 3.28 3302.4 3223.8 3081.5 2864.2 2593.7 2300.7 2012.6 1747.1 1512.7 1310.7
203 x 25 10322.56 58.7 5.41 3251.6 2986.9 2588.9 2121.5 1689.7 1337.3 1065.5 859.4 703.0 583.3
229 x 11612.88 66.0 4.81 3658.1 3435.2 3077.7 2621.1 2161.3 1758.1 1429.2 1169.6 966.8 808.2
254 x 12903.2 73.3 4.33 4064.5 3874.5 3555.4 3121.1 2651.9 2212.8 1835.1 1524.5 1274.4 1074.2
279 x 14193.52 80.7 3.94 4471.0 4307.1 4022.6 3616.1 3151.1 2690.5 2274.4 1918.3 1622.3 1379.7
305 x 15483.84 88.0 3.61 4877.4 4734.5 4480.4 4103.6 3651.9 3182.3 2738.6 2344.1 2006.0 1721.9
330 x 16774.16 95.3 3.33 5283.9 5158.1 4930.4 4582.7 4149.9 3681.2 3220.1 2795.4 2420.2 2097.2
356 x 18064.48 102.7 3.09 5690.3 5578.7 5373.8 5053.7 4642.8 4182.1 3712.7 3265.9 2859.7 2501.4
406 x 20645.12 117.3 2.71 6503.2 6413.4 6245.3 5973.9 5609.4 5177.9 4712.1 4243.1 3794.0 3379.3
450 x 22860 129.9 2.44 7200.9 7125.0 6981.1 6744.6 6418.1 6018.1 5569.8 5100.1 4633.0 4186.1
305 x 32 19354.8 88.0 3.65 6096.8 5918.2 5600.5 5129.5 4564.8 3977.9 3423.3 2930.2 2507.5 2152.4
330 x 20967.7 95.3 3.37 6604.8 6447.7 6163.0 5728.4 5187.4 4601.4 4025.2 3494.3 3025.3 2621.5
356 x 22580.6 102.7 3.13 7112.9 6973.4 6717.2 6317.1 5803.6 5227.6 4640.9 4082.3 3574.6 3126.7
406 x 25806.4 117.3 2.73 8129.0 8016.8 7806.6 7467.4 7011.8 6472.3 5890.2 5303.9 4742.5 4224.1
450 x 28575 129.9 2.47 9001.1 8906.2 8726.4 8430.7 8022.6 7522.7 6962.2 6375.1 5791.2 5232.7

Table 3.5a
(metric)

Metric
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
2
750 127 x 6 1612.9 36.7 10.32 508.1 390.1 276.6 190.6 134.3 98.0 74.1 57.7 46.1 37.6
127 x 10 2419.35 36.7 10.36 762.1 585.2 414.9 285.8 201.4 147.1 111.2 86.6 69.2 56.4
152 x 2903.22 44.0 8.63 914.5 769.4 596.7 439.5 322.9 241.7 185.5 145.9 117.3 96.2
178 x 3387.09 51.3 7.40 1066.9 947.6 784.1 612.4 469.0 360.9 282.0 224.4 181.9 149.9
203 x 3870.96 58.7 6.47 1219.4 1120.1 970.8 795.6 633.6 501.5 399.6 322.3 263.6 218.7
152 x 16 4838.7 44.0 8.70 1524.2 1282.4 994.5 732.5 538.1 402.8 309.2 243.2 195.5 160.3
178 x 5645.15 51.3 7.46 1778.2 1579.3 1306.9 1020.6 781.7 601.5 470.0 374.0 303.2 249.8
203 x 6451.6 58.7 6.53 2032.3 1866.8 1618.1 1326.0 1056.0 835.8 665.9 537.1 439.4 364.5
229 x 7258.05 66.0 5.80 2286.3 2147.0 1923.6 1638.2 1350.8 1098.8 893.2 731.0 604.3 505.1
254 x 8064.5 73.3 5.22 2540.3 2421.6 2222.1 1950.7 1657.5 1383.0 1146.9 952.8 796.5 671.4
279 x 8870.95 80.7 4.75 2794.3 2691.9 2514.1 2260.1 1969.4 1681.6 1421.5 1198.9 1014.0 862.3
305 x 9677.4 88.0 4.35 3048.4 2959.1 2800.3 2564.7 2282.4 1988.9 1711.6 1465.1 1253.8 1076.2
330 x 10483.85 95.3 4.02 3302.4 3223.8 3081.5 2864.2 2593.7 2300.7 2012.6 1747.1 1512.7 1310.7
203 x 25 10322.56 58.7 6.61 3251.6 2986.9 2588.9 2121.5 1689.7 1337.3 1065.5 859.4 703.0 583.3
229 x 11612.88 66.0 5.88 3658.1 3435.2 3077.7 2621.1 2161.3 1758.1 1429.2 1169.6 966.8 808.2
254 x 12903.2 73.3 5.29 4064.5 3874.5 3555.4 3121.1 2651.9 2212.8 1835.1 1524.5 1274.4 1074.2
279 x 14193.52 80.7 4.81 4471.0 4307.1 4022.6 3616.1 3151.1 2690.5 2274.4 1918.3 1622.3 1379.7
305 x 15483.84 88.0 4.41 4877.4 4734.5 4480.4 4103.6 3651.9 3182.3 2738.6 2344.1 2006.0 1721.9
330 x 16774.16 95.3 4.07 5283.9 5158.1 4930.4 4582.7 4149.9 3681.2 3220.1 2795.4 2420.2 2097.2
356 x 18064.48 102.7 3.78 5690.3 5578.7 5373.8 5053.7 4642.8 4182.1 3712.7 3265.9 2859.7 2501.4
406 x 20645.12 117.3 3.31 6503.2 6413.4 6245.3 5973.9 5609.4 5177.9 4712.1 4243.1 3794.0 3379.3
450 x 22860 129.9 2.99 7200.9 7125.0 6981.1 6744.6 6418.1 6018.1 5569.8 5100.1 4633.0 4186.1
305 x 32 19354.8 88.0 4.44 6096.8 5918.2 5600.5 5129.5 4564.8 3977.9 3423.3 2930.2 2507.5 2152.4
330 x 20967.7 95.3 4.10 6604.8 6447.7 6163.0 5728.4 5187.4 4601.4 4025.2 3494.3 3025.3 2621.5
356 x 22580.6 102.7 3.81 7112.9 6973.4 6717.2 6317.1 5803.6 5227.6 4640.9 4082.3 3574.6 3126.7
406 x 25806.4 117.3 3.33 8129.0 8016.8 7806.6 7467.4 7011.8 6472.3 5890.2 5303.9 4742.5 4224.1
450 x 28575 129.9 3.01 9001.1 8906.2 8726.4 8430.7 8022.6 7522.7 6962.2 6375.1 5791.2 5232.7

Table 3.5a
(metric)

Metric
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
2
1000 127 x 6 1612.9 36.7 13.72 508.1 390.1 276.6 190.6 134.3 98.0 74.1 57.7 46.1 37.6
127 x 10 2419.35 36.7 13.77 762.1 585.2 414.9 285.8 201.4 147.1 111.2 86.6 69.2 56.4
152 x 2903.22 44.0 11.47 914.5 769.4 596.7 439.5 322.9 241.7 185.5 145.9 117.3 96.2
178 x 3387.09 51.3 9.83 1066.9 947.6 784.1 612.4 469.0 360.9 282.0 224.4 181.9 149.9
203 x 3870.96 58.7 8.61 1219.4 1120.1 970.8 795.6 633.6 501.5 399.6 322.3 263.6 218.7
152 x 16 4838.7 44.0 11.55 1524.2 1282.4 994.5 732.5 538.1 402.8 309.2 243.2 195.5 160.3
178 x 5645.15 51.3 9.90 1778.2 1579.3 1306.9 1020.6 781.7 601.5 470.0 374.0 303.2 249.8
203 x 6451.6 58.7 8.66 2032.3 1866.8 1618.1 1326.0 1056.0 835.8 665.9 537.1 439.4 364.5
229 x 7258.05 66.0 7.70 2286.3 2147.0 1923.6 1638.2 1350.8 1098.8 893.2 731.0 604.3 505.1
254 x 8064.5 73.3 6.93 2540.3 2421.6 2222.1 1950.7 1657.5 1383.0 1146.9 952.8 796.5 671.4
279 x 8870.95 80.7 6.30 2794.3 2691.9 2514.1 2260.1 1969.4 1681.6 1421.5 1198.9 1014.0 862.3
305 x 9677.4 88.0 5.77 3048.4 2959.1 2800.3 2564.7 2282.4 1988.9 1711.6 1465.1 1253.8 1076.2
330 x 10483.85 95.3 5.33 3302.4 3223.8 3081.5 2864.2 2593.7 2300.7 2012.6 1747.1 1512.7 1310.7
203 x 25 10322.56 58.7 8.74 3251.6 2986.9 2588.9 2121.5 1689.7 1337.3 1065.5 859.4 703.0 583.3
229 x 11612.88 66.0 7.77 3658.1 3435.2 3077.7 2621.1 2161.3 1758.1 1429.2 1169.6 966.8 808.2
254 x 12903.2 73.3 6.99 4064.5 3874.5 3555.4 3121.1 2651.9 2212.8 1835.1 1524.5 1274.4 1074.2
279 x 14193.52 80.7 6.36 4471.0 4307.1 4022.6 3616.1 3151.1 2690.5 2274.4 1918.3 1622.3 1379.7
305 x 15483.84 88.0 5.83 4877.4 4734.5 4480.4 4103.6 3651.9 3182.3 2738.6 2344.1 2006.0 1721.9
330 x 16774.16 95.3 5.38 5283.9 5158.1 4930.4 4582.7 4149.9 3681.2 3220.1 2795.4 2420.2 2097.2
356 x 18064.48 102.7 5.00 5690.3 5578.7 5373.8 5053.7 4642.8 4182.1 3712.7 3265.9 2859.7 2501.4
406 x 20645.12 117.3 4.37 6503.2 6413.4 6245.3 5973.9 5609.4 5177.9 4712.1 4243.1 3794.0 3379.3
450 x 22860 129.9 3.95 7200.9 7125.0 6981.1 6744.6 6418.1 6018.1 5569.8 5100.1 4633.0 4186.1
305 x 32 19354.8 88.0 5.86 6096.8 5918.2 5600.5 5129.5 4564.8 3977.9 3423.3 2930.2 2507.5 2152.4
330 x 20967.7 95.3 5.41 6604.8 6447.7 6163.0 5728.4 5187.4 4601.4 4025.2 3494.3 3025.3 2621.5
356 x 22580.6 102.7 5.03 7112.9 6973.4 6717.2 6317.1 5803.6 5227.6 4640.9 4082.3 3574.6 3126.7
406 x 25806.4 117.3 4.40 8129.0 8016.8 7806.6 7467.4 7011.8 6472.3 5890.2 5303.9 4742.5 4224.1
450 x 28575 129.9 3.97 9001.1 8906.2 8726.4 8430.7 8022.6 7522.7 6962.2 6375.1 5791.2 5232.7

Table 3.5a
(metric)

Metric
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
2
1219 127 x 6 1612.9 36.7 16.71 508.1 390.1 276.6 190.6 134.3 98.0 74.1 57.7 46.1 37.6
127 x 10 2419.35 36.7 16.76 762.1 585.2 414.9 285.8 201.4 147.1 111.2 86.6 69.2 56.4
152 x 2903.22 44.0 13.96 914.5 769.4 596.7 439.5 322.9 241.7 185.5 145.9 117.3 96.2
178 x 3387.09 51.3 11.97 1066.9 947.6 784.1 612.4 469.0 360.9 282.0 224.4 181.9 149.9
203 x 3870.96 58.7 10.47 1219.4 1120.1 970.8 795.6 633.6 501.5 399.6 322.3 263.6 218.7
152 x 16 4838.7 44.0 14.04 1524.2 1282.4 994.5 732.5 538.1 402.8 309.2 243.2 195.5 160.3
178 x 5645.15 51.3 12.03 1778.2 1579.3 1306.9 1020.6 781.7 601.5 470.0 374.0 303.2 249.8
203 x 6451.6 58.7 10.53 2032.3 1866.8 1618.1 1326.0 1056.0 835.8 665.9 537.1 439.4 364.5
229 x 7258.05 66.0 9.36 2286.3 2147.0 1923.6 1638.2 1350.8 1098.8 893.2 731.0 604.3 505.1
254 x 8064.5 73.3 8.42 2540.3 2421.6 2222.1 1950.7 1657.5 1383.0 1146.9 952.8 796.5 671.4
279 x 8870.95 80.7 7.66 2794.3 2691.9 2514.1 2260.1 1969.4 1681.6 1421.5 1198.9 1014.0 862.3
305 x 9677.4 88.0 7.02 3048.4 2959.1 2800.3 2564.7 2282.4 1988.9 1711.6 1465.1 1253.8 1076.2
330 x 10483.85 95.3 6.48 3302.4 3223.8 3081.5 2864.2 2593.7 2300.7 2012.6 1747.1 1512.7 1310.7
203 x 25 10322.56 58.7 10.61 3251.6 2986.9 2588.9 2121.5 1689.7 1337.3 1065.5 859.4 703.0 583.3
229 x 11612.88 66.0 9.43 3658.1 3435.2 3077.7 2621.1 2161.3 1758.1 1429.2 1169.6 966.8 808.2
254 x 12903.2 73.3 8.49 4064.5 3874.5 3555.4 3121.1 2651.9 2212.8 1835.1 1524.5 1274.4 1074.2
279 x 14193.52 80.7 7.72 4471.0 4307.1 4022.6 3616.1 3151.1 2690.5 2274.4 1918.3 1622.3 1379.7
305 x 15483.84 88.0 7.07 4877.4 4734.5 4480.4 4103.6 3651.9 3182.3 2738.6 2344.1 2006.0 1721.9
330 x 16774.16 95.3 6.53 5283.9 5158.1 4930.4 4582.7 4149.9 3681.2 3220.1 2795.4 2420.2 2097.2
356 x 18064.48 102.7 6.06 5690.3 5578.7 5373.8 5053.7 4642.8 4182.1 3712.7 3265.9 2859.7 2501.4
406 x 20645.12 117.3 5.30 6503.2 6413.4 6245.3 5973.9 5609.4 5177.9 4712.1 4243.1 3794.0 3379.3
450 x 22860 129.9 4.79 7200.9 7125.0 6981.1 6744.6 6418.1 6018.1 5569.8 5100.1 4633.0 4186.1
305 x 32 19354.8 88.0 7.11 6096.8 5918.2 5600.5 5129.5 4564.8 3977.9 3423.3 2930.2 2507.5 2152.4
330 x 20967.7 95.3 6.56 6604.8 6447.7 6163.0 5728.4 5187.4 4601.4 4025.2 3494.3 3025.3 2621.5
356 x 22580.6 102.7 6.09 7112.9 6973.4 6717.2 6317.1 5803.6 5227.6 4640.9 4082.3 3574.6 3126.7
406 x 25806.4 117.3 5.33 8129.0 8016.8 7806.6 7467.4 7011.8 6472.3 5890.2 5303.9 4742.5 4224.1
450 x 28575 129.9 4.82 9001.1 8906.2 8726.4 8430.7 8022.6 7522.7 6962.2 6375.1 5791.2 5232.7

Table 3.5a
(metric)

Metric
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
2
1500 127 x 6 1612.9 36.7 20.54 508.1 390.1 276.6 190.6 134.3 98.0 74.1 57.7 46.1 37.6
127 x 10 2419.35 36.7 20.59 762.1 585.2 414.9 285.8 201.4 147.1 111.2 86.6 69.2 56.4
152 x 2903.22 44.0 17.16 914.5 769.4 596.7 439.5 322.9 241.7 185.5 145.9 117.3 96.2
178 x 3387.09 51.3 14.71 1066.9 947.6 784.1 612.4 469.0 360.9 282.0 224.4 181.9 149.9
203 x 3870.96 58.7 12.87 1219.4 1120.1 970.8 795.6 633.6 501.5 399.6 322.3 263.6 218.7
152 x 16 4838.7 44.0 17.23 1524.2 1282.4 994.5 732.5 538.1 402.8 309.2 243.2 195.5 160.3
178 x 5645.15 51.3 14.77 1778.2 1579.3 1306.9 1020.6 781.7 601.5 470.0 374.0 303.2 249.8
203 x 6451.6 58.7 12.92 2032.3 1866.8 1618.1 1326.0 1056.0 835.8 665.9 537.1 439.4 364.5
229 x 7258.05 66.0 11.49 2286.3 2147.0 1923.6 1638.2 1350.8 1098.8 893.2 731.0 604.3 505.1
254 x 8064.5 73.3 10.34 2540.3 2421.6 2222.1 1950.7 1657.5 1383.0 1146.9 952.8 796.5 671.4
279 x 8870.95 80.7 9.40 2794.3 2691.9 2514.1 2260.1 1969.4 1681.6 1421.5 1198.9 1014.0 862.3
305 x 9677.4 88.0 8.61 3048.4 2959.1 2800.3 2564.7 2282.4 1988.9 1711.6 1465.1 1253.8 1076.2
330 x 10483.85 95.3 7.95 3302.4 3223.8 3081.5 2864.2 2593.7 2300.7 2012.6 1747.1 1512.7 1310.7
203 x 25 10322.56 58.7 13.00 3251.6 2986.9 2588.9 2121.5 1689.7 1337.3 1065.5 859.4 703.0 583.3
229 x 11612.88 66.0 11.56 3658.1 3435.2 3077.7 2621.1 2161.3 1758.1 1429.2 1169.6 966.8 808.2
254 x 12903.2 73.3 10.40 4064.5 3874.5 3555.4 3121.1 2651.9 2212.8 1835.1 1524.5 1274.4 1074.2
279 x 14193.52 80.7 9.46 4471.0 4307.1 4022.6 3616.1 3151.1 2690.5 2274.4 1918.3 1622.3 1379.7
305 x 15483.84 88.0 8.67 4877.4 4734.5 4480.4 4103.6 3651.9 3182.3 2738.6 2344.1 2006.0 1721.9
330 x 16774.16 95.3 8.00 5283.9 5158.1 4930.4 4582.7 4149.9 3681.2 3220.1 2795.4 2420.2 2097.2
356 x 18064.48 102.7 7.43 5690.3 5578.7 5373.8 5053.7 4642.8 4182.1 3712.7 3265.9 2859.7 2501.4
406 x 20645.12 117.3 6.50 6503.2 6413.4 6245.3 5973.9 5609.4 5177.9 4712.1 4243.1 3794.0 3379.3
450 x 22860 129.9 5.87 7200.9 7125.0 6981.1 6744.6 6418.1 6018.1 5569.8 5100.1 4633.0 4186.1
305 x 32 19354.8 88.0 8.70 6096.8 5918.2 5600.5 5129.5 4564.8 3977.9 3423.3 2930.2 2507.5 2152.4
330 x 20967.7 95.3 8.04 6604.8 6447.7 6163.0 5728.4 5187.4 4601.4 4025.2 3494.3 3025.3 2621.5
356 x 22580.6 102.7 7.46 7112.9 6973.4 6717.2 6317.1 5803.6 5227.6 4640.9 4082.3 3574.6 3126.7
406 x 25806.4 117.3 6.53 8129.0 8016.8 7806.6 7467.4 7011.8 6472.3 5890.2 5303.9 4742.5 4224.1
450 x 28575 129.9 5.90 9001.1 8906.2 8726.4 8430.7 8022.6 7522.7 6962.2 6375.1 5791.2 5232.7

Table 3.5b
(imperial)

Imperial
Designation Depth of Flange Factored Compressive Resistance Vr (kip)
Web Width Thickness Area Effective length (ft) with respect to least radius of gyration (ry)
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(in) (in) (in) (in2) (in)
WT_ 333/127x6 13.1 5.0 x 1/4 2.50 1.44 4.63 114.2 99.4 61.1 34.9 21.4 14.2 10.1 7.5 5.7 4.6
WT_ 333/127x10 5.0 x 3/8 3.75 1.44 4.67 171.3 149.1 91.6 52.4 32.1 21.3 15.1 11.2 8.6 6.8
WT_ 333/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 1.73 3.89 205.6 188.2 132.3 82.7 52.9 35.8 25.6 19.1 14.8 11.7
WT_ 333/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 2.02 3.34 239.9 226.0 174.4 118.2 79.2 54.9 39.7 29.9 23.2 18.5
WT_ 333/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 2.31 2.92 274.1 262.8 216.4 157.3 110.3 78.5 57.6 43.7 34.1 27.3
WT_ 333/152x16 6.0 x 5/8 7.50 1.73 3.97 342.7 313.7 220.5 137.8 88.2 59.7 42.7 31.8 24.6 19.6
WT_ 333/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 2.02 3.40 399.8 376.6 290.6 197.1 132.0 91.5 66.2 49.8 38.6 30.8
WT_ 333/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 2.31 2.97 456.9 438.0 360.7 262.2 183.8 130.8 96.1 72.9 56.9 45.5
WT_ 333/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 2.60 2.64 514.0 498.3 429.6 330.7 242.1 177.2 132.3 101.4 79.7 64.0
WT_ 333/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 2.89 2.38 571.1 557.8 496.9 400.7 305.4 229.7 174.6 135.3 107.1 86.5
WT_ 333/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 3.18 2.16 628.2 616.8 562.8 471.1 372.1 287.5 222.6 174.7 139.4 113.2
WT_ 333/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 3.46 1.98 685.3 675.4 627.3 541.0 440.9 349.5 275.7 219.1 176.4 144.1
WT_ 333/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 3.75 1.83 742.4 733.8 690.8 610.1 510.9 414.7 333.1 268.2 218.0 179.3
WT_ 333/203x25 8.0 x 1 16.00 2.31 3.06 731.0 700.8 577.1 419.5 294.0 209.3 153.7 116.6 91.0 72.8
WT_ 333/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 2.60 2.72 822.4 797.3 687.3 529.1 387.4 283.4 211.7 162.2 127.5 102.4
WT_ 333/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 2.89 2.45 913.7 892.5 795.1 641.2 488.7 367.5 279.4 216.5 171.4 138.4
WT_ 333/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 3.18 2.22 1005.1 986.9 900.5 753.8 595.4 460.0 356.2 279.4 223.0 181.1
WT_ 333/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 3.46 2.04 1096.5 1080.7 1003.7 865.6 705.5 559.2 441.1 350.5 282.2 230.6
WT_ 333/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 3.75 1.88 1187.9 1174.0 1105.2 976.2 817.4 663.5 532.9 429.1 348.8 286.9
WT_ 333/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 4.04 1.75 1279.2 1267.0 1205.2 1085.2 930.0 771.5 630.6 514.6 422.3 349.8
WT_ 333/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 4.62 1.53 1462.0 1452.2 1401.6 1298.4 1154.2 993.7 839.0 702.5 588.1 494.4
WT_ 333/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 5.11 1.38 1618.8 1610.5 1567.3 1476.6 1343.6 1186.9 1026.7 877.8 747.3 636.7
WT_ 333/305x32 12.0 x 1 1/4 30.00 3.46 2.08 1370.6 1350.9 1254.7 1082.1 881.8 699.0 551.3 438.1 352.8 288.2
WT_ 333/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 3.75 1.92 1484.8 1467.5 1381.5 1220.3 1021.8 829.4 666.2 536.4 436.0 358.6
WT_ 333/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 4.04 1.78 1599.0 1583.7 1506.5 1356.5 1162.5 964.3 788.3 643.2 527.8 437.2
WT_ 333/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 4.62 1.56 1827.5 1815.2 1752.0 1623.0 1442.7 1242.1 1048.7 878.2 735.1 618.0
WT_ 333/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 5.11 1.41 2023.5 2013.2 1959.2 1845.7 1679.5 1483.6 1283.4 1097.3 934.1 795.8

Table 3.5b
(imperial)

Imperial
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
WT_ 500/127x6 19.7 5.0 x 1/4 2.50 1.44 6.91 114.2 99.4 61.1 34.9 21.4 14.2 10.1 7.5 5.7 4.6
WT_ 500/127x10 5.0 x 3/8 3.75 1.44 6.95 171.3 149.1 91.6 52.4 32.1 21.3 15.1 11.2 8.6 6.8
WT_ 500/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 1.73 5.79 205.6 188.2 132.3 82.7 52.9 35.8 25.6 19.1 14.8 11.7
WT_ 500/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 2.02 4.96 239.9 226.0 174.4 118.2 79.2 54.9 39.7 29.9 23.2 18.5
WT_ 500/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 2.31 4.34 274.1 262.8 216.4 157.3 110.3 78.5 57.6 43.7 34.1 27.3
WT_ 500/152x16 6.0 x 5/8 7.50 1.73 5.86 342.7 313.7 220.5 137.8 88.2 59.7 42.7 31.8 24.6 19.6
WT_ 500/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 2.02 5.03 399.8 376.6 290.6 197.1 132.0 91.5 66.2 49.8 38.6 30.8
WT_ 500/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 2.31 4.40 456.9 438.0 360.7 262.2 183.8 130.8 96.1 72.9 56.9 45.5
WT_ 500/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 2.60 3.91 514.0 498.3 429.6 330.7 242.1 177.2 132.3 101.4 79.7 64.0
WT_ 500/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 2.89 3.52 571.1 557.8 496.9 400.7 305.4 229.7 174.6 135.3 107.1 86.5
WT_ 500/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 3.18 3.20 628.2 616.8 562.8 471.1 372.1 287.5 222.6 174.7 139.4 113.2
WT_ 500/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 3.46 2.93 685.3 675.4 627.3 541.0 440.9 349.5 275.7 219.1 176.4 144.1
WT_ 500/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 3.75 2.71 742.4 733.8 690.8 610.1 510.9 414.7 333.1 268.2 218.0 179.3
WT_ 500/203x25 8.0 x 1 16.00 2.31 4.48 731.0 700.8 577.1 419.5 294.0 209.3 153.7 116.6 91.0 72.8
WT_ 500/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 2.60 3.98 822.4 797.3 687.3 529.1 387.4 283.4 211.7 162.2 127.5 102.4
WT_ 500/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 2.89 3.58 913.7 892.5 795.1 641.2 488.7 367.5 279.4 216.5 171.4 138.4
WT_ 500/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 3.18 3.26 1005.1 986.9 900.5 753.8 595.4 460.0 356.2 279.4 223.0 181.1
WT_ 500/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 3.46 2.99 1096.5 1080.7 1003.7 865.6 705.5 559.2 441.1 350.5 282.2 230.6
WT_ 500/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 3.75 2.76 1187.9 1174.0 1105.2 976.2 817.4 663.5 532.9 429.1 348.8 286.9
WT_ 500/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 4.04 2.56 1279.2 1267.0 1205.2 1085.2 930.0 771.5 630.6 514.6 422.3 349.8
WT_ 500/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 4.62 2.24 1462.0 1452.2 1401.6 1298.4 1154.2 993.7 839.0 702.5 588.1 494.4
WT_ 500/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 5.11 2.02 1618.8 1610.5 1567.3 1476.6 1343.6 1186.9 1026.7 877.8 747.3 636.7
WT_ 500/305x32 12.0 x 1 1/4 30.00 3.46 3.02 1370.6 1350.9 1254.7 1082.1 881.8 699.0 551.3 438.1 352.8 288.2
WT_ 500/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 3.75 2.79 1484.8 1467.5 1381.5 1220.3 1021.8 829.4 666.2 536.4 436.0 358.6
WT_ 500/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 4.04 2.59 1599.0 1583.7 1506.5 1356.5 1162.5 964.3 788.3 643.2 527.8 437.2
WT_ 500/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 4.62 2.27 1827.5 1815.2 1752.0 1623.0 1442.7 1242.1 1048.7 878.2 735.1 618.0
WT_ 500/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 5.11 2.05 2023.5 2013.2 1959.2 1845.7 1679.5 1483.6 1283.4 1097.3 934.1 795.8

Table 3.5b
(imperial)

Imperial
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
WT_ 610/127x6 24.0 5.0 x 1/4 2.50 1.44 8.40 114.2 99.4 61.1 34.9 21.4 14.2 10.1 7.5 5.7 4.6
WT_ 610/127x10 5.0 x 3/8 3.75 1.44 8.44 171.3 149.1 91.6 52.4 32.1 21.3 15.1 11.2 8.6 6.8
WT_ 610/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 1.73 7.04 205.6 188.2 132.3 82.7 52.9 35.8 25.6 19.1 14.8 11.7
WT_ 610/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 2.02 6.03 239.9 226.0 174.4 118.2 79.2 54.9 39.7 29.9 23.2 18.5
WT_ 610/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 2.31 5.28 274.1 262.8 216.4 157.3 110.3 78.5 57.6 43.7 34.1 27.3
WT_ 610/152x16 6.0 x 5/8 7.50 1.73 7.11 342.7 313.7 220.5 137.8 88.2 59.7 42.7 31.8 24.6 19.6
WT_ 610/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 2.02 6.09 399.8 376.6 290.6 197.1 132.0 91.5 66.2 49.8 38.6 30.8
WT_ 610/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 2.31 5.33 456.9 438.0 360.7 262.2 183.8 130.8 96.1 72.9 56.9 45.5
WT_ 610/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 2.60 4.74 514.0 498.3 429.6 330.7 242.1 177.2 132.3 101.4 79.7 64.0
WT_ 610/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 2.89 4.27 571.1 557.8 496.9 400.7 305.4 229.7 174.6 135.3 107.1 86.5
WT_ 610/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 3.18 3.88 628.2 616.8 562.8 471.1 372.1 287.5 222.6 174.7 139.4 113.2
WT_ 610/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 3.46 3.55 685.3 675.4 627.3 541.0 440.9 349.5 275.7 219.1 176.4 144.1
WT_ 610/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 3.75 3.28 742.4 733.8 690.8 610.1 510.9 414.7 333.1 268.2 218.0 179.3
WT_ 610/203x25 8.0 x 1 16.00 2.31 5.41 731.0 700.8 577.1 419.5 294.0 209.3 153.7 116.6 91.0 72.8
WT_ 610/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 2.60 4.81 822.4 797.3 687.3 529.1 387.4 283.4 211.7 162.2 127.5 102.4
WT_ 610/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 2.89 4.33 913.7 892.5 795.1 641.2 488.7 367.5 279.4 216.5 171.4 138.4
WT_ 610/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 3.18 3.94 1005.1 986.9 900.5 753.8 595.4 460.0 356.2 279.4 223.0 181.1
WT_ 610/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 3.46 3.61 1096.5 1080.7 1003.7 865.6 705.5 559.2 441.1 350.5 282.2 230.6
WT_ 610/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 3.75 3.33 1187.9 1174.0 1105.2 976.2 817.4 663.5 532.9 429.1 348.8 286.9
WT_ 610/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 4.04 3.09 1279.2 1267.0 1205.2 1085.2 930.0 771.5 630.6 514.6 422.3 349.8
WT_ 610/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 4.62 2.71 1462.0 1452.2 1401.6 1298.4 1154.2 993.7 839.0 702.5 588.1 494.4
WT_ 610/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 5.11 2.44 1618.8 1610.5 1567.3 1476.6 1343.6 1186.9 1026.7 877.8 747.3 636.7
WT_ 610/305x32 12.0 x 1 1/4 30.00 3.46 3.65 1370.6 1350.9 1254.7 1082.1 881.8 699.0 551.3 438.1 352.8 288.2
WT_ 610/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 3.75 3.37 1484.8 1467.5 1381.5 1220.3 1021.8 829.4 666.2 536.4 436.0 358.6
WT_ 610/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 4.04 3.13 1599.0 1583.7 1506.5 1356.5 1162.5 964.3 788.3 643.2 527.8 437.2
WT_ 610/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 4.62 2.73 1827.5 1815.2 1752.0 1623.0 1442.7 1242.1 1048.7 878.2 735.1 618.0
WT_ 610/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 5.11 2.47 2023.5 2013.2 1959.2 1845.7 1679.5 1483.6 1283.4 1097.3 934.1 795.8

Table 3.5b
(imperial)

Imperial
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
WT_ 750/127x6 29.5 5.0 x 1/4 2.50 1.44 10.32 114.2 99.4 61.1 34.9 21.4 14.2 10.1 7.5 5.7 4.6
WT_ 750/127x10 5.0 x 3/8 3.75 1.44 10.36 171.3 149.1 91.6 52.4 32.1 21.3 15.1 11.2 8.6 6.8
WT_ 750/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 1.73 8.63 205.6 188.2 132.3 82.7 52.9 35.8 25.6 19.1 14.8 11.7
WT_ 750/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 2.02 7.40 239.9 226.0 174.4 118.2 79.2 54.9 39.7 29.9 23.2 18.5
WT_ 750/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 2.31 6.47 274.1 262.8 216.4 157.3 110.3 78.5 57.6 43.7 34.1 27.3
WT_ 750/152x16 6.0 x 5/8 7.50 1.73 8.70 342.7 313.7 220.5 137.8 88.2 59.7 42.7 31.8 24.6 19.6
WT_ 750/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 2.02 7.46 399.8 376.6 290.6 197.1 132.0 91.5 66.2 49.8 38.6 30.8
WT_ 750/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 2.31 6.53 456.9 438.0 360.7 262.2 183.8 130.8 96.1 72.9 56.9 45.5
WT_ 750/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 2.60 5.80 514.0 498.3 429.6 330.7 242.1 177.2 132.3 101.4 79.7 64.0
WT_ 750/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 2.89 5.22 571.1 557.8 496.9 400.7 305.4 229.7 174.6 135.3 107.1 86.5
WT_ 750/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 3.18 4.75 628.2 616.8 562.8 471.1 372.1 287.5 222.6 174.7 139.4 113.2
WT_ 750/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 3.46 4.35 685.3 675.4 627.3 541.0 440.9 349.5 275.7 219.1 176.4 144.1
WT_ 750/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 3.75 4.02 742.4 733.8 690.8 610.1 510.9 414.7 333.1 268.2 218.0 179.3
WT_ 750/203x25 8.0 x 1 16.00 2.31 6.61 731.0 700.8 577.1 419.5 294.0 209.3 153.7 116.6 91.0 72.8
WT_ 750/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 2.60 5.88 822.4 797.3 687.3 529.1 387.4 283.4 211.7 162.2 127.5 102.4
WT_ 750/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 2.89 5.29 913.7 892.5 795.1 641.2 488.7 367.5 279.4 216.5 171.4 138.4
WT_ 750/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 3.18 4.81 1005.1 986.9 900.5 753.8 595.4 460.0 356.2 279.4 223.0 181.1
WT_ 750/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 3.46 4.41 1096.5 1080.7 1003.7 865.6 705.5 559.2 441.1 350.5 282.2 230.6
WT_ 750/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 3.75 4.07 1187.9 1174.0 1105.2 976.2 817.4 663.5 532.9 429.1 348.8 286.9
WT_ 750/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 4.04 3.78 1279.2 1267.0 1205.2 1085.2 930.0 771.5 630.6 514.6 422.3 349.8
WT_ 750/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 4.62 3.31 1462.0 1452.2 1401.6 1298.4 1154.2 993.7 839.0 702.5 588.1 494.4
WT_ 750/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 5.11 2.99 1618.8 1610.5 1567.3 1476.6 1343.6 1186.9 1026.7 877.8 747.3 636.7
WT_ 750/305x32 12.0 x 1 1/4 30.00 3.46 4.44 1370.6 1350.9 1254.7 1082.1 881.8 699.0 551.3 438.1 352.8 288.2
WT_ 750/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 3.75 4.10 1484.8 1467.5 1381.5 1220.3 1021.8 829.4 666.2 536.4 436.0 358.6
WT_ 750/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 4.04 3.81 1599.0 1583.7 1506.5 1356.5 1162.5 964.3 788.3 643.2 527.8 437.2
WT_ 750/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 4.62 3.33 1827.5 1815.2 1752.0 1623.0 1442.7 1242.1 1048.7 878.2 735.1 618.0
WT_ 750/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 5.11 3.01 2023.5 2013.2 1959.2 1845.7 1679.5 1483.6 1283.4 1097.3 934.1 795.8

Table 3.5b
(imperial)

Imperial
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
WT_ 1000/127x6 39.4 5.0 x 1/4 2.50 1.44 13.72 114.2 99.4 61.1 34.9 21.4 14.2 10.1 7.5 5.7 4.6
WT_ 1000/127x10 5.0 x 3/8 3.75 1.44 13.77 171.3 149.1 91.6 52.4 32.1 21.3 15.1 11.2 8.6 6.8
WT_ 1000/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 1.73 11.47 205.6 188.2 132.3 82.7 52.9 35.8 25.6 19.1 14.8 11.7
WT_ 1000/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 2.02 9.83 239.9 226.0 174.4 118.2 79.2 54.9 39.7 29.9 23.2 18.5
WT_ 1000/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 2.31 8.61 274.1 262.8 216.4 157.3 110.3 78.5 57.6 43.7 34.1 27.3
WT_ 1000/152x16 6.0 x 5/8 7.50 1.73 11.55 342.7 313.7 220.5 137.8 88.2 59.7 42.7 31.8 24.6 19.6
WT_ 1000/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 2.02 9.90 399.8 376.6 290.6 197.1 132.0 91.5 66.2 49.8 38.6 30.8
WT_ 1000/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 2.31 8.66 456.9 438.0 360.7 262.2 183.8 130.8 96.1 72.9 56.9 45.5
WT_ 1000/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 2.60 7.70 514.0 498.3 429.6 330.7 242.1 177.2 132.3 101.4 79.7 64.0
WT_ 1000/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 2.89 6.93 571.1 557.8 496.9 400.7 305.4 229.7 174.6 135.3 107.1 86.5
WT_ 1000/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 3.18 6.30 628.2 616.8 562.8 471.1 372.1 287.5 222.6 174.7 139.4 113.2
WT_ 1000/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 3.46 5.77 685.3 675.4 627.3 541.0 440.9 349.5 275.7 219.1 176.4 144.1
WT_ 1000/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 3.75 5.33 742.4 733.8 690.8 610.1 510.9 414.7 333.1 268.2 218.0 179.3
WT_ 1000/203x25 8.0 x 1 16.00 2.31 8.74 731.0 700.8 577.1 419.5 294.0 209.3 153.7 116.6 91.0 72.8
WT_ 1000/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 2.60 7.77 822.4 797.3 687.3 529.1 387.4 283.4 211.7 162.2 127.5 102.4
WT_ 1000/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 2.89 6.99 913.7 892.5 795.1 641.2 488.7 367.5 279.4 216.5 171.4 138.4
WT_ 1000/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 3.18 6.36 1005.1 986.9 900.5 753.8 595.4 460.0 356.2 279.4 223.0 181.1
WT_ 1000/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 3.46 5.83 1096.5 1080.7 1003.7 865.6 705.5 559.2 441.1 350.5 282.2 230.6
WT_ 1000/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 3.75 5.38 1187.9 1174.0 1105.2 976.2 817.4 663.5 532.9 429.1 348.8 286.9
WT_ 1000/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 4.04 5.00 1279.2 1267.0 1205.2 1085.2 930.0 771.5 630.6 514.6 422.3 349.8
WT_ 1000/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 4.62 4.37 1462.0 1452.2 1401.6 1298.4 1154.2 993.7 839.0 702.5 588.1 494.4
WT_ 1000/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 5.11 3.95 1618.8 1610.5 1567.3 1476.6 1343.6 1186.9 1026.7 877.8 747.3 636.7
WT_ 1000/305x32 12.0 x 1 1/4 30.00 3.46 5.86 1370.6 1350.9 1254.7 1082.1 881.8 699.0 551.3 438.1 352.8 288.2
WT_ 1000/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 3.75 5.41 1484.8 1467.5 1381.5 1220.3 1021.8 829.4 666.2 536.4 436.0 358.6
WT_ 1000/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 4.04 5.03 1599.0 1583.7 1506.5 1356.5 1162.5 964.3 788.3 643.2 527.8 437.2
WT_ 1000/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 4.62 4.40 1827.5 1815.2 1752.0 1623.0 1442.7 1242.1 1048.7 878.2 735.1 618.0
WT_ 1000/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 5.11 3.97 2023.5 2013.2 1959.2 1845.7 1679.5 1483.6 1283.4 1097.3 934.1 795.8

Table 3.5b
(imperial)

Imperial
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
WT_ 1219/127x6 48.0 5.0 x 1/4 2.50 1.44 16.71 114.2 99.4 61.1 34.9 21.4 14.2 10.1 7.5 5.7 4.6
WT_ 1219/127x10 5.0 x 3/8 3.75 1.44 16.76 171.3 149.1 91.6 52.4 32.1 21.3 15.1 11.2 8.6 6.8
WT_ 1219/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 1.73 13.96 205.6 188.2 132.3 82.7 52.9 35.8 25.6 19.1 14.8 11.7
WT_ 1219/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 2.02 11.97 239.9 226.0 174.4 118.2 79.2 54.9 39.7 29.9 23.2 18.5
WT_ 1219/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 2.31 10.47 274.1 262.8 216.4 157.3 110.3 78.5 57.6 43.7 34.1 27.3
WT_ 1219/152x16 6.0 x 5/8 7.50 1.73 14.04 342.7 313.7 220.5 137.8 88.2 59.7 42.7 31.8 24.6 19.6
WT_ 1219/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 2.02 12.03 399.8 376.6 290.6 197.1 132.0 91.5 66.2 49.8 38.6 30.8
WT_ 1219/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 2.31 10.53 456.9 438.0 360.7 262.2 183.8 130.8 96.1 72.9 56.9 45.5
WT_ 1219/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 2.60 9.36 514.0 498.3 429.6 330.7 242.1 177.2 132.3 101.4 79.7 64.0
WT_ 1219/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 2.89 8.42 571.1 557.8 496.9 400.7 305.4 229.7 174.6 135.3 107.1 86.5
WT_ 1219/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 3.18 7.66 628.2 616.8 562.8 471.1 372.1 287.5 222.6 174.7 139.4 113.2
WT_ 1219/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 3.46 7.02 685.3 675.4 627.3 541.0 440.9 349.5 275.7 219.1 176.4 144.1
WT_ 1219/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 3.75 6.48 742.4 733.8 690.8 610.1 510.9 414.7 333.1 268.2 218.0 179.3
WT_ 1219/203x25 8.0 x 1 16.00 2.31 10.61 731.0 700.8 577.1 419.5 294.0 209.3 153.7 116.6 91.0 72.8
WT_ 1219/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 2.60 9.43 822.4 797.3 687.3 529.1 387.4 283.4 211.7 162.2 127.5 102.4
WT_ 1219/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 2.89 8.49 913.7 892.5 795.1 641.2 488.7 367.5 279.4 216.5 171.4 138.4
WT_ 1219/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 3.18 7.72 1005.1 986.9 900.5 753.8 595.4 460.0 356.2 279.4 223.0 181.1
WT_ 1219/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 3.46 7.07 1096.5 1080.7 1003.7 865.6 705.5 559.2 441.1 350.5 282.2 230.6
WT_ 1219/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 3.75 6.53 1187.9 1174.0 1105.2 976.2 817.4 663.5 532.9 429.1 348.8 286.9
WT_ 1219/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 4.04 6.06 1279.2 1267.0 1205.2 1085.2 930.0 771.5 630.6 514.6 422.3 349.8
WT_ 1219/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 4.62 5.30 1462.0 1452.2 1401.6 1298.4 1154.2 993.7 839.0 702.5 588.1 494.4
WT_ 1219/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 5.11 4.79 1618.8 1610.5 1567.3 1476.6 1343.6 1186.9 1026.7 877.8 747.3 636.7
WT_ 1219/305x32 12.0 x 1 1/4 30.00 3.46 7.11 1370.6 1350.9 1254.7 1082.1 881.8 699.0 551.3 438.1 352.8 288.2
WT_ 1219/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 3.75 6.56 1484.8 1467.5 1381.5 1220.3 1021.8 829.4 666.2 536.4 436.0 358.6
WT_ 1219/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 4.04 6.09 1599.0 1583.7 1506.5 1356.5 1162.5 964.3 788.3 643.2 527.8 437.2
WT_ 1219/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 4.62 5.33 1827.5 1815.2 1752.0 1623.0 1442.7 1242.1 1048.7 878.2 735.1 618.0
WT_ 1219/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 5.11 4.82 2023.5 2013.2 1959.2 1845.7 1679.5 1483.6 1283.4 1097.3 934.1 795.8

Table 3.5b
(imperial)

Imperial
hw bf tf ry rx/ry 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
WT_ 1500/127x6 59.1 5.0 x 1/4 2.50 1.44 20.54 114.2 99.4 61.1 34.9 21.4 14.2 10.1 7.5 5.7 4.6
WT_ 1500/127x10 5.0 x 3/8 3.75 1.44 20.59 171.3 149.1 91.6 52.4 32.1 21.3 15.1 11.2 8.6 6.8
WT_ 1500/152x10 6.0 x 4.50 1.73 17.16 205.6 188.2 132.3 82.7 52.9 35.8 25.6 19.1 14.8 11.7
WT_ 1500/178x10 7.0 x 5.25 2.02 14.71 239.9 226.0 174.4 118.2 79.2 54.9 39.7 29.9 23.2 18.5
WT_ 1500/203x10 8.0 x 6.00 2.31 12.87 274.1 262.8 216.4 157.3 110.3 78.5 57.6 43.7 34.1 27.3
WT_ 1500/152x16 6.0 x 5/8 7.50 1.73 17.23 342.7 313.7 220.5 137.8 88.2 59.7 42.7 31.8 24.6 19.6
WT_ 1500/178x16 7.0 x 8.75 2.02 14.77 399.8 376.6 290.6 197.1 132.0 91.5 66.2 49.8 38.6 30.8
WT_ 1500/203x16 8.0 x 10.00 2.31 12.92 456.9 438.0 360.7 262.2 183.8 130.8 96.1 72.9 56.9 45.5
WT_ 1500/229x16 9.0 x 11.25 2.60 11.49 514.0 498.3 429.6 330.7 242.1 177.2 132.3 101.4 79.7 64.0
WT_ 1500/254x16 10.0 x 12.50 2.89 10.34 571.1 557.8 496.9 400.7 305.4 229.7 174.6 135.3 107.1 86.5
WT_ 1500/279x16 11.0 x 13.75 3.18 9.40 628.2 616.8 562.8 471.1 372.1 287.5 222.6 174.7 139.4 113.2
WT_ 1500/305x16 12.0 x 15.00 3.46 8.61 685.3 675.4 627.3 541.0 440.9 349.5 275.7 219.1 176.4 144.1
WT_ 1500/330x16 13.0 x 16.25 3.75 7.95 742.4 733.8 690.8 610.1 510.9 414.7 333.1 268.2 218.0 179.3
WT_ 1500/203x25 8.0 x 1 16.00 2.31 13.00 731.0 700.8 577.1 419.5 294.0 209.3 153.7 116.6 91.0 72.8
WT_ 1500/229x25 9.0 x 18.00 2.60 11.56 822.4 797.3 687.3 529.1 387.4 283.4 211.7 162.2 127.5 102.4
WT_ 1500/254x25 10.0 x 20.00 2.89 10.40 913.7 892.5 795.1 641.2 488.7 367.5 279.4 216.5 171.4 138.4
WT_ 1500/279x25 11.0 x 22.00 3.18 9.46 1005.1 986.9 900.5 753.8 595.4 460.0 356.2 279.4 223.0 181.1
WT_ 1500/305x25 12.0 x 24.00 3.46 8.67 1096.5 1080.7 1003.7 865.6 705.5 559.2 441.1 350.5 282.2 230.6
WT_ 1500/330x25 13.0 x 26.00 3.75 8.00 1187.9 1174.0 1105.2 976.2 817.4 663.5 532.9 429.1 348.8 286.9
WT_ 1500/356x25 14.0 x 28.00 4.04 7.43 1279.2 1267.0 1205.2 1085.2 930.0 771.5 630.6 514.6 422.3 349.8
WT_ 1500/406x25 16.0 x 32.00 4.62 6.50 1462.0 1452.2 1401.6 1298.4 1154.2 993.7 839.0 702.5 588.1 494.4
WT_ 1500/450x25 17.7 x 35.43 5.11 5.87 1618.8 1610.5 1567.3 1476.6 1343.6 1186.9 1026.7 877.8 747.3 636.7
WT_ 1500/305x32 12.0 x 1 1/4 30.00 3.46 8.70 1370.6 1350.9 1254.7 1082.1 881.8 699.0 551.3 438.1 352.8 288.2
WT_ 1500/330x32 13.0 x 32.50 3.75 8.04 1484.8 1467.5 1381.5 1220.3 1021.8 829.4 666.2 536.4 436.0 358.6
WT_ 1500/356x32 14.0 x 35.00 4.04 7.46 1599.0 1583.7 1506.5 1356.5 1162.5 964.3 788.3 643.2 527.8 437.2
WT_ 1500/406x32 16.0 x 40.00 4.62 6.53 1827.5 1815.2 1752.0 1623.0 1442.7 1242.1 1048.7 878.2 735.1 618.0
WT_ 1500/450x32 17.7 x 44.29 5.11 5.90 2023.5 2013.2 1959.2 1845.7 1679.5 1483.6 1283.4 1097.3 934.1 795.8

Table 3.6
SIN Concentrated Load
Metric
Constants
Fy 350 MPa
s 0.8
Concentrated Load Resistance (kN)
Web WT0
tw (mm) 1.52
Bearing Length (mm)
tf (mm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
6.4 13.50 34.77 56.03 77.30 98.56 119.83 141.09 162.36 183.62
7.9 16.88 38.14 59.41 80.67 101.94 123.20 144.47 165.73 187.00
9.5 20.25 41.52 62.78 84.05 105.31 126.58 147.84 169.11 190.37
12.7 27.01 48.27 69.54 90.80 112.07 133.33 154.60 175.86 197.13
15.9 33.76 55.02 76.29 97.55 118.82 140.08 161.35 182.61 203.88
19.1 40.51 61.77 83.04 104.30 125.57 146.83 168.10 189.36 210.63
25.4 54.01 75.28 96.54 117.81 139.07 160.34 181.60 202.87 224.13
Web WTA
tw (mm) 1.90
Bearing Length (mm)
tf (mm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
6.4 16.87 43.43 69.99 96.56 123.12 149.68 176.25 202.81 229.37
7.9 21.08 47.65 74.21 100.77 127.34 153.90 180.46 207.03 233.59
9.5 25.30 51.86 78.43 104.99 131.55 158.12 184.68 211.24 237.81
12.7 33.74 60.30 86.86 113.43 139.99 166.55 193.12 219.68 246.24
15.9 42.17 68.73 95.30 121.86 148.42 174.99 201.55 228.11 254.68
19.1 50.60 77.17 103.73 130.29 156.86 183.42 209.98 236.55 263.11
25.4 67.47 94.03 120.60 147.16 173.72 200.29 226.85 253.41 279.98
Web WTB
tw (mm) 2.66
Bearing Length (mm)
tf (mm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
6.4 23.62 60.82 98.01 135.21 172.40 209.60 246.79 283.99 321.19
7.9 29.52 66.72 103.92 141.11 178.31 215.50 252.70 289.89 327.09
9.5 35.43 72.62 109.82 147.02 184.21 221.41 258.60 295.80 333.00
12.7 47.24 84.43 121.63 158.83 196.02 233.22 270.41 307.61 344.80
15.9 59.05 96.24 133.44 170.64 207.83 245.03 282.22 319.42 356.61
19.1 70.86 108.05 145.25 182.45 219.64 256.84 294.03 331.23 368.42
25.4 94.48 131.67 168.87 206.06 243.26 280.46 317.65 354.85 392.04
Web WTC
tw (mm) 3.04
Bearing Length (mm)
tf (mm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
6.4 27.01 69.54 112.07 154.60 197.13 239.66 282.18 324.71 367.24
7.9 33.76 76.29 118.82 161.35 203.88 246.41 288.94 331.47 374.00
9.5 40.51 83.04 125.57 168.10 210.63 253.16 295.69 338.22 380.75
12.7 54.01 96.54 139.07 181.60 224.13 266.66 309.19 351.72 394.25
15.9 67.52 110.05 152.58 195.11 237.64 280.16 322.69 365.22 407.75
19.1 81.02 123.55 166.08 208.61 251.14 293.67 336.20 378.73 421.26
25.4 108.03 150.56 193.09 235.61 278.14 320.67 363.20 405.73 448.26
SIN Properties ‐ v0.06 | 2016‐02‐04
Table 3.6
SIN Concentrated Load
Imperial
Constants
Fy 50.8 ksi
s 0.8
Concentrated Load Resistance (kip)
Web WT0
tw (in) 0.0598
Bearing Length (in)
tf (mm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1/4 3.04 7.89 12.75 17.61 22.46 27.32 32.18 37.03 41.89
5/16 3.79 8.65 13.51 18.37 23.22 28.08 32.94 37.79 42.65
3/8 4.55 9.41 14.27 19.12 23.98 28.84 33.70 38.55 43.41
1/2 6.07 10.93 15.79 20.64 25.50 30.36 35.21 40.07 44.93
5/8 7.59 12.45 17.30 22.16 27.02 31.87 36.73 41.59 46.45
3/4 9.11 13.96 18.82 23.68 28.54 33.39 38.25 43.11 47.96
1 12.14 17.00 21.86 26.71 31.57 36.43 41.28 46.14 51.00
Web WTA
tw (in) 0.0747
Bearing Length (in)
tf (mm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1/4 3.79 9.86 15.93 21.99 28.06 34.13 40.20 46.26 52.33
5/16 4.74 10.81 16.87 22.94 29.01 35.08 41.14 47.21 53.28
3/8 5.69 11.76 17.82 23.89 29.96 36.02 42.09 48.16 54.23
1/2 7.58 13.65 19.72 25.79 31.85 37.92 43.99 50.05 56.12
5/8 9.48 15.55 21.61 27.68 33.75 39.82 45.88 51.95 58.02
3/4 11.38 17.44 23.51 29.58 35.64 41.71 47.78 53.85 59.91
1 15.17 21.24 27.30 33.37 39.44 45.50 51.57 57.64 63.71
Web WTB
tw (in) 0.1046
Bearing Length (in)
tf (mm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1/4 5.31 13.81 22.30 30.80 39.29 47.79 56.28 64.78 73.28
5/16 6.64 15.13 23.63 32.12 40.62 49.12 57.61 66.11 74.60
3/8 7.96 16.46 24.96 33.45 41.95 50.44 58.94 67.43 75.93
1/2 10.62 19.12 27.61 36.11 44.60 53.10 61.59 70.09 78.59
5/8 13.27 21.77 30.27 38.76 47.26 55.75 64.25 72.74 81.24
3/4 15.93 24.43 32.92 41.42 49.91 58.41 66.90 75.40 83.90
1 21.24 29.74 38.23 46.73 55.22 63.72 72.21 80.71 89.21
Web WTC
tw (in) 0.1196
Bearing Length (in)
tf (mm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1/4 6.07 15.79 25.50 35.21 44.93 54.64 64.36 74.07 83.78
5/16 7.59 17.30 27.02 36.73 46.45 56.16 65.87 75.59 85.30
3/8 9.11 18.82 28.54 38.25 47.96 57.68 67.39 77.11 86.82
1/2 12.14 21.86 31.57 41.28 51.00 60.71 70.43 80.14 89.85
5/8 15.18 24.89 34.61 44.32 54.03 63.75 73.46 83.18 92.89
3/4 18.21 27.93 37.64 47.36 57.07 66.78 76.50 86.21 95.93
1 24.29 34.00 43.71 53.43 63.14 72.86 82.57 92.28 102.00
Table 3.7
SIN Beam M/D for ULC
Highlight W/D < 0.37 lb/ft / in Surf Area = 3 * WFlange + 4 * TFlange + 2 * DWeb * 1.216 ‐ 2 * Tweb

Highlight M/D < 21.72 kg/m / m The 1.216 factor is to account for the sinusoidal shape of the web
Designation Surface Area (m2) per metre Metric M/D Ratio (kg/m / m) Imperial W/D Ratio (lb/ft / in)

length less top flange
WT0 WTA WTB WTC WT0 WTA WTB WTC WT0 WTA WTB WTC
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
WT_ 333/127x6 1.213 1.212 1.211 1.210 14.416 15.417 17.430 18.442 0.246 0.263 0.297 0.314
WT_ 333/152x6 1.289 1.289 1.287 1.286 15.528 16.470 18.365 19.318 0.264 0.281 0.313 0.329
WT_ 333/127x10 1.226 1.225 1.224 1.223 19.430 20.424 22.423 23.427 0.331 0.348 0.382 0.399
WT_ 333/152x10 1.302 1.301 1.300 1.299 21.210 22.147 24.030 24.977 0.361 0.377 0.409 0.425
WT_ 333/178x10 1.378 1.378 1.376 1.375 22.794 23.679 25.460 26.355 0.388 0.403 0.434 0.449
WT_ 333/203x10 1.455 1.454 1.452 1.451 24.211 25.051 26.740 27.588 0.412 0.427 0.455 0.470
WT_ 333/229x10 1.531 1.530 1.528 1.528 25.487 26.286 27.892 28.698 0.434 0.448 0.475 0.489
WT_ 333/152x16 1.328 1.327 1.325 1.324 32.250 33.175 35.034 35.969 0.549 0.565 0.597 0.613
WT_ 333/178x16 1.404 1.403 1.401 1.401 35.009 35.885 37.647 38.532 0.596 0.611 0.641 0.656
WT_ 333/203x16 1.480 1.479 1.478 1.477 37.484 38.316 39.990 40.830 0.638 0.653 0.681 0.695
WT_ 333/229x16 1.556 1.555 1.554 1.553 39.717 40.509 42.103 42.903 0.676 0.690 0.717 0.731
WT_ 333/254x16 1.632 1.632 1.630 1.629 41.741 42.498 44.018 44.782 0.711 0.724 0.750 0.763
WT_ 333/279x16 1.709 1.708 1.706 1.705 43.585 44.308 45.763 46.493 0.742 0.755 0.779 0.792
WT_ 333/305x16 1.785 1.784 1.782 1.782 45.271 45.964 47.358 48.058 0.771 0.783 0.807 0.819
WT_ 333/330x16 1.861 1.860 1.859 1.858 46.819 47.485 48.822 49.494 0.797 0.809 0.832 0.843
WT_ 333/356x16 1.937 1.936 1.935 1.934 48.245 48.886 50.172 50.818 0.822 0.833 0.855 0.866
WT_ 333/203x25 1.518 1.517 1.516 1.515 56.561 57.382 59.032 59.861 0.963 0.977 1.005 1.020
WT_ 333/229x25 1.594 1.593 1.592 1.591 60.211 60.994 62.569 63.360 1.026 1.039 1.066 1.079
WT_ 333/254x25 1.670 1.670 1.668 1.667 63.528 64.277 65.783 66.539 1.082 1.095 1.120 1.133
WT_ 333/279x25 1.747 1.746 1.744 1.744 66.556 67.274 68.716 69.441 1.134 1.146 1.170 1.183
WT_ 333/305x25 1.823 1.822 1.821 1.820 69.330 70.019 71.404 72.099 1.181 1.193 1.216 1.228
WT_ 333/330x25 1.899 1.898 1.897 1.896 71.882 72.544 73.875 74.544 1.224 1.236 1.258 1.270
WT_ 333/356x25 1.975 1.974 1.973 1.972 74.237 74.875 76.156 76.800 1.264 1.275 1.297 1.308
WT_ 333/406x25 2.128 2.127 2.125 2.125 78.441 79.034 80.227 80.826 1.336 1.346 1.366 1.377
WT_ 333/450x25 2.258 2.258 2.256 2.255 81.597 82.157 83.282 83.847 1.390 1.399 1.418 1.428
WT_ 333/305x32 1.848 1.847 1.846 1.845 84.819 85.505 86.883 87.575 1.445 1.456 1.480 1.492
WT_ 333/330x32 1.924 1.924 1.922 1.921 88.039 88.699 90.025 90.691 1.500 1.511 1.533 1.545
WT_ 333/356x32 2.001 2.000 1.998 1.998 91.015 91.651 92.929 93.570 1.550 1.561 1.583 1.594
WT_ 333/406x32 2.153 2.152 2.151 2.150 96.334 96.927 98.118 98.716 1.641 1.651 1.671 1.681
WT_ 333/450x32 2.284 2.283 2.282 2.281 100.333 100.893 102.018 102.583 1.709 1.718 1.738 1.747
Table 3.7


WT_ 500/127x6 1.619 1.619 1.617 1.616 12.295 13.417 15.671 16.804 0.209 0.229 0.267 0.286
WT_ 500/152x6 1.696 1.695 1.693 1.693 13.236 14.308 16.462 17.543 0.225 0.244 0.280 0.299
WT_ 500/127x10 1.632 1.631 1.630 1.629 16.079 17.193 19.434 20.559 0.274 0.293 0.331 0.350
WT_ 500/152x10 1.708 1.708 1.706 1.705 17.585 18.651 20.792 21.868 0.300 0.318 0.354 0.372
WT_ 500/178x10 1.784 1.784 1.782 1.781 18.963 19.983 22.034 23.064 0.323 0.340 0.375 0.393
WT_ 500/203x10 1.861 1.860 1.858 1.858 20.227 21.207 23.175 24.163 0.345 0.361 0.395 0.412
WT_ 500/229x10 1.937 1.936 1.935 1.934 21.393 22.334 24.225 25.175 0.364 0.380 0.413 0.429
WT_ 500/152x16 1.734 1.733 1.731 1.731 26.091 27.145 29.262 30.326 0.444 0.462 0.498 0.517
WT_ 500/178x16 1.810 1.809 1.808 1.807 28.491 29.501 31.531 32.551 0.485 0.502 0.537 0.554
WT_ 500/203x16 1.886 1.885 1.884 1.883 30.696 31.666 33.616 34.595 0.523 0.539 0.573 0.589
WT_ 500/229x16 1.962 1.962 1.960 1.959 32.730 33.664 35.539 36.481 0.557 0.573 0.605 0.621
WT_ 500/254x16 2.038 2.038 2.036 2.035 34.612 35.512 37.318 38.226 0.590 0.605 0.636 0.651
WT_ 500/279x16 2.115 2.114 2.112 2.112 36.359 37.226 38.969 39.844 0.619 0.634 0.664 0.679
WT_ 500/305x16 2.191 2.190 2.189 2.188 37.984 38.822 40.505 41.350 0.647 0.661 0.690 0.704
WT_ 500/330x16 2.267 2.266 2.265 2.264 39.499 40.310 41.937 42.754 0.673 0.687 0.714 0.728
WT_ 500/356x16 2.343 2.343 2.341 2.340 40.917 41.701 43.276 44.068 0.697 0.710 0.737 0.751
WT_ 500/203x25 1.924 1.923 1.922 1.921 45.881 46.838 48.761 49.727 0.781 0.798 0.831 0.847
WT_ 500/229x25 2.000 2.000 1.998 1.997 49.196 50.118 51.971 52.901 0.838 0.854 0.885 0.901
WT_ 500/254x25 2.077 2.076 2.074 2.074 52.269 53.158 54.945 55.842 0.890 0.905 0.936 0.951
WT_ 500/279x25 2.153 2.152 2.150 2.150 55.124 55.983 57.708 58.574 0.939 0.954 0.983 0.998
WT_ 500/305x25 2.229 2.228 2.227 2.226 57.784 58.614 60.282 61.119 0.984 0.998 1.027 1.041
WT_ 500/330x25 2.305 2.304 2.303 2.302 60.268 61.071 62.686 63.496 1.026 1.040 1.068 1.081
WT_ 500/356x25 2.381 2.381 2.379 2.378 62.593 63.371 64.935 65.721 1.066 1.079 1.106 1.119
WT_ 500/406x25 2.534 2.533 2.531 2.531 66.823 67.556 69.029 69.768 1.138 1.151 1.176 1.188
WT_ 500/450x25 2.665 2.664 2.662 2.662 70.068 70.766 72.168 72.872 1.193 1.205 1.229 1.241
WT_ 500/305x32 2.254 2.254 2.252 2.251 70.612 71.437 73.095 73.927 1.203 1.217 1.245 1.259
WT_ 500/330x32 2.331 2.330 2.328 2.328 73.736 74.535 76.141 76.947 1.256 1.269 1.297 1.311
WT_ 500/356x32 2.407 2.406 2.404 2.404 76.662 77.437 78.993 79.775 1.306 1.319 1.345 1.359
WT_ 500/406x32 2.559 2.558 2.557 2.556 81.992 82.722 84.189 84.925 1.396 1.409 1.434 1.446
WT_ 500/450x32 2.690 2.689 2.688 2.687 86.084 86.780 88.178 88.880 1.466 1.478 1.502 1.514
Table 3.7


WT_ 610/127x6 1.886 1.885 1.884 1.883 11.400 12.573 14.929 16.113 0.194 0.214 0.254 0.274
WT_ 610/152x6 1.962 1.961 1.960 1.959 12.248 13.376 15.641 16.779 0.209 0.228 0.266 0.286
WT_ 610/127x10 1.899 1.898 1.896 1.896 14.658 15.825 18.168 19.345 0.250 0.270 0.309 0.329
WT_ 610/152x10 1.975 1.974 1.973 1.972 16.016 17.138 19.392 20.523 0.273 0.292 0.330 0.350
WT_ 610/178x10 2.051 2.050 2.049 2.048 17.273 18.354 20.524 21.614 0.294 0.313 0.350 0.368
WT_ 610/203x10 2.127 2.126 2.125 2.124 18.440 19.482 21.576 22.627 0.314 0.332 0.367 0.385
WT_ 610/229x10 2.203 2.203 2.201 2.200 19.526 20.533 22.555 23.570 0.333 0.350 0.384 0.401
WT_ 610/152x16 2.000 1.999 1.998 1.997 23.409 24.519 26.750 27.870 0.399 0.418 0.456 0.475
WT_ 610/178x16 2.076 2.076 2.074 2.073 25.599 26.669 28.819 29.899 0.436 0.454 0.491 0.509
WT_ 610/203x16 2.153 2.152 2.150 2.150 27.633 28.666 30.742 31.784 0.471 0.488 0.524 0.541
WT_ 610/229x16 2.229 2.228 2.227 2.226 29.529 30.527 32.533 33.540 0.503 0.520 0.554 0.571
WT_ 610/254x16 2.305 2.304 2.303 2.302 31.299 32.265 34.206 35.180 0.533 0.550 0.583 0.599
WT_ 610/279x16 2.381 2.380 2.379 2.378 32.956 33.892 35.771 36.715 0.561 0.577 0.609 0.625
WT_ 610/305x16 2.457 2.457 2.455 2.454 34.510 35.417 37.239 38.154 0.588 0.603 0.634 0.650
WT_ 610/330x16 2.534 2.533 2.531 2.531 35.971 36.851 38.619 39.507 0.613 0.628 0.658 0.673
WT_ 610/356x16 2.610 2.609 2.608 2.607 37.347 38.201 39.919 40.781 0.636 0.651 0.680 0.695
WT_ 610/203x25 2.191 2.190 2.188 2.188 41.024 42.043 44.092 45.121 0.699 0.716 0.751 0.769
WT_ 610/229x25 2.267 2.266 2.265 2.264 44.113 45.099 47.081 48.076 0.751 0.768 0.802 0.819
WT_ 610/254x25 2.343 2.342 2.341 2.340 47.001 47.956 49.876 50.839 0.801 0.817 0.849 0.866
WT_ 610/279x25 2.419 2.419 2.417 2.416 49.707 50.634 52.494 53.428 0.847 0.862 0.894 0.910
WT_ 610/305x25 2.496 2.495 2.493 2.492 52.249 53.147 54.952 55.858 0.890 0.905 0.936 0.951
WT_ 610/330x25 2.572 2.571 2.569 2.569 54.639 55.512 57.264 58.145 0.931 0.945 0.975 0.990
WT_ 610/356x25 2.648 2.647 2.646 2.645 56.892 57.740 59.444 60.299 0.969 0.983 1.012 1.027
WT_ 610/406x25 2.800 2.800 2.798 2.797 61.030 61.833 63.446 64.256 1.039 1.053 1.081 1.094
WT_ 610/450x25 2.931 2.930 2.929 2.928 64.238 65.006 66.549 67.324 1.094 1.107 1.133 1.147
WT_ 610/305x32 2.521 2.520 2.519 2.518 63.776 64.669 66.463 67.363 1.086 1.101 1.132 1.147
WT_ 610/330x32 2.597 2.596 2.595 2.594 66.780 67.648 69.390 70.265 1.137 1.152 1.182 1.197
WT_ 610/356x32 2.673 2.673 2.671 2.670 69.613 70.456 72.151 73.002 1.186 1.200 1.229 1.243
WT_ 610/406x32 2.826 2.825 2.823 2.823 74.820 75.619 77.225 78.032 1.274 1.288 1.315 1.329
WT_ 610/450x32 2.957 2.956 2.954 2.953 78.861 79.626 81.163 81.934 1.343 1.356 1.382 1.396
Table 3.7


WT_ 750/127x6 2.227 2.227 2.225 2.224 11.787 14.239 15.470 0.201 0.243 0.263
WT_ 750/152x6 2.304 2.303 2.301 2.301 12.497 14.867 16.058 0.213 0.253 0.274
WT_ 750/127x10 2.240 2.239 2.238 2.237 14.547 16.987 18.212 0.248 0.289 0.310
WT_ 750/152x10 2.316 2.316 2.314 2.313 15.709 18.069 19.254 0.268 0.308 0.328
WT_ 750/178x10 2.392 2.392 2.390 2.389 16.797 19.082 20.230 0.286 0.325 0.345
WT_ 750/203x10 2.469 2.468 2.466 2.466 17.817 20.033 21.145 0.303 0.341 0.360
WT_ 750/229x10 2.545 2.544 2.543 2.542 18.776 20.926 22.005 0.320 0.356 0.375
WT_ 750/152x16 2.342 2.341 2.339 2.339 22.029 24.367 25.542 0.375 0.415 0.435
WT_ 750/178x16 2.418 2.417 2.416 2.415 23.954 26.219 27.357 0.408 0.447 0.466
WT_ 750/203x16 2.494 2.493 2.492 2.491 25.760 27.958 29.062 0.439 0.476 0.495
WT_ 750/229x16 2.570 2.570 2.568 2.567 27.460 29.594 30.665 0.468 0.504 0.522
WT_ 750/254x16 2.646 2.646 2.644 2.643 29.062 31.135 32.176 0.495 0.530 0.548
WT_ 750/279x16 2.723 2.722 2.720 2.720 30.574 32.590 33.602 0.521 0.555 0.572
WT_ 750/305x16 2.799 2.798 2.797 2.796 32.004 33.966 34.951 0.545 0.579 0.595
WT_ 750/330x16 2.875 2.874 2.873 2.872 33.358 35.269 36.228 0.568 0.601 0.617
WT_ 750/356x16 2.951 2.951 2.949 2.948 34.642 36.504 37.439 0.590 0.622 0.638
WT_ 750/203x25 2.532 2.531 2.530 2.529 37.377 39.548 40.639 0.637 0.674 0.692
WT_ 750/229x25 2.608 2.608 2.606 2.605 40.169 42.279 43.338 0.684 0.720 0.738
WT_ 750/254x25 2.685 2.684 2.682 2.682 42.803 44.854 45.884 0.729 0.764 0.782
WT_ 750/279x25 2.761 2.760 2.758 2.758 45.291 47.287 48.289 0.771 0.805 0.822
WT_ 750/305x25 2.837 2.836 2.835 2.834 47.645 49.589 50.565 0.812 0.845 0.861
WT_ 750/330x25 2.913 2.912 2.911 2.910 49.877 51.770 52.721 0.850 0.882 0.898
WT_ 750/356x25 2.989 2.989 2.987 2.986 51.994 53.841 54.768 0.886 0.917 0.933
WT_ 750/406x25 3.142 3.141 3.139 3.139 55.921 57.680 58.563 0.952 0.982 0.997
WT_ 750/450x25 3.273 3.272 3.270 3.270 58.999 60.689 61.538 1.005 1.034 1.048
WT_ 750/305x32 2.862 2.862 2.860 2.859 57.841 59.773 60.743 0.985 1.018 1.035
WT_ 750/330x32 2.939 2.938 2.936 2.936 60.651 62.534 63.479 1.033 1.065 1.081
WT_ 750/356x32 3.015 3.014 3.012 3.012 63.318 65.155 66.077 1.078 1.110 1.125
WT_ 750/406x32 3.167 3.166 3.165 3.164 68.268 70.019 70.898 1.163 1.193 1.208
WT_ 750/450x32 3.298 3.297 3.296 3.295 72.151 73.834 74.679 1.229 1.258 1.272
Table 3.7


WT_ 1000/127x6 2.835 2.835 2.833 2.832 10.856 13.421 14.709 0.185 0.229 0.251
WT_ 1000/152x6 2.912 2.911 2.909 2.909 11.442 13.940 15.194 0.195 0.237 0.259
WT_ 1000/127x10 2.848 2.847 2.846 2.845 13.031 15.586 16.868 0.222 0.265 0.287
WT_ 1000/152x10 2.924 2.924 2.922 2.921 13.991 16.479 17.728 0.238 0.281 0.302
WT_ 1000/178x10 3.000 3.000 2.998 2.997 14.902 17.327 18.545 0.254 0.295 0.316
WT_ 1000/203x10 3.077 3.076 3.074 3.074 15.767 18.133 19.321 0.269 0.309 0.329
WT_ 1000/229x10 3.153 3.152 3.151 3.150 16.591 18.900 20.059 0.283 0.322 0.342
WT_ 1000/152x16 2.950 2.949 2.947 2.947 19.022 21.492 22.732 0.324 0.366 0.387
WT_ 1000/178x16 3.026 3.025 3.024 3.023 20.636 23.044 24.253 0.351 0.392 0.413
WT_ 1000/203x16 3.102 3.101 3.100 3.099 22.170 24.520 25.699 0.378 0.418 0.438
WT_ 1000/229x16 3.178 3.178 3.176 3.175 23.631 25.925 27.076 0.402 0.442 0.461
WT_ 1000/254x16 3.254 3.254 3.252 3.251 25.023 27.264 28.389 0.426 0.464 0.484
WT_ 1000/279x16 3.331 3.330 3.328 3.328 26.352 28.542 29.641 0.449 0.486 0.505
WT_ 1000/305x16 3.407 3.406 3.405 3.404 27.621 29.762 30.838 0.470 0.507 0.525
WT_ 1000/330x16 3.483 3.482 3.481 3.480 28.834 30.930 31.981 0.491 0.527 0.545
WT_ 1000/356x16 3.559 3.559 3.557 3.556 29.996 32.047 33.076 0.511 0.546 0.563
WT_ 1000/203x25 3.140 3.139 3.138 3.137 31.580 33.906 35.074 0.538 0.577 0.597
WT_ 1000/229x25 3.216 3.216 3.214 3.213 33.982 36.254 37.394 0.579 0.617 0.637
WT_ 1000/254x25 3.293 3.292 3.290 3.290 36.272 38.492 39.607 0.618 0.656 0.675
WT_ 1000/279x25 3.369 3.368 3.366 3.366 38.459 40.630 41.720 0.655 0.692 0.711
WT_ 1000/305x25 3.445 3.444 3.443 3.442 40.549 42.673 43.739 0.691 0.727 0.745
WT_ 1000/330x25 3.521 3.520 3.519 3.518 42.549 44.627 45.671 0.725 0.760 0.778
WT_ 1000/356x25 3.597 3.597 3.595 3.594 44.464 46.499 47.521 0.757 0.792 0.809
WT_ 1000/406x25 3.750 3.749 3.747 3.747 48.060 50.014 50.994 0.819 0.852 0.869
WT_ 1000/450x25 3.881 3.880 3.878 3.878 50.921 52.810 53.758 0.867 0.899 0.916
WT_ 1000/305x32 3.470 3.470 3.468 3.467 49.010 51.122 52.182 0.835 0.871 0.889
WT_ 1000/330x32 3.547 3.546 3.544 3.544 51.528 53.595 54.633 0.878 0.913 0.931
WT_ 1000/356x32 3.623 3.622 3.620 3.620 53.940 55.965 56.981 0.919 0.953 0.971
WT_ 1000/406x32 3.775 3.774 3.773 3.772 58.471 60.416 61.392 0.996 1.029 1.046
WT_ 1000/450x32 3.906 3.905 3.904 3.903 62.078 63.959 64.903 1.057 1.089 1.105
Table 3.7


WT_ 1219/127x6 3.368 3.368 3.366 3.365 10.317 12.947 14.267 0.176 0.221 0.243
WT_ 1219/152x6 3.445 3.444 3.442 3.442 10.824 13.396 14.687 0.184 0.228 0.250
WT_ 1219/127x10 3.381 3.380 3.379 3.378 12.151 14.772 16.088 0.207 0.252 0.274
WT_ 1219/152x10 3.457 3.457 3.455 3.454 12.982 15.545 16.832 0.221 0.265 0.287
WT_ 1219/178x10 3.534 3.533 3.531 3.531 13.777 16.286 17.545 0.235 0.277 0.299
WT_ 1219/203x10 3.610 3.609 3.607 3.607 14.538 16.994 18.227 0.248 0.289 0.310
WT_ 1219/229x10 3.686 3.685 3.684 3.683 15.268 17.674 18.882 0.260 0.301 0.322
WT_ 1219/152x16 3.483 3.482 3.480 3.480 17.250 19.797 21.076 0.294 0.337 0.359
WT_ 1219/178x16 3.559 3.558 3.557 3.556 18.660 21.153 22.405 0.318 0.360 0.382
WT_ 1219/203x16 3.635 3.634 3.633 3.632 20.011 22.452 23.677 0.341 0.382 0.403
WT_ 1219/229x16 3.711 3.711 3.709 3.708 21.306 23.698 24.898 0.363 0.404 0.424
WT_ 1219/254x16 3.788 3.787 3.785 3.785 22.549 24.893 26.070 0.384 0.424 0.444
WT_ 1219/279x16 3.864 3.863 3.861 3.861 23.743 26.041 27.195 0.404 0.444 0.463
WT_ 1219/305x16 3.940 3.939 3.938 3.937 24.891 27.145 28.276 0.424 0.462 0.482
WT_ 1219/330x16 4.016 4.015 4.014 4.013 25.995 28.207 29.317 0.443 0.480 0.499
WT_ 1219/356x16 4.092 4.092 4.090 4.089 27.058 29.229 30.319 0.461 0.498 0.516
WT_ 1219/203x25 3.673 3.672 3.671 3.670 28.077 30.497 31.711 0.478 0.519 0.540
WT_ 1219/229x25 3.749 3.749 3.747 3.746 30.209 32.580 33.770 0.515 0.555 0.575
WT_ 1219/254x25 3.826 3.825 3.823 3.823 32.255 34.579 35.746 0.549 0.589 0.609
WT_ 1219/279x25 3.902 3.901 3.900 3.899 34.221 36.501 37.646 0.583 0.622 0.641
WT_ 1219/305x25 3.978 3.977 3.976 3.975 36.112 38.349 39.472 0.615 0.653 0.672
WT_ 1219/330x25 4.054 4.053 4.052 4.051 37.932 40.128 41.230 0.646 0.683 0.702
WT_ 1219/356x25 4.130 4.130 4.128 4.127 39.685 41.841 42.923 0.676 0.713 0.731
WT_ 1219/406x25 4.283 4.282 4.281 4.280 43.004 45.084 46.128 0.732 0.768 0.786
WT_ 1219/450x25 4.414 4.413 4.411 4.411 45.669 47.688 48.702 0.778 0.812 0.830
WT_ 1219/305x32 4.003 4.003 4.001 4.000 43.475 45.700 46.817 0.740 0.778 0.797
WT_ 1219/330x32 4.080 4.079 4.077 4.077 45.767 47.952 49.048 0.780 0.817 0.835
WT_ 1219/356x32 4.156 4.155 4.154 4.153 47.975 50.120 51.197 0.817 0.854 0.872
WT_ 1219/406x32 4.308 4.307 4.306 4.305 52.156 54.227 55.267 0.888 0.924 0.941
WT_ 1219/450x32 4.439 4.438 4.437 4.436 55.516 57.527 58.536 0.946 0.980 0.997
Table 3.7


WT_ 1500/127x6 4.051 4.051 4.049 4.048 9.833 12.522 13.872 0.167 0.213 0.236
WT_ 1500/152x6 4.128 4.127 4.125 4.125 10.265 12.905 14.230 0.175 0.220 0.242
WT_ 1500/127x10 4.064 4.063 4.062 4.061 11.360 14.042 15.387 0.193 0.239 0.262
WT_ 1500/152x10 4.140 4.140 4.138 4.137 12.069 14.701 16.022 0.206 0.250 0.273
WT_ 1500/178x10 4.216 4.216 4.214 4.213 12.751 15.336 16.634 0.217 0.261 0.283
WT_ 1500/203x10 4.293 4.292 4.290 4.290 13.410 15.949 17.224 0.228 0.272 0.293
WT_ 1500/229x10 4.369 4.368 4.367 4.366 14.046 16.541 17.793 0.239 0.282 0.303
WT_ 1500/152x16 4.166 4.165 4.163 4.163 15.643 18.260 19.574 0.266 0.311 0.333
WT_ 1500/178x16 4.242 4.241 4.240 4.239 16.855 19.426 20.716 0.287 0.331 0.353
WT_ 1500/203x16 4.318 4.317 4.316 4.315 18.023 20.549 21.817 0.307 0.350 0.372
WT_ 1500/229x16 4.394 4.394 4.392 4.391 19.152 21.634 22.880 0.326 0.368 0.390
WT_ 1500/254x16 4.470 4.470 4.468 4.467 20.242 22.682 23.907 0.345 0.386 0.407
WT_ 1500/279x16 4.547 4.546 4.544 4.544 21.295 23.695 24.899 0.363 0.404 0.424
WT_ 1500/305x16 4.623 4.622 4.621 4.620 22.313 24.674 25.859 0.380 0.420 0.440
WT_ 1500/330x16 4.699 4.698 4.697 4.696 23.299 25.622 26.788 0.397 0.436 0.456
WT_ 1500/356x16 4.775 4.775 4.773 4.772 24.253 26.539 27.686 0.413 0.452 0.472
WT_ 1500/203x25 4.356 4.355 4.354 4.353 24.843 27.349 28.607 0.423 0.466 0.487
WT_ 1500/229x25 4.432 4.432 4.430 4.429 26.701 29.165 30.402 0.455 0.497 0.518
WT_ 1500/254x25 4.509 4.508 4.506 4.506 28.497 30.919 32.135 0.485 0.527 0.547
WT_ 1500/279x25 4.585 4.584 4.582 4.582 30.233 32.616 33.812 0.515 0.556 0.576
WT_ 1500/305x25 4.661 4.660 4.659 4.658 31.912 34.256 35.433 0.544 0.583 0.604
WT_ 1500/330x25 4.737 4.736 4.735 4.734 33.537 35.844 37.002 0.571 0.611 0.630
WT_ 1500/356x25 4.813 4.813 4.811 4.810 35.111 37.382 38.522 0.598 0.637 0.656
WT_ 1500/406x25 4.966 4.965 4.963 4.963 38.113 40.316 41.421 0.649 0.687 0.705
WT_ 1500/450x25 5.097 5.096 5.094 5.094 40.547 42.693 43.771 0.691 0.727 0.746
WT_ 1500/305x32 4.686 4.686 4.684 4.683 38.224 40.558 41.729 0.651 0.691 0.711
WT_ 1500/330x32 4.763 4.762 4.760 4.760 40.271 42.568 43.721 0.686 0.725 0.745
WT_ 1500/356x32 4.839 4.838 4.836 4.836 42.254 44.516 45.651 0.720 0.758 0.778
WT_ 1500/406x32 4.991 4.990 4.989 4.988 46.038 48.232 49.333 0.784 0.821 0.840
WT_ 1500/450x32 5.122 5.121 5.120 5.119 49.106 51.244 52.318 0.836 0.873 0.891
TECHNICAL GUIDE
4 SAMPLE DETAILS
4.1 Shear Connections
• SK-1.01 – SIN Beam to HSS Column
• SK-1.02 – SIN Beam to Wide Flange Column
• SK-1.03 – SIN Beam to SIN Beam
4.2 Moment Connections

• SK-2.01 – SIN Beam to Wide Flange Column
• SK-2.02 – SIN Beam to SIN Beam
4.3 Miscellaneous Details

• SK-3.01 – Web Openings

TECHNICAL GUIDE
5 REFERENCES / CERTIFICATION
5.1 CWB Certification for Steelcon - SIN Beam Welding
5.2 European Code 1993-1-5:2005 Annex D Plate Girders with
Corrugated Webs
5.3 Annex D – Commentary
5.4 Flange Buckling Behavior of H-Shaped Member with Sinusoidal
Webs - 2008
5.5 Plate Girders with Corrugated Webs from the Journal for Civil
Engineering and Management – 2010
5.6 Pages from CAN S136 – North American Specification for Design of
Cold Formed Steel Members
5.7 Shear Load Testing Results of WT0330 beams

*
, CSA G40.21 44W, 50W
May 27, 2016

* CSA G40.21 44W, 50W
May 27, 2016

prEN 1993-1-5 : 2005 (E)
Annex D [informative] – Plate girders with corrugated webs

D.1 General
(1) Annex D covers design rules for I-girders with trapezoidally or sinusoidally corrugated webs, see
Figure D.1.
α>30°
2s
a3
2w
Figure D.1: Geometric notations
D.2 Ultimate limit state
D.2.1 Moment of resistance
(1) The moment of resistance MRd due to bending should be taken as the minimum of the following:
 
 b 2 t 2 f yw ,r  t + t  b1 t 1f yw ,r  t + t  b1 t 1χf yw  t + t 
M Rd = min  hw + 1 2  ; hw + 1 2  ;  h w + 1 2  (D.1)
14 γ M0  2  γ M0  2  γ 1  2 
44424444 3 14 44 424444 3 14M4 4424444 3
 tension flange compression flange compression flange 
where fyw,,r is the value of yield stress reduced due to transverse moments in the flanges
fy,w,r = fyw fT
σ x (M z )
f T = 1 − 0,4
f yf
γ M0
σx(Mz) is the stress due to the transverse moment in the flange
χ is the reduction factor for out of plane buckling according to 6.3 of EN 1993-1-1
NOTE 1 The transverse moment Mz results from the shear flow in flanges as indicated in Figure D.2.
50
prEN 1993-1-5 : 2005 (E)
NOTE 2 For sinusoidally corrugated webs fT is 1,0.
Figure D.2: Transverse moments Mz due to shear flow introduction into the
flange
(2) The effective area of the compression flange should be determined from 4.4(1) and (2) using the larger
value of the slenderness parameter λ p defined in 4.4(2) and the buckling factor kσ taken as:
2
b
a) k σ = 0,43 +   (D.2)
a
where b is the maximum width of the outstand from the toe of the weld to the free edge
a = a 1 + 2a 4
b) k σ = 0,60 (D.3)
b1
where b =
2
D.2.2 Shear resistance
(1) The shear resistance VRd should be taken as:

f yw
VRd = χ c hwtw (D.4)
γ M1 3
where χ c is the lesser of the values of reduction factors for local buckling χ c ,l and global buckling χ c ,g
obtained from (2) and (3)
(2) The reduction factor χ c ,l for local buckling should be calculated from:
1,15
χ c ,l = ≤ 1,0 (D.5)
0,9 + λ c ,l
fy
where λ c,l = (D.6)
τ cr ,l 3
2
 t 
τ cr ,l = 4,83 E  w  (D.7)
 a max 
amax should be taken as the greater of a1 and a2.
51
prEN 1993-1-5 : 2005 (E)
For sinusoidally corrugated webs τ cr ,l may be obtained from

2
 a s  π2E  t w 
τ cr ,l =  5,34 + 3    (D.8)
 h w t w  12(1 − ν 2 )  s 
where w length of one half wave, see Figure D.1,

s unfolded length of one half wave, see Figure D.1.
(3) The reduction factor χ c ,g for global buckling should be taken as

1,5
χ c ,g = 2
≤ 1,0 (D.9)
0,5 + λ c ,g
fy
where λ c,g = (D.10)
τ cr ,g 3
32,4
τ cr ,g = 4
D x D 3z (D.11)
t w h 2w
E t3 w
Dx =
(
12 1 − ν s
2
)
E Iz
Dz =
w
Iz second moment of area of one corrugation of length w, see Figure D.1
NOTE 1 s and Iz are related to the actual shape of the corrugation.
NOTE 2 Equation (D.11) is valid for plates that are assumed to be hinged at the edges.
D.2.3 Requirements for end stiffeners
(1) Bearing stiffeners should be designed according to section 9.
52
Commentary to EN 1993-1-5 First edition 2007
13 Annex D to EN 1993-1-5 – Plate girders with corrugated

webs
Bernt Johansson, Division of Steel Structures, Luleå University of Technology
13.1 Background
This section will give background and justification of the design rules for girders
with corrugated webs. The rules have been developed during the drafting of
EN 1993-1-5 and the background has not been published. For this reason this
section will be quite detailed giving the reasoning behind the choice of design
rules for shear resistance.
Girders with corrugated webs are marketed as a product from specialised
fabricators or as one-off structures. One example of the former is Ranabalken,
which has been on the Swedish market for about 40 years [1]. Its main use is as
roof girder. It has a web geometry that is fixed because of the production
restraints. A vertical section through the web is shown in Figure 13.1. The
thickness of the web is minimum 2 mm, which is governed by the welding
procedure. The welding is single sided, which is important for the
competitiveness. The maximum depth is 3 m.
In Austria the company Zeman & Co is producing similar beams named Sin-beam
but with sinusoidally corrugated webs with the web geometry also shown in
Figure 13.1. The web depth is limited to 1500 mm and the web thickness is from 2
to 3 mm. The web has single sided welds.
50 40-43
70 50 140 50 70 155
380
Figure 13.1: Geometry of web plate of Ranabalken, Sweden and Sin-

beam, Austria
Corrugated webs have been used for bridges in several countries, including
France, Germany and Japan. In France at least three composite bridges have been
built of which one was doubly composite with box section. The corrugated steel
web was provided with very small flanges, just enough for fixing the shear
connectors. The concrete slabs were post-tensioned and when it is important that
the steel flanges do not offer too much resistance to the imposed strains. A similar
but larger bridge has been built at Altwipfergrund in Germany. It is a three span
bridge built by cantilevering with a central span of 115 m and the depth varies
from 2,8 m in the span to 6 m at the intermediate supports. The use of single sided
welds is not recommended for bridges as it would cause problems with the
corrosion protection and the fatigue resistance is not documented.
152
13.2 Bending moment resistance EN 1993-1-5,

D.2.1
As the web is corrugated it has no ability to sustain longitudinal stresses. The
conventional assumption is to ignore its contribution to the bending moment
resistance. This is the basis for the rules in D.2.1. For a simply supported girder
supporting a uniformly distributed load the bending resistance is simply the
smallest axial resistances of the flanges times the distance between the centroids
of the flanges. This axial resistance may be influenced by lateral torsional
buckling if the compression flange is not braced closely enough. Reference is
given to the rules in 6.3 of EN 1993-1-1. There may be a positive influence of the
corrugated web on the lateral bucking resistance compared to a flat web as the
corrugation gives the web a substantial transverse bending stiffness. This should
reduce the influence of cross sectional distortion but this influence has not been
studied in detail and there is no basis for giving rules. There is also an increase in
warping stiffness that may be utilized.
!"#$%
a4
Figure 13.2: Geometry and notations for girders with corrugated

webs
If there is a substantial shear force in the cross section of maximum bending

moment there may be an influence of the flange axial resistance from lateral
bending. Rules for this have been included in the German design rules [2]. A
model for calculating these secondary bending moments is shown in Figure 13.3.
The shear flow in the web will be constant V/hw and its effect can be modelled as
shown in the lower part of Figure 13.3. The maximum transverse bending moment
Mz,max occurs where the inclined part of the web intersects the centreline of the
flange. It becomes:
Va3
M z ,max & (2a1 ' a4 ) (13.1)
4hw
where V is the coexisting shear force and other notations are according to Figure
13.2.
153
y
V
Fy & a3
x a3 hw
V a
Mz & a1 3
hw 2
z z
Figure 13.3: Action model for calculating secondary lateral bending

moments in a flange caused by a corrugated web
In [2] the reduction of the bending resistance is expressed by the factor:

6M z ,max ( M 0
fT & 1 ) 0, 4 (13.2)
f yf b 2f t f
This reduction is not large and actually it has not been considered in the Austrian
and Swedish design rules. From a theoretical point of view these bending
moments are required for reasons of equilibrium. However, it is questionable how
important they actually are in real life. They have been included just as a
precaution but for sinusoidially corrugated webs the factor is put to 1,0.
In case yielding of the flange governs the bending resistance becomes:
f yf f T b f t f / t 't ,
M Rd & -hw ' 1 2 * (13.3)
( M0 . 2 +
where bftf should be taken as the smaller of b1t1 and b2t2.
Local flange buckling is of importance for the bending resistance. It will EN 1993-1-5,
obviously be influenced by the geometry of the web. The question is to define the D.2.1(2)
flange outstand c to be used for calculating the slenderness. There is little
information on this question in the literature. One of few published studies is by
Johnson & Cafolla [3] who suggested that the average outstand could be used if:
(a1 ' a 4 )a3
0 0,14 (13.4)
(a1 ' 2a 4 )b1
where b1 is the width of the compression flange and other notations are according
to Figure 13.2. It is not stated what to do if this criterion is not fulfilled but
presumably the idea is to use the larger outstand. The average outstand was
defined as the average of the smaller and the larger outstand each calculated from
free edge to the toe of the weld.
154
b1
c
Figure 13.4: Notations for flange geometry
The design rules for Ranabalken states that the outstand should be taken as half
the flange width minus 30 mm. This is actually smaller than the smallest outstand,
which seems quite optimistic. The corresponding rule for the Sin-beam is half the
flange width minus 11 mm.
The flange buckling may in general take place in two different modes. One
possibility is a plate type buckling of the larger outstand and another is a torsional
buckling where the flange rotates around the centreline of the web. General rules
without restrictions on the geometry have to consider both possibilities. The first
mode may be relevant for a long corrugation in combination with a narrow flange
for which the larger outstand will govern the buckling. However, the flange will
be supported by the inclined parts of the web. Assuming an equivalent rectangular
plate supported along three edges a safe approximation of the relevant length
should be a = a1 + 2a4, see Figure 13.2 and Figure 13.4. The buckling coefficient
of such a plate assuming conservatively a hinged support along the web is
approximately [4]:
k1 = 0,43 + (c/a)2 (13.5)
with:
c = largest outstand from weld to free edge
a = a1 + 2a4
For a geometry with small corrugations compared to the flange width the flange
will buckle in a mode of rotation around the centreline of the web. Then c is taken
to 0,5b. A corrugated web will however give a stronger restraint than a flat web.
The buckling coefficient ranges from 0,43 for simple support to 1,3 for fixed. A
solution for elastic rotational restraint is given in [4] but it is not easy to use. A
simplification in form of a reasonably conservative value is instead suggested,
which is also used in [2]:
k1 = 0,60 (13.6)
The rules for flange buckling in 4.4 (1) and (2) of EN 1993-1-5 are used with the
buckling coefficients given above together with the relevant outstand c. In
general, both (13.5) and (13.6) have to be checked and the most unfavourable case
governs.
155
13.3 Shear resistance EN 1993-1-5,

D.2.2
13.3.1 Introduction
The shear resistance of corrugated webs has attracted interest from many
researcher. Accordingly, there are several proposals for the shear resistance e. g.
Leiva [5], Lindner [6], Höglund [7] and Johnson & Cafolla [8]. These will be
compared with 70 test results presented in Table 13.1. The formulae for the shear
resistance actually used in EN 1993-1-5 were developed during the evaluation.
This work was done in close co-operation with Professor Torsten Höglund of the
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. He was in charge of the corresponding
rules in EN 1999-1-1, which are now harmonized with EN 1993-1-5.
Notations for the corrugated web are shown in Figure 13.2. For the sinusoidally
corrugated web the measures a3 and 2w are relevant and the developed length of
one full wave is denoted 2s. For the trapezoidal web the following relations and
definitions apply.
a2 = a3/sin %
a4 = a3cot
w = a1 + a4
s = a1 + a2
tw = thickness of web
hw = depth of web
amax = max(a1,a2)
There are two shear buckling modes; one local governed by the largest flat panel
and one global involving one or more corrugations. The critical stress for local
buckling is taken as that for a long plate, which can be written as:
2
7 t 4
8 cr , & 4,83 E 5 w 2 (13.7)
6 a max 3
For a sinusoidally corrugated web the local buckling is less likely to occur. A
formula for critical shear stress for local buckling of webs with dimension as
given in Figure 13.1 can be found in [19] and reads:
2
/ a s , 9 2 E / tw ,
8 cr ,l & - 5,34 ' 3 * - * (13.8)
. hwtw + 12(1 ): 2 ) . s +
This formula was developed for the type of corrugation used in an Austrian girder
but it has turned out that the formula is not general enough and the formula may
give large errors if the dimensions are different to those given in Figure 13.1. For
this reason sinusoidially corrugated webs have to be designed by testing with
regard to local shear buckling where dimensions other than those given in Figure
13.1 are used. There is also a possibility to calculate the critical shear stresses for
local buckling with FEM and to use it in the design rules given here.
The critical stress for global buckling is given by [9]:
32,4
8 cr ,g & 4
D x D 3z (13.9)
t w h 2w
156
where:
Et w3 w Et w3 a1 ' a 4
Dx & & (13.10)
12(1 ) : ) s 12(1 ) : ) a1 ' a 2
2 2
EI z Et w a32 3a1 ' a 2

Dz & & (13.11)
w 12 a1 ' a 4
The first versions of the formulae (13.10) and (13.11) are relevant for sinusoidally
corrugated webs where Iz is the second moment of area of one half wave. The
second versions are relevant for trapezoidally corrugated webs.
Both critical stresses are valid for simply supported long plates. The global
buckling stress is derived from orthotropic plate theory, see e. g. [9]. Some
authors have defined Dx without the factor (1-:2) in the denominator. It is
theoretically more correct to include it as in (13.10). In [9] there is also a solution
for restrained rotation along the edge. For fully clamped edges the coefficient 32,4
in (13.9) increases to 60,4. This has been used for evaluating tests e. g. in [5] but it
is hard to believe that this corresponds to the actual conditions at tests. The
flanges are not likely to be rigid enough to provide a rotational restraint for such a
stiff plate as a corrugated web. In this evaluation (13.9) will be used throughout.
Table 13.1: Data for test girders and test results (The shading shows
the governing model and VR1 and VR2 are according to the
EN 1993-1-5 as described in 13.3.6)
Test hw tw fyw % a1 a3 Vu ;u <1 <2 Vu/VR1 Vu/VR2%
No original ref9 mm mm MPa mm mm kN
0 L1A 5 994 1,94 292 45 140 48 280 0,860 0,931 0,558 1,370 0,860
1 L1B 5 994 2,59 335 45 140 48 502 1,007 0,747 0,556 1,442 1,007
2 L2A 5 1445 1,94 282 45 140 50 337 0,737 0,915 0,774 1,164 0,737
3 L2B 5 1445 2,54 317 45 140 50 564 0,839 0,741 0,768 1,197 0,839
4 L3A 5 2005 2,01 280 45 140 48 450 0,690 0,880 1,092 1,068 0,778
5 L3B 5 2005 2,53 300 45 140 48 775 0,881 0,724 1,067 1,244 0,962
6 B1 10 600 2,1 341 45 140 50 208 0,837 0,929 0,347 1,332 0,837
7 B2 10 600 2,62 315 45 140 50 273 0,954 0,716 0,315 1,340 0,954
8 B3 10 600 2,62 317 45 140 50 246 0,854 0,718 0,316 1,202 0,854
9 B4b 10 600 2,11 364 45 140 50 217 0,815 0,956 0,358 1,315 0,815
10 M101 10 600 0,99 189 45 70 15 53 0,817 0,734 0,750 1,160 0,817
11 M102 10 800 0,99 190 45 70 15 79 0,908 0,736 1,003 1,292 0,912
12 M103 10 1000 0,95 213 45 70 15 84 0,718 0,812 1,342 1,069 1,101
13 M104 10 1200 0,99 189 45 70 15 101 0,778 0,734 1,501 1,106 1,428
14 L1 11 1000 2,1 410 30 106 50 380 0,764 0,772 0,616 1,110 0,764
15 L1 11 1000 3 450 30 106 50 610 0,782 0,566 0,590 0,996 0,782
16 L2 11 1498 2 376 30 106 50 600 0,921 0,776 0,894 1,343 0,921
17 L2 11 1498 3 402 30 106 50 905 0,867 0,535 0,836 1,081 0,867
18 1 12 850 2 355 33 102 56 275 0,788 0,731 0,459 1,118 0,788
19 2 12 850 2 349 38 91 56 265 0,773 0,642 0,466 1,036 0,773
9
ref = bibliographical reference where the test results can be found
157

20 V1/1 13 298 2,05 298 45 144 102 68 0,646 0,917 0,099 1,021 0,646
21 V1/2 13 298 2,1 283 45 144 102 70 0,684 0,872 0,096 1,054 0,684
22 V1/3 13 298 2 298 45 144 102 81 0,789 0,940 0,100 1,262 0,789
23 V2/3 13 600 3 279 45 144 102 235 0,810 0,606 0,175 1,060 0,810
24 CW3 8 440 3,26 284 45 250 45 171 0,726 0,976 0,218 1,184 0,726
25 CW4 8 440 2,97 222 45 250 45 154 0,918 0,947 0,198 1,475 0,918
26 CW5 8 440 2,97 222 45 250 63 141 0,841 0,947 0,156 1,350 0,841
27 I/5 14 1270 2 331 62 171 24 260 0,535 1,223 1,483 0,987 0,963
28 II/11 14 1270 2 225 62 171 24 220 0,666 0,974 1,267 1,085 0,935
29 121216A 15 305 0,64 676 45 38 25 50 0,656 1,165 0,583 1,177 0,656
30 121221A 15 305 0,63 665 55 42 33 46 0,623 1,298 0,501 1,190 0,623
31 121221B 15 305 0,78 665 55 42 33 73 0,798 1,048 0,475 1,352 0,798
32 121232A 15 305 0,64 665 63 50 51 41 0,546 1,741 0,391 1,255 0,546
33 121232B 15 305 0,78 641 63 50 51 61 0,692 1,403 0,365 1,386 0,692
34 121809A 15 305 0,71 572 50 20 14 63 0,880 0,509 0,829 1,078 0,880
35 121809C 15 305 0,63 669 50 20 14 55 0,740 0,620 0,924 0,978 0,740
36 121832B 15 305 0,92 562 63 50 51 53 0,581 1,113 0,328 1,018 0,581
37 122409A 15 305 0,71 586 50 20 14 58 0,791 0,515 0,839 0,973 0,791
38 122409C 15 305 0,66 621 50 20 14 58 0,803 0,570 0,880 1,026 0,803
39 122421A 15 305 0,68 621 55 42 33 43 0,578 1,162 0,475 1,036 0,578
40 122421B 15 305 0,78 638 55 42 33 61 0,695 1,027 0,466 1,165 0,695
41 122432B 15 305 0,78 634 63 50 51 49 0,562 1,395 0,363 1,122 0,562
42 181209A 15 457 0,56 689 50 20 14 81 0,795 0,708 1,446 1,111 1,373
43 181209C 15 457 0,61 592 50 20 14 89 0,933 0,602 1,312 1,219 1,382
44 181216C 15 457 0,76 679 45 38 25 119 0,873 0,984 0,839 1,430 0,873
45 181221A 15 457 0,61 578 55 42 33 62 0,666 1,250 0,706 1,244 0,666
46 181221B 15 457 0,76 606 55 42 33 98 0,806 1,027 0,684 1,350 0,806
47 181232A 15 457 0,6 552 63 50 51 52 0,594 1,692 0,542 1,340 0,594
48 181232B 15 457 0,75 602 63 50 51 80 0,671 1,414 0,535 1,349 0,671
49 181809A 15 457 0,61 618 50 20 14 82 0,823 0,615 1,341 1,085 1,262
50 181809C 15 457 0,62 559 50 20 14 78 0,852 0,576 1,270 1,093 1,200
51 181816A 15 457 0,63 592 45 38 25 75 0,761 1,108 0,821 1,329 0,761
52 181816C 15 457 0,74 614 45 38 25 96 0,800 0,961 0,803 1,294 0,800
53 181821A 15 457 0,63 552 55 42 33 56 0,610 1,182 0,684 1,104 0,610
54 181821B 15 457 0,74 596 55 42 33 93 0,798 1,046 0,683 1,351 0,798
55 181832A 15 457 0,61 689 63 50 51 53 0,477 1,859 0,603 1,145 0,477
56 181832B 15 457 0,75 580 63 50 51 79 0,687 1,388 0,525 1,368 0,687
57 241209A 15 610 0,62 606 50 20 14 71 0,536 0,599 1,765 0,699 1,292
58 241209C 15 610 0,63 621 50 20 14 79 0,573 0,597 1,780 0,746 1,400
59 241216A 15 610 0,63 592 45 38 25 76 0,578 1,108 1,096 1,009 0,656
60 241216B 15 610 0,79 587 45 38 25 133 0,813 0,880 1,032 1,259 0,848
61 241221A 15 610 0,61 610 55 42 33 77 0,587 1,284 0,968 1,114 0,587
62 241221B 15 610 0,76 639 55 42 33 127 0,742 1,055 0,938 1,261 0,742
63 241232A 15 610 0,62 673 63 50 51 69 0,469 1,808 0,792 1,104 0,469
64 241232B 15 610 0,76 584 63 50 51 101 0,645 1,374 0,701 1,276 0,645
158

65 Gauche 16 460 2 254 30,5 0 126 139 1,029 1,494 0,121 2,142 1,029
66 Droit 16 550 2 254 30,5 0 126 109 0,675 1,494 0,145 1,405 0,675
67 Sin 1 17 1502 2,1 225 2w=155 40 370 0,902 0,433 1,108 1,046 1,038
68 Sin 2 17 1501 2,1 225 2w=155 40 365 0,890 0,433 1,108 1,032 1,025
69 Sin 3 17 1505 2,1 225 2w=155 40 353 0,859 0,433 1,108 0,996 0,989
Slenderness parameters are defined by:

f yw
<i & (13.12)
8 cri 3
for i = 1,2,3 there 1 and 2 refers to equations (13.8) and (13.9) and 3 to equation
(13.14) below.
Values for the slenderness parameters <1 and <2 for the test girders are given in
Table 13.1. The characteristic shear resistance is represented by:
f yw
VR & ; hwtw (13.13)
3
where ; is the minimum of the reduction values ;i determined for <1 and <2.
The ultimate shear resistance Vu in the tests can be transformed to the non-
dimensional parameter ;u by equation (13.13) and it is also given in Table 13.1.
The parameters defined above are general and will be used throughout the
analysis. The features of the different models will now be described briefly and
evaluated.
13.3.2 Model according to Leiva [5]
Leiva does not fully develop a design model but his main concern is the
interaction between local and global buckling, which is based on observations
from tests. His idea is to consider this interaction by defining a combined critical
stress 8cr3 as:
1 1 1
& ' (13.14)
8 n
cr 3 8 n
cr 1 8 crn 2
Leiva discussed only in case n=1 but the equation has been written more general
for later use. He also considered yielding as a limit for the component critical
stresses in an attempt to make a design formula. The idea of Leiva will not be
evaluated but it will form the basis for a model that will be presented later called
"Combined model".
13.3.3 Model according to Lindner [6]
Lindner made an evaluation of test results 0 to 23 in Table 13.1. He discussed

different options for taking the interaction between local and global buckling into
account, including using (13.14) with n=2. His conclusions were however that the
159
interaction could be taken into account implicitly by correcting <2. Lindner’s

model has been introduced in German recommendations [2]. The reduction factor
for the resistance:
0.588
;i,L & (13.15)
<i
is used for both local and global buckling. <1 is as defined in (13.12) but <2 is
changed according to:
2 fy
<2 & if 0.5< 8cr1/8cr2 < 2 (13.16)
8 cr 2 3
The model has been evaluated with results shown in Figure 13.5 and in Table 13.2
where ;L is the smallest of ;=L and ;>L according to (13.15). The right hand
diagram in Figure 13.5 shows that the model has a slight bias with respect to <2. It
is an under-prediction of the resistance that increases with the slenderness for
global buckling. Further the model includes discontinuities in the prediction
because of the stepwise correction in (13.15).
Figure 13.5: Test over prediction as function of <1 and <2 according to
Lindner’s model
13.3.4 Model according to Johnson [8]
The model according to Johnson involves three separate checks; one for local
buckling, one for global buckling and one for combined local and global buckling.
The check for local buckling is done with the post-buckling resistance predicted
by:
0,84
;1J & < 1,0 (13.17)
<1
For the global buckling the critical stress (13.9) is used but with a coefficient 36
instead of 32,4 and without (1-:2) in the denominator of Dx which gives more or
less the same results. The design strength is taken as 0,5 times the critical stress,
which includes a partial safety factor of 1,1. Considering theses differences the
characteristic reduction factor becomes:
160
0,61
; 2J & (13.18)
<22
if <2 is defined by (13.12) and (13.9).
Finally, the interaction between local and global buckling is considered with the
critical stress 8cr3 according to (13.14) with n=1. The resistance is taken as the
critical stress with a reduction factor 0,67?1,1, which leads to the reduction factor:
0,74
; 3J & (13.19)
<32
where <3 is defined by (13.12) and (13.14) with n=1.
The evaluation is shown in Figure 13.6 and Table 13.2. ;J is taken as the lowest
value from the three separate checks. The right hand diagram depicting the
combined check shows a clear bias for under-prediction for high slenderness
values, which is caused by the use of reduced critical stresses as design strength.
The scatter in the quotient test over prediction shown in Table 13.2 is also fairly
high.
Figure 13.6: Test over prediction as function of <1 and <3 according to
Johnson’s model
13.3.5 Combined model
The basic idea of this model was to define the resistance by a single reduction
factor. A reduced critical stress will be defined by (13.14) in order to take the
interaction between local and global buckling into account. This critical stress is
used to calculate the slenderness parameter <3 from (13.12). It is used in
combination with the strength function:
1.2
;C & <1,0 (13.20)
0.9 ' <3
The results for n=2 are shown in Table 13.2 and in Figure 13.7. Also n=4 has been
checked and the result is quite similar considering the statistical parameters. Both
alternatives represent a quite weak interaction and the interaction becomes weaker
the higher value of n is used. It can be seen that this model improves the
prediction. However, the model is symmetrical in the influence of local and global
buckling. It could be expected on theoretical grounds that the post-critical
resistance is more pronounced for local buckling than for global. In the latter case
161
it is questionable if there is any at all. On the other hand the influence of

imperfections in the range of medium slenderness can be expected to be smaller
than for local buckling. This became clear when the tests with sinusoidialy
corrugated webs were included in the comparisons, which was done quite late in
the work. This reasoning led to the model described in the next section.
Figure 13.7: Test over prediction as function of <" according to model

Combined check, n=2
13.3.6 Model according to EN 1993-1-5
The model is based on the one proposed by Höglund [7]. It has two separate
checks, one for local and one for global buckling. It has been modified in [18] and
further modification has been done here as will be discussed below. The reduction
factors for local and global buckling, respectively, is given by:
1.15
;1, EN & 0 1.0 (13.21)
0.9 ' <1
1.5
; 2, EN & @ 1.0 (13.22)
0.5 ' <22
The reasoning behind the two checks is that the local buckling is expected to show
a post-critical strength, which should not be present in the global buckling. This is
reflected by <1 appearing linear and <2 is squared in the reduction factor. In [18]
the reduction factor for local buckling has no plateau but the global buckling has
the same reduction factor as (13.17). There is however one more difference. The
restraint from the flanges to the global buckling is included in [18] and an increase
of the buckling coefficient to 40 is suggested if a certain stiffness criterion is met.
The predictions were compared with the test results in Table 13.1 and also with
some tests on aluminium girders. The prediction is marginally better than the one
using (13.21) and (13.22). The idea of increasing the global buckling coefficient
has also been discussed by Leiva and it may very well be true. It has however not
been included in the model in EN 1993-1-5 for simplicity and as an additional
safety measure. The reduction factors (13.21) and (13.22) are shown in Figure
13.9 together with the Euler curve and the von Karman curve.
There are no test results that make it possible to evaluate the length of the plateau
length for local buckling. Equation (13.21) has a plateau until <1 = 0.25, which is
162
very small compared to other buckling problems. For instance the design rules for
flat webs give < = 0.83 for the plateau length with A = 1. This question will
remain unsettled until further experiments are available. It is believed that (13.21)
is conservative enough.
The evaluation results are found in Figure 13.8 and Table 13.2. The notation ;EN
is the minimum of (13.21) and (13.22). The prediction is quite good with all the
results between 1 and 1,5, except for test 65, which stick out in all the evaluations.
Figure 13.8: Test over prediction according to the model in

EN 1993-1-5
Figure 13.9: Reduction factors according to EN 1993-1-5; global

buckling solid and local buckling dashed. As reference the Euler
curve 1/<> is shown as dash-dots and the von Karman curve 1/< as
dots
Figure 13.10 shows the test results for which local buckling is supposed to govern
and Figure 13.11 there global buckling is supposed to govern. The predictions
gives almost the same statistical characteristics, mean 1,22 and 1,23 with
coefficient of variation 0,15 and 0,14 for local and global buckling, respectively.
163
Figure 13.10: Reduction factor for local buckling together with 59 test
results where local buckling is supposed to govern
Figure 13.11: Reduction factor for global buckling together with 11

test result where global buckling is supposed to govern
Table 13.2: Evaluation of design models showing mean value,

standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the quotient
;u/;prediction
Model nLindner Johnson Combined EN1993-1-5

n=2
Mean 1.48 1.62 1.26 1.22
Stand dev 0.34 0.65 0.19 0.18
Coeff of var 0.23 0.39 0.15 0.15
164
13.3.7 Discussion
The test data base is quite large and covers a range of parameters for instance:
190 < fy < 690 Mpa
140 < hw/tw <1200
30o < < 63o
Most of the tests are normal I-girders tested in three or four point bending. The
exceptions are test 27 and 28, which were racking tests on container walls with an
unsymmetrical corrugation. The report included one more shear test that has been
discarded because the web was not continuously welded. Test 65 and 66 had a
triangular corrugation (a1 in Figure 13.2 equal to zero) and the girder had flanges
of cold-formed channels. Test 65 showed a very high resistance compared to
prediction, which to some extent may have been influenced by the flanges
carrying some shear. However, it is not the whole truth as test 66 does not stick
out. The tests by Hamilton [15] included four more tests with the remark “support
induced failure”, which are not included in Table 13.1.
The normal procedure for dealing with buckling problems is to use the critical
stress for defining a slenderness parameter as in (13.12) and to find a reduction
factor that depends on this slenderness parameter. In all the models studied here a
post critical strength is recognized for the local buckling. It is however less
pronounced than for a flat web. This is likely to be so because the folds of the web
are less efficient in supporting tension fields than the flanges of a girder with a flat
web. One question is how small the angle between adjacent panels can be made
before the fold becomes insufficient as a support for the panels. The smallest
angle in the tests is 30o. This has been taken as lower limit until further evidence
is available.
The next question is interaction between the two buckling modes. This has been
considered by most of the authors except Höglund. His reasoning is that the
interaction, if any, is so weak that two separate checks are sufficient. The
evaluation in Table 13.2 supports this opinion as the EN 1993-1-5 model based on
Höglund’s ideas, shows the lowest scatter. The suggestion of Lindner to increase
the slenderness parameter for global buckling if the critical stresses for local and
global buckling are close to each other is hard to justify and it creates an unnatural
discontinuity. Using (13.14) for defining a reduced critical stress would give a
continuous procedure that gives the highest interaction when the two critical
stresses are equal. This seems intuitively reasonable. It will however be
symmetrical in 8cr1 and 8cr2, which is not likely to be true as indicated in the
discussion in 13.3.5. Because of this theoretical objection and that the prediction
of the test results is as good with the separate checks this was chosen.
For some low value of the slenderness the shear yield resistance of the web should
be reached. The test results do not indicate at which slenderness this will be safely
met. From Figure 13.10 it can be seen that the lowest slenderness there local
failure was governing is <==0.5. Judging from experiences of other plate buckling
phenomena (13.21) will be very safe with <=%= 0.25 for reaching the yield
resistance as discussed in 13.3.6.
The design model presented in EN 1993-1-5 has been shown to be a step forward
compared to other existing or possible design models. It is certainly not the final
165
answer to the question of shear resistance of corrugated webs and future research
will hopefully improve the model.
13.4 Patch loading
No rules for patch loading resistance are given in EN 1993-1-5. The rules for flat
webs may be used but this is in most cases quite conservative, especially if the
loaded length is larger than one half corrugation w. The patch loading resistance
has been studied by several authors [10], [20], [21]. The results have however not
been collated and merged into a design model. In [1] the design rule for patch
loading includes only a check of the yield resistance. For sinusoidally corrugated
webs for the patch loading resistance has been studied in [22] and [23].
13.5 References
[1] Ranabalk. Produktbeskrivning och dimensioneringsregler (Specification and

design rules for Rana girder), Ranaverken AB, 2000
[2] DASt Richtlinien 015, Träger mit schlanken Stege, Stahlbau-Verlag, Köln,
1990
[3] Johnson, R., Cafolla, J., Local flange buckling in plate girders with
corrugated webs, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Structures & Buildings May 1997 pp 148-156.
[4] Timoshenko, S. P., Gere, J. M., Theory of elastic stability, Mc Graw-Hill,
Second edition New York 1961.
[5] Leiva, L., Skjuvbuckling av plåtbalkar med trapetsprofilerat liv. Delrapport
1. (Shear buckling of trapezoidally corrugated girder webs. Report Part 1.),
Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Div. of Steel and Timber Structures Publ. S
83:3, Göteborg 1983 (In Swedish)
[6] Lindner, J:, Grenzschubtragfähigkeit von I-Trägern mit trapezförmig
profilierten Steg, Stahlbau 57 (1988) Heft 12 pp 377-380.
[7] Höglund, T., Shear Buckling Resistance of Steel and Aluminium Plate
Girders, Thin-walled Structures Vol. 29, Nos. 1-4, pp 13-30, 1997
[8] Johnson, R., Cafolla, J., Corrugated webs in plate girders for bridges,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Structures & Buildings
May 1997 pp 157-164.
[9] Peterson, J. M., Card, M. F., Investigation of the Buckling Strength of
Corrugated Webs in Shear, NASA Technical Note D-424, Washington 1960
(referred in [5])
[10] Bergfelt, A. , Edlund, B. & Leiva, L. , Trapezoidally corrugated girder
webs. Ing. et Architects Suisses, No.1-2, Januar 1985 pp 65-69
[11] Report No. RAT 3846 Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo 1983
[12] Kähönen, A., About the calculation procedure of steel I-beam with
corrugated webs. Master Thesis Lappeenranta University of Technology,
1983 (In Finnish)
166
[13] Scheer, J., Versuche an Trägern mit Trapezblechstegen, Bericht Nr. 8127,
Technische Univ. Braunschweig, Inst. für Stahlbau, Dezember 1984
[14] Leiva-Aravena, L., Trapezoidal corrugated panels, Chalmers Univ. of
Technology, Div. of Steel and Timber Structures Publ. S 87:1, Göteborg
1987
[15] Elgaaly, M., Hamilton, R., Seshadri, A., Shear strength of beams with
corrugated webs, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, 1996 122(4),
390-398
[16] Frey, F., Essai d´une poutre a ame plisse, Rapport interne No 64, Nov 1975,
Laboratoire de Mechanique des Materiaux et Statique de Constructions,
Université de Liège
[17] Pasternak, H., Branka, P., Zum Tragverhalten von Wellstegträgern,
Bauingenieur 73 (1988) Nr. 10, pp 437-444
[18] Ullman, R., Shear Buckling of Aluminium Girders with Corrugated Webs,
Royal Inst of Technology, Structural Engineering, TRITA-BKN Bulletin,
2002
[19] Pasternak H., Hannebauer D.: Träger mit profilierten Stegen,
Stahlbaukalender 2004, Berlin, Verlag Ernst & Sohn
[20] Leiva-Aravena, L.,Edlund, B., Buckling of Trapezoidally Corrugated Webs,
ECCS Colloqium on Stability of Plate and Shell Structures , Ghent
University, 1987.
[21] Elgaaly, M., Seshadri, A., Depicting the behaviour of girders with
corrugated webs up to failure using non-linear finite element analysis,
Advances in Engineering Software, Vol 29, No. 3-6, pp 195-208, 1998.
[22] Pasternak H., Branka P.: Zum Tragverhalten von Wellstegträgern unter
lokaler Lasteinleitung, Bauingenieur 74(1999) 219-224
[23] Novák, R., Machá ek, J., Design Resistance of Undulating Webs under
Patch loading, Proceedings of the third International Conference Coupled
Instability in Metal Stuctures CIMS´2000, Lisbon, Imperial College Press,
pp 371-378.
167
Fifth International Conference on Thin-Walled Structures
Brisbane, Australia, 2008
FLANGE BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF THE H-SHAPED MEMBER WITH

SINUSOIDAL WEBS
Guo Yan-lin1, Zhang Qing-lin1, Walter Siokola2, Hofer Andreas2

1
Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
2
Zeman GmbH, A-8811, Austrian
Abstract: This paper will present a study for structural behavior of corrugated web members in two aspects.
One is to develop a computational model for sectional carrying capacity, and another is trying to find a
rational limit of flange width-to-thickness ratios, which is different from H-shaped member with a flat web.
Based on the sectional stress distribution obtained from FEM, it is concluded that the flanges will almost
carry 100% sectional normal stresses resulting from axial forces and moments and web will almost carry
100% sectional shear force. Based on two different flange buckling modes observed from FE numerical
studies in this paper, the flange buckling is also studied and a rational limit of flange width-to-thickness ratio
is conducted. Finally the comparison between the results obtained from the FE analysis and the test carried
out recently in Tsinghua University are given, and it is shown that both reach a good agreement.
Keywords: sinusoidal web beams, sectional stress distribution, flange buckling
1. INTRODUCTION
Corrugated web members, which are composed with flat flanges and corrugated webs through continuous
welding, have shown their outstanding advantages, and they were used in civil buildings in the past years. As
the corrugated web has a high critical load under shear force, even though very thin web is adopted, the H-
shaped member with sinusoidal webs will still result in a significant increment of web height without local
buckling. Therefore, their sectional capacity to resist moment will be increased greatly. Meanwhile, the web
corrugation can greatly increase the out-of-plane stiffness of webs, which means the members have a higher
out-of-plane stiffness to keep their shape unchanged during transporting and hoisting. All of these reasons
come to the wide application of corrugated web members in portal frames, tier buildings and bridges, etc. H-
shaped members with sinusoidal webs, the most frequently used types, considered to be more aesthetical and
resistive to fatigue failure, will be introduced and studied in this paper.
Most of the scholars working on this area have laid their focus on the shear load carrying capacity of web,
including Peterson and Cord(1960), Rothwell(1968), Sherman and Fisher(1971), Easley(1975),
Libove(1977), Lindner(1988), Elgaaly(1990), Abbas(2006),etc. Some theoretical or semiempirical formulas
were given to determine the elastic shear buckling load of the web. According to these formulas, the authors
adopt some special configurations and section sizes used above, and the stress distribution on the sections will
be studied. A simple approach to calculate the sectional strength of corrugated web members will be present
here. Furthermore, the flange stability will be studied by finite element method and a rational limit value of
flange width-to-thickness ratio will be conducted.
2. STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND SECTIONAL LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY
2.1 Finite Element Simulations and Analysis

A finite element model of sinusoidal web member was developed by using the general purpose program
ANSYS to investigate sectional stress distribution and load carrying capacity. The sectional model was used
to perform an elasto-plastic analysis. Reduced integration thin shell elements were used for the web and
flanges. To exclude the effect of global member buckling, a short member, with slenderness less than 5
around the strong axis and 30 around the weak axis, was chosen. As can be noted from Fig. 1, the web
configuration is sinusoidal with a half wave length l=155mm, wave magnitude f=20mm and the web
thickness tw=2.5mm. The flanges are both 200mm wide by 10mm thick. The material is considered as elastic-
perfectly plastic with initial elastic modulus (E) of 206,000MPa, Poisson’s ratio (v) of 0.3, and the yield stress
(fy) of 300MPa. Different boundary conditions and load cases were considered to study the stress distribution.
Compared with the conventional flat web beam, H-shaped sinusoidal web members have shown distinct
characteristic in stress distribution. Subjected to axial compression or bending, the sinusoidal web has a
negligible longitudinal stress across the web section while the flat thin web will result in a significant stress
distribution on the section, as shown in Fig. 2.
a-(I) b-(II) c -(I) d-(II) e-(I) f-(II)

longitudinal stress
longitudinal stress shear stress
under axial
under bending under shearing
compression
Figure 2 stress distribution of sinusoidal web beam (I)
Figure 1 Geometry of sinusoidal web beam and conventional flat web beam (II)
For the sinusoidal web member subjected to an axial compression or bending, the flanges carry over 99%
of the total load, which means the contribution of the corrugated web can be ignored. This is the most
important character of stress distribution of corrugated web members. The main reason for that is due to the
much smaller longitudinal stiffness of sinusoidal web compared with that of flanges. Subjected to axial
forces, the sinusoidal web will produce a considerable moment at the transition part, and the rigid-body
motion caused by the rotation of transition part makes the longitudinal deformation develop easily. The
sinusoidal web, with the geometry as shown in Fig. 1, takes a longitudinal stiffness of only 1% of the flanges’,
which can be obtained easily from FE numerical analysis.
For the flat web beam subjected to an axial compression or bending, the load carried by flanges accounts
for 75% to 85% of the total, which is higher than the percentage of the flange area, 68%. Although the local
buckling of the flat web occurs, it has still played a considerable part to take applied load.
When subjected to shear forces, the shear stress on the sinusoidal web is distributed uniformly, as shown
in Fig. 2. e. It is much different from the flat web beam, which is as shown in Fig. 2. f. This distinct
difference can be consulted as the second character of stress distribution of sinusoidal web members.
In order to determine stress distribution across the section easily, a computational model is developed as
following:
When subjected to axial forces or bending moments, the sinusoidal web member can be treated as a
lattice girder, in which only the flanges are available and the web can be ignored; when subjected to
shear forces, only the web is available and the shear stress is distributed uniformly.
2.2 Test Investigation
A test program has been carried out, in which 6 series of total 18 tests have been finished in Tsinghua
University recently. They include the axial compression tests, the eccentric compression tests, the bending
tests and the shearing tests. All of these specimens were fabricated by Zeman GmbH in Austrian and
transported to China by air or ship. The materials for the web and flanges are S235JR in accordance with EN
10 025 with a yield strength of 300MPa. The profiling of the web generally avoids the web failure due to loss
of its stability before the plastic limit-loading is reached. All of the webs were connected to the flanges on
one side of the web with continuous 3mm fillet welds automatically by robot. The designation of specimens
followed the following rules:
Since the out-of-plane buckling of sinusoidal web members has been avoided by lateral braces, the
sectional ultimate strength only is considered in the analysis by using FE analysis. The applied loads listed in
the Table 1 as Pcal are obtained directly from the most simplified calculated model mentioned above.
Meanwhile, based on FE models with the same parameters of the test specimens, the more accurate results
(PFE) will be obtained by using general purpose program ANSYS to perform a nonlinear finite element
analysis. All of these results, including test results (Ptest), are listed below in Table 1, and all comparison
reaches a good agreement between them.
Table 1 Comparison between tests, the simplified models and FE analysis
Load case section Length/m Ptest/kN PFE/kN Pcal/kN
Axial 1-1 WTA500-200×10 2 995a 1174 1200
compression 1-2 WTA500-200×10 5 1132 1139 1200
2-1 WTA500-200×10 5 841 809 857
Eccentric
2-2 WTA500-200×10 5 588 577 600
compression
2-3 WTA500-200×10 5 372 387 400
3-point 3-1 WTC500-200×10 5 165 170 172
bending 3-2 WTC750-250×12 7 248 255 259
4-1 WTA500-200×10 1.5 381 343 346
4-2 WTB500-200×10 1.5 477 431 433
4-3 WTB 750-250×12 1.5 648 643 649
shearing
4-4 WTC 750-250×12 1.5 777 766 779
4-5 WTB1000-300×12 2 857 841 866
4-6 WTC1000-300×12 2 988 1008 1039
a•
the test loading head failed when the flanges still were kept perfect
As depicted in the simplified model, subjected to bending, the flexural modulus EI b of H-shaped
members with sinusoidal webs can be calculated through 200
flange buckled
assuming flanges to be the only effective parts. However, it 160
must be noted that the shear stiffness of the sinusoidal web is
not very high due to very thin web, therefore the effect of
Load/kN
120
yield
shearing deformation must be taken into consideration. The
Test
deflection of beam includes two parts: one deformation (b)
80
FEA
caused by bending effects and another deformation ( s) caused 40total elastic stiffness K 0
bending stiffness K
by shearing effects. A total elastic stiffness K0 based on a 0
b
simplified calculation model reflecting both bending effect and 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
disp/mm
shearing effect could be expressed by the applied load divided
Figure 3: load versus deflection response.
by the total deformation value defined by b+s. The detail derivation of K0 is found in the reference
[Driver(2006)].
The applied loads versus deflection curves are shown in Fig.3 where both the test results and the FEA
results are included. The total elastic stiffness K0 and bending stiffness Kb are depicted in Fig.3 as slopes, too.
The total elastic stiffness resulting from test and FEA results agree very well with K0 and varies a lot from
bending stiffness Kb. This means that the shearing deformation could not be ignored even for long members
when estimating beam deflection. The test setups and failure modes are as shown in Figure 4.
(c) bending test
(a) axial compression test (b) eccentric compression test (d) shearing test
Figure 4 test setups
2.3 Summary of Sectional Load Carrying Capacity

Many theoretical and experimental works have been done on the sectional load carrying capacity of H-
shaped sinusoidal web members. The computational model proposed above is proved to be rational.
Ostensibly, ignoring the web contribution to normal stress makes direct load carrying capacity of sinusoidal
web beams lower than conventional flat web beams in the case of the same section sizes, but the benefit is
that the sinusoidal web can make the section profile more efficient for carrying moments, namely by
increasing web height even though using less web thickness. Although the theoretical comparison of sectional
load carrying capacity in the case of the same section sizes between flat web and sinusoidal web can’t show
the advantages of sinusoidal web members directly, the facts that such thin sinusoidal web beams can be
transported and erected safely, and loaded to failure due to flanges yielding instead of web failure, can
strongly prove them to be economical and efficient members.
3. STABILITY OF FLANGE
In conventional flat web beams, the flange stability can be assessed by assuming the flange to be plates
simply supported on three sides. For a sinusoidal web beams, the boundary condition can not be simplified in
this way. Many research works have been down on this topic these years. In BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, for
trapezoidal web girders, a simple approach is proposed to determine the effective area of flange, which
regards the buckling factor as the larger of 0.6 and 0.43+(b/a)2, where b is the maximum width of the
outstand from the toe of the weld to the free edge and a is the distance between two adjacent peaks of
corrugation. This approach certainly considers the flange stability in sinusoidal web girders to be much better
than conventional flat web girders. However, Johnson (1997) has found that the critical load of flanges in
trapezoidal web members may be lower than flat web member, and a function R is proposed to judge whether
it is conservative to use the average outstand (the same with flat web members) to determine the critical loads.
All of these works mentioned above are based on the trapezoidal corrugated web members, and the obtained
results can not be proved to be suitable for sinusoidal web beams. In this paper a simple model to investigate
flange stability of sinusoidal web beams will be proposed and some suggestion about the maximum flange
width-to-thickness ratio will be given.
3.1 Simplified Computational Model for Flange Buckling
Although the stiffness of sinusoidal web is neglectable in the action of longitudinal stress, the web can
offer a strong support to flanges in the web depth direction, the flange can be treated as a plate simply
supported on two loaded sides, only constrained at the web-flange joint in out-of-plane direction. This
simplified computational model is depicted as follow in Fig. 5.
Figure 5: the simplified computational model for flange buckling
Two geometric coefficients are defined to describe the web profile, that is a coefficient of web amplitude
=f/b1, and other coefficient of web wavelength =l/b1. The general purpose program ANSYS is used to
perform a parameter study of the critical load versus ,  and width-to-thickness ratio b1/t.
3.2 Critical Loads of Simplified Flange Model
Many numerical results reveal that whatever the web profile is, the critical loads decrease proportionally
to the square of b1/t. Denoting the critical load of a plate simply supported on three sides as cr,1, and the
critical load of a plate supported by the corrugated web shown in Fig. 5, as cr, the normalized critical loads
cr=cr/cr,1 almost hardly change when b1/t varies alone. Because the influences of web profile and the
influence b1/t to flange buckling are independent, so the effect of b1/t can be excluded when the influence of
the web profile to flange buckling is only considered. This paper attempt to develop the relationship between
,  and cr , assuming b1/t always a constant.
(a) flange buckling mode I (b) sketch of flange buckling mode I
(c) flange buckling mode II (d) sketch of flange buckling mode II

Figure 6 Two buckling modes of flanges
Two different buckling modes are observed as the web corrugation size changed. Buckling mode I is
found as shown in Fig. 6(a)(b) and described as: each longitudinal side of the flange deflects towards
different directions and the deformed flange rim is like a single half-wave superimposing several small waves,
which is dependant on the web corrugation size. Buckling mode II as shown in Fig. 6(c)(d) also may occur
and it is similar to the buckling mode of a plate longitudinally clamped on one side. The deformed flange rim
is a multi-wave profiling, generally not necessarily the same as the web corrugation wave shape.
It can be noted that for buckling mode I, the critical load decreases when the wave length of corrugation
increases, regardless of the amplitude of corrugation or the whole length of the flange. The flange can be
treated as a plate supported at the wave crests. The out-of-plane constrains between two adjacent wave crests
could not efficiently prevent the trend of a sinusoidal shape plate from buckling. It is to mean that, as the
amplitude of corrugation increases, the flange plate loses the constrain provided by half a sinusoidal web at
the other point of corrugation except two adjacent wave crest points. The flange buckles as a plate clamped at
two wave crest points and free at other points, and its critical load could be calculated as:
 2 EI f  2E
 cr
2
t / b1 (1)
0.5l
2
Af 3 2
In which EI f is the out-of-plane bending stiffness of the flange plate as a plate-column and Af is the area of
flange.
The equation (1) is compared with the FE numerical results when =0.5, as shown in Fig. 7. When
buckling mode I occurs, the results from equation (1) are quite close to the FE numerical results and a little
lower. Therefore, the equation (1) could be able to evaluate the critical load of buckling mode I.
2500
2000
buckling mode I
1500
numerical results
cr
1000 results from eq.(1)
500 buckling mode I
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Figure 7 comparison between Equation ( 1) Figure 8 comparison between Equation ( 3)

and FE numerical results and FE numerical results
For buckling mode II, the flange could be equivalent to a plate supported at flange-web jointing line with
a flexible rotational constrain, with the loaded sides simply supported and the other side free. The flexible
constrain extent depends on web corrugation size, namely, l/f. The larger l/f, the weaker such constrain. On
the other hand, comparing the critical loads of flange plates in the case of the same l/f and different , it can
be noted that when l/f is big enough, the critical load is in inverse proportion to (1+ )3. This is because the
chosen calculation width should be taken as the maximum width of the outstand from the toe of the weld to
the free edge, namely, b1(1+a), and the rotational constrain stiffness is a bit weaker. When l/f is smaller, the
part of the flange width is constrained too firmly to take part in the buckling deformation, so the chosen
calculation width should be taken as a smaller number, as b1(1+ a), where is a reduction factor to describe
the decrease of the chosen calculation width. The value of was listed in table 2.
Table 2 value of
l/f 5 6 7 8 9 11 • 13
0 1/6 1/3 1/2 0.6 0.8 1.0
Denoting the critical load of a plate clamped on one side as cr,2, the critical load of buckling mode II is
between cr,1 and cr,2, depending on the value of l/f. Considering the change of effective flange width, a
fitting equation is proposed:
 cr ,2  cr ,1  cr ,2  cr ,1
 cr  cr ,1 / 1   cr ,1 / 1 
3 3
(2)
1 c  /
2 2
1 c l/ f
In which c is a constant of 0.0035.
When the flange buckles, the buckling mode could be either mode I or mode II, depending on which one
has a lower corresponding critical load. Finally, the normalized critical load is
2.012
/ 1 
3
1
 cr min 1 c  /
2
(3)
8.56 /  2
The equation (3) is compared with FEA results, as shown in Fig. 8. The differences between them are less
than 10% and the equation (3) is a little lower. Equation (3) is available when <=0.25 and l/f>=5, and it can
be used to determine which buckling mode would occur.
3.3 Limit Ratio of Flange Width to Thickness in a Sinusoidal Web Member
As in the simplified computational model as shown in Fig.5 that is only a part of a sinusoidal web
member, in reality, the boundary condition of flange is a little different from. First of all, the out-of-plane
flexural rigidity of webs could offer flanges some extra rotational constrain. This may cause the flange critical
load calculated by using the simplified computational model a little higher. Secondly, the web in the overall
model is compressible in the direction of depth. The out-of-plane constrain offered by web is not perfectly
rigid, which may cause the critical load a little lower. Finite element models of seven H-shaped members
including two flanges and sinusoidal web with different web corrugations, were modeled using thin shell
elements. Performing a linear buckling analysis by the program ANSYS, the critical load of these overall
models were obtained and compared with the three-side simply supported plates in the case of the same b1/t,
as cr,o. The normalized critical loads of the simplified models as shown in Fig.5, were obtained by FE
analysis, denoted as cr,s. All of these results, together with the results from Equation (3), are listed in Table 3.
These members are divided into 3 series, designated as A-*(buckling mode I controls), B-* (buckling mode II
controls) and C-*(flat web).
Table 3 Comparison between equation (3) and FE numerical results
designation A-1 A-2 A-3 B-2 B-3 B-4 C-0
0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
flat web
6 3 3 1.5 1.5 1
cr of equation (3) 0.238 0.951 0.951 1.597 2.109 2.85 1
cr,s 0.256 1.027 1.029 1.652 2.257 3.012 1
cr,o 0.6886 1.32 1.57 1.63 2.09 2.58 0.12*
—buckling mode I€ —buckling mode II€ *the flat web buckled

1.00
A-1
0.95
A-2
0.90 A-3
0.85
B-1
B-2
Fu/Affy
0.80
B-3
0.75 C-0
0.70
0.65
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
b1/t
Figure 9 Relationship of ultimate strength ratios versus b1/t
Furthermore, both geometric and material nonlinear analysis was performed and the ultimate strengths Fu
of these overall models were obtained. Setting b1/t as a variable, the ultimate strength ratio Fu/Af fy versus b1/t
curves are depicted in Fig.9. When b1/t is small, the ultimate strength ratios of series A, whose buckling loads
are controlled by buckling mode I, are obviously lower than others. It is recommended to adopt suitable web
profiling to avoid buckling mode I, namely, to satisfy equation (4):
2.012
8.56 /  2 / 1 
3
1 (4)
1 c  /
2
In Euro Code EN1993-1-1 and Chinese Code GB50017-2003, the maximum width-to-thickness ratios of
flanges in flat web beams are limited to 15 to ensure the flange stability, in which
 235 / f y (5)
The maximum flange width-to-thickness ratios of sinusoidal web beams could be expressed as
b1 / t (max) 15  (6)
Where means the increase factor of b1/t in sinusoidal web members compared with flat web members,
based on the same critical load.
2.012
 / 1 
3
1 (7)
1 c  /
2
However, when cr of equation (3) is very high, the actual critical load of overall model may be lower
than cr because of the compressibility of web in the depth direction. A square root is taken to  to consider a
reduction in equation (6). Usually the value of is between 1.00~1.75, so the maximum width-to-thickness
ratio could be up to 20 . When a proper web profiling is adopted, the flange stability could be significantly
increased due to the effect of the sinusoidal web.
4. CONCLUSION
A computational model for sectional load carrying capacity of a sinusoidal web member was proposed
and was proved to be rational by both FE numerical analysis and test investigation. The sectional load
carrying capacity and the deflection of beams could be easily obtained through this sectional model. Further
more, based on two different flange buckling modes observed from numerical studies, the flange buckling
was also studied and a rational limit of width-to-thickness ratios of flange was conducted. The research works
are still on going in Tsinghua University and further research conclusions on the overall instability of a
sinusoidal web member will be obtained recently.
REFERENCES
Corrugated Web Beam, Technical Documentation. Zeman & Co Gesellschaft mbH, 1999. Vienna, Austria
Driver, R.G. Abbas, H.H., and Sause, R., Shear Behavior of Corrugated Web Bridge Girders. Journal of
Structure Engneering, ASCE. February 2006
Elgaaly, M. and Dagher, H. Beams and girders with corrugated webs. Proc., The Annual Technical Session,
Structural Stability Res. Council (SSRC). Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa., 37-53
Elgaaly,M., Hamilton,R.W., Seshadri, Anand. Shear Strength of Beams with Corrugated Webs. Journal of
Structural Engineering. April 1996
Eurocode 3–Design of steel structures–Part 1-5: Plated structural elements. BSEN 1993-1-5:2006
GUO Yan-lin, Zhang Qing-lin. Design Method of Section Bearing Capacity of H-Type Member of
Corrugated Web. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2006, 23(4) :58-63(in Chinese)
J. T. Easley, Buckling Formulas for Corrugated Metal Shear Diaphragms. Journal of the Structural Division,
ASCE, No.ST7, July 1975: 1403–1417
Johnson, R.P. and Cafolla J. Local flange buckling in plate girders with corrugated webs. Proc. Instn Civ.
Engrs Sructs & Bldgs, 1997, 122, May, 148-156
Smith, D. “Behavior of corrugated plates subjected to shear.” MSc thesis, Dept. of Cive Engr. Univ. of
Maine, Orono, Minnesota, 1992.
JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
2010
16(2): 166–171
PLATE GIRDERS WITH CORRUGATED WEBS
Hartmut Pasternak1, Gabriel Kubieniec2

1, 2
Brandenburg University of Technology, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 2, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
E-mail: 1Hartmut.Pasternak@tu-cottbus.de; 2kubienie@tu-cottbus.de
Received 25 Sept. 2009; accepted 20 Jan. 2010
Abstract. Especially for the main frames of single-storey steel buildings the use of corrugated web beams, mainly with
sinusoidal corrugation, has been increased very much during the last years. Due to the thin web of 1,5 mm to 3 mm corru-
gated web beams afford a significant weight reduction compared with hot rolled profiles or welded I-sections. Buckling
failure of the web is prevented by the corrugation. The buckling resistance of presently used sinusoidal corrugated webs is
comparable with plane webs of 12 mm thickness or more. Due to improvements of the automatic fabrication process cor-
rugated webs up to 6 mm thickness became possible. Therefore the field of application of this beam type has been ex-
tended considerable. Even short span bridges are possible now. The dimensioning of corrugated web beams is ruled by the
EN 1993-1-5 Annex D – it covers only web thicknesses up to 3 mm. In the last years many tests and finite element simu-
lations have been carried out. Regarding this background, these EN rules will be discussed and extended. Furthermore,
additional proposals for patch loading and lateral-torsional buckling of girders with sinussoidal webs will be given.
Keywords: plate girder, sinusoidal corrugated web, stability.
1. Introduction Since the end of the 80ies of last century corrugated

web beams with sinusoidal corrugated webs are produced
Especially for the main frames of single-storey steel by an automated production process. In 1988 the first
buildings the use of corrugated web beams, mainly with machine for the production SIN-beams were developed
sinusoidal corrugation, has been increased very much by ZEMAN, Austria. These semi-automatic machines of
during the last years (Fig. 1). Due to the thin web of 2 or the first generation were able to produce SIN-beams with
3 mm, corrugated web beams afford a significant weight parallel flanges and a web thickness of 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm
reduction compared with hot rolled profiles or welded or 3.0 mm (Siokola 1997).
I-sections. Buckling failure of the web is prevented by the
corrugation. The buckling resistance of presently used 2. Automatic fabrication process
sinusoidal corrugated webs is comparable with plane
webs of 12 mm thickness or more. The machines of latest generation are able to produce
SIN-beams by a fully automated process (Pasternak et al.
2008). A more variable design of cross sections, a variety
of web thickness, lower beam heights and smaller flange
dimensions became possible. Furthermore tapered beams
and machine-made web openings can be produced.
Actually there are around 10 production lines around
the world. The automatic production (Fig. 2) of the
following beam dimensions is possible:
− Web height 333, 500, 625, 750, 1000, 1250 and
1500 [mm]
− Web thickness 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6 [mm]
− Flange thickness from 6 to 30 [mm]
− Flange width from 120 to 450 [mm]
The maximum beam length of 16 m corresponds to the
Fig. 1. Single-storey building maximum range of welding robots. Usually beam are
shorter because of the limits for the transport, galvanizing
When corrugated web beam have been developed etc. For tapered beams the maximum length is 12 m. Due
during the 60ies of last century, especially the profiling of to improvements corrugated webs up to 6 mm thickness
the web and the welding was hand work. Due to the pro- became possible. Therefore the field of application of this
gress of welding technology an automatic fabrication beam type has been extended considerable. Even short
process became possible. span bridges are possible now. The web material comes
166 JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ISSN 1392–3730 print / ISSN 1822–3605 online
http:/www.jcem.vgtu.lt doi:10.3846/jcem.2010.17
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2010, 16(2): 166–171 167
from a coil. It is unrolled and cut to length automatically

by the machine. A so called “corrugator” forms the sheet
to a corrugated web. The flanges has been already pre-
pared and stored in special flange baskets. After the run-
ning-in of the web and flanges into the welding station all
members are moved to the correct position, are pushed
together and are welded by the welding robots.
Fig. 4. Gerber hinge
Fig. 2. Automatic production process
3. Application examples
The basic areas of use of girders with sinusoidally corru-
gated web are main single- or multi-span frames consisting
of columns and rafters. In addition, there are also applica-
tions in heavy industrial buildings. Fig. 3 shows a crane
way column and Fig. 4 a Gerber hinge, used in a multi-
span frame in a mill at Katowice, Poland (Pasternak,
2004). In the Innsbruck Stadium, Austria, extended for Fig. 5. Roof structure of Innsbruck Stadium (Wimmer 2008)
Euro 2008, 16 m long SIN beams are used as purlins
(Fig. 5). Thanks to good distribution of mass within the bending capacity with relatively low self weight. In com-
cross-section, those girders can be characterised by high parison with traditional hot-rolled profiles, the reduction
of self weight amounts even up to 40%.
4. Present state of codes

4.1. General
Actually beams with corrugated webs are ruled by the Euro-
code EN 1993-1-5, Annex D (EC-3 2006). There used to be
older standards as well, e.g. the German DASt-Ri 015 from
1990. But these standards deal about beams with trapezoidal
corrugated webs only (EC-3 2006). Only by consideration of
additional papers (Pasternak et al. 1998) and expert opinions
(Pasternak et al. 1998, 2008), it became possible to use this
document for the calculation of sinusoidal corrugated webs.
The EN 1993-1-5 gives rules for both trapezoidal corruga-
tion and sinusoidal corrugation. Whereas the dimensioning
procedure for trapezoidal corrugated webs bases on the tests
results for sinusoidal corrugated webs, the latest test results
are not considered by the given rules. Therefore the calcula-
tion procedure according to EN is comparatively conservati-
ve. The bearing behaviour of a beam with corrugated web is
comparable with a lattice girder. Normal force and bending
moment are carried by the flanges only. Due to the corruga-
tion the web is not able to carry any normal stresses in the
Fig. 3. Crane way column longitudinal direction of the beam. Therefore the web is
loaded by shear force only.
168 H. Pasternak, G. Kubieniec. Plate girders with corrugated webs
4.2. Bending moment resistance of flanges For local buckling the following reduction factor is
defined:
To verify the bending moment capacity of a beam, the
1,15
resistance of flanges against yielding and global and local χ c ,l = ≤1, (2)
buckling for the compression flange has to be taken into 0,9 + λc,l
account. Lateral-torsional buckling of beam is verified by
where: χ c, l is the reduction factor and λc,l the reference
global out-of-plane buckling of the compression flange.
The verification is a conservative assumption because the slenderness for local web buckling.
torsional stiffness is neglected. Local buckling of the
flange (cross section class 4) is considered by the determi- 5. Global and local buckling of web
nation of a reduced flange width. A reduced yield strength For global web buckling the given rule matches the test
fyf.r considers the influence of transverse bending moments. results very well (Fig. 6). It was found by testing and
These moments are caused by the shear flow longitudinal FEM (e.g. Pasternak et al. 1998) that no local buckling
to the joint of flange / corrugated web. It has to be taken occurs for all actually produced beams with sinusoidal
into account for trapezoidal corrugated webs. Actually corrugated webs. That means any reduction should be
produced sinusoidal corrugated webs have a small corruga- necessary for a reference slenderness smaller than 0,74
tion height compared with the width of flanges. Therefore (area I of Fig. 7). A second reason for further research is
the influence of transverse bending moments is negligible. the probably to large reduction factors for a reference
slenderness greater than 1,5 (area II of Fig. 7). The reduc-
4.3. Shear force resistance of web tion curve shows overcritical reserves of bearing capac-
The web loaded by shear force can fail due to yielding, local ity. This behaviour is typical for plate buckling and there-
buckling and global buckling. The EN 1993-1-5 defines the fore understandable for trapezoidal corrugated webs that
reduction factor for global web buckling as follows (Fig. 6): consist of plate elements. However, a sinusoidal corru-
gated web is mainly a shell structure. The overcritical
1,5
χ c, g = ≤ 1, (1) reserve of the reduction curve of EN 1993-1-5 has to be
0,5 + λ2c, g proved.
where: χ c, g is the reduction factor and λc, g the refer-
ence slenderness for global web buckling.
Fig. 7. Reduction curve for local buckling EN 1993-1-5
6. Lateral-torsional buckling
Concerning lateral-torsional buckling four tests and a
large amount of FE simulations have been carried out
(Hannebauer 2008). Tests and FE results in comparison
with European buckling curves are given in Fig. 8.
7. Patch loading
In the parameter study girders with various forms of cor-
rugation the patch load was investigated, the length and
the amplitude of the wave were varied (Pasternak et al.
1989, 2004) (Fig. 9). From many series of FE simulations
a simple approach of the ultimate load was developed
0, 4
Fig. 6. Global buckling curve: a – test, b – curve and results ⎛W ⎞
Fult = 10⎜ el ⎟ ⋅ 2 ⋅ f ⋅ t ⋅ f y,d , (3)
according to (Pasternak et al. 1996, 1998, 2008) ⎝ I /t ⎠
a) a)
b)
b)
Fig. 9. Patch loading: a – test, b – FEM
Fig. 8. Lateral-torsional buckling: a – test girder V6c,

b – test and FEM in comparison with European buckling curves
where: Wel – effective section modulus of the flange; I –

moment of inertia of a full wave about the horizontal axis
of symmetry; t – web thickness; 2f, q– amplitude and
length of the wave
2,12
⎛2f ⎞ Fig. 10. Welding simulation
I = 0,158 ⋅ t ⋅ q 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . (4)
⎝ q ⎠
with flanges 25×200 [mm] and webs 3×500 [mm]
The domain of definition is limited to 3 mm web thick- (Fig. 10), loaded by two concentrated forces, each placed
ness and 100 mm load distribution length. Analyzing a in distance 465 mm from a vertical axis of symmetry of
failure state (Kozlowski 2007), this formula gives reason- girder. Two areas of investigations are distinguished i.e.
able ultimate loads. An extension of this formula to web local focused on welding simulations and global designed
thicknesses of 6 mm is necessary. to describe behaviour of whole girder. The welding simu-
lations showed that the average thickness of weld joining
8. Interaction web and flange is about 2.8 mm and is accompanied by
First interaction diagrams between the bending moment penetration of thermal source at width about 4 mm in every
and shear force resp. patch load are given in (Pasternak et direction (Fig. 11). The residual stresses coming from wel-
al. 2004). ding process are important parameter especially in nonlin-
ear analysis that is why it should be carefully analysed.
9. Present research Strain gauge measurements (Fig. 12) showed highly non-
linear normal stress distribution across the cross-section of
At the Universities of Technology in Cottbus and Braun- flange especially in area of welding zone. This nonlinearity
schweig there is carried out a research programme within is much more visible in tension flange than in compression
the frame work of a national research project (AIF 2008). one, and can be an evidence of existing residual stresses
The main aim of the study is to describe influence of weld- coming from welding process which are superimposed with
ing process on carrying capacity of girder with sinusoidally those from bending (Fig. 13 and 14). The comparison of
corrugated web. The analysed girder was 7 m long beam diagrams representing dependence of normal stresses on
170 H. Pasternak, G. Kubieniec. Plate girders with corrugated webs
load for example in points 1 and 3 (Fig. 15) showed that

in case of point 1 the curves run together parallel while in
point 3 are clearly diverse. This can be a result of influ-
ence of thermal residual stresses. Moreover there was
described the width of web along which exist high normal
stresses coming from bending. This width was estimated
at 5 cm below the connection of the web and the flange
(Fig. 16). That means that in very close vicinity of weld
i.e. 50 mm there can be a superposition of normal stresses
caused by welding and bending. The resultant normal
stresses interact with those caused by shear force and
there is a suggestion to subtract this area from shear area
in design calculations. Additionally it has to be underli-
Fig. 11. Test specimen ned that two effects i.e. increase of yield strength of ma-
terial of web due to cold-forming process and existence
of high normal stresses in mentioned above areas of web
are not considered in actual design.
Fig. 14. Normal stress distribution in bottom flange
Fig. 12. Layout of gauges on flange (a) and web (b)
Fig. 13. Normal stress distribution in top flange Fig. 15. Comparison of load-normal stress curve
Hannebauer, D. 2008. Zur Querschnitts- und Stabtragfähigkeit

von Trägern mit profilierten Stegen. Dissertation, BTU
Cottbus.
Kozlowski, A. 2007. Failure state of roof structure with corru-
gated web´s girders. Awarie budowlane, Szczecin (in Po-
lish).
Pasternak, H. 1996. Gutachterliche Stellungnahme zur Quer-
krafttragfähigkeit von Wellstegträgern. Braunschweig/
Cottbus.
Pasternak, H.; Branka, P. 1998. Zum Tragverhalten von
Wellstegträgern, Bauingenieur 73: 437–444.
Pasternak, H.; Branka, P. 1999. Tragverhalten von Wellsteg-
trägern unter lokaler Last einleitung, Bauingenieur 74:
219–224.
Fig. 16. Normal stress in web Pasternak, H; Hannebauer, D. 2004. Träger mit profilierten
Stegen, Stahlbau-Kalender 2004. Berlin, Verlag Ernst &
10. Conclusion Sohn, 449–492.
Pasternak, H.; Robra, J.; Bachmann, V. 2008a. Corrugated web
EN 1993-1-5 Annex D rules have been discussed for actu- beams with increased web thickness, in Proceedings
ally produced sinusiodal girders. For those girders do not 5thEuropea Conference on Steel and Composite Struc-
appear local buckling effects before the web reaches its tures, Graz, Austria 2008, 1161–1166.
yielding shear capacity. The buckling curve should be Pasternak, H. 2008b. 2nd expert opinion on the shear capacity
improved. Furthermore, additional proposals for patch of girders with sinusoidally corrugated web.
loading and lateral-torsional buckling of girders with si- Braunschweig/ Cottbus 2008.
nussoidal webs were given. Moreover tests showed nonlin- Siokola, W. 1997. Wellstegträger. Herstellung und Anwendung
ear stress-strain relationship. This is a consequence of exis- von Trägern mit profiliertem Steg, Stahlbau 66: 595–605.
tence of thermal fields and initial stresses coming from Wimmer, A., et al. 2008. Stadion Innsbruck „Tivoli neu“ für
welding of web to flanges and also from cold-forming Euro 2008 erweitert, Bauingenieur 83: 405–409.
process of web. These aspects are studied in a national Yan-lin, G.; Qing-lin, Z.; Siokola, W.; Hofer, A. 2008. Flange
research project, carried out in Cottbus and Braunschweig. buckling behaviour of the H-shaped member with sinu-
soidal webs, in Fifth International Conference on Thin-
References Walled Structures, Brisbane, Australia, 2008.
Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 1–5: Plated
AIF Einsatz der Schweißsimulation zur systematischen
structural elements, Annex D, European committee for
Entwicklung verbesserter Modelle für die Berechnung der
standardisation (CEN): 2006.
Tragfähigkeit komplexer Stahlleichtbaustrukturen P 785/
08/2008 / IGF-Nr. 287 ZBG.
SUDĖTINĖS SIJOS SU GOFRUOTĄJA SIENELE

H. Pasternak, G. Kubienec
Santrauka
Pastaruoju metu ypač vienaukščių pastatų plieniniams rėmams imtos plačiai naudoti sijos su pagal sinusoidę banguota sie-
nele. Dėl plonų 1,5–3,0 mm storio gofruotųjų sijų sienelių jų masė gerokai sumažėja, palyginti su karštai valcuotomis arba
virintinėmis dvitėjo skerspjūvio sijomis. Sijos sienelės klumpamosios irties išvengiama dėl sienelės bangavimo. Šiuo metu
naudojamų pagal sinusoidę subanguotų sienelių klumpamoji galia yra lygintina su 12 mm arba didesnio storio plokščių
sienelių galia. Patobulinus automatinį gaminimo procesą gofruotąją sienelę galima padaryti iki 6 mm storio. Todėl labai
išsiplečia šių sijų naudojimo sritys. Sijos gali būti naudojamos nedidelio tarpatramio tiltams. Banguotasienių sijų projek-
tavimo metodika aprašyta EN 1993-1-5 D priede, tačiau ji galioja tik sijoms, kurių sienelės storis neviršija 3 mm. Pastarai-
siais metais atlikta daug bandymų ir skaitinių eksperimentų baigtinių elementų metodu. Todėl šios EN projektavimo nuo-
statos bus aptariamos ir išplėstos. Be to, straipsnyje pateiktos papildomos rekomendacijos, kaip vertinti sijų su pagal
sinusoidę banguota sienele uždėtąją apkrovą ir lenkiamąjį sukamąjį klupumą.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: sudėtinės sijos, pagal sinusoidę banguota sienelė, pastovumas.
Prof. Hartmut PASTERNAK is involved in teaching, research and design of steel structures for more than 20 years. He
is member in several National and International Committees (e.g.full member of the ECCS Technical Committee 8
“Structural Stability”, member of German subcommittee DASt-Ri015 “Girders with thin webs”, member of COST C25
action “Sustainability of Constructions”, member of the working group Eurocode 3 “Cranesupporting structures”). He has
participated in numerous research projects (e.g. on thin-walled members and sheeting). Under his supervision 8 PhD´s
were completed. He has several publications in Journals and at Conferences (more than 100) and is co-author of books in
German (4) and English (1) on steel structures. Moreover he is the editor of the journal “Bauingenieur” for steel structures.
Gabriel KUBIENIEC is a scientific assistant at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus in Germany since
2009. He got PhD in 2009. His research interests include the behavior of thin-walled steel structures. He has 12 publica-
tions in Journals and at Conferences.
STRUCTURAL CONSULTING | VANEEENGINEERING.CA
November 18, 2015 15022
Steelcon Fabrication
Re: SIN Beam Shear Testing
1 INTRODUCTION
The SIN beam is welded wide flange steel beam with a sinusoidal corrugated web.
Over the past 20 years extensive testing has been done on corrugated web beams including the
SIN beam worldwide but the product is new to Canada. The purpose of this testing was
wa to verify
the shear capacity formula provided in EN
EN-1993-1-5 5 Annex D the European steel design code
for the design of corrugated web plate girders.
2 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Details on the shear design procedure / formula used by Steelcon is contained in the SIN beam
Technical Guide.
Based on S136 Rational Engineering

ngineering Analysis the shear capacity off the SIN beam can be
calculated using the shear design formula found in the European steel code (which does not
include a safety factor) and then multiplied by a material resistance factor of 0.75 (S136 Section
A1.2b).
A WT0 330 /152x12 beam was chosen for testing. The test parameters eters were setup such that
the beam will fail in shear before it fails in bending. The detailed shear design calculation is
attached
d to this document and results in the following beam shear capacity
capacity:
0.75
75 ∗ 94.70 21.29 71.0 15.97
Based on this calculation the anticipated shear capacity of the beam (i.e. the beam shear at which
the beam will fail) is 94.7 kN [21.3 kip]
kip].
3 TESTING
Testing was done in the Aucren Lab in Mississauga, Ontario, on September 15, 2015.
The load testing was donene using a Riehle Universal Testing Machine which can exert 120,000lbf
of force between the upper and lower portions of the machine. In order to load the beam to get
a shear failure a 6’ long W8 support beam was placed across the base of the testing machine
machi to
support the SIN beam member. The SIN beam flanges were sized to ensure that the beam
63 Coe Dr Ajax, Ontario L1T 3J1 416-659-2222 derek@vaneeengineering.ca

November 18, 2015 Page 2 of 3
would fail in shear before failing in bending. The testing configuration is indicated in attached
sketch SK01 and Photo-01.
The load was applied through 22-8”x8” plates on top of the SIN beam and additional stiffeners
were provided at the loading point as well as the supports to resist any local / bearing failures.
During testing the beam was loaded to failure. A dial gauge was used to measure the beam
deflection during testing and readings were taken every 5000 lbs
lbs. After reaching the maximum
loading the beam continued to deflect and resist approximately 75% of the maximum load but no
further measurements were recorded.
The maximum
imum loads supported by the 3 beams are given in the following table. Because of the
way the beam is loaded the maximum beam shear is ½ of the load supported.
Load Supported Beam Shear

Beam 1 48538 lbf 24.27 kip [107.95 kN]
Beam 2 48449 lbf 24.22 kip [107.76 kN]
Beam 3 44074 lbf 22.04 kip [98.03 kN]
Average 23.51 kip [104.58 kN]
Full testing results and additional photos of the beam shear failure are included in the Acuren
testing report attached to this document.
Sketch SK01 – Testing Setup
63 Coe Dr Ajax, Ontario L1T 3J1
416-659-2222 derek@vaneeengineering.ca
November 18, 2015 Page 3 of 3
Photo 01 – Testing Setup
4 CONCLUSIONS
Each of the three test results had a shear capacity which exceeded the European code formula.
formula
The average test result was 110% of the calculated shear capacity (104.6kN
kN vs 94.7kN). The
minimum test result was 104% of the calculated shear capacity ((98.0kN vs 94.7kN).
94.7
Based on the testing results the European code formula for the shear capacity of a corrugated
web steel beam is an accurate calculation of the beam shear capacity. The European formula is
not however overly conservative such that there would be a significant increase in the beam
design shear resistance if additional testing were done for each beam size and web thickness.
Sincerely,
Van Ee Engineering Inc.
Derek Van Ee, P.Eng.

2015-Nov-18
Encl: Acuren Testing Report

WT0 330 Shear Design Calculation
63 Coe Dr Ajax, Ontario L1T 3J1
416-659-2222 derek@vaneeengineering.ca
Project: SIN Beam Shear Test Project No: 15022
Description: WT0 330 Shear Design Date: 2015-11-02
Shear Capacity - Per CSA S136 / EN 1993-1-5:2006 Annex D clause 2.2
155
hw ≔ 330 tw ≔ 1.519 a3 ≔ 40 fyw ≔ 350 w ≔ ――
E ≔ 200 ν ≔ 0.3 ϕs.shear ≔ 0.75 2
γm1 ≔ 1.0 Partial Factor EN1993-1-1:2005 cl 6.1
2w
⌠ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 2
1 ⎮ ⎛ a3 ⋅ ⎛ 2 ⋅ ⋅ x ⎞⎞
s ≔ ―⎮ 1 + ⎜――⋅ sin ⎜――― ⎟ d x = 88.985 2 s = 177.97
2 ⌡ ⎝ 2w ⎝ 2 w ⎟⎠⎠
0
2w
⌠⎛ 2⎞
1 ⎮⎜ 1 3 ⎛ a3 ⎛ 2 ⋅ ⋅ x ⎞⎞ ⎟ 4
Iz ≔ ― ― ⋅ tw + tw ⋅ ⎜―⋅ sin ⎜――― ⎟ d x = 2.357
2 ⎮
⌡ ⎝ 12 ⎝2 ⎝ 2 w ⎟⎠⎠ ⎠
0
2 2
⎛ a3 ⋅ s ⎞ ⋅E ⎛ tw ⎞
= ⎛⎝655.292 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠
3
τcr.l ≔ ⎜5.34 + ――⎟ ⋅ ――――⋅ ⎜― ⎟
⎝ hw ⋅ tw ⎠ 12 ⋅ ⎛⎝1 − ν ⎞⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
2
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fyw −3
λc.l ≔ ―――= 555.311 ⋅ 10
τcr.l ⋅ ‾‾
3
⎛ 1.0 ⎞ −3
χc.l ≔ min ⎜1 , ――――― ⎟ = 934.92 ⋅ 10
1.25
⎝ ⎛⎝0.5 + λc.l⎞⎠ ⎠
E ⋅ Iz
Dz ≔ ―― = 60.818 ⋅
w 3
E ⋅ tw w
⋅ ―= ⎛⎝55.907 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠
−3
Dx ≔ ―――― ⋅
12 ⋅ ⎛⎝1 − ν ⎞⎠ s
2
32.4 4 ‾‾‾‾‾‾
⋅ Dx ⋅ Dz = ⎛⎝2.074 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠
3 6
τcr.g ≔ ―――
2
tw ⋅ hw
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fyw −3
λc.g ≔ ―――= 312.124 ⋅ 10
τcr.g ⋅ ‾‾
3
⎛ 1.5 ⎞
χc.g ≔ min ⎜―――― , 1⎟ = 1
2
⎝ 0.5 + λc.g ⎠
−3
χc ≔ min ⎛⎝χc.l , χc.g⎞⎠ = 934.92 ⋅ 10
fyw
V ≔ χc ⋅ ――― ⋅ hw ⋅ tw = 94.701 V = 21.29
γm1 ⋅ ‾‾
3
Vr ≔ ϕs.shear ⋅ V = 71.026 Vr = 15.967

Technical guide to corrugated web steel beams

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Technical guide to corrugated web steel beams

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SIN BEAM

STEELCON Fabrication Inc.

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE I

Figure 1: Corrugated Web Steel Beam

1.2 Basis for Calculation

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 1-1

1.3 Product Range and Designation

1.3.1 Beam Components

The web thickness and associated designations are as follows:

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 1-2

1.3.2 Parallel Flange Beam:

WT [web_thickness] [web_height] / [flange_width] x [flange_thickness] – [weight]

Example: WTA 610 / 203x16 – 61.7

A – 14ga (1.90mm) thick web

SIN beam sizes are always shown in metric units.

1.3.2.2 Differing Top and Bottom flanges

Example: WTB 1000 / 229x16 / 229x10

229mm x 16mm upper flange

1.3.3 Trapezoidal Corrugated Web Beam

WT [web_thickenss] [web_height_max – web_height_min]

Example: WTA 1000 – 500 / 300x15 / 320x12

1.6 Corrosion Protection / Painting

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 1-4

1.6.1 Raw Steel

1.6.2 Standard Shop Paint

1.6.3 Hot Dip Galvanized

1.7 Quality Monitoring

1.8 List of Symbols / Abbreviations

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 1-5

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 1-6

2.1.2 Laterally Unsupported Members

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 2-7

2.1.3 Deflection Calculations

2.2 Shear Capacity

2.2.1 Shear Capacity – Rational Engineering Analysis

2.2.1.1 CSA S136 Approach

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 2-8

2.2.1.2 CSA S16 Approach

!" = #$ %- , where %- = 0.66 % or a reduced value to allow for web buckling

2.2.1.3 EN 1993-1-5:2005 Annex D Approach

is a reduction factor to account for local or global buckling

#- = 0.75 - Material resistance factor based on CSA S136

- is the lesser of the local or global buckling coefficient , or ,

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 2-9

- unfolded length of one half wave

] - length of one half wave

Y - second moment of area of one corrugation of length w

% – Web steel yield strength

ℎ 4 - The height and thickness of the corrugated steel web

2.2.2 Shear Capacity – Load Testing

2.2.3 Combined Shear and Moment

2.3 Axial Capacity

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 2-10

2.4 Web Crippling

2.5 Web Openings

2.5.1 Hole Reinforcing

Hole diameter Reinforcing Required

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 2-11

2.6 Sectional Properties Calculation

• $noT = 2 ∙ ∙ 4 (Area of Flanges for Axial load or bending)

2.7 Sample Calculation

SEPTEMBER 2016 (V0.9) PAGE 2-12