Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de cada
texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación en
inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability,
and other important considerations. Each form of business organization has
its own advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select
the one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires
accounting and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships are
as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and requires
little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of the business
name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors need to keep
accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss statement for the
business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C, Internal Revenue
Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar year and can use the
cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations versus

other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate lower

than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import business
can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other sources. Sole
proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt retirement accounts.
(Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought to
protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the owner
may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the death or
disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.
vocabulario significado
Advantages: Circumstance or situation that
gives superiority in something. Ventajas: Circunstancia
osituación que
dasuperioridad en
algunacosa.
Disadvantages: Circumstance of
being worse or being in a worse Desventajas:
situation one thing with respect to
others of the same nature with which it circunstancia de ser
is compared. Less favorable situation
in which a person or thing is with peor o estar en una
respect to others with which it is
compared. situación de guerra, una
cosa con respecto a
otros de la misma
naturaleza con la que se
compara. Situación
menos favorable en la
que una persona o cosa
es con respecto a otras
con las que se compara.
Attorney: Person legally authorized to
advise and defend the rights and bogado: Persona
interests of another person in legal
matters and represent it in a lawsuit legalmente autorizada
para asesorar y
defender los derechos e
intereses de otra
persona en asuntos
legales y representarlo
en una demanda.
Without: Indica falta o carencia de
alguna cosa material o inmaterial Sin: Indica falta o
carencia de alguna cosa
material o inmaterial
Proprietorships: Property rights In the
right, the domain or property, is the
direct and immediate power over an Propietarios:
object or good, by which is attributed
to its owner the ability to dispose of it
derechos de
propiedad En el
derecho, el dominio o
propiedad, es el
poder directo e
inmediato sobre un
objeto o bien, por el
cual se atribuye a su
propietario la
 capacidad de
disponer de él.
without further limitations than those
imposed by law sin más limitaciones
que las impuestas por la
ley
Returns: The return is the act of giving
something back to someone. It is a Devoluciones: La
process that is based on a right of
possession of a certain person with devolución es el acto de
respect to a certain good that was
delivered with some type of specific devolver algo a alguien.
objective.
Es un proceso que se
basa en el derecho de
posesión de cierta
persona con respecto a
cierto bien que se
entregó con algún tipo
de objetivo específico
Applied: That puts effort, interest and
perseveranc in the accomplishment of Aplicado: Eso pone
a work or in the development of an
activity, especially in the study. esfuerzo, interés y
perseverancia en la
realización de un
trabajo o en el
 desarrollo de una
actividad,
especialmente en el
estudio.
Loans: A loan is an operation by which
a financial institution puts a tour Préstamos: un préstamo
disposal a certain amount of money
through a contract. es una operación por la
cual una institución
financiera pone a
nuestra disposición una
cierta cantidad de
dinero a través de un
contrato.
Skills: The ability is the innate aptitude,
talent, skill or ability that a person Habilidades: la
holds to carry out and of course with
success, certain activity, work habilidad es la aptitud,
el talento, la habilidad o
la habilidad innata que
una persona posee para
llevar a cabo y, por
supuesto, con éxito,
cierta actividad, trabajo
3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al
interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se puede
encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.
How to carry out a business

There are different forms of commercial organizations

The director controls all export and import operations

The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs

The owners are in charge of making all the decisions

The individual companies are governamental

The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate

The owners are responsible for their business

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga transcripción
literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a presente
progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

How to carries out a business How to carriesing out a business
There's are different forms of There's are differenting forms of
commercial organizations commercial organizations org
 The director controls all export and The director controlling all export and
import operations import operations
The sole proprietors are simple and The sole proprietors are simple
lows in costs and
low in costsing

The owners are in charges of make all The owners are in charge of ma
the decisions king all the decisions

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.
How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms of commercial
organizations since the director controls all export and import operations, where
the sole proprietors are simple and low in cost and make all the decisions in front
of the business. Individual companies are governmental and have a lower rate
than the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the business

Knowing well that each legal form in which the company has its legal bases will
apply different processes why you should know what you should apply to have
greater knowledge and not have legal consequences in the environment even
with a single administrator or boss immediately co-author all the legal health and
tax aspects for a better export or import in order to provide the company with
better quality and good recognition at the international level and to conquer or
reach large countries for its advertising and industry
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Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de
formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato .doc
o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades propuestas,
saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.