Design of retaining wall:

Height of retaining wall from GL = 3.7 m

0.3

0.9

3.7
6
Earth Fill
G.L.
b
0.9 5.2
5 1.5

0.3 8 1 3 0.3
0.3 7 0.3
2 4

2.8 0.6 1.4

4.8

Density of Concrete
Grade of Concrete
Grade of Reinforcement
Safe Bearing capacity
3
= 2.5 t/m
= M 30
= Fe 500
2
= 14 t/m
Calculation of Forces and Moment due to Self weight about toe:
C.G. from
S.No. Description Area Width Depth Weight toe Moment
Factor m m t/m m tm/m
1 Wt. of Heel slab(Taper portion) 0.5 2.8 0.3 1.05 -2.93 -3.08 Transverse (+ve)
2 Wt. of Heel slab(St. portion) 1 2.8 0.3 2.10 -3.40 -7.14
3 Wt. of Toe slab(Taper portion) 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.53 -0.93 -0.49
4 Wt. of Toe slab(St. portion) 1 1.4 0.3 1.05 -0.70 -0.74
5 Wt. of Stem (Taper portion) 0.5 0.3 4.6 1.73 -1.80 -3.11
6 Wt. of Stem (St. portion) 1 0.3 5.5 4.13 -1.55 -6.39
7 Wt. of Intermediate portion 1 0.6 0.6 0.90 -1.70 -1.53 Longitudinal
Total 11.48 -22.47 (+ve)
Calculation of Forces and Moment due to Earth weight about toe:
C.G. from
S.No. Description Area Width Depth Weight toe Moment
Factor m m t/m m tm/m
8 (a) Wt. of soil above heel(Taper portion) 0.5 2.8 0.3 0.84 -3.87 -3.25
(b) Wt. of soil above heel(St. portion) 1 2.8 4.6 25.76 -3.40 -87.58
(c) Wt. of soil above heel(Taper portion) 0.5 0.3 4.6 1.38 -1.90 -2.62
Total 27.98 -93.45
Calculation of Forces and Moment due to Live Load Surcharge weight about toe:
C.G. from
S.No. Description Area Width Depth Weight toe Moment
Factor m m t/m m tm/m
13 Live load surcharge 1 3.25 1.2 7.8 -3.25 -25.35
Total 7.80 -25.35
Earth Pressure calculation:
f = Angle of internal friction, = 30 °
d = Angle of friction between soil and concrete = 20 °
i = Surcharge angle = 0 °
a = Angle of wall face with horizontal = 86.27 °
3
g = Dry density of earth = 2 t/m

Coefficient of Active earth pressure

From Coulomb's theory of active earth pressure

Ka = 0.325

LWL Condition : Top level

Earth Pressure intensity p1 = 0.325x2x5.2
2
= 3.38 t/m

F1 = 1/2x3.38x5.2xCOS(23.731)
= 8.04 5.2

Lever arm from base = 5.2x0.42 F1

= 2.184

Total Earth pressure FE = 8.04 t/m Foundation level

Total Moment about base MEP = 8.04X2.184 p1
= 17.57 tm/m
Live load surcharge pressure from Heel side: Top level

2
Surcharge intensity ( 1.2m earth Fill) = 2.4 t/m
Surcharge pressure intensity p1 = 0.325x2.4
2
= 0.78 t/m
LWL condition :
Surcharge pressure F1 = 0.78 x 5.2 x Cos(23.731) F1 5.2
= 3.71
Lever arm from base = 2.6 m

Total surcharge pressure FL = 3.71 t/m

Total Moment about base MLL = 3.71X2.6
= 9.65 tm/m Foundation level
p1
Summary of all forces :
V H Moment
Description
t/m t/m tm/m
Self weight about toe 11.48 - -22.47
Backfill weight about toe 27.98 - -93.45
Live load surcharge vertical 7.80 - -25.35
Live Load surcharge horizontal - 3.71 9.65
Earth Pressure - 8.05 17.57

Check for base pressure:

Forces (Unfactored) Load Forces (Factored)
Sl. No. Description
V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m) factors V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m)
1 Self weight 11.48 - -22.47 1 11.48 - -22.47
2 Backfill weight 27.98 - -93.45 1 27.98 - -93.45
3(a) Live load sucharge(V) 7.80 - -25.35 1 7.80 - -25.35
(b) Live load sucharge(H) - 3.71 9.65 1 - 3.71 9.65
4 Earth pressure - 8.05 17.57 1 - 8.05 17.57
Total 47.255 11.8 -114.1 47.3 11.8 -114.1
Total vertical load and moment about toe point
V = 47.3 t/m
M = -114.1 tm/m
Eccentricity of Vertical load from toe point
eL1 = M/V = -2.41 m
Eccentricity of Vertical load w.r.t cg of base
eL = -0.01 m
L (base width) = 4.8 m
2 2
Base pressure at toe = 9.68 t/m < 14 t/m OK
2
Base pressure at heel = 10.01 t/m

Check for overturning and sliding:

Type of Forces (Unfactored) Load factor
Sl. No. Description
forces V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m) Overturning Restoring
1 Self weight 11.48 - -22.47 - 0.90
Restoring 2 Backfill weight 27.98 - -93.45 - 0.90
3 (a) Live load sucharge(V) 7.80 - -25.35 - 0.00
Overturnin (b) Live load sucharge(H) - 3.71 9.65 1.00 -
g 4 Earth pressure - 8.05 17.57 1.00 -
Total 47.255 11.8 -114.1
Factored Moment(tm/m) 27.22 104.33
Check Against over-turning :

FOS overturning = 3.83 > 2 OK

Check Against Sliding Force :

Coefficient of base friction m

m = 0.5
Sliding Force SH = 11.76
Restoring Force m *S V = 17.75
FOS|sliding = 1.51 > 1.5 OK

Calculation of forces for design of base slab:

For ULS:
Base pressure calculation :
Forces (Unfactored) Load Forces (Factored)
Sl. No. Description V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m) factors V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m)
1 Self weight 11.48 - -22.47 1.35 15.49 - -30.34
2 Backfill weight 27.98 - -93.45 1.5 41.97 - -140.18
3(a) Live load sucharge(V) 7.80 - -25.35 1.2 9.36 - -30.42
(b) Live load sucharge(H) - 3.71 9.65 1.2 - 4.46 11.58
4 Earth pressure - 8.05 17.57 1.5 - 12.07 26.36
Total 47.255 11.8 -114.1 66.8 16.5 -163.0

Total vertical load and moment about toe point

V = 66.8 t/m
M = -163.0 tm/m
Eccentricity of Vertical load from toe point
eL1 = M/V = -2.44 m
Eccentricity of Vertical load w.r.t cg of base
eL = -0.04 m
L (base width ) = 4.8 m
 2
Base pressure at toe = 13.24 t/m
2
Base pressure at heel = 14.61 t/m

2.8 1.4
0.6

A B C D

14.61
13.24
13.81
13.64
Downward pressure at different points:
2 2
Description Forces (unfactored) (t/m ) Load Forces (factored)(t/m )
A B C D factor A B C D
Due to base slab 0.75 1.50 1.5 0.75 1.35 1.01 2.03 2.03 1.01
Due to earth weight 9.80 9.20 0 0.00 1.5 14.70 13.80 0.00 0.00
Due to live load surcharge 2.40 2.40 - - 1.2 2.88 2.88 - -
Total 12.95 13.10 1.50 0.75 18.59 18.71 2.03 1.01
Net base pressure diagram:

S
deff
3.99 0.519
4.90

11.61
12.22
11.84
S
Bending moment at toe = 11.78 tm/m
Bending moment at Heel = 16.82 tm/m
Shear force at toe = 10.60 t/m
Shear force at heel = 12.44 t/m

For SLS:
For rare combinations:
Forces (Unfactored) Load Forces (Factored)
Sl. No. Description V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m) factors V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m)
1 Self weight 11.48 - -22.47 1 11.48 - -22.47
2 Backfill weight 27.98 - -93.45 1 27.98 - -93.45
3(a) Live load sucharge(V) 7.80 - -25.35 0.8 6.24 - -20.28
(b) Live load sucharge(H) - 3.71 9.65 0.8 - 2.97 7.72
4 Earth pressure - 8.05 17.57 1 - 8.05 17.57
Total 47.255 11.8 -114.1 45.7 11.0 -110.9

Total vertical load and moment about toe point

V = 45.7 t/m
M = -110.9 tm/m
Eccentricity of Vertical load from toe point
eL1 = M/V = -2.43 m
Eccentricity of Vertical load w.r.t cg of base
eL = -0.03 m
L = base width = 4.8 m
2
Base pressure at toe = 9.20 t/m
2
Base pressure at heel = 9.84 t/m
Loads in downward direction:
2 2
Description Forces(Unfactored)(t/m ) Load Forces (Factored)(t/m )
A B C D factor A B C D
Due to base slab 0.75 1.50 1.5 0.75 1 0.75 1.50 1.50 0.75
Due to earth weight 9.80 9.20 0 0.00 1 9.80 9.20 0.00 0.00
Due to live load surcharge 2.40 2.40 - - 0.8 1.92 1.92 - -
Total 12.95 13.10 1.5 0.75 12.47 12.62 1.5 0.75
Base pressure at different points:
Description A B C D
2
Base pressure(t/m ) 9.84 9.47 9.38 9.20

Net base pressure diagram:

2.63 3.15 1.4

2.8
7.88 8.45
Bending moment at toe = 8.09 tm/m
Bending moment at Heel = 10.98 tm/m

For Quasi combination:

Forces (Unfactored) Load Forces (Factored)
Sl. No. Description V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m) factors V(t/m) H(t/m) M(tm/m)
1 Self weight 11.48 - -22.47 1 11.48 - -22.47
2 Backfill weight 27.98 - -93.45 1 27.98 - -93.45
3(a) Live load sucharge(V) 7.80 - -25.35 0 0.00 - 0.00
(b) Live load sucharge(H) - 3.71 9.65 0 - 0.00 0.00
4 Earth pressure - 8.05 17.57 1 - 8.05 17.57
Total 47.255 11.8 -114.1 39.5 8.0 -98.4

Total vertical load and moment about toe point

V = 39.5 t/m
M = -98.4 tm/m
Eccentricity of Vertical load from toe point
eL1 = M/V = -2.49 m
Eccentricity of Vertical load w.r.t cg of base
eL = -0.09 m
L = base width = 4.8 m
2
Base pressure at toe = 7.27 t/m
2
Base pressure at heel = 9.17 t/m
Loads in downward direction:
Description Load factor A B C D
Due to base slab 1 0.75 1.50 1.5 0.75
Due to earth weight 1 9.80 9.20 0 0.00
Due to live load surcharge 0 0.00 0.00 - -
Total 10.55 10.70 1.5 0.75

Base pressure at different points:

Description A B C D
2
Base pressure(t/m ) 9.17 8.06 7.82 7.27

Net base pressure diagram:

1.38 2.64
1.4

2.8
6.32 6.52

Bending moment at toe = 6.32 tm/m

Bending moment at Heel = 7.04 tm/m
Summary of forces for design of base slab:
Sl. No. Description Shear Moment
force(t/m) tm/m
1 For ULS Toe 10.60 11.78
Heel 12.44 16.82
2 For rare comb. Toe - 8.09
Heel - 10.98
3 For quasi comb. Toe - 6.32
Heel - 7.04
Calculation of forces for design of stem:

0.3

0.9

2.142
4.6
5.2
1
0.52
deff
2.74
0.6

3.09 0.78
Earth pressure Live load surcharge
diagram dia.
Total forces on stem: (ULS)
Lever arm Load Factored
Description
V (t/m) H (t/m) (m) factor load M (tm/m)
Due to live load surcharge - 3.59 2.30 1.2 4.31 9.90
Due to earth pressure - 6.30 1.93 1.5 9.44 18.24
Total 0 9.88 13.75 28.15
Total forces on stem: (SLS)
For rare combination For quasi permanent combination
Description lever arm Load M lever arm Load
V (t/m) H (t/m) (m) factor (tm/m) V (t/m) H (t/m) (m) factor M (tm/m)
Due to live load surcharge - 3.59 2.30 0.8 6.60 - 3.59 2.3 0 0
Due to earth pressure - 6.30 1.93 1 12.16 - 6.30 1.93 1 12.16
Total 0 9.88 18.76 0 9.88 12.16

Design of elements of Retaining wall:

Check for bending moment:
Grade of concrete = M 30
Grade of steel = Fe 500
fyk = 500
fck = 30
fcm = 40
euk = 0.0045
eud = 0.0041
ecu2 = 0.0035
xumax/d = 0.464
xu = 0.87fyAst/0.362fckb
Check for bending moment:
At Toe:
Clear cover = 75 mm
b = 1000 mm
Overall depth = 600 mm
Effective depth = 519 mm
xumax = 240.60 mm
xu = 38.38 mm UR

ULS B.M. = 11.779 tm/m

2
Ast required = 778.50 mm /m
Providing 12 f@ 200 mm c/c
10 f@ 200 mm c/c
2
Ast provided = 958.19 mm /m OK

Distribution steel: Ast required = Max 250

0.2Ast prov. (main steel)
Providing 10 mm @ 200 mm c/c
2
Ast provided = 392.70 mm /m OK

At Heel:
Clear cover = 75 mm
b = 1000 mm
Overall depth = 600 mm
Effective depth = 519 mm
xumax = 240.60 mm
xu = 38.38 mm UR
ULS B.M. = 16.818 tm/m
2
Ast required = 778.5 mm /m
Providing 12 f@ 200 mm c/c
10 f@ 200 mm c/c
2
Ast provided = 958.19 mm /m OK

Distribution steel: Ast required = Max 250

0.2Ast prov. (main steel)
Providing 10 mm @ 200 mm c/c
2
Ast provided = 392.70 mm /m OK

At Stem:
Clear cover = 75 mm
b = 1000 mm
Overall depth = 600 mm
Effective depth = 517 mm
xumax = 239.67 mm
xu = 56.00 mm UR

ULS B.M. = 28.146 tm/m

2
Ast required = 1310.59 mm /m
Providing 16 f@ 200 mm c/c
10 f@ 200 mm c/c
2
Ast provided = 1398.01 mm /m OK

Distribution steel: Ast required = Max 250

0.2Ast prov. (main steel)
Providing 10 mm @ 200 mm c/c
2
Ast provided = 392.70 mm /m OK
Reinforcement on the other face of wall of stem:
2
Ast required = 279.60 mm /m
Providing 10 mm @ 200 mm c/c
2
Ast provided = 392.70 mm /m OK

Check for shear force:

Reduction in design shear force:
av = 0.5d
Reduction factor(b 1) = av/2d
0.33
VRdc = Max [0.12K(80r1.fck) +0.15scp]bwd IRC:112-Clause no. 10.3.2.(2)
(vmin+0.15scp)bwd
K = Min 1+ √200/d
2
r1 = Min Asl/bwd IRC:112-Clause no. 10.3.2.(2)
0.02
3/2 1/2
vmin = 0.031K fck
VEd ≤ 0.5bwdvfcd
v = 0.6[1-fck/310]
= 0.5419355

fcd = afck/gm
= 13.4 Mpa

scp = 0
b = 1000 mm
Check for shear force:
Member VED doverall deffective b1 b 1VED K r1 vmin. VRdc Check 0.5bwdvfcd Check
Tonne mm mm Tonne Tonne Tonne
Toe 10.60 488.7857 408.78571 0.25 2.650 1.70 0.0023 1.141 46.65 OK 148.4 OK
Heel 12.44 600 520 0.25 3.110 1.62 0.0018 0.989 51.42 OK 188.8 OK
Stem 13.75 566.28 486.28 0.25 3.437 1.64 0.0029 1.028 49.99 OK 176.6 OK

Check for Stresses:

2
Permissible compressive stress in concrete: (Rare) = 0.48fck = 14.4 N/mm
2
(Quasi) = 0.36fck = 10.8 N/mm
2
Permissible tensile stress in steel = 0.8fy = 400 N/mm
Modulus of elasticity of concrete:
2
For short term loading Ecm = 31186.5745 N/mm
Calculation of creep co-efficient:
Creep coefficient = f = f0b c(t,t0)
f0 = fRHb(fcm)b(t0)
fRH = 1+ [(1-RH/100)/0.1(h0)1/3]
RH = Relative humidity of the ambient environment in percent
= 45 %
h0 = 2AC/u
1/2
b(fcm) = 18.78/(fcm)
0.20
b(t0) = 1/0.1+ t0
18
bH = Min. 1.5[1+(0.012RH) ]h0+250a3 for fcm ≥ 35
1500a3
0.3
b c(t,t0) = [(t-to)/b H+(t-t0)]
0.5
a3 = [43.75/fcm]
Member t (yrs) t0 (days) h0 (mm) fRH b(fcm) b(t0) a3 bH b c(t,t0) f0 f
Toe 100 28 ∞ 1 2.97 0.49 1.05 1569 1.0 1.45 1.43
Heel 100 28 ∞ 1 2.97 0.49 1.05 1569 1.0 1.45 1.43
Stem 100 28 1200 1.52 2.97 0.49 1.05 1569 1.0 2.20 2.17
2
For long term loading Ecm' = 12822.5 N/mm for foundation ( Toe and Heel)
2
= 9827.4 N/mm for stem
Modulus of elasticity of steel:
2
ES = 200000 N/mm
'
Modular ratio for QP Combination (m) = Es / Ecm

Equivalent Modulus of Elasticity for Rare Combination :

Ec,eq = Ecm(MQP+MST)
MST +(1+f)MQP
Modular ratio for Rare Combination (m) = Es/ Ec,eq

Formula used for calculation of stress

2 2
dc (depth of neutral axis) = -mAs+√(m As +2mAsbd)
b
3 2
Moment of inertia about N.A. INA = bdc /3 + m As (d-dc)
Compressive stress in concrete sc = MRARE dc / INA
Tensile stress in steel ss = m MRARE(d - dc ) / INA
b = 1000 mm
Check for stresses:
Ast provided sc ss
2 2 2
Combinati Moment MST deffective (mm ) m dc (mm) INA (mm4) (N/mm ) Check (N/mm ) Check
2 3 3
Member on (tm/m) (tm/m) (mm) mm /m t/mm t/mm
Toe RARE 8.09 1.77 519 958.19 13.59 103.96 2.617E+09 3.21 OK 174.38 OK
QP 6.32 519 958.19 6.41 73.96 1.352E+09 3.46 OK 133.46 OK

Heel RARE 10.98 3.94 519 958.19 12.30 99.46 2.403E+09 4.55 OK 235.92 OK
QP 7.04 519 958.19 6.41 73.96 1.352E+09 3.85 OK 148.70 OK

Stem RARE 18.76 6.60 517 1398.01 15.45 129.39 3.967E+09 6.12 OK 283.24 OK
QP 12.16 517 1398.01 6.41 87.73 1.877E+09 5.68 OK 178.37 OK

Check for Crack Width:

Quasi permanent load combination:
Minimum reinforcement for crack width:
Asmin = kckfct,effAct/ss IRC:112-Clause no. 12.3.3.(2)
kc = 0.4[1-(sc/k1(h/h*)fct,eff]
fct,eff = Maximum of fctm or 2.9 Mpa
2/3
fctm = 0.259(fck) For fck ≤ 60 MPa
= 2.27ln[1+(fcm/12.5)] For fck > 60 MPa
Act = bh/2
ss = fyk
Check for crack width:
For quasi permanent combination:
Act Ast provided As min h k
2
Member b (mm) h (mm) kc k fct,eff (mm /m) ss 2
(mm /m)
2
(mm /m) Check 0.3 1
Toe 1000 600 0.4 0.79 2.9 300 500 958.19 549.84 OK 0.8 0.65
Heel 1000 600 0.4 0.79 2.9 300 500 958.19 549.84 OK 3 0.65
Stem 1000 600 0.4 0.79 2.9 300 500 1398.01 549.84 OK

Calculation of crack width:

Wk = Sr,max(esm-ecm) IRC:112-Clause no. 12.3.4.(1)
esm-ecm = [ssc-kt(1+aerp,eff)(fct,eff/rp,eff)]/Es IRC:112-Clause no. 12.3.4.(2)
Es = 200000 N/mm2
ae = ES/Ecm
rr,eff = AS/Ac,eff
hc,ef = Min 2.5 ( h - d )
( h - x)/3
h/2
Ac,eff = bhc,eff
esm-ecm = Max [ssc-kt(1+aerp,eff)(fct,eff/rp,eff)]/Es IRC:112-Clause no. 12.3.4.(2)
0.6ssc/Es
2 2
Bar dia feq = n1f1 +n2f2
n1f1+n2f2
Spacing between bars < 5 (c +feq/2)
Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.17f/rr,eff)
kt = 0.5
Calculation of crack width:
For quasi permanent combination:
Member h deff x Ast provided hc,eff f rp,eff Sr,max ssc ae es-ecm Wk Check
Toe 600 519 73.96 958.19 175.348 11.09 0.0055 600.04 133.46 15.60 0.00040 0.24 OK
Heel 600 519 73.96 958.19 175.348 11.09 0.0055 600.04 148.70 15.60 0.00045 0.27 OK
Stem 600 517 87.73 1398.01 170.756 13.69 0.0082 539.31 178.37 20.35 0.00054 0.29 OK

Check for Bending moment at section considered at a height 1 m from bottom of stem.
Lever arm Load Factored
Description
V (t/m) H (t/m) (m) factor load M (tm/m)
Due to live load surcharge - 2.81 1.8 1.2 3.37 6.07
Due to earth pressure - 3.86 1.51 1.5 5.78 8.74
Total 0 6.66 14.81
Overall depth = 534.78 mm
Effective depth = 451.78 mm
2
Ast required = 794.55521 mm /m
Providing 16 mm @ 200 mm c/c
Ast provided = 1005.31 OK