IRC i45-1972

RFCOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING

THE RESISTANCE OF SOIL BELOW
THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL
IN THE DESIGN OF WELL
FOUNDATIONS
OF
BRIDGES

THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS

1996

<<
 tIC: s—un
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING
THE RESiSTANCE OF SOIL BELOW
THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL
IN THE DESIGN OF WELL
FOUNDATiONS
OF
BRIDGES

Pub!(shed &v
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
Janinagar House, Shahjaban Road
New DeH,i-H
1996

<< Pri~cR
(1’tus I~ackiig ~
IIC: rn-an
First Published October, 1972
Repdnted March, 1984
Reprinted July, 1987
March, 1992
Reprinted As 1996
Reprinted Octobei~2000

(RIghts of ?WblIntk# ad V flasbtkn ON NUtS)

Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Dcliii

<< (500 copies)
 IRC: 45—1972

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING THE RESISTANCE

OF SOIL BELOW THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL IN
THE DESIGN OF WELL FOUNDATIONS OF BRiE GEh

1. INtRODUCTION
ii. The draft recommendations fur estimating the resistance
of soil below the maximum scour level in the design of well founda-
tions of bridges we~efinalised by a Subcommittee consisting of the
following personnel at their meeting held on the lst March 1971.
Shri B. Balwarn Rao — ci.wwenor
2. Shri 5. Seetharaman — Member-Secretary
Memkn
3, SM S. B. iSu 7. Shri N~S. Ramaswamy
4. Dr. K. K. Katti 5. Dr. K, S. Sankaran
5, Sttri S. M. Kaul 9. SM Shitala Sharan
6. Dr. P. Ray Chowdhury 10. SM S. N. Sinha
I.!. Shri T. N. Subba Lw

This draft was approved by the Bridges Committee in their

meetings held on the 17th November, 1971 and 14th April, 1972. It
was later approved by the Executive Committee in their meeting held
on the 26th and 27th April, 1972 and by the Council in their 78th
meeting held in Nainital on the 10th July, 1972.
1.2. The recommendations given in this Standard I~avebeen
l’ormuiated on the basis of the observed behaviour of models of well
foundations and also the wo:k done by many workers in this held.
The basic a~surnptionsare gh’en in Appendices.
1.3. These studies have indicated that
(i) sharing oF the moment between sides and base is conti-
nuously changing with the increase in delhrmation of the
soil and
(ii) the weciranics of sharing ul ihe moment between the sides
and the base is entirely different for the initial stages of
loading ot’ a well as compared to its eltirnate failun~
<<
 1.4. Elastic theory method iives the soil pressures at the side
and the base under design loads, but to determine the actual factor of
safety against failure, it will be necessary to calculate the ultimate
soil resistance, 1 herefore, the design of well foundations shall be
checked by both these methods.

2. SCOPE
2.1. The procedure given is applicable to the design of wdl
foundations of bridges resting on non-cohesive soil like sand and
surrounded by the same soil below maximum scour level. The
provisions of these recommendations will not apply if the depth of
embedment is less than 0.5 times the width of foundation in the
direction of lateral forces.

3. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE SOIL RESISTANCE

The resistance of the soil surrounding the well foundation shall
be checked:
(i) for calculation of base pressures by the elastic theory with
the use of subgrade moduli; and
(ii) by computing the ultimate soil resistance with appropriate
factor of safety.

4. YwThTIIOD OF CALCULATION
I. E!astic Theory (vide Annexure I)
Step 1: Determine the values of W, H and M under combina-
tion of normal loads without wind and seismic loads assuming the
minimum grip length below maximum scour level as required under
iRC 5—l970
where
W total downward load acting at the base of well,
including the self weight of well.
* St md a SpLm ifi~0 tot ~ rnd CL dt ot Pt k t c~for RLMd 8t dgms Sccr ~n
(i~nciat Feat utis of Deogn.

2
<<
 IRC : 45—1972
H ‘ external horizontal fo:ce acting on the well at scour
level.
M :: total applied external moment about the base of
well, including those due to tilts and shifts.

Step 2: Compute l~and 1v and I

where
I - . Ia 4- ml~(1 i 2 ,.m~)

Is — moment of inertia of base about th’.’ axis normul to

direction oh’ horizontal forces passing through its
CO.
lv = moment of inertia of the projected area in elevation
LD~
of the sotl mass offering resistance r

where
L = projected width of the soil mass offering resistance
multiplied by appropriate value of shape t’actor.

Nose: The value of shape factor for circular wells shall be

taken as 0.9. For square or rectangular wells where the resultant
horizontal force acts parallel to a principal axis, the shape factor
shall be unity and where the fotces are inclined to the princtpab axis,
a suitable shape factor shall be based on experimental results.

= depth of well below scour level.

m = Ks/K: Ratio of horizontal to vertical coefficient

of subgrade reaction at base, in the absence of
values for K
11 and K determined by field tests m
shall generally be assumed as unity.

p’ = coefficient of friction between sides and the soil =

tan 8, where 8 is the angle of wall friction between
well and soil.

<< 3
IRC: 45—1972

for rectangular well

diameter for circular well

rD

Step 3 : Ensure the following

M
H> .-. (1 4- rut)--’ ~W

and H czM(l — jup’) + ~W

where
r ‘‘ D/2. l/mlv
coefficient of friction between the base and the soil.
It shall be taken as tan ~.

= angle of internal friction of soil.

Step 4 : Check the elastic state

mM/I > y (Kp —

if mM/f is > y (Kp —K.~),find out the grip required by putting the
limiting value mM/I = y (Kp K4 —

where
= density of the soil (submerged density to be taken
when under water or below water table).

K, & K,~ passive Led act’ve pressure coefficients to he, c~.lcu-

laced using Coult mb’s theory, assuming ‘8 ‘,.the angle
of ‘wall friction between well and soil equal to j ~
but limited to a value of 224°.

Step 5 : Calcula:e

<< 4
 IRC: 45—1972
where
~‘H~and ~ ::;:r. maximum and minimum base pressure respectively.

A area of the base of well,

B width of the base of well in the direction of forces
and moments.
P = Mfr

Step 6: Check ‘r~(0, i.e., no tension

°j> allowable bearing capacity of soil,

Step 7: If any of the conditions in Steps 3. 4 and 6 or all do

not satisfy, redesign the well accordingly.

Step S : Repeat the sante steps for combination with wind and
with seismic case separately.

U.. ULTZMATE kESlSTAfl~EMtTHOD (Ylde Annenirr 2)

Step 1: Check that W/A > o’j2

W total downward load acting at the base of well,
including the self weight of well, enhanced by a
suitable load factor given vide Step 6.
A = area of the base of well.
= ultimate bearing capacity of the soil below the base
of well.
Step 2: Calculate the base resisting moment Mb at the plane
of rotation by the following rormula:
Mb = QWB tan 4~
B = width in case of square and rectangular wells
parallel to direction of forces and diameter for
circulac wells,

5
<<
IRC: 45—1972
Q -‘ a constant as given in Table I below for square or
rectartguiaf base. A shape factor of 0.6 is to be
multiplied for wells with circular base,

= angle of internal friction of soil.

TABLE l

D/H 0.5 1.0 1,5 2.0 2.5

Q 0.41 0.45 0.50 0.56 044

Note: The values of Q for intermediate D/.3 values in the

above range may be linearly interpolated.
M5 = 0.10 v D~(K, — KA) L

where
y .= density of soil (submerged density to be taken for
soils under water or below water table)
L ~. projec:ed width of the soil mass offering resistance. In
case of circular wells. it sholl be 0,9 diameter to account
for the shape~
D =— depth of grip below maximum scour level,

K,, .KA passive and active pressure ectefficient to be calculated

using Coulomb’s theory assuming “8” angle of wall
iriction between well and soil equal to 3 * but limited
to a value of 221°,
Step 3 : Calculate the resisting moment due to friction at front
and back faces (Mg) about the plane of rotation by following
formulae:’
(i) For rectangular well
M,=0.l8y(K, —X~)LtD’sin)
<< 6
 IRC : 45~~l972
(ii) for circa In r well
iS1~ oH 7IK KA) B~Vsin 3
step 4 Tie total resistancL’ moment M~about the plane of
rotation shall be
M1 :: ~,7 (M~+ Ms ‘+- M~1

Step 5 : Check M~4: M

where
M .:—: total applied external moment about the plane of
rotation, viz., located at O2D above the base, taking
appropriate load factors as per combinations given
below
111) ,.. (I)
liD -fB~ l.4(Wc 4 Ep +WorS) ... (2)
lID + l.6L (3)
lID ‘f B F i4(L + Wc~’
F Er) .. (4)
i.ID+B •j 125(L+Wcj Ep+WorS) .,. (5)
where
D :,: dead load
L.: live load including braking, etc.
9 ~:‘~ buoyancy
Wc’;’~water current fo~cc
Ep = earth pressure
W wind lhrce

S sci~n~ic
force
For horizontal force due to frictional resistance of
bean ng d tie To dead and live loads, appropi iate fact ors shall be taken.
But effect of ‘defocnaat ion due to temperature, shrinkage and creep
mq be neglected for normal structures,,
<<
7
INC: 45-1972

Nose (ii) Moment due to shirt and alt of welts and piers and
direct loads, if any, shall also be considered ahout the plane or
rotation.

Step 6 : If the conditions in Steps i and 5 are not satisfied~

redesign the well.

ELASTIC THEORY METHOD (Anne.vure t)

I INTRODUCTION

The following assuntpt ions are made in deriving the equations

based on elastic theory:

(i) The soil surrounding the well and below the base is perfectly
elastc!, homogensus and followr Hooke’s Law.

(ii) Under design working leads, the lateral. deflections are so

small that the urtit soil ~eact ion p iricre.a ~es linearly with increasing
‘‘ ‘‘

lateral deflection “ j” as expressed by p Ku z where Kn is the

Zr

caefhc~enLof ho,rizont.:d ~uhg’ade reaction at the base,

(~hi)The coefficient of hothor,tal subgrade reaction increases

linearly with depth in. the case of cohesioniess soils.

(iv) The well is assumed .o he a rigid body su~ected to an

erj’,ter~a~ unidirectional horizontal force. H and a moment Mo at scour
level,,.

2. SYMBOLS

A area of base of the well.

a =m width of the base parallel to the direction of the

external horizontal force.

D ~ depth of well below scour level.

<< B
 IRC : 45 1972

II external horizontal force acting on the well at scour

level.
moment of inertia of the base about an axis passing
through C.. G.. and perpendicular to horizontal
resultant force.
moment of inertia about the horizontal axis passing
through the CCI.. of the projected area in elevation ol’
ID’
the soil mass offering resistance
K coefficient of vertical suhgrade reaction at the base..
K1 coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction at the hose.
KA., Kr active and passive pressure coefficients for cohesion~~
.

less soils as pei Coulomtds theory.

1. projected width of the soil mass offering resistance.

Note: .A shape factor of 0,9 may be applied for circular wells.

in =r , i.e., ratio of the horizontal to the vertical co-

efficient of suhgrade reactions at the base.
hi total applied external moment at the base = ~Mc .4.
H.D)
M0 =. moment of the external forces at scour level,
‘Mp :::r:::: moment of P about the base.
M5 — resisting moment at the base.
.

p ;rr horizontal :soil reaction.

p. Zr.: coefficient of friction between the base and the soil.
p. .=.: coefficient .of friction between sides and the soil.
‘a density of soil. (submerged density to be ned win
under water)
angle of internal friction of soil.
<<
9
1F(C : 45~~l972
S ‘a angle of friction between the sides of well and soil
taken equal to 3 ~ limited to a value of 22r,
o := angular rotation of the well as a rigid body.
::: horizontal soil reaction at depth y from scour level,
vertical soil reaction at distance X from C.O. of
base.
(T~ = maximum and minimum base pressures.
~ P . distance from the axis passing the CO. of base at
which the resultant vertical frictional force on. .~ide
acts normal to the direct ion of horizontal fb mce 13/2
:‘‘

in case of rectangular welis or, 0.318 diameter in

circular wells.

3. EQUATIONS FOR BASE PRESSURES

In the most general case, the centre of rotation can be above the
base atC1, at the base C, or below the base at Ca. It can be easily
visualised that the base moves’ towards the centre F rotanon, if the
latter lies above the base so that the horizontal frictional force at the
ha.se acts in the direction of H. lf the point of rotation lies below
the base by a similar argument.:! it is seen that horizontal frictional
fo’rce. at base must be in the opposite sense to H. The maximum.
frictional force which can develop at the base is ~zW, At any parti-
cialar instant only a fraction of it would be acting. 1.. et it he denoted
by flpW Where $3 is a factor always less than one.. ii is, therefore,
clear that before movem’em tak s place /3 must he between I and —i
resp.c.tively so that we can write that for point of rotation at the
base $3 must be... between. the lithits I to 1 In the p~.rticularcase
—

of heavy ‘wells ‘met with in actual practice, the point of rotation shall
l:ie .atoiu.rn:i::i to ~ at the base. Let the ~rell rotate about a. point C
at a ‘hor~i.ontaldistance Xc’ from the centre of the well shown in
Fig.. I
P ‘“ total horizontal soit reaction from the sides.
resisting moment .at the base.
<<
lQ
 IRC; 45—4972

SCo%* LtVtL 34
-7

D i
k
(t~S /

H~I
C3 j LflAI9HOcWttL !?lEitCTlOtl PRESSURE
DISTRISUTION
Al SIDE

PLAW OF WELL

,eiP~TM~t

Fig I

The total deflection at depth “y” from wour level

= (D — y~9

Horizontal soil react ion K11 y X ii) — y) u

Key
~ ~ (D y)

Total horizontal Soil rC2c tion acting on the sides of the s~t

<< 1!
IRC: 43—1972

KeL D’

LD’
Putting =

~,._2mKoh
(I)

Let M, be the moment of P about base level

M, (D -~ y) dy L

= m ~e L (D — y)’ dy

mKeLf ±y’ — 2Dy’~dy

— “4!, L
‘a mKoL (2)

Now consider the soil reaction acting at the base. Vertical

JeA*xtion at dista not (IX 4’ Xc) frwn centrc of rotation (Xc IX) o ..~‘.

K(Xc ~l’
4.H12

M~_fvTydA.X...:Ko~(Xc ~X)XdA

+1/2 +1/2
KOJXIJAiKOXc5XSJA
.1/2 -H/I
d A being a function ot’ IX

<<
 IRC:
As the reference coordinates are at co. or ban
fxd A= 0 and l~ fxtd A whence
1a (3)
KB

1 or ciuilit~~
will ‘~ 1—1 ‘0
— p’P) P
or H -i -.. P (1 .+ fifl,’)

H ‘1 flp\V
or P (4~
Taking moments about base
M.
0 .j.. H. D = .M1 ±M, t

or Ni = ~ ‘-F M, -3- ~ilP~D (5)

Substituting’ equations (1), (2) and (3)

tu’’ in K~l,.~3 /4d, 2mK~l.~ .

N. ... K
K. O
(3 ~ ,.: n~L (I -~

‘K (j . NI/[t~ :, nt l~
(I 2~/~)3

(6)

where I ... In—: in t (I I-

From equation (.4~

H ..t /3H~\’~ M I
P 2inK ft h/I) 2w
.1 “1 L f)
1) 1
wltci’c r
—
r
—
2
—— ,
ml~
--

11 + Pp W H -3”

fl~(W M -~ H

t3
<<
IRC: 45—1972

p=—,~(w — P r‘7) t7)

Equation (7) is sLtisfied only it’ ~ i whence we obtain

M
7

> ‘ ~Z W~PP

or H > (1 ± ~zp) —

— ~qil)+ p W

The vertical soil reaction is gwen by

7, Ke(X~ + IX)

W_~ilP=f5dA~Kef.(X~ + )QdA

= KofLdA+KofXdA

= KeX~.A
whence X~K e =.(W —

K9X~4-Ko.X

= + K a. Bf2
— K a. 13/2

As Ku =

14
<<
 IRC: 45—1972

e1 A 21

~H..J. ~L.! 9”
~ A 2) U

4. CONDITtONS OF STABILITY
fi) The maximum soil reaction from the sides cannot exceed
the mixim.um passive pressure at any depth, if the ~oil remains in an
elastic state., This amounts to the condition that at a ay depth y
7(Kp — K~)y or

‘yt’K~ -KA)y

orm !~°(D.y)~ Y(Kp—KA)

(at y =-. o L.H.S. is maximum’)

ormKo}y(Kp”--KA)

orm~>y(Kp—KA)

(ii) The maximum coil pressure a~ha..’,c shall not exceed

O”~ “

.aliowable’ pressure on soil, similarly the mi n mum soil pressure “

shall not he less than 0, i.e., no tension,

ULTIMATE SOIL RESISTANCE METHOD (Anm’xurc 2)

I. IN’fRODtJCTtON
Th.e elastic theory described in .lnnexure I approximatel>
determines the stresses’ in the so.il mass’ hut does not indicate the safety
against ultimate failure of the 11w nl!at ion. For this it will be neces-
sary to know h.e modc of fail arc of well foundations.

15
<< 2
~IC: 45—1972
2 OBSERStD FAILURE OF TIlE WElL FOUNDATtON
UNDER ULTIMAfl CM. NDtTtONS

The pattern of failure of the soil muss under the application of

r;hnsversLt II ~rces to large and snia II dept lis of embedment is depleted
in F:Hc, 2.

— ,... —
~ 1t~L~
~ ~.r’...n ~:~‘
S.
‘~ — —.— — a
— ,_ ‘— ~.d 0 —

Fig 2

Thor si I around he base in either case slides over a circular e\’lindrftcal

pat h with centre of rot at ion soni~wheue above the base, The plastic’
t~~ow at the side follows I h~r al concept as in the case of rigid
tNt

hulkhcitl at failure. Failure hay beer observed to occur at abc’ut 3~

rotat ton of t he well in case of no n-cohesive soils.

3. QUANTUM OF RESISTANCE

The obscrved variation of the total alt note icsislancc of the soul
noisy, i.e., both at the base and thu s’iles under sat ying dii cut loads is
given in Fig. 3.

‘rhis study indicates that the total resisting moment incleases with the
increase in the ratio of the direct load to the nIt mate bearang capacity
of the soil up to 0 5 to fl.7. After that it reduces. It is, therefore,
necessary to ensure that the bearing poressure adopted has a factor of
safety of twsa or more on ultimate bearing capacity of Ibe soil
cakutatc*l by any rational formula,

16
<<
 IRC: —1t72

hi

Fig 3
4 POINT OF ROTAUON AT FAILURE

(i Movement of the pohet of rotation or the vertiod ails

~a)fleet of geometry and horIzontal loads
The geometry of the toundat ion, viz., the ratio of the width of
ftamndation to the depth of embedment in the sofl and the magnitude
of the horizontal loads ha’e no effect in sFifting the po~ntof rotation
along the vertical axis as could be seen from Fig. 4.

K ~1
V

— ~

Foundot~,nsof àiftqr.nl w~Jfln

St ~b’2Ocyn
a *4~30Cm
WI 14
Position of the centre of rotation as a function of relative depth
Fig. 4

‘7
<<
IRC: 45—4972
(h) Effect of direct loads
The point of rotation has a relatIon to the ratio o~the super—
impostd vertical loads to the ultimate hearing capacity’ of the soi as
seen from Fig 5~
where

*
0’ P~actual vcrtcal pnsuro ochn
~ ultimata ~corQnc~cop~dtty1

0*10 & oa cia p;ar ~5

Fig. 5

The actual variation is confined to a narrow range beti~en0.75

and 0 8 times the depth of embedment below the scour level. Taking
into account normally expected vertical loads on well foundations1
a fixed value of 0.2 times depth above the base of the foundation
has been adopted for working out the soil resistance.

(ii) Shift of the point of rotation along the horizontal axis

The point of rotation undergoes a change in the horizontal
direction depending upon the geometry of the foundation and the
extent of defo~nationof the foundation. Under ultimate conditions
the magnitude of horizootal shift of the point as function of D/B
ratio is given in Fig. 6.

This shift in position of the point of rotation in the horizontal

direction will cause variation in the share of the moments between
the sides and the base.

<< 18
 TRC : 45 1972

Foundat ions of d ittèrent widths

p
AB-BoCm
0~4
A
0’3
0’2

0 4—~——~—-4— ,~—

05 t.0 t5 acs as s~

Position 0f the centre of rotation as a function of relative depth

Fig. 6

Note: For the purpose of this analysis the shift or the point
of ro~ationalong the horizontal axis has been ignored, in view of
other related indeterminate factors.

5. METHOD OF CALCULAT1ON
5,1.Base Resisting Momert (Mb)
The base resisting moment is the moment of the frictional force
snobilised along the surface of rupture which is assknd to be
cylindrical passing through the corners of the base for a square nIl
as shown in Fig. 7.For circular wells, the surfaee of rupture corres-
ponds to that of a part of sphere with its centre at the point of
rotation and passing through the periphery of the base.

if W is the total vert ~calload au~mutedby appropriate load

factors given in sup—para 5.5 below, the lo*d per unit width will
be WfB, s~thichwill also be equal to the upnrd peusure as shown
in Fig. 8.
(1) For a rec*a~*Iarbase
Ctnsider the small aft of length td~ at an angle of 4 from
the verticalanis..
<<
19
<<
 IRC: 4~-•.1972

It ~ holi7t11 id I ctp~neiu R , d J. ctps cL “~ .

Vert k’a 1~rcc~it the clc~nent

Rd~cosJ.WB
T)uc to t Ii s ~crt ka force the nornia I loice dc~dopedat the
ekment k 8 F~

where ~ R. d ~. coc ~ c~ ~L

= cos~d.L!~L

-~ ~

2WR 1 (I + 2cL) COS

B j ~-—-••~—-—.d~
0
RW
B~’ (0 + Sm & COS 9~

B B /Bt+4ntDz
sin8=~-, cosO=rn~~~,LanO=~2_-b
;R==A~f ~__.4_~_~•~”•
W / ~ 4n~D~ I B 2nBD
F~ 2 ‘\/ + ~ I. ~ nD +
Moment of resistance of the base about the point of rotation
Mb=Fflcan#R (1)
(ii) For a circular base
A multiplication factor of 0.6 is to be applied for the above
expression of Mb in order to acc~untfor the surface of rupture
being part of a sphere~
For both cases substituting the value “n” equa’ to 0.2D f~r
the point of rotation in formula (I) above, the bas~resistance c~n
be siinpli~edand expressed in tetrns of B.
MD = Q WB tan ~
<<
TRC: 45--1~72
where
13 . wiil t h in the case of square and rectangular
wells parallel to the direction of forces and
diameter for circular wells.
Q a con~tant,which depends upon the shape of
well as welt as the DB ratio. Its values are
given in Table 2 below for square or rectangular
wells. A shape factor of 0.6 is to be multiplied
for wells with circular base.

TABLE 2
DB 0.5 1.0 t.5 2.0 2.5
-— Q 0.41 0.45 050 0.56 044
Note The values ofQ for interrnedi;itc DR values in the above
range may be linearly interpolated.
52. Side Resisting Moment (Mi)
The ultimate soil pressure distiihutIon at the frunt and back
faces of the well f~u~dat~onis indicated in Fig. 9.

/
/
/
/
/
/
/

Fig. 9
<< 22
 mc: 972
The point of rotition is loctited at O,2D above the )~ he
biS calculated as folk~~s
side resistance moment will then

Let,7D(Kp K~j2-:::XrrBC; BF=Y

j~3,DEF
O,2~ ~ 0,2D
x:Y x Y
D 5D1—D
or ~r .. (I)
From A’s ABC and CEF
D 2)
~ ~
Equating (I) and (2)
511—DD--D1
Y Y
or 6 D1 = 2D:
where
= 1/3D ... (3)

Moment of side resistance about ‘O~is the algebraic moments of

A’s ABC and DEC
4D,X. 1D+1~, 2,X.~

XD’ + ~. D’
15 135
t
13/135 XD
= O.096D’.X
Say = O.1D’X
SubstItuting for X
Ms 0.1 yl)’ (K~ K.) per unit width of well;
—

FOE a wtdth of L, Mi 0.1

1D’ (Kp K4,L —

<< 23
IRC: 45-4972
5.3. ResistIng moment due to McIlee en
front .5 beck faces (Mr)
Due to the passive pressure of soil as shown in Fig. 9, the
fri:tional rorces on the front and back races of ~tll will be acting in
the vertical direction and will also produce resisting moment ‘Mr’.
For the purpose of this code, the effect of the active earth pressure
perpendicular to the directions of applied forces is neglected. The
resisting moment ‘Mf is calculated as follows:
The vertical pressure due to friction at any level is sin S times the
pressure at that level whate 8 is the ang4e of wall friction,
Total friction force/unit width (A AOE + A BOD) sin S
D1=D13

pressure at F -~ } yD (Kp.—K*)

ArcaofAAOE 4. yD(K,—K,~ q
~ ~ D’ (Kr — IL)

Area of A ROD yD (K, — K4)

= 0.1 yD’iK,- IL)
Total friction ft~rce/uni~t
width

(K,—IL) sinS
Moment abnut centre of rotation
(i) in case of rectangular wells rot width L

Mf:J2?yDt (KpKA). ~sia8xL

(K,—K,).
B. sin8xi.
3 sinS
O.183v(KpK~OLB.D
say 0.180 y(K, K,.) LBD’ sin 8
—

24
<<
 IRC: 45—-1972
(ii) In case of circular wells
B
LevLr arm =
Therefere M1 = yD’ (Kp — KA). ~ 1.. sin S
Since 1. (IS 13 in case of circular wcll
0.33 2 -

= —y(Kp—KA). B’D s.n ~

0.105 y (Kp — K~)B’ D’ sin 8
say 0.lly(Kp—K4,)B’D’ sinS.
5.4. Total resisting moment of soil
Total resisting moment of soil Mr is given by
Mr = (M5 + M1 4- Mr)
5.5. Factor of safety
A suitable safety factor has to be ensured takiMg into account the
probable variation of different loads and their combinations. The
variation of strength characteristic of the soil sbowld also be
accounted for in calculating the resisting moment given by the above
expression. Putting it mathematically
~ ‘11 (applied load or moment)
A (soil resisting moment~ 0)
where
load factor for a particular load
A = strength factor for the resistance of soil.
The passive resistance of the soil depends on the angle of internal
friction for variation of which a reduclion factor of 1.25 may be
applied. Further to take into account the special nature of risk of
ftilure of roundation, which is most imj~rtantpart of the bridge,
another reduction factor of 1.15 may be applied. Hence the total
coefficient applicable to the Right Hand Side of the abcve expres~
sion (1) will come to 0.7.
As regards the Left Hand Side of the expression, the variation of
loads is described below:
<< 25
IRC: 45—1972
(i) Dead loS : The dead load bcing more or less a permanent
load, a factor 1.1 would be sufficient for the variations in densities of
materials and computational errors, etc.
(ii) Live load: Considering the effect of variation in IRC load
ing met with in bridges, it is adequate to adopt a factor of 1.6 for
probable overloading with the combination of dead load only and
l.4 with other combinations except with wind or seismic. With
either wind or seismic due to reduced probability of occurrence of
maximum live load, a factor of 1.25 is considered adequate.
(iii) Braking force, etc. : These longitudinal loads will cor-
respond to the coefficient adopted for live load.

Notes:
(1) The forces due to characteristic imposed deformations
should be added, e.g., the horizontal load due to frictional resistance
oIthe bearings may include the increase in dead and live load.

(2) For normal structures imposed temperature deformations

of climatic origin and deformations due to creep and shrinkage can
generally be neglected for the ultimate analysis. However, for
statically indeterminate structures, the forces due to above causes
should be considered. Similarly, the forces due to settlement of
support have also to be taken into consideration.

(iv) Water current force: Due to possible error of 20 per cent

in estimating the velocity, a factor of 1.4 may be adopted.

(v) Buoyancy: The effect of buoyancy in reducing the density

of submerged masses is more or less a constant and can be taken as
unity.
(vi) Wind or seismic forces: When the bridge is not coveted
by live load, a factor of 1.4 is considered adequate for wind or seismic
forces. Due to less probability of combination with maximum live
load, a reduced factor of 1.25 is adequate.
(vii) Earth presare on abutments: To account for increased
earth pressure resulting from either the density af soil being higher or

<< 26
 tRC: 45—1972
the angle of internal friction being lower than determined by tests ror
various reasons, a factor of 1.4 is considered adequate for t’omputa~
tion of earth pressure.
Accordingly, the following combinations of load factors are
oltained:
LID (I)
i.ID+B+l,4(Wc +Ep +WorS) ...~.... (2)
l.1D+l.6L (3)
1.1D+B+l.4(L+Wc +E~) (4)
1.ID+B+l.25(L+W~+Ep +WorS) ........ (5)
where
D =dead load
L = live load including braking, etc.
B = buoyancy
Wc = water current force
Es’ = earth pressure
W = wind force
S = seismic force
(viii) Tilt and shift : In the computation of applicd momcnrs,
effects of moments due to tilt and shift of weDs, if any, about tie
plane of rotation shall also be considered.
6. In order to ensure the factor of safety for ultimate resistanet
according to above concept, the total resistance niomcnt (Ma red need
by strength factor thou Id he not less than t hi iota! applied manic at
(M) a bout the point ui rotation for the appropriate conib flu t ions a
applied loads enhanced by the taetors gi sen ahovc, i.e., tosay
0.7 (Mb f M3 -[ M1) ~ M

<<