Unit IV Retaining Walls

ii) Active Earth pressure, when the back fill is sloped

1. Stability Requirements: R
i). Overturning
The factor of safety against overturning and sliding should not be less than 1.4 V
FS = 0.9( Stabilizing/Resist ing Moment)/(Overturning moment) > 1.4 R
ii). Sliding
FS = 0.9(Resisting frictional force)/(Horizontal soil pressure) > 1.4 K
If unsafe, shear key may be the better option.
P
2. Forces on Retaining Wall r
i). Lateral earth pressure: It is the major force on retaining wall.
Lateral Earth Pressure, p = kyh-» j - unit weight of soil, k is the a
coefficient depends on whether the pressure is active or passive. s
From Rankine's theory for cohesion less soils: Kayh3 __ w/m

Coefficient of active earth pressure, ka = (l-sin<j>) /(l+sin<|>) a iii) Active earth pressure due to surcharge^^^^^ y'
& passive pressure coefficient, kp = (l+sin<tO/(l-sin<tO d
Where § is the angle of shear resistance (angle of repose)
When the backfill is slopped at an angle, 6 wrt horizontal
cos 9 — -Jcos2 6 — cos2 <p
ka = COS 9
K pressure is maximum at heel and is given
[cos 9 + ^cos2 B — cos2 <p\e force exerted by active earth
D
by, Pa = ka x y x H2/2
K
i) Soil Pressures in General case
C kaw Kay hi
E iv) Effect of submerged soil on active earth pressure

N
hi a
g
i2 P
u
Kpyh2 K a y hi r
Ka Y hd Y™ nw
Ka ysub hw

11 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

3. Preliminary proportioning for economical design In counterfort retaining walls, the stem and heel slab are fixed
(continuous) at three edges and free at fourth edge. Design using yield
a) Cantilever retaining wall line theory will give better results
i) Soil pressure resultant must be up with the front face of wall
ii) Min width of base slab ,L » H/2 BM Coefficients for continuous beams
iii) Min width of hell slab* H/3
WdxLz/12+ WdxL2/16+
iv) Thickness of base slab, T * H/12 ( min. of 300mm)
WlxL2/10 WI*L2/17-v
v) Stem: Tapered with thickness at base slightly more than that of the base •e
slab; at top not less than 150 mm
Wi :L2/10+ Wd> Lz/12+
b) Counter fort retaining wall: Counterforts provided on the heel side
W X .2/9 WlL
i) Spacing * H/3 to H/2
ii) Thickness of heel slab « H/20 (min of 300 mm)
iii) Thickness of toe slab » H/12 ( H/20 if the front buttresses are provided) SF Coefficients for continuous beams
iv) Thicness of counter fort * H'/16 ( min of 300 mm; H' above base)
<

0.4Wd 0.6Wd+ 0.55Wd O.SWd

0.45WI 0.65WI 0.6WI 0.6WI^

oe Heel

General deflected shape of various elements

12 | P a g e R V R K P r a s a d , KDK C o l l e g e of Engineering, Nagpur

Question 1. Design a cantilever retaining wall, which is required to support a Considering unit length of retaining wall
bank of earth 4 m high above GL. Assume SBC of soil as 160 kN/m2, unit wt ka = (l-sin30°)/0+sin30°) = 1/3
of soil 16 kN/m3, angle of repose of soil 30°, and the coefficient of friction Taking moments about the tip of toe, A; and neglecting the soil above the toe
between concrete and soil is 0.5. Use M20 and Fe 415 Load / Force (kN) Distance Moment @A
Solution: from A (m) (kNm)
1. Depth of Foundation 1 Stem(Rect) (1x0.15x4.8)25=18 1.375 24.75
Depth of foundation = -( ~stncp] = l.lllm say 1.25m 2 Stem (A Ir) Ix('/ 2 x0.3x4.8)25=18 1.2 21.6
Y \l+sm<p/ 3 Base slab 1.5 50.625
(1x3x0.45)25=33.75
2. Primary proportioning:
4 Soil above heel (1x1.55x4.8)16=119.04 2.225 264.864
Total height of retaining wall,H = 4 +1.25 = 5.25 m
5 Soil Pressure, P l/3(16x5.252/2)=73.5 5.25/3 M128.625
Thickness of base slab * H/12=5250/12=437 mm say 450 mm
Stem thickness « 450 mm at base ( 150 mm at top) Total IV E SW =188.79 IMr=36 1.839
Min width of Base slab * H/2 = 2.6 m, .-. provide 3m Factor of safety against overturning, FS = 0.9Mr/Mo = 0.9x361.839/128.625
Min width of heel slab (incl. wall) H/3 = 1.75 m , .'. provide 2m = 2.5 > 1.4 (Safe)
Toe projection = 3-2 = 1 m 4. Stability against sliding
Height of stem = 5.25 -0.45= 4.8 m Factor of safety = 0.9Fr/Fh = 0.9(uW)/P = 0.9(0.5xl88.79)/73.5 =1.15 <1.4
UNSAFE -> A shear key may be provided to mobilize the required balance
force through passive resistance
3. Stability against Overturning
5. Calculation of soil pressure & Check for max. and min. pressures
150
Distance of resultant from A, x =2M/IV =(361.839-128.625)/188.79
= 1.235m
Eccentricity, e = B/2 - x = 1.5 - 1.2353 = 0.2647 m
Max pressure (toe side) = (P/A)[ 1+ 6e/B] = (l88.79/3)[ 1+6x0.2647/3]
4m = 96.245 < SBC (160) Safe
Min Pressure (heel side) = (P/A)[1 - 6e/B] = (188.79/3)[1- 6x0.2647/3]
= 29.615 > 0 No tension (OR e < B/6) Safe

GL px = 29.615 +(96.245-29.615)/3 =29.615 + 22.21(x)

1.25m
i 450
I 450
29.615
A
B=3m-

13 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

6. Design of Stem: 7.1)esignofToeSlab /
Considering 1 m length of retaining wall 1m /
MaxBM = Ka y h3/6 = 1/3 x!6x 4.83/6 = 98.304 kNm S\S^/^\A f\X\^N/\
Factored Moment = 1.5 *98.304 = 147.456 kNm iL 1 L jh ik • L

M
Check for depth, d = |— =
98.304*10^
= 188< 394mm-»Safe 96.2-! 5 o*- X H- 74.035
2.76X1000
1
—
Area of steel at base, Ast = ^-ll — l - ( ', M" ) \bd
2fy L -^ \fckbd2J\0
Self wt = 0.45x25 = 11.25
4.6x98.304xl06\4 = 718 mm2 Pressure at Fixed end of toe slab = 29.615 + 22.21 x2 =74.035
1- 1-
415 Neglecting weight of soil above
Total Pressure, P = l * (74.035+96.245)/2-11.25(1)= 85.14-11.25=73.89kN
Min tensile reinforcement = (0.85/415)(1000x394) = 807 mm2 a + 2b L 74.035 + 2 x 96.245 (1)
Provide 12mm<|), spacing = lOOOx 113/807=140 mm c/c-> say 125mm c/c "V* T— ^^^^__^^_ V ^— - — ._ .
x V = 0.522 m
**

a + b 3 ~ 74.035 + 96.245
Curtailment of main steel: BM = 85.14* 0.522-11.25xl 2 /2== 33.17 kNm
Curtail alternate bars @ 0.79 h -LO = 0.794x 4800 -394 = 3400 mm from top Factored moment = 1.5 x 33.17 = 49.76 kNm
Check for Shear
M 49.76*106
Max SF = Kay h2/2 = 1/3 x!6x 4.82/2 =* 61.44 kN Check for depth, d = |—- =
2.76X1000
= 134< 394mm-»Safe
Factored SF = 1.5*61.44 =92.16 kN . .' • ' •
Shear stress, TV =92.16* 1000/( 1000*394)= 0.234 N/mm2 Area of steel at base, Ast = £ r l - l - ( ,4'f M\}]bd
2fy L > \fckbdzJ\ =
p= 100*807/(1000)*394 = 0.205%
TC = 0 .28 - 0.36 = > 0.28 MPa -> Safe 10 / 4.6x49.76xl06\2J
Distribution steel: 1- 1- 1000x394 = 356 mm2
415
Provide nominal steel of 0.0012 x 1000 x 450 = 540 mm2
Try 10mm<t>, spacing = 1000x78.5/540 =145 say 125 mm c/c Provide min steel of 807 mm2 12(j>@ 125 c/c
Distribution steel can be reduced at top Curtailment of main steel:
Provide distribution steel on the other face in both directions as T > 225 Curtail alternate bars @ 0.79 h -LO = 0.794x 1000 -394 = 400 mm from free
end of toe
Check for Shear
MaxSF = P = 73.89
Factored SF = 1.5 *73.89= 110.835 kN
3.4m Shear stress, TV =110.84*1000/(1000*394)= 0.28 N/mm2
p- 0.205%
TC = 0 .28 - 0.36 • -> Safe
Distribution steel:
Provide nominal steel of 10 mm<|), @ 125 mm c/c
Provide distribution steel on the other face in both directions as T > 225

14 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur

8.. Design of Heel Slab 9. Design of Shear key

.615

Assume a shear key of 300 mm thick and 300 mm deep

Pressure at fixed end of heel slab = 29.615 + 22.21xl.55 =74.035 h -> (1250 -300) + 300 + 1325 tan 30° = 2015
Weight of soil = 4.8 x 16 = 76.8 kN/m2 kp = (1+sin 30°)/(1-sin 30°) = 3
Total Downward load = 76.8 + 11.25 = 88.05 kN/m2 Passive earth pressure, Pp = kp x y (h2-h,2)/2 = 3xl6(2.0152-0.952)/2 =76kN
Total Pressure, P = 88.05 (1.55)- 1.55* (64.05+29.615)/2 FSagainstsliding = 0.9(0.5xl88.79 + 76)/73.5= 2.08> 1.4 Safe
= 136.48-72.58 = 63.9 kN Cantilever projection is very small (0.3 m); assuming 300 mm thickness is
a + 2b L 64.05 + 2 x 29.615 1.55 safe in BM and SF.
x = x - = 0.68 m
a +b 3 64.05 + 29.615 Provide main steel of \2§ @ 140 c/c (same that of wall)
BM = 88.05x 1.552/2 -72.58 * 0.68 = 56.42 kNm Distribution steel of 10(|> @ 145 c/c
Factored moment = 1.5 x 56.42 = 84.62 kNm 10. Development length:
Ld = <t>(0.87*451)/(4*1.6*1.2) = 48 <j> -> For 12 mm say 600 mm
Check for depth, d = fij- = I84-62*106 = 175 < 394 mm ->Safe
^\Qb >| 2.76x1000 11. Detailing of Reinforcement r^
10 / 4.6x84.62x10^
Ast =
415
1- 1- \20xlOOOx3942J 1000x394 = 615 mm2

Provide min steel of 807 mm2 12(j)@ 125 c/c 4.0m

Curtailment of main steel:
Curtail alternate bars @ 0.79 h -LO = 0.794x 1550 -394 = 800 mm from free 12 mm A @ 125 c/c
end of heel
Check for Shear
Max SF = P = 63.9
Factored SF = 1.5 *63.9= 95.85 kN
Shear stress, TV =95.85*10007(1000*394)= 0.24 N/mm2 12 mm $ @ 125 c/c
1.25m
Forp =0.205%
TC = 0 .28 - 0.36 = -> Safe <J U |U
Distribution steel: \ foM
/ S r/r
n
Provide nominal steel of 10 mm<t>, @ 125 mm c/c *
Provide distribution steel on the other face in both directions as T > 225

15 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

11. Detailing of Reinforcement

3400

Stem

400 Id-
-W- 800

Bottom view of base slab

Top view of base slab

16 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur

Question 2. Design a cantilever retaining wall, which is required to support a
bank of earth 4 m high above GL. The backfill surface is incline at 15°. Considering unit length of retaining wall
Assume SBC of soil as 160 kN/m2, unit wt of soil 16 kN/m3, angle of repose H = 5250+ 1850 tan 15° = 5745.7 mm
of soil 30°, and the coefficient of friction between concrete and soil is 0.5. Taking moments about the tip of toe, A; and neglecting the soil above the toe
UseM20andFe415 Load / Force (kN) Distance Moment @A
Solution: from A (m) (kNm)
1. Depth of Foundation
•y
1 Stem (1x0.15x4.8)25=18 1.075 19.35
Depth of foundation = -(il^) = l.lllm say 1.25m V Ix(!/ 2 x0.3x4.8)25=18 1.25 22.5
y \l+sin<p/ 2 Base slab 1.5 50.625
(1x3x0.45)25=33.75
2. Primary proportioning:
3 Soil above heel (1x1.55x4.8)16=119.04 2.225 264.864
Total height of retaining wall, H w (4+1.25)(l+tanO / 3)=5.25( 1.089) =5.72 m
A portion ('/2x0.3x4.8)16=11.5 1.35 15.5
Thickness of base slab «H/12«5720/12«476 mm say 450 mm
Inclined back fil '/2 1.85x0.495)16= 7.3 2.383 17.4
Stem thickness « 450 mm at base ( 150 mm at top)
Min width of Base slab « H/2 = 2.6 m, /, provide 3m
4 Ver. Comp Pr 25.5 3 76.5
Total IV = !W =233.1 IMr=466.74
Min width of heel slab (incl. wall) H/3 = 1.75 m , .'. provide 2m
Toe projection = 3-2 = 1m Soil Pressure, P = 0.373(16x 5.7452/2)= 98.487 kN
Height of stem = 5.25 -0.45= 4.8 m Hor. Component, PH = P cosG = 98.487 cos 15° =95 kN
3. Stability against Overturning Hor. Component, Pv = P cos9 = 98.487 sin 15° =25.5 kN
Moment, M = PH x (H/3) = 95 x (5.745/3) =181.9
150 Factor of safety against overturning, FS = 0.9Mr/Mo - 0.9x466.74/181.9 =
2.3 £ 1.4 (Safe)
4. Stability against sliding
Factor of safety = 0.9Fr/Fh = 0.9(u,W)/P = 0.9(0.5x233.1)/95 =1. 1<1.4
4m UNSAFE -> A shear key may be provided
5. Calculation of soil pressure & Check for max. and min. pressures
Distance of resultant from A, x=ZM/IV =(466.74-181.9)/ 233.1= 1.222m
Eccentricity, e = B/2 - x = 1.5 - 1.222 = 0.278 m
GL Max pressure (toe side) = (P/A)[ 1+ 6e/B] = (233. l/3)[l+6x0.278/3]
= 120.9 < SBC (160) Safe
Min Pressure (heel side) = (P/A)[l -6e/B] = (233.1/3)[1-6x0.278/3]
1.25m = 34.5 > 0 No tension (OR e < B/6) Safe
450
450
px = 34.5 +(120.9-34.5)/3 ^34.5 + 28.8{x)
J

D -3r«

34.5
cos6 — ^/cos2 9 — cos2 <p
ka = cos (9 = 0.373
cos 9 + -J cosB — cos
17 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.
6. Design of Stem: 7,1)esign of Toe Slab /
Considering 1 m length of retaining wall 1m /
Max BM = Kay h3/6 = 0.373 x!6x 4.83/6 cos 15°= 106.254 kNm /-\/-\/-\ r\/-\/"\/-\
Factored Moment = 1.5 *106.254 = 159.38 kNm i L A I i ji di

0«- X H* 92.1
120.5
Check for depth, d = /-— =
• ^
Area of steel at base, Ast
fck r /
= —^— 1 — 1 —
— —'
•— -•

2fy L \ 240 < 394 mm -+Safe

Self wt = 0.45x25 = 11.25
10 1 /4.6xl59.38xl06\1 1 Pressure at Fixed end of toe slab = 34.5 + 28.8x2 =92.1
1000x394 = 1196mm2
415 A T V20xlOOOx394 2 / Neglecting weight of soil above
Total Pressure, P = l * (92.1+120.9)72- 11.25(1)= 106.5-11.25=95.25 kN
Min tensile reinforcement = (0.85/415)(1000x394) = 807 mm2 a + 2b L 92.1 + 2 x 120.9 (1)
Provide 12 mm<J>, spacing = 1000x113/1196 = 90 mm c/c x= = 0.5225m
a + b X 3 = 92.1 + 120.9
Curtailment of main steel: BM = 106.5* 0.5225 - 11.25xl 2 /2 = 50 kNm
Curtail alternate bars @ 0.79 h -LO = 0.794x 4800 -394 = 3400 mm from top Factored moment = 1.5 x 50 = 75 kNm
Check for Shear
75x106
Max SF = Kay h2/2 = 0.373 x!6x 4.82/2 cos 15°= 66.4 kN Check for depth, d =
2.76x1000
= 164< 394mm-»Safe
Factored SF = 1.5 *66.4 = 99.6 kN
Shear stress, TV =99.6*10007(1000*394)= 0.253 N/mm2 Area of steel at base, Ast = ^-li- h-(^^]\bd
\fckbd J\4 = 543 mm
z 2
p= 100*807/(1000)*394 = 0.205%
TC = 0 .28 - 0.36 = > 0.28 MPa -> Safe 10 4.6x75xl06
Distribution steel: Ast =
415 V20xlOOOx394 2 y
Provide nominal steel of 0.0012 x 1000 x 450 = 540 mm2
Try 10 mm(|), spacing = 1000 x 78.5 / 540 = 145 say 125 mm c/c Provide min steel of 807 mm2 -> 12<J> @ 125 c/c
Distribution steel can be reduced at top Curtailment of main steel:
Provide distribution steel on the other face in both directions as T > 225 Curtail alternate bars @ 0.79 h -LO = 0.794x 1000 -394 = 400 mm from free
end of toe
Check for Shear
Max SF = P = 95.25 <•
Factored SF = 1.5 *95.25= 142.875 kN
Shear stress, TV =142.875*1000/(1000*394)= 0.36 N/mm2 > 0.32( 0.205%)
Increase depth -» 0.32 =142.875* 1000/(1000*d) ->d= 446 say D =500
Distribution steel:
Provide nominal steel of 10 mmij), @ 125 mm c/c *
Provide distribution steel on the other face in both directions as T > 225

18 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur

8.. Design of Heel Slab 9. Design of Shear key

1.55m

79.14 34.5

Assume a shear key of 300 mm thick and 300 mm deep

Pressure at fixed end of heel slab = 34.5 + 28.8x 1.55 =79. 14 h -> (1250 -300) + 300 + 1325 tan 30° - 2015
Weight of soil = 4.8 x 16 = 76.8 kN/m2 cos 6 + ^cos2 6 — cos2 <p
Total Downward load - 76.8 + 1 1.25 = 88.05 kN/m2 kp = cosd = 2.5
Total Pressure, P = 88.05 (1.55)- 1.55* (79.14+34.5)/2 cos 0 — -/cos2 6 — cos2 <p
= 136.48 -88.07 =48.4 kN Passive pressure, P p ^ k p x y(h 2 -h, 2 )/2 = 2.5xl6(2.0152-0.952)/2=63kN
a + 2b L '79.14 + 2x34.5 1.55 FS against sliding = 0.9(0.5x233.1 +63)/73.5= 2.2 > 1.4 Safe
Cantilever projection is very small (0.3 m); assuming 300 mm thickness is
3 79.14 + 34.5
BM = 88.05x1. 552/2 -88.07 * 0.674 == 46.4 kNm safe in BM and SF.
Factored moment = 1 .5 x 46.4 = 69.6 kNm Provide main steel of 12<|> @ 140 c/c ( same that of wall)
69.6-vlO 6
Distribution steel of 10<j> @ 145 c/c
Check for depth, d = I— =
2.76X1000
= 158< 394mm-»Safe 10. Development length:
Ld = <K0.87*451)/(4*1.6*1.2) = 48 $ -> For 12 mm say 600 mm
10 / 4.6x69.6xl06 11. Detailing
Ast = 1000x394 = 502 mm2
415 I 20xlOOOx394 2
Provide min steel of 807 mm2 -*• 12$ @ 125 c/c
Curtailment of main steel:
Curtail alternate bars @ 0.79 h -LO = 0.794x 1550 -394 = 800 mm from free 4.0m
end of heel 10 mm <|> @ 125 c/c 12 mm 4> @ 125 c/c
Check for Shear
Max SF = P = 48.4
Factored SF = 1.5 *48.4= 72.6 kN
Shear stress, TV =72.6* 1000/( 1000*394)= 0.18 N/nun2
For p = 0.205%
12 mm <]> @ 125 c/c
TC = 0 .28 - 0.36 = -» Safe 1.25m
Distribution steel: 10 mm @ 125 c/c u u |u f 0|
Provide nominal steel of 10 mm<t>, @ 125 mm c/c
Provide distribution steel on the other face in both directions as T > 225 - f
in \ i (St 1">5 c/r

12 mm (Jt @ 125-c/c

19 I P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK Colle.ge o f Engineering, Nagpur.

11. Reinforcement Details

3400

u O ^ u u |u u Q| Stem
in In n O n ^ O
3
O

400 Ttf-
^4- 800

Bottom view of base slab

Top view of base slab

20 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

 200
Question 3: Design a counter-forts retaining wall to support a level
back fill of 7.5 m high above GL. The safe bearing capacity of soil is
170 kN/m2, unit wt of soil is 16 kN/rm and the angle of shearing 7.5m
resistance is 30°. Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe 415 steel. Draw
reinforcement Details

Solution: 2m
1. Depth of Foundation •50Q--
TA c-r w fl-sin<p\ 170 fl~sin<p\ .c 1.5m 750
Depth of foundation = - — — H = — -—r-^1 «d.5m 500
Y \l+sm<pj 16 \\+sm<pJ
2. Primary proportioning: 5m
H = 7.5+ 1.5 = 9m
Min width of Base slab » H/2 - 4.5 m,-» 5m 4. Stability against sliding
Min width of heel slab (incl. wall) H/3 = 3 m -> 3 Factor of safety = 0.9Fr/Fh = 0.9(fiW)/P = 0.9(0.5x490)7216 =1. <1.4
Hence toe projection = 5-3 = 2 m UNSAFE -> A shear key may be provided to mobilize the required balance
Spacing of counter-forts H/2 to H/3-»4.5 to 3; ->/. Provide 3m c/c force through passive resistance
Thickness of counter forts = H/20 say 450 mm
5. Design of Shear key
Thickness of Heel slab H/20 * (7500+1500)/20 = 450 say 500 mm
Assume a shear key of 300 mm thick and 300 mm deep
Thickness of Toe slab ( W/o front buttresses)» H/12 = 750 mm
Thickness of stem = H/20 = 450 mm-» 500 mm
Provide 500mm at bottom, tapering to 200 mm at top
250(
3. Stability against Overturning
Considering unit length of retaining wall
ka = (l-sin30°)/0+sin30°) = 1/3
Taking moments about the tip of toe; and neglecting the soil above the toe and
weight of counterforts 2400
Load / Force (kN) Distance Moment @A
from A,m (kNm)
1 Stem (Rect) (0.2x8.25)25^41.25 2.4 99
(Trap.) (1/2x0.3x8.25)25=30.94 2.2 68 h -> (1500 -300) + 300 + 2400 tan 30° = 2885
2 Base slab (2.5x0.5)25=31.25 3.75 117.2 kp = (l+sin30°)/{ l-sin30°) = 3
(2.5x0.75)25=46.88 1.25 58.6 Passive earth pressure, Pp = kp x y (h2-h,2)/2 = 3xl6(2.582-1.22)/2 =125kN
4 Soil above heel (2.5x8.5)16=340 3.75 1275 FS against sliding = 0.9(0.5x481 + 125V 216= 1-5 > 1.4 Safe
5 Soil Pressure, P l/3(16x92/2)=216 9/3 (-)648 As the cantilever projection is very small (0.3 m); assuming 300 mm
Total IV = LW =490 SMr=1618 thickness is safe in BM and SF. Min steel = 0.00205(1000*250) =512
Factor of safety against overturning. FS = 0.9Mr'Mo = 0.9x1618/648 2.2* Provjde main steel of 12<|> @ 200 c/c
> 1 . 4 (Safe) Distribution steel of 12<|> @ 200 c/c

21 | P a g e R V R K P r a s a d , KDK C o l l e g e of E n g i n e e r i n g , N a g p u r .
 10 f 4.6x49.5xl0 6 \2/
6. Calculation of soil pressure & Check for max. and min. pressures Ast~ = 1- 1- 1000x440 = 316 mm2
415
Distance of resultant from A, x =IM/IV =(1618-648)7490
= 1.98m Mid span steel -> Try 12i(» @ 113x1000/902 = 125 c/c
Eccentricity, e = B/2 - x = 2.5 - 1.98 = 0.52 m Bent up alternate bar @ 0.25 L
Max pressure (toe side) = (P/A)[ 1+ 6e/B] = (490/5)[l+6x0.52/5] Required extra tops = 12 fy @ 250 c/c (As Ast+ = Ast")
= 159.15 < SBC (160) Safe Provide up to 0.3 L
Min Pressure (heel side) = (P/A)[l -6e/B] =(490/5)[1-6x0.52/5] Check for Shear
= 36.85 > 0 No tension (OR e < B/6) Safe Max factored SF = 118.8 kN
Shear stress, TV =118,8007(1000*440)= 0.27 N/mm2
For p = 0.205 % ;
px = 36.85 (159.15-36.85)/3 =36.85 + 24.46(x)
TC= 0.28-0.36; = >0.28 -> Safe
Distribution steel:
Provide nominal steel of-»0.0012(1000x500)=600 m2
T r y l O m m ^ , @ 1000x78.5/600= 125 mm c/c
12mm( |> @ 250 c/c
36.85
„ _
r~
w- _
U O (J \ f O U o >
^n \ O oo / _n O \ o n<

7. Design of Stem: —» Designing as continuous slab 10 mm § @ 125 c/c 12 mm <J> @ 125 c/c
Max pressure at base of wall = ka y h = (1/3)16x8.25 = 44 kN/m2 8. Design of Heel Slab: -> Designit/g as continuous slab
Each panel is 8.25 m x 3m -> span is 3m
Considering 1 m wide panel at the fixed end of stem
L2 L2 32 L2
Max. mid-span moment = wd —h w, — = 44—I- 0 x — = 33kNm
a 12 L 10 12 10
Factored positive moment = 1.5 x 33= 49.5 kNm 36.85
L2 L2 32 L2
Max. support moment = w"10d — + w, — = 44— + 0 x — = 39.6kNm
L 9 10 9
Factored negative moment - 1.5 x 39.6 = 59.4 kNm Pressure at fixed end of heel slab = 36.85 + 24.46x2.5 =98 kPa
SF,max = Q.6wdL + Q.6wLL = 0.6 x 44 x 3 = 79.2&/V Self wt of slab = 0.5 x 25 = 12. 5 kN/m2
Factored SF = 1.5 *79.2= 118.8 kN Weight of soil (over burden) = 8.5 x 16 = 136 kN/m2
Total Downward load = 136+12.5 = 148.5 kN/m2
M 59.4
Check for depth, d = — = = 146< 440mm->Safe Net downward load at fixed end = 148.5 - 98 = 50.5 kN/m2
!Qb 2.76X1000
Net downward load at free end = 148.5-36.85= 111.65kN/m2
Min tensile steel =0.00205x 1000x440 = 902 mm2
Each panel is 2.5 m x 3m -> span is 3m
0.5x20 4.6 x59.4xl0 6 \2/ Considering 1 m wide panel at the free end of heel
1000x440 = 380mm 2
415
Max, mid-span moment =- ivrf — + w, — = 111.65— + 0 x — = 83.74/t/Vm
r a 12 L 10 12 10
Factored positive moment = 1.5x83.74=125.61 kNm
22 | P a g e RVRK P r a s a d , KDK C o l l e g e o f Engineering, Nagpur.
 L2 L2 32 L2
Max. support moment = wd—h WL— = 111.65 — + 0 x — = 100.5/cWm
9.1)esign of Toe Slab -> (No front buttresses)
Factored negative moment= 1.5 x 100.5 = 150.75 kNm 2m /
= 0.6wdL + 0.6wtL = 0.6 x 111.65 x 3 = 201/cW
Factored SF= 1.5 *201=302kN £\S*\/~\/ f\^\XN/N 1
!t i L ih .i A h

150.75*106 X H* 110.23
Check for depth, d = - ' —
Qb
= 2.76X1000
= 234 < 440 mm -»Safe 159.: 5 &~

Min tensile steel =0.00205x1000x440 = 902 mm2 , —

m

Ast+ =
0.5x20 /4.6xl25.61xl0 6 \ °y
V 20xloo0x44 z
1000x440 = 823 mm2
415
Self wt = 0.75x25 = 18.75
Pressure at Fixed end of toe slab = 36.85 + 24.46x3 =110.23
10 1 /4.6xl50.75xl0 6 \" V20xlOOOx440 2 / " Neglecting weight of soil above
Ast~ = 1000x440 = 996 mm2 Total Pressure, P =2* (110.23+159.15)/2 - 18.75(2)= 269.38-37.5=231.88 kN
415
_a + 2b L _ 110.23 + 2x159.15 2 _
Mid span steel -^ Try 12$ @ 113x1000/902 = 125 c/c * - T + T X 3 ~ 110.23 + 159.15 X 3 - 1 ' 0 6 m
Bent up alternate bar @ 0.25 L BM = 231.88 * 1.06 - 18.75x22/2 == 208.3 kNm
Required extra tops = 996 - 902/2 =545 mm2 Factored moment = 1.5 x 208.3 = 312.44 kNm
2 x 125 = 1000 x ast / 545 -> ast = 136 mm2 = n $2/4 -»<j) = 16 mm 31244X106
Provide up to 0.3 L Check for depth, d = — = 2.76X1000
= 336 < 690 mm ->Safe
Check for Shear fck
Maxfactored SF = 302 kN Area of steel at base, Ast = 2fy
Shear stress, TV =302,000/( 1000*440)= 0.68 N/mm2
For p = 100*996/( 1000x440) =0.225 % 10 4.6x312.44xlQ6\2 /
Ast = 1- 1- 1000x690= 1306mm2
TC= 1.0(0.28 + 0.08(0.075/0.1)} = 0.34 -^Unsafe 415
Increase depth of heel slab;
TV =TC -»302,000/(1000*d)= 0.34 Min steel =.00205 x!000x690=1415 mm2
d = 888 ; D = 890 +60 = 950 mm Try 16 mm<|>; Spacing = 1000 x 201/1415 = 142 say 140 mm c/c
Distribution steel: Curtailment of main steel:
Provide nominal steel of -»0.0012(1000x950)=! 140 m2 Curtail alternate bars @ 0.79 h -LO - 0.794x 2000 -690 =898 say 890 mm
Tryl2mm<t>, @ 1000 x 113/1140 = 90 mm c/c from free end of toe
Note: As depth is increasing; min tensile steel also will increase Check for Shear
MaxSF = P = 110.23
16mm i » @ 250 c/c
•y ' Factored SF = 1.5 * 110.23= 165.35 kN

-o u u\
r Shear stress, TV =165.35*1000/(1000*690)= 0.24 N/mm2
p= 0.205%
O U o b T C = 0.28-0.36 = ^Safe
o r> \ O o/ 0 o 0< Distribution steel:
Nominal steel = 0.0012 x 1000 x 750 = 900 mm2
\7 Try 12 mm (Jt; sp = 113000/900 = 125.5
12 mm <|i @ 90 c/c 12 mm{t)@ 125 c/c

23 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

Provide nominal steel of 12 mm<J>, @ 125 mm c/c Tension = 1.5[3x42.93] =193.2 kN
Provide distribution steel on the other face in both directions as T > 225 Ast = T/0.87fy = 193,200/(0.87x415) = 535 mm2
Spacing of 8<(t 2 legged horizontal stirrups = 1000x100.6/535 =188 mm c/c
10. Design of interior Counterfort: Designed as T-beam Hence provide 8<}) 2 legged horizontal stirrups @ 150 c/c
Approximating it as rectangular beam Vertical ties:
H = 9-0.95 = 8.05m Provide vertical ties —>to prevent separation from bases lab
Maximum BM @ fixed end, M = ka y H3/6 per m width Net downward load at free end = 148.5 - 36.85 = 111.65 kN/m2
= (l/3)16x8.053/6 = 463.7 kNm Tension = 1.5[3xl 11.65] =502.4 kN
For3 m , B M , M = 1391.1 kNm; Mu=1.5M = 2086.65 kNm Ast = T/0.87fy = 502,400/(0.87x415)= 1391 mm2
Spacing of 10<J» 2 legged Vertical! stirrups = 1000x157/1391 =112 mm c/c
Maximum SF @ fixed end, V = ka y H2/2 per m width Hence provide 10<j> 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 100 c/c
= (l/3)16x8.052/2 =172.8 kN 11. Development length:
F o r 3 m , S F , V = 518.4 kN ; Vu = 1.5V =777.6 kN Ld = <|>(0.87*451 )/(4* 1.6* 1.2) = 48 (Jt
tan9= 2.5/8.05; 9=17.25° For 12 mm say 600 mm
D@ base = 2500 cos 6 = 2387.5 mm For 16 mm say 800 mm
d = 2387.5 - 50 -25 -25/2 = 2300 mm
M 2086.65xl06
12. Detailing of Reinforcement
Check for depth, d = /— = 2.76X450
= 1296 « 23000 mm ->Safe
Min tensile steel =0.00205x2300x450 = 2122 mm2
10 4.6x2086.65xl06 12 mm (f> @ 125 c/c
Ast = 1- 1- 450x2300 = 26555 mm2
415 20x450x2300 2
Try 20 mm fc no of bars = 2655/314 =8.45 4.0m 12 mm <(> @ 125 c/c
Provide 10 bars of 20 $ in two rows.
/o oj '
Horizontal ties: To resist flexural shear & to prevent separation from stem
Mu 2086.65
K,\iteff "n i tanO
%.**.-« = 777.6
- . , *w - _ tan!7.25 = 500 kN ://X> /^ -
Shear stress, TV =500,000/(450*2300)= 0.48 N/mm2 12 mm (j» @ 250 c/c+
Forp = 100*2655/(450x2300)-0.25% 1.25m / O C 16 mm d) (5) 250 c/c
TC= 0.36 ->Unsafe 12 mm <J) @ 125 c/c 0 O 0 O 0 O O
Vus = 500,000 - 0.36(450x2300) = 127.4 kN
Provide 8({) 2 legged, Asv = 100.6 mm2 1 in >n o O O 0 0 D 0 O O
100.6(0.87x415)2300 ,;
16 mm y @ 140 c/c -^ 2_ 12 mm <J> @ 125 c/c
Max spacing = 0.75d or 300 mm
Provide 8(ft 2 legged horizontal stirrups (5) 300 c/c • . .•
Max. tension at base
Pressure at base =ka y h = (1 /3) 16 x 8.05 = 42.93 kN/m2
24|Page RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.
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 OR
Winter 15 Q (8) [13M ]: Design a stem of a counter-forts retaining wall of 6.8 m
Q(7)[14M]: height The counter forts are 300 mm thick with the center to center
OR distance between the counter-forts is 3.0 m The safe bearing capacity of
Q(8)[14M]: soil is 180 kN/m2, unit wt of soil is 18 kN/rm and the angle of shearing
resistance is 30°. Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe 415 steel. Draw
reinforcement Details
Summer 16
Q (7) [ 13M ]: Design the stem of a cantilever retaining wall which is
required to support a bank of earth 4m above the GL. Assume a hard strata Summer 17
for foundation is available at 1.3 m below GL. Q(7)[14M]:
The Safe bearing capacity of soil is 170 kN/m2, unit weigh of soil is 16 A cantilever retaining wall is to retain earth for a height of 4m above the
kN/m3 and the angle of shearing resistance is 30°. Use M20 grade concrete GL. The backfill is horizontal. Density of soil is 18 kN/m3 and safe
and Fe415 type steel. bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Take coefficient of friction between
Curtail the main reinforcement and design distribution reinforcement also. soil and concrete as 0.65 and angle of repose is 30°. Use M20 grade
Detail the Design by a neat Diagram. concrete and Fe 415 type steel.
OR Carry out stability analysis and design stem and toe slab and sketch
Q (8) [ 13M ]: Design the stem of a Counter-fort retaining wall which is reinforcement details.
required to support a backfill of 7.5m above the GL. Assume a hard rock OR
for foundation is available at 1.5m below GL. The counter forts are Q(8)[14M]:
500mm thick and the clear distance between the counter forts is 3.2m.
The safe bearing capacity of soil is 170 kN/m2 unit weigh of soil is 16 A Counter-fort retaining wall to retain 6.5 m high embankment above GL.
kN/m3 and the angle of shearing resistance is 30°. Use M20 grade concrete The foundation is to be taken as 1.5 m below GL whose bearing capacity
and Fe 415 type steel. may be taken as 200 kN/m2. The back fill is horizontal and soil has the
Design distribution reinforcement also. denity of 17 kN/m3 with angle of internal friction 30°. Take coefficient of
Detail the design by a neat diagram friction between soil and concrete as 0.5. Design the counter fort
retaining wall Use M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 type steel.
Winter 16
Q (7) [ 13M ]: Design stem wall of a cantilever retaining wall for a road
with the following requirement.
i) Height of stem = 4.5 m
ii) Back fill is leveled
M i ) Unit wt. of fill = 16kN/m_3
iv) Angle of internal friction for fill material - 30°
v)S. B.C. of soil- 170kN/m2
Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe 415 grade of steel. Draw
reinforcement Details.
26 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.