ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING – DAY 8

I. MACHINE FOUNDATION
Definitions:
Grouting is the process of filling a small clearance between machine and foundation, after the machine is aligned and
leveled, by using a special hardening mixture.

Design Procedure in Machine Foundations:

1. Knowing the bedplate dimensions of the machine, determine the upper dimensions of the foundation “a” and
“L”. Allow a clearance from the edge of about one foot or about 10% of the length of the bedplate.

𝐿 = 𝑥 + 2𝑐
𝑎 = 𝑦 + 2𝑐

𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = 1 𝑓𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝐿 = 𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑦 + 2𝑓𝑡

𝑖𝑓 𝑐 = 10% 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝐿 = 𝑥 + 𝑥20% = 1.2𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑦 + 𝑥20%

2. Knowing the weight of the machine, WM, determine the required weight of the foundation, WF, by any of the
following methods:

a. WF = 3 to 5 times WM b. WF = e x We x N
where: WF = weight of foundation, Kg
We = weight of engine, kg
N = engine speed, rpm
e = an empherical coefficient [Table 2.4.2.3(4)] PSME Code
c. Volume of foundation can be computed based on Hp of the engine, Table 2.4.2.3(5) PSME Code
d. Weight of foundation can be computed based on the Hp of the engine, Morse 4-5, p108

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 3. Knowing the bearing capacity of the soil, solve for the base width “b”. For machine foundation use only 1/2 of
the given safe soil bearing capacity. The safe bearing capacity is computed using a factor of safety of 5.

S b WM + WF
=
2 bL

where: Sb = safe soil bearing capacity

Note: If “b” will come out less that “a”, then make b = a, that is, the foundation has a rectangular cross-section.

4. Using a density of 2406 kg/m3 for concrete, determine the volume of the foundation.

WF
VF = , m3
2406
5. Compute the depth of the foundation “h”: a+b
VF = ( )hL
2

6. Finalize the design; make adjustments in the dimensions if necessary, provided the required volume is
maintained and without reducing the required base area.

7. Use Class A (1:2:4) mixture, that is, 1-part cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts stone.

8. Determine the quantity of cement, sand and stone using the following data:

To produce 1 cu yd of concrete using 1:2:4 mixture, the following are needed: 6 sacks cement, 0.44
cu. yd sand and 0.88 cu yd stone.

9. Weight of steel bar reinforcements needed should be about 1/2% to 1% of the weight of the foundation.

10. Anchor bolts should be imbedded in the concrete at least 30 times the bolt diameter.

11. Hardening time of foundation after pouring of concrete is at least 7 days or 1 week.

II. HEAT TRANSFER

Formulas:
1. Conduction Through Plane Walls: k A ( t a - tb )
Q=
x
where: Q = heat transmitted, W
A = heat transfer area, m2
ta = surface temperature on hot side
tb = surface temperature on cold side
x = thickness of wall
k = thermal conductivity, W/m-oC

2. Conduction Through Composite Plane Wall

k1 A ( ta - tb ) k 2 A (t b - t c ) A ( ta - tc )
Q= Q= Q=
x1 x2 x1 / k1 + x 2 / k 2

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where: k1 = thermal conductivity of 1st layer
tb = interface temp.
k2 = thermal conductivity of 2nd layer
A = heat transfer area common to both wall

3. Conduction From Fluid To Fluid

Q = h1 A (t1 - ta) Q = h2 A (tC - t2)

where: h1 = surface film conductance on the hot side, W / m2-oC.

h2 = surface film conductance on cold side, W/m2-°C
tb and tc = are interface temperatures

A ( t1 - t 2 )
Q=
1 x1 x 2 x 3 1
+ + + +
h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h2

Q = U A Dt U = 1/R

where: U = overall conductance or overall coefficient of heat transfer, W/m2-oC

Ao = area, m2
Dt = temperature difference, °C
1
U=
1 x1 x2 x3 1 1 x
+ + + + R=S +S
h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h2 h k

4. Conduction Through Pipe

2 p k L ( t a - tb ) 2 p k L ( t a - tb )
Q= =
æ r2 ö æD ö
ç
ln ç ÷ ÷ ln çç 2 ÷÷
r
è 1ø è D1 ø
where: L = pipe length

5. Conduction Through Composite Pipe.

2 p k1 L ( t a - tb ) 2 p k 2 L ( tb - t c ) 2 p L ( ta - tc )
Q= = =
r2 r3 ln(r2 / r1) ln(r3 / r2 )
ln ln +
r1 r2 k1 k2

6. Conduction Fluid to Fluid Through Pipe

= hi Ai (t1 - ta) Q = ho Ao (tc - t2)

where: hi = surface conductance on inside surface

ho = surface conductance on outside surface
Ai = inside surface area = 2 p r1 L
Ao = outside surface area = 2p r3 L

( t1 - t 2 )
Q=
1 ln(r2 / r1) ln(r3 / r2 ) 1
+ + +
Aihi 2p k1 L 2p k 2 L A oho

Q = Ui Ai Dtmean Q = Uo Ao Dtmean

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7. Mean Temperature Difference

A. Parallel Flow

DtA = tx - t1 DtB = ty - t2

B. Counter Flow

DtA = ty - t1 DtB = tx -t2

8. Mean Temperature Difference

A. Arithmetic Mean Dt = Dt A + DtB

2

B. Logarithmic(true) Mean Temp. Difference Log Mean Dt =

Dt A - DtB
ln(Dt A / tB )

9. Radiation

QR = 20,408.4 x 10-8 Fe (T14 - T24), J/m2-hr

QR = 20,408.4 x 10-8 Fe A (T14 - T24), J / hr

where: QR = Heat Transmitted by Radiation

T1 = absolute temperature of surface radiating the heat, K.
T2 = absolute temperature of surface receiving the heat, K
A = area, m2
Fe = emissivity factor = 1.0 for black body or if not given

10. Convection Heat Transfer Fluid to Fluid: QC = m cp (t2 - t1)

11. Surface Convection: Q = hc A (t1 - t2)

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PROBLEMS

MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

1. A foundation measures 12 ft x 14 ft x 16 ft. Find the number of sacks of cement needed for 1:2:4 mixture.
A. 302 B. 404 C. 356 D. 598

2. A rectangular foundation cross-section has a bed plate dimension of 8 ft x 10 ft. The uniform clearance on each
side is 1 ft. The height of foundation is 4.5 ft. If the weight of the steel bar reinforcements needed is 1/2% of
weight of foundation, find the weight of steel bars. Use concrete density of 2400 kg/m3.
A. 173.47 kg B. 183.47 kg C. 163.47 kg D. 153.47 kg

HEAT TRANSFER

1. A composite wall is made up of an external thickness of brickwork 110 mm thick inside which is a layer of
fiberglass 75 mm thick. The fiberglass is faced internally by an insulating board 25 mm thick. The coefficient of
thermal conductivity for the three are as follows:
Brickwork, 1.5 W/m-K
Fiberglass, 0.04 W/m-K
Insulating board, 0.06 W/m-K
The surface transfer coefficient of the inside wall is 3.1 W/m2-K while that of the outside wall is 2.5 W/m2-K. Take
the internal ambient temperature as 10°C and the external temperature is 27°C. Determine the heat loss through
such wall 6 m high and 10 m long.
A. 330.10 W B. 230.10 W C. 430.10 W D. 530.10 W

2. An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32°C, has an inside diameter of 50 mm with
10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the surface
coefficient of still air, ho = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 150°C with film coefficient
hi = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal conductivity of pipe and asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K respectively.
Determine the heat loss per unit length of pipe.
A. 110 W B. 120 W C. 130 W D. 140 W

3. A counterflow heat exchanger is designed to heat fuel oil from 45°C to 100°C while the heating fluid enters at
150°C and leaves at 115°C. Calculate the arithmetic mean temperature difference.
A. 40°C B. 50°C C. 60°C D. 70°C

4. Water is flowing in a pipe with radius of 25.4 cm at a velocity of 5 m/sec at the temperature in the pipe. The
density and viscosity of the water are as follows: density = 997.9 kg/m3 and viscosity of 1.131 Pa-s. What is the
Reynolds Number for this situation?
A. 2241 B. 96.2 C. 3100 D. 1140

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