Velocity: distance/time (m/s) --- distance is directly proportional to time and vice versa.

Newton’s Law of Gravitation: F = (Gm1m2)/r2

Galvanometer: detects and measures electric current. It is most commonly used as analog measuring
instruments (ammeters). It works as an actuator, by producing rotary deflection (of a “pointer”), in
response to electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field.

Transformer: transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic
induction. It is used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications.

Rectifier: converts alternating current or AC (reverses direction) to direct current or DC (flows in only
one direction or rectification). Detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems, flame
rectification is used to detect the presence of flame.

Inverter: performs the opposite function of rectifier, converting DC to AC

Generator: converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit. It provides
nearly all of the power for electric power grids.

Electric motor: the reverse conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Kinetic energy: energy of motion. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses because of
its motion.
Potential energy: energy which results from position or configuration. It is the stored energy of position
possessed by an object.
*The KE of an object at the highest point becomes PE.
*PE changes to KE when the object starts to fall.
*PE is at its maximum value when the object is at its highest point.
Acceleration: the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. It is the
rate at which an object changes its velocity.
*There is no acceleration in a graph that has a slope equal at each point because the velocity is constant.
Conduction: direction transfer of energy via molecular collisions
Convection: transfer of heat by physical motion of the heated material (liquids and gases only)
Radiation: transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
Electroplating: is the deposition of a metal coating onto an object by putting a negative charge on it and
putting it into a solution which contains a metal salt. The metal salt contains positively charged metal ions
which are attracted to the negatively charged object and are “reduced” to metallic form.
Dielectric material: is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electrical field.
*When a dielectric material is placed in electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as
they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric
polarization.
Transmitting waves: due to energy
Amplitude: changes over a single period; the highest point of a wave
Frequency: 1/t = 1/period
Period: 1/frequency
Capacitance: is a measure of the capacity of storing electric charge for a given potential difference. It is
the ability to store charge per unit voltage.
Two mirrors at 0 degrees: produce infinite images
Wavelengths (longer to shorter): Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared waves, Red, Orange, Yellow,
Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays (RMIROYGBIVUXG)
Alpha particles: consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium
nucleus. Sometimes written as He2+ or 42He2+.
Beta particles: are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted in the radioactive decay of an
atomic nucleus.
Gamma particle: has a high energy and doesn’t change the element
Alpha: 42He
Beta minus: 0-1e- (actually add)
Beta plus: 0+1e+ (actually subtract)
Electrons: are negatively charged. Therefore, they go towards the positive side
Protons: are positively charged. Therefore, they go towards the negative side
Isotopes: radioactive isotopes can be produced in the laboratory. Decay is by the emission of particles
from nucleus. There is a wide variety of decay rates for radioactive isotopes. Not all isotopes are
radioactive.
Protons vs. Electrons: All protons have the same charge (+). Protons and electrons have charges equal in
magnitude although opposite in sign. The (+) charge in an atomic nucleus is due to the protons in
contains. Protons and electrons do not have equal masses.
FOR CONVEX LENSES:
When the distance of the object is > 2f, the image is: between f and 2f, it is diminished, inverted, and real.
When the distance of the object is = 2f, the image is: exactly located at 2f, same size, inverted, and real.
When the object is placed between 2f and f, the image is: located > 2f, magnified, inverted, and real.
When the object is located at the f: there is no image (parallel rays – no intersection).
When the object is located between f and the lens, the image is: behind the lens, magnified, erect, and
virtual (the image produced by diverging rays).