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Concrete Lab Manual-404 PDF
Concrete Lab Manual-404 PDF
LABORATARY MANUAL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUB:CODE-404
______________________________________________________
CONTENTS
___________________________________________________________________
S.NO . TITLE PG.NO
_________________________________________________________________
1. FINENESS TEST ON CEMENT
2. BULKING OF SAND.
4. SPECIFICGRAVITY OF CEMENT
Aim
Theory
Apparatus
1)Weighing balance
2)Is test sieve 90 micron
Procedure
2)Breakdown any air set lumps in the sample with fingers but donot run
on the sieve.
3)Continuosly sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both hands and
giving a gentle wrist motion or mechanical sieve shaker may be uesed
fo r this purpose
4)Weigh the residue left after 15 minutessieving this residue shall not
exeed the specified limits
Result
Fineness of cement=10%
Discussion
Experiment No.2
DATE :
_________________________________________________________________
Aim
Apparatus
Principle
Procedure
Observations:
Result:
The maximum bulking of sand takes place at moisture content is
………%
Inference:
Bulking of sand increases with increase in moisture content up to
a certain limit beyond that further increase in moisture content
decrease the volume of bulked sand.
TEST ON AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE – PARTICLE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION
SIEVE ANALYSIS
Experiment No.3
Date :
________________________________________________________________
Aim:
To determine the particle size distribution of fine aggregate by conducting dry sieve
analysis. Also identify to which zone, the given sample of aggregate belong.
Theory:
The aggregate most of which passes IS 475mm sieve is classified as fine aggregate
and retained on 4.75mm sieve is classified as coarse aggregate can be obtained. A
sample may be well graded, poorly graded or uniformly graded. The term D10 or
effective size represents sieve opening such that 10% of the particle are finer than this
size. Similarly D30 and D60 can also be obtained from the graph. Then, uniformity
coefficient
Cu = D60/D10
Apparatus:
• Balance
• Sample- the weight of sample available shall not be less than the weight given in
Table 2
Table 1
Sieve
Size Sieve Mass of Mass Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
Tare Sieve and Retained Mass Percent Percent
mm
Aggregate Retained Retained Passing
(Col 2 -
Col 1) ( of (Col 4 / A * (100 - Col
consecutive 100) 5)
rows in Col
grams 3)
grams %
grams
%
grams
37.5
25
19
12.5
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
Minus
0.075
(Pan +
C)
TOTAL
Table 2
Procedure
• The sample is brought to an air- dry condition before weighing and sieving either
by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100 ̊ to 110 c
• The weighed sample is placed on the sieve and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest.
• Each sieve is shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than 2 minutes. The Shaking is
done with a varied motion, backward and anti clockwise. Lumps of fine materials
if present may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the
sieve.
• At the end of sieving, 150 microns and 75 micron sieves are cleaned from the
bottom by light brushing with fine hair brush.
• On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve together with any
material cleaned from mesh, is weighed.
• A curve is drawn between percentage passing and the sieve size for fine
aggregate.
Result :
Fine aggregates Result
Discussion:
TheOry:
The specific gravity of cement is the ratio of the weight of a given
volume of substance to the weight of an equal volume of water.It is a
mere number and it denotes howmany times a substance is heavy as
water
Specific gravity of substance=wt density of a substance/wt density of
water
To find the specific gravity of cement,it is requeirred to find the weight
of a certain volume cement and the weight of an equal volume of
water.As cement reacts with water its specific gravity is determined
with reference to a non reactive liquid like kerosene
Specific gravity of cement w,r.to kerosine=wt of cement/wt of an equal
volume of kerosene
To find the specific gravity of kerosene w.r.t water=wt of kerosene/wt of
equal volume of water
The specificgravity of cement is the calculation by multiplying specific
gravity of cement w.r.to kerosene with specific gravity of kerosene w.r.t
water
Procedure:
1)Clean dry and wegh specific gravity bottle
2)Take certain quantity of cement (about one fourth of the bottle)in the
bottle and weigh(w2)
3)Pour kerosene over the cement to fill the bottle and find the total
weight(w3)
4)Clean the bottle thoroghly with kerosene and fill the bottle with
kerosene and weigh (w4)
5)Finally clean the bottle with water and weigh(w5)
Tabulation:
Weight of bottle(w1)=
Weight of bottle+cement(w2)=
Weight of bottle+cement+kerosene(w3)=
Weight of bottle+kerosene filling bottle(w4)=
Weight of bottle+water filling bottle(w5)=
Calculation:
Weight of cement w.r to kerosene(wc)=w2-w1
Weight of an equal volume of kerosene(wk)=(w4-w1)-(w3-w2)
Specific gravity of cement w rto kerosene(csk)=Wc/Wk
Weight of kerosene filling bottle (Wk)=w4-w1
Weight of an equal volume of water(mw)=w5-w1
specific gravity of kerosene wr to water(ksw)=Wk/mw
There for specific gravity ofcement wr to water=csk X ksw
Result:
Specific gravity of cement w.r.to water=
As per Is specification specific gravity of cement in between 2.4-
2.8
Discussion:
PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE – WORKABILITY
• Slump Test
Experiment No. 5
Date :
_____________________________________________________________________
Aim: To determine the slump test of the prepared mix and study it’s characteristics
Theory:
Unsupported fresh concrete flows to the sides and a sinking in height takes place.
This
vertical settlement is known as slump.
In this test fresh concrete is filled into a mould of
specified shape and dimensions, and the settlement or slump is measured when
supporting mould
is removed. Slump increases as water-content is increased. For different works
different slump
values have been recommended.
The slump is a measure indicating the consistency or workability of
cement concrete. It
gives an idea of water content needed for concrete to be used for different
works. A concrete is
said to be workable if it can be easily
mixed, placed, compacted and finished. A workable
concrete should not shown any segregation or bleeding. Segregation is
said to occur when
coarse aggregate tries to separate out from the finer material and a
concentration of coarse
aggregate at one place occurs. This results in large voids, less durability and
strength. Bleeding
of concrete is said to occur when excess water comes up at the surface
of concrete. This causes
small pores through the mass of concrete and is undesirable.
By this test we can determine the water content to give specified slump value. In this
test
water content is varied and in each case slump value is measured till we arrive
at water content
giving the required slump value.
This test is not a true guide to workability. For example, a harsh mix cannot be said
to
have same workability as one with a large proportion of sand even though they may
have the
same slump.
Apparatus
Iron pan to mix concrete, slump cone, spatula, trowels, tamping
rod and graduated
cylinder.
Slump test apparatus
Procedure
Four mixes are to be prepared with water-cement ratio (by mass) of 0.50, 0.60, 0.70
and
0.80, respectively, and for each mix take 10 kg of coarse aggregates, 5kg of sand and
2.5kg
of cement with each mix proceed as follows
1) Mix the dry constituents thoroughly to get a uniform colour and then add water
2)
Place the mixed concrete in the cleaned slump cone mould in 4 layers, each
approximately ¼ of the height of the mould. Tamp each layer 25 times with
tamping rod distributing the strokes in a uniform manner over the cross-section of
the mould.
For the second and subsequent layers the tamping rod should
penetrate in to the underlying layer.
3)
Strike off the top with a trowel or tamping rod so that the mould is exactly filled.
4)
Remove the cone immediately, raising it slowly and carefully in the vertical
direction.
5)
As soon as the concrete settlement comes to a stop, measure the subsidence of
concrete in mm which will give the slump.
Note: Slump test is adopted in the laboratory or during the progress of work in the
field for
determining consistency of concrete where nominal maximum size of aggregate does
not exceed
40mm
Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect results and
if
this occurs the test is repeated, only the true slump should be measured.
Discussions:
CONSISTENCY TEST ON CEMENT
Experiment No.6
DATE :
_____________________________________________________________________
Aim
To determine the percentage of water for normal consistency
Theory
For findingout initial setting time ,final stting time and soundness
of cement a standared parameter known as standared consistency has
to beused
Apparatus
1)Vicats apparatus with a 10mm diameter plunger and a needle of
1mm square section
2)Vicat mould
4)Measuring jar
5)Trowel
Vicats apparatus
Procedure
1)The mould and the non porous plate are washed,cleaned and dried
2) 400g of the given sample of cement is kept on the non porous plate
4)The vicat mould is placed on the non porous plate and is filled with
the prepared cement paste with trowel,the surface is smoothened is
level with the mould
5)By shaking mould slightly any air from the sample is expelled
6)The non porous plate and mould are placed under the plunger
7)The plunger is gently leveled to touch the surface of paste and then
the indicator is adjusted to show zero reading
Observations:
Discussion
Observations:
Load on cubes, KN
Result: