REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

 Abiotic are non-living factors while biotic are living things.
They are both important factors in the ecosystem.
Example: Plants are dependent from sunlight.
 Heterotrophs- are the producers (can make their own food);
consumers are the one eating the producers or lower trophic
level of consumers.
 The primary function of roots is for water absorption.
 The flower is the one that advertises to pollinators.
 The function of leaf is to absorb sunlight, stores food, and it is
also the site of photosynthesis.
 Water, wind and insects are agent of pollination.
 Alfred Wegener was the proponent of Continental Drift
theory.
 Charles Darwin is the father of Evolution.
 Theory of Natural Selection (linked with theory of evolution) is
the survival of the dominant and more evolved species over
time.
 The organisms from the past and present generation that can
be found in the same geographical location is an evidence that
can be used to denote that organisms originate from the
similar branch point.
 Cyanobacteria is the first oxygen producing organism.
 Louis Pasteur is the proponent of Biogenesis theory while
Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) was proposed by
Aristotle.
 Levels of biological organization- molecules, organelles, cells,
tissues, organs, organ system, organism, population,
community, ecosystem, and biosphere.
 Cell wall, large vacuoles, and chloroplast are the organelles
that can be found in plants but not in animals.
 Reproduction is the key for the perpetuation of life.
 Amyloplast- storage of starch in plants.
 Light independent happens in stroma, while light dependent
happens in thylakoids (both in chloroplast).
 In food chain, energy is passed on from trophic level to trophic
level and each time 90% of the energy is lost.
 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only
converted from one form to another.
 Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It is also the
site of conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
 Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down
glucose and produces ATP.
 GMO has many advantages like, massive production of
livestock, resistance to pest and diseases and higher profit for
the farmers and other businessman.
 Circulatory system is the organ system responsible for the
transportation of blood in the body.
 Systolic pressure the first number, which measures the
pressure in your blood vessels when your heart beats, while
diastolic pressure is the bottom number to your blood
pressure when your heart muscle is between beat.
 Respiratory system allows the exchange of gas between cells
and environment.
 Digestive system ingest food and breaks it down into usable
nutrients.
 Rectum ampulla- temporarily holds/ stores fecal waste.
 Immune system fights infection. Includes lymphatic vessels
which permeate the body.
 Nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that
coordinates its actions and sensory information by
transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body.
 Excretory system is a passive biological system that removes
excess, unnecessary materials from the body
 Endocrine system a chemical messenger system comprising
feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands.
 Pancreas has two main functions, for digestion and regulation
of sugar.
 RNA- single strand; uracil instead of thymine; ribose is the
sugar
 DNA double helix; acts as a guide in the production of protein;
blueprint of life. Composed of phosphate, sugar and
nitrogenous base.
 DNA isolation, ligation, transformation, selection are the steps
in genetic engineering.
 Bisexual, dioecious, and monoecious plants are all using
sexual reproduction.
 Perpetuation on life means to continue life.
 Cutting, tissue culture, layering and grafting are examples of
artificial vegetation.
 Binary fission is the splitting of organism into two making two
daughter cells (usually singled cell organism).
 Hermaphroditism both male and female organs are present in
an organism.
 Sexual reproduction requires two parents while asexual
reproduction only needs one parent.