SCO and Regional Security

SCO and Regional Security
By AMNA EJAZ RAFI ( IPRI)
Introduction
An IPRI Review meeting on “SCO and Regional Security” was held at IPRI conference
hall on August 8, 2016. In the prevalent era of globalization, a number of regional
organizations have emerged on world stage. These organizations have become
multifunctional pursuing security and economic goals. States through these regional
platforms are trying to address the transnational threats/challenges. Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an emerging regional grouping consisting of China,
Russia and four Central Asian Republics (CARs). The organization was officially
established in 2001 with an objective to cooperate in regional security and anti-
terrorism. However, over the years, SCO has expanded its scope for cooperation. The
leading countries of the organization China and Russia have been pursuing economic
cooperation. SCO has opened itself to the outside world, through
arrangements/mechanisms and by awarding observer/dialogue partner status to interact
with other countries/regions. India and Pakistan have been accepted as de-facto SCO
members.
Salient Points
The salient aspects are as under:-
 SCO: A Brief Overview

o The origin of SCO is rooted in the resolution process of border dispute between
USSR and China. The dispute became multilateral when the former Soviet Central
Asian Republics (CARs) gained independence. To find a solution to the border
disputes, the heads of state of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and
Tajikistan met in Shanghai.[1] The main focus of the first “Shanghai Summit” was
to discuss confidence-building measures in the border regions. The “Shanghai
Five” concluded a “Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions-26 April
1996”.[2] Sequel to this, a “Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border
Regions” was signed in Moscow in 1997.[3] The Shanghai Five talks brought
stability to the region. It was agreed not to employ force against each other (or
conduct military exercises directed against each other).
o “Shanghai Five” Transformation into SCO. In 2000, China suggested to
institutionalize the Shanghai Five arrangement for enhancing multilateral
cooperation.[4] All the member states agreed and with the inclusion of Uzbekistan
(2001),[5] the Shanghai Five officially became the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO). In June 2002, SCO’s Charter was signed.[6]
o The SCO’s basic bureaucratic structure consists of two standing bodies: the
Secretariat based in Beijing and overseen by a Secretary General who serves a
three-year term, and the Regional Anti-Terror Structure (RATS), based in
Tashkent.[7] In SCO, mechanisms are in place for convening meetings of Chief
Executives/Prime Ministers of member states, Speakers of Parliament, Ministers
of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Economy and Education.[8] Heads of Law
Enforcement Agencies and Prosecutor Generals are also involved at appropriate
decision-making levels.[9]
o SCO Member States. SCO has six member states – China, Russia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.[10] Lately, Pakistan and India (acceding
states) have signed the memorandum of obligations for SCO
membership.[11] The four observer states in SCO are Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran
and Mongolia, and the six dialogue partners include Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and [12]
o SCO’s agenda revolves around enhancing regional security and improving
stability for maintaining peace. Article 1 of the Charter states that SCO seeks to
“strengthen mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness between the member
states and to consolidate multidisciplinary cooperation in the maintenance and
strengthening of peace, security and stability in the region”.[13]
o SCO has signed MoUs with Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),
Eurasian Economic Community (EEC), Collective Security Treaty Organization
(CSTO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).[14] SCO also participates in the sessions of the
UN General Assembly as an observer.[15] Through these regional and
international platforms, SCO exchanges views on international security and
stability, terrorism and trans‐border crimes.
 SCO and Regional Security
o According to SCO Charter, its member‐states should not have an active military
conflict, and work towards stabilizing the border regions, while building military
trust for maintaining peace and stability.[16] Under the Shanghai Five
arrangement, the border dispute between China, Russia and three CARs
(Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) was resolved and troops were reduced
along the borders. From conflict avoidance standpoint, it can be inferred that SCO
including its predecessor ‘Shanghai Five’ both managed to reduce the possibility
of conflicts among the member states.[17]
o In August 2007, SCO members signed a ‘Treaty on long-term good
neighbourliness, friendship and cooperation’, at the Bishkek Summit.[18]
o Joint Military Exercises. SCO member states hold joint military exercises. In
2005, Russia and China held war games called ‘Peace Mission 2005’.
Subsequently, ‘Peace Mission 2007’[19] and ‘Peace Mission 2010’ were held in
Russia and Kazakhstan respectively. Military personnel from China, Russia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan participated.[20] Military cooperation under
SCO has caused concern among US/Western officials. However, SCO leaders
have argued that the “increased threats of terrorism, extremism and separatism”
make it necessary to have a “full-scale involvement of armed forces”. [21]
o Efforts to Curtail Terrorism
o The East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) elements active in Xinjiang
province of China[22] and the terrorist outfit – Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
(IMU)[23] operating in Central Asia heightened security threats in the region.
The SCO member states have resolved to jointly fight terrorism through the
organization’s platform, rather than with the help of extra regional forces. China
was the prime mover of this initiative.[24]
o SCO has established Regional Anti‐Terrorism Structure-RATS; the functions of
this body are to coordinate the efforts of SCO member states in combating
terrorism, separatism and extremism.[25] SCO member states have also
adopted “Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and
Extremism”.[26]
o In April 2006, SCO announced plans to fight cross‐border drug crimes under
the counter‐terrorism rubric, a step towards security cooperation.[27] In October
2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the CSTO, in the Tajik capital
Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime and drug
trafficking.[28]
o At the 15th SCO Summit, “Ufa Declaration – July 2015” called for an anti-
terrorism plan, to limit ingress of Daish in Afghanistan and the region at
large.[29] The summit noted that drug money was a major source of funding for
terrorist groups.[30]
o SCO has concerns regarding the presence of extra-regional forces in the region.
In the aftermath of 9/11, US/coalition troops were deployed in Afghanistan. US
had acquired air bases from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. In 2005, SCO issued a
joint communiqué (Astana Declaration) in which both the Central Asian states
were compelled to get the bases vacated.[31] This statement created an
impression that SCO was an anti-Western coalition aimed at countering the US
military footprints in Central Asia.[32] The US request for observer status was
refused because of its being an extra-regional power.[33]
o Establishment of SCO-Afghan Contact Group. SCO supports a peaceful/stable
Afghanistan through cooperative counter-terrorism efforts and combating narcotics
trade.[34] In November 2005 the SCO-Afghanistan Contact Group was
established in Beijing.[35] SCO has hosted conferences on Afghanistan. The first
conference on Afghanistan was held in 2009, in which EU and NATO were also
invited.[36] In Ufa Summit, the agenda item on regional security included
Afghanistan.[37]
o Discouraging Arms Race. SCO has addressed the issue of arms race vis-à-vis
regional security.[38] In June 2012, the SCO members pointed out that “the
strengthening of missile defence by a country or a group of countries in a
unilateral and unrestrained manner in disregard to the legitimate interests of other
countries will cause harm to international security and global strategic
stability.”[39]
 India and Pakistan SCO Membership
o The Article 2 of the SCO Charter prohibits member states from aggression, use of
force, and seeking unilateral military superiority in adjacent areas,[40] thus, calling
for respecting territorial integrity and inviolability of the state borders. The Line of
Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan in the disputed region of Jammu and
Kashmir has seen intermittent violence. At SCO Islamabad and New Delhi will
have an opportunity to discuss border issues and build much needed trust for a
comprehensive bilateral dialogue. Focus of SCO on terrorism, as stated in the
Article 1 that member states will “jointly counteract terrorism, separatism, and
extremism in all their manifestations”[41] is another area where Islamabad and
New Delhi can address mutual concerns and move forward in removing the
bottlenecks that hinders bilateral talks.
o In the SCO framework, Pakistan can expand its defence and security relations
with Russia, which have remained cold due to India-Russia strategic relations and
Russia’s perceived role of Pakistan in the Afghan war.
SCO and Regional Prosperity
 SCO is best described by Chinese scholars as ‘a cart with two wheels’, referring to
the equal degree of importance attached to security and economic
cooperation.[42] The two main founding members, China and Russia are economic
strength of the organization. China’s economic growth makes it a world economic
power whereas Russia has started a march towards redefining its status in the world
politics. The resource rich Central Asian member states – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan hold approximately 40 percent of the world oil and natural
gas resources.[43] The cumulative GDP of all member states including Pakistan and
India is about US $ 15.323 trillion.[44]
 China has been pursuing establishment of a joint financial institution under SCO
framework. China advocates that SCO member states must have their own financial
bank, to speed up infrastructure development projects. In 2003, a special programme
for cooperation in energy, information, telecommunications, environmental protection
and comprehensive utilization of natural resources was launched by SCO. The
cooperation in trade and investment facilitation was with an emphasis on building
infrastructure such as roads and railways and harmonizing customs and tariffs.[45]
 The 15th Summit at Ufa laid special emphasis on commitment towards deepening
economic cooperation. The “SCO Development Strategy 2025” approved in the
summit called for cooperation in trade, ensuring regional stability and prompt
responses to conflicts and crises. [46]
 Cultural cooperation is also promoted within the SCO framework. A joint statement
for continued cultural cooperation was signed in Beijing in April 2002. [47]
 The expansion of SCO, in particular the inclusion of India and Pakistan is likely to
strength regional connectivity. As stated by former President Musharraf “Pakistan
provides the natural link between the SCO states to connect the Eurasian heartland
with the Arabian Sea and South Asia.”[48] The Russian Federation, China and CARs
could establish a link with Gwadar via the north-south trade/energy corridor. Once
the CPEC starts functioning, it will connect China, Pakistan, Central Asia, Caucasus
and Russia.[49] The regional re-connectivity through economic integration and
interdependencies will also offer possibilities of peaceful conflict resolution which is
the need of this part of the world.
Major Conclusions
 SCO is an emerging international organization having wide domain of political,

economic, and security cooperation amongst its member countries. Russia views
Central Asia squarely within its sphere of influence and tilts more towards security
aspects of the SCO, while the Chinese desire economic inroads and the influence
that it brings.[50]
 The maturing of SCO with expanding scope and popularity would discourage
involvement of extra regional countries in the region. Acceptance of Pakistan and
India as full members has expanded its zone of influence south towards warm waters
of Indian Ocean.
 SCO will have four nuclear weapons states (Russia, China, Pakistan and India) and
three of the world’s major emerging economies in its folds. Both SCO heavyweights –
China and Russia and the leading actors of South Asia – India and Pakistan through
the SCO platform can discuss the pressing issues of stabilizing Afghanistan and
terrorism.
 Presence of India and Pakistan in the SCO, dealing with regional security and peace
means that the old rivalries and conflicts have to give way to new convergences and
constructive cooperation between regional countries. SCO has experience in
resolution of boundary disputes, and India and Pakistan, as members of SCO, can
utilize this framework for settling their issues such as Sir Creek, Siachen and
Kashmir.
 Pakistan can seek assistance from the expertise of the RATS, run by SCO. Likewise,
Pakistan’s security agencies can initiate institutional dialogue with this centre for
coordinating their efforts and pursuing a joint strategy to eliminate this menace from
the region.
[1] Muhammad Ihsan Qadir and Saif ur Rehman, “Expansion of Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO) Harbinger of Regional Peace and Prosperity”, Journal of Political
Studies, Vol. 23, Issue 1, 2016: 117-118, (accessed August 2, 2016),
http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/8%20-%20IHSAN%20-
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.
[2] Huma Rehman and M. Faisal, “SCO and India-Pakistan Conflict”, Centre for
International Strategic Studies (CISS) Insight: Quarterly News & Views, p. 24,
(accessed July 30, 2016), http://ciss.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Paper-3-I.-3-
V.-3.pdf.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Nicklas Norling and Niklas Swanstrom, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization,
trade, and the roles of Iran, India and Pakistan”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 26, Issue 3,
2007, (accessed August 6, 2016),
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634930701702779.
[5] Ibid.
[6] Huma Rehman and M. Faisal, “SCO and India-Pakistan Conflict”, p. 25,
http://ciss.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Paper-3-I.-3-V.-3.pdf.
[7] Dr. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, “SCO Membership: Potentials for Pakistan”, ISPR Hilal
Magazine, Edition 2, Vol. 52, August 2015, (accessed August 4, 2016),
http://hilal.gov.pk/index.php/layouts/item/1538-sco-membership-potentials-for-pakistan.
[9] Ibid.
Organization (SCO) Harbinger of Regional Peace and Prosperity”, 118,
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.
[11] “Pakistan, India Edge Closer to Joining SCO”, The Express Tribune, June 25, 2016,
(accessed August 6, 2016), http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129712/pakistan-india-edge-
closer-joining-sco/.
Organization (SCO) Harbinger of Regional Peace and Prosperity”, 118,
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.
[13] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, (accessed July 27, 2016),

http://www.soi.org.br/upload/34b4f65564132e7702726ee2521839c790b895453b6de55
09cf1f997e9e50405.pdf.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, (accessed July 27, 2016),

09cf1f997e9e50405.pdf.
Organization (SCO) Harbinger of Regional Peace and Prosperity”, p. 118-125,
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.
[18] Roman Muzalevsky, “SCO Attempts to Deepen Cooperation at Head-of-State

Summit in Krygyzstan”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, September 18, 2013, Vol: 10, Issue: 165,
(accessed August 2, 2016),
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=41377&no_cache=1#.V7
6Fffl97Z4.
[19] Ishtiaq Ahmad, “Shanghai Cooperation Organization: China, Russia, and
Regionalism in Central Asia”, Conference on ‘Inter-Asian Connections”, February 21-23,
2008, Social Sciences Research Council, Dubai School of Government, University of
Dubai, UAE, p. 2, (accessed August 15, 2016),
http://ishtiaqahmad.com/downloads/SCO_Dubai_Feb_08.pdf.

Regionalism in Central Asia”, p. 2,
Organization (SCO) Harbinger of Regional Peace and Prosperity”, p. 123,
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.
[23] Alisher Sidikov, “Pakistan Blames IMU Militants for Afghan Border Unrest”, July 2,
http://www.rferl.org/content/Pakistan_IMU_Militants_Afghan_Border_Unrest/1181286.ht
ml.
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.
[25] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter,

09cf1f997e9e50405.pdf.
[26] Ibid.
[28] Ibid.
[29] Muhammad Munir, “Outcome of SCO Summit”, Pakistan Observer, July 22, 2016.
[30] Ibid.
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.

Regionalism in Central Asia”, p. 7,
[34] Ibid.
[35] Anna Matveeva and Antonio Giustozzi, “The SCO: A Regional Organization in the
Making”, Crisis States Research Centre, LSE, Working Paper 39, No. 2, September
2008, p. 16, (accessed July 27, 2016), http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22937/1/wp39.2.pdf.
[37] Ibid.

09cf1f997e9e50405.pdf.
[39] Dr. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, “SCO Membership: Potentials for Pakistan”, ISPR Hilal
Magazine, Edition 2, Vol. 52, August 2015, (accessed August 4, 2016),

09cf1f997e9e50405.pdf.
[41] Ibid.
%20SAIF_v23_1_16.pdf.
[43] Ibid, 127.
[44] Ibid.
[45] Ibid.
[48] President Musharraf’s Address at SCO Summit held at Shanghai, China, 15 June
https://presidentmusharraf.wordpress.com/2006/07/07/sco-states-summit-2006/.
[49] Dr. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, “SCO Membership: Potentials for Pakistan”,

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SCO and Regional Security

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SCO and Regional Security

By AMNA EJAZ RAFI ( IPRI)

The salient aspects are as under:-

 SCO: A Brief Overview

SCO and Regional Prosperity

 SCO is an emerging international organization having wide domain of political,

[13] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, (accessed July 27, 2016),

[16] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, (accessed July 27, 2016),

[18] Roman Muzalevsky, “SCO Attempts to Deepen Cooperation at Head-of-State

[21] Ishtiaq Ahmad, “Shanghai Cooperation Organization: China, Russia, and

[25] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter,

[33] Ishtiaq Ahmad, “Shanghai Cooperation Organization: China, Russia, and

[38] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter,

[40] Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter,

[43] Ibid, 127.

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