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2: Force Systems
2.0 Outline
Overview of Forces
2-D Force Systems
Rectangular Coordinate Systems
Force, Moment, and Couple
Resultants
3-D Force Systems
Rectangular Coordinate Systems
Force, Moment, and Couple
Resultants
2.0 Outline
Ch. 2: Force Systems
2.1 Overview of Forces
R Fb’
F2 R
F1
a'
a
Fa Fa’
y F = Fx + Fy
F = Fx ˆi + Fy ˆj
Fy F F = Fx2 + Fy2
θ Fx = Fcosθ Fy = Fsinθ
Fx x
θ = arctan 2 ( Fy , Fx )
5 kN
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/12
5 kN
T 5 kN
60゜
180 N t
10゜ 15゜
15゜
⎛ ⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 150 ⎞ ⎞
R y = Psin ⎜ atan ⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1.6sin ⎜ atan ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
⎝ ⎝ 200 ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 200 ⎠⎠
∴ P = 2.15 kN
⎛ ⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 150 ⎞ ⎞
T = R x = Pcos ⎜ atan ⎜ ⎟⎟ + 1.6 cos ⎜ atan ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎠
= 3.20 kN
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/24 As it inserts the small cylindrical part into
a close fitting circular hole, the robot arm
exerts a 90 N force P on the part parallel to
the axis of the hole as shown. Determine
the components of the force which the part
exerts on the robot along axes (a) parallel
and perpendicular to the arm AB, and (b)
parallel and perpendicular to the arm BC.
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/24
Quasi-Equilibrium
P is the force done by the robot on the part
-P is the force done by the part on the robot
t2 t1
n2 − P = -90cos45n1 + 90sin 45t1 = −63.6n1 + 63.6t 1 N
− P = 90cos60n 2 + 90sin 60t 2 = 45n 2 + 77.9t 2 N
60゜ 45゜
15゜ n1
90 N
Ch. 2: Force Systems
2.3 2-D Moment and Couple
(MA ) P F ( M A )F = r × F
(MA ) F = r × (P + Q)
P
A = ( M A ) P + ( M A )Q
r Q if F = P + Q
(MA ) Q
r = 0.03i + 0.35 j m
F = 240cos10i - 240sin10 j N
M O = r × F = -84.0k Nm
y
x
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/42 The force exerted by the plunger of cylinder
AB on the door is 40 N directed along the line
AB, and this force tends to keep the door
closed. Compute the moment of this force
about the hinge O. What force Fc normal to
the plane of the door must the door stop at C
exert on the door so that the combined moment
about O of the two forces is zero?
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/42
MO
40 N
FC
-P
MC
MC = 2 × 5 − F × 3 = 0
F
F = 3.33 kN
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/63 A lug wrench is used to tighten a square-head
bolt. If 250 N forces are applied to the wrench
as shown, determine the magnitude F of the
equal forces exerted on the four contact points
on the 25 mm bolt head so that their external
effect on the bolt is equivalent to that of the
two 250 N forces. Assume that the forces are
perpendicular to the flats of the bolt head.
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/63
F
B B F B F
-F d M=Fd
A F A F A
Force-Couple System
2.4 2-D Resultants
Ch. 2: Force Systems
Resultant is the simplest force combination which can
replace the original system of forces, moments, and
couples without altering the external effect of the system
on the rigid body. The resultant force determination will
be used in the Newton’s 2nd law :
∑ F = ma
R x = ∑ Fx R y = ∑ Fy (∑ F ) + (∑ F )
2 2
R= x y
θ = arctan 2 ( R y , R x )
2.4 2-D Resultants
Ch. 2: Force Systems
Resultant Determination
• Prin. Transmissibility & Parallelogram Law :
graphical method Å quick and easy visualizable but
low accuracy
Note: magnitude, direction, and line of action are correct
nF =
AB
=
( x2 − x1 ) i + ( y2 − y1 ) j + ( z2 − z1 ) k
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
AB
F = Fn F
Pxy=Pcos30
⎛ 1.5 ⎞
θ = atan ⎜ ⎟ = 8.53°
⎝ 10 ⎠
T = Tcos15cosθ i + Tcos15sinθ j − Tsin15k
= 764.2i +114.6 j − 207k
Txz = Tx2 + Tz2 = 792 N
⎛ Ti j ⎞
or θ y = acos ⎜ ⎟ = 81.76 °
⎝ T ⎠
Txz = Tsinθ y = 792 N
Ch. 2: Force Systems
2.6 3-D Moment and Couple
M x = ry Fz − rz Fy
M y = rz Fx − rx Fz
M z = rx Fy − ry Fx
rx ry rz
M λ = Fx Fy Fz
nx ny nz
* Point O can be any point on axis λ
A = ( 0,18,30 ) B = ( 6,13, 0 )
AB
T=T = 4.06i − 3.39 j − 20.32k kN
AB
r = OA = 18 j + 30k m
M O = r × T = -264.2i +121.9 j - 73.2k kNm
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/128
Algebraic approach
A = ( 0,18,30 ) B = ( 6,13, 0 )
AB
T=T = 4.06i − 3.39 j − 20.32k kN
AB
translate force to B, moment at O by Tx
( M O )T
x
= −4.06 ×13k
moment at O by Ty
( M O )T
y
= −3.39 × 6k
moment at O by Tz
( M O )T
z
= −20.32 ×13i + 20.32 × 6 j
∴ M O = −264.16i + 121.92 j − 73.12k kNm
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/130 The special-purpose milling cutter is subjected
to the force of 1200 N and a couple of 240 Nm
as shown. Determine the moment of this
system about point O.
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/130
MO = moment induced by force + free vector couple
r = 75cos30i + 75 j + 75sin30k mm
M A = r × ( -5k ) = −375i + 325 j Nmm
n AB = cos 30i + sin 30k
M AB = ( M A in AB ) n AB = −281i − 162.4k Nmm
Ch. 2: Force Systems
2.7 3-D Resultants
Resultant is the simplest force combination which can
replace the original system of forces, moments, and
couples without altering the external effect of the
system on the rigid body.
Vectorial approach is more suitable in 3-D problems.
1. Define the suitable rectangular coord. System and
specify a convenient point O
2. Move all forces so the new lines of action pass
through point O Æ force-couple equivalence
3. Sum forces and couples to R and M
4. Locate the correct line of action of R
Æ force-couple equivalence solving piercing point
(2 unknowns: r × R = M rank-2 degenerated)
⎧⎪R = ∑ F
go together to determine the resultant ⎨
⎪⎩M = ∑ ( r × F ) Principle of Moment
Dynamics:
∑ F = mx G
Æ calculate the resultants
∑M = I θ
G G at C.M.
Statics: ∑F = 0 Æ calculate the resultants at any point
∑M = 0
2.7 3-D Resultants
Ch. 2: Force Systems
Resultants of Special Force Systems
R = 2400 j N
M O = 800 × 2.4k + 1600 × 2.4k + 1600 × 0.9i
= 1440i + 5760k Nm
determine line of action of R
R must be x m far from yz plane to produce 5760k Nm
5760 = 2400 × x ∴ x = 2.4 m
R must be - z m far from xy plane to produce 1440i Nm
1440 = 2400 × ( -z ) ∴ z = -0.6 m
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/148 Replace the two forces acting on the block
by a wrench. Write the moment M associated
with the wrench as a vector and specify the
coordinates of the point P in the x-y plane
through which the line of action of the wrench
passes.
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/148 a) Determine force-couple resultant at O
R = Fi - Fk
M O = F ( a + c ) j - Fbk
b) Project MO || and ┴ nR
1 1
nR = i- k
2 2
Fb Fb
M = ( M O in R ) n R = i− k
2 2
Fb Fb
M ⊥ = MO − M = − i + F ( a + c) j − k
2 2
Ch. 2: Force Systems
P. 2/148
c) Transform couple M┴ into pair of force R and –R
If r points to the piercing point of the xy plane,
r = xi + yj
M⊥ = r × R
b
x=a+c, y=
2
R = 100i + 100 j N
Let point P in xz plane, where the wrench passes, has the coordinate ( x, 0, z ) .
Moment about point P = 100 × zi + 100 × ( 0.4 − x ) k + 100 × ( 0.4 − z ) j - 100 × 0.3k - 20j
M P = 100zi + ( 20-100z ) j + (10-100x ) k Nm
This moment at point P must equal to the couple of the wrench passing through point P.
And since it is the wrench, M P R.
∴ x = 0.1 m, z = 0.1 m
M P = 10i + 10 j Nm