Two white powders, A and B, known to be Group 2 carbonates, are investigated.

(a) (i) The presence of the carbonate ion is usually confirmed using a simple test
carried out in two stages at room temperature. Describe this test and its
results.
(2)

Add HCl
Test ................................................................................................ .............................. ............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

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CO2 turns limewater cloudy

Results .............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Using barium carbonate as your example, write the equation for each of the
stages of the carbonate test. Include state symbols in both equations.
(3)

First equation (test)

Second equation (result)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) When a flame test is carried out on the two powders, A gives no colour and B
gives a yellow-red flame.
(i) Describe how a flame test is carried out.
(3)

First, you dip a nichrome wire into HCl. then you dip in into your sample and
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place it on a blue bunsen flame and observe colour change.

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(ii) Give the formulae of the metal ions in A and B.

(2)

AMg2+
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............
Ca2+
B.......................................................
*(iii) Explain the origin of the flame colour.
(3)
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Electrons are promoted to higher energy levels by kinetic energy.

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As electrons drop down to lower energy levels, they give off
energy
. . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . .in
. . . . . . . .the
. . . . . . . . . . . . form
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .of
. . . . . . . . .visible light.
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(iv) Suggest why compound A produces no flame colour.

(1)
The radiation emmited is not in the visible region.
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 *(c) When Group 2 metal carbonates are heated strongly, they decompose forming
the metal oxide and carbon dioxide.
Explain why the thermal stability of the metal carbonates increases as the group
is descended.
(3)

As you go down the group, the size of the positive ion increases, and
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this decreases the charge denisty. The cation cannot distort the
carbonate ion as strongly, thus stability increases.
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..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question = 17 marks)

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 This is a question about Group 2 elements and their compounds.

*(a) Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium (590 kJ mol–1) is greater than
that of strontium (550 kJ mol–1).
(2)

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Strontium is more shielded as it has an extra shell of electrons. This means it is
further .away
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .the
. . . . . . . . . . . . nuelcus, and the attraction is weaker. This makes it easier
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to remove as less energy is needed.

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(b) (i) Describe how you would carry out a flame test on a sample of a Group 2
metal salt.
(2)

Dip nichrome wire into HCl, then sample, the hold it over a blue
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bunsen burner flame and observe.

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(ii) What result of the flame test would confirm the presence of a barium salt?
(1)
green
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*(iii) Explain, in terms of electronic transitions, how the result of the flame test arises.
(3)
As heat energy is provided, electrons jump to higher energy
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levels. As they drop back down to their ground states, they give
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off energy in the form of light.
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Barium reacts with water to form a clear, colourless solution.
(i) Give the name or formula of the barium compound formed.
(1)

Ba(OH)2
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(ii) State another observation that would be made when barium reacts with
water.
(1)

effervesce
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(d) Barium reacts with chlorine gas to form barium chloride as shown in the equation
below.
Ba(s) + Cl2(g) BaCl2(s)
(i) Use the changes in oxidation numbers to show that this is a redox reaction.
(2)
Cl goes from 0 to -1, so it has been reduced, while barium goes
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from 0 to +2, so it has been oxidised.
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(ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between barium chloride solution
and dilute sulfuric acid. Include state symbols in the equation.
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4 (2)

(iii) The reaction in (d)(ii) is used to test for sulfate ions.

Why is dilute hydrochloric acid added with the barium chloride solution in this
test?
(1)

To react with carbonates and remove them

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 (e) Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, readily reacts with hydrochloric acid.
(i) Write the equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(1)

*(ii) The rate of the reaction between powdered magnesium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid was monitored using the experimental apparatus shown below.

State two factors that would decrease the rate of this reaction, other than by
changing the reaction temperature.
Explain how these two factors decrease the reaction rate.
(4)
Using large lumps
Factor 1 .............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explanation 1 .. . . . . . . . . . . .decrease
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .surface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .area, less frequent collisions
. . . . ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................

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decrease conc of acid

Factor 2 .............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explanation 2 ..fewer particles in the same volume, so fewer collisions

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 (f ) Suggest why pressure has little or no effect on the rate of the reaction of
magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid, the equation for which is given below.

MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

(1)

because pressure only affects gaseous reactions.

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(Total for Question = 21 marks)

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3 This question is about some reactions of halogens and halide ions.
(a) (i) When chlorine is added to a solution containing bromide or iodide ions, a colour
change occurs. What solvent would you add to the mixture to confirm the
identity of the halogen produced?
hexane (1)

(ii) Give the result for the test with this solvent in a reaction in which bromine is
produced.
yellow (1)

(b) (i) Solid potassium bromide and potassium iodide can be distinguished by their
reactions with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Potassium bromide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid initially to produce
hydrogen bromide. This reacts further, as shown below, to produce a sharp
smelling gas and a brown fuming liquid.
2HBr(g) + H2SO4(l) → SO2(g) + Br2(l) + 2H2O(l)
Show, by use of oxidation numbers for sulfur, that the sulfuric acid has been
reduced.
(2)
goes from +6 to +4 so it has been reduced

(ii) State TWO observations, which would differ from those with potassium
bromide, when potassium iodide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.
(2)
Would produce pure sulphur, which is a yellow solid
H2S would be produced, which has a rotten egg smell.

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 (iii) One product of the reaction with potassium iodide is hydrogen sulfide, H2S.
How does this show that iodide ions are more powerful reducing agents than
bromide ions?
(1)

Oxidation number is lower in H2S than in SO2

(c) In areas where the natural concentration of fluoride ions in rocks is low, some water
authorities add fluoride to the water supply to improve the dental health of children.
An alternative would be to supply free fluoride tablets.

Give ONE reason why it could be considered more ethical to supply free fluoride
tablets rather than to add fluoride compounds to the water supply.
(1)
Because people can have a choice whether they want fluorine or not.

(Total for Question = 8 marks)

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