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Blockchain A Catalyst PDF
Blockchain A Catalyst PDF
In fact, the idea of a decentralised, secure and transparent ledger distributed among
users can be relevant to many different fields. The insurance industry, with its highly
complex processes, could be a major beneficiary of the technology.
PwC's recent study on the topic ("Chain Reaction: How Blockchain Technology Might
Transform Wholesale Insurance") shows that while 56% of insurance firms recognise
the importance of blockchains, 57% still do not know how to respond and capitalise on
this opportunity.
Smart contracts 10
Peer-to-peer insurance 14
Index-based insurance 16
Reinsurance 17
Better pricing 26
Foreseeable risks 28
Scalability 33
Conclusion 34
Acknowledgements 41
EMEA contacts 44
How does the
blockchain work?
01 technology?
operates in a decentralised, ongoing
manner thanks to the activity of its
users who can store information, and
Blockchain is a technology that allows to consensus algorithms (notably
data to be stored and exchanged on a "proof-of-work" and "proof-of-stake"3)
peer-to-peer1 (P2P) basis. Structurally, which certify the information per
blockchain data can be consulted, block (unit). Users running these
shared and secured thanks to algorithms are known as miners.
consensus-based algorithms2. It is When a block has been validated, it is
used in a decentralised manner and added to the blockchain and shared
removes the need for intermediaries, with the network. Blocks are
or "trusted third parties". connected to each other in such a way
that if users wish to change one block,
Blockchain emerged from the the entire blockchain must also be
marriage of two concepts: changed.
Transparency Security
Operating data
input on the
blockchain is
deemed secure
owing to the
Automation stacking of the
blocks.
Client
accountability
Each blockchain
participant has rights
and obligations
The rules set upstream by
with regard to
blockchain members via smart
the blockchain
contracts allow for automatic
community.
settlement.
Source : PwC France
Is blockchain the
solution for you?
PwC | 7
The 3 categories
of blockchain
Blocks are validated one after another and Blocks are validated one after another and
cannot be modified. cannot be modified.
The network is open to any new participants. New nodes are accepted based on a consensus.
All participants can be involved in validating the Blocks are validated according to predefined
blocks. rules (approval from a specific number of nodes).
All participants can read the data contained in Read rights can be public or limited to certain
the blocks. nodes.
4 http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/50087.wss
PwC | 9
Six examples of blockchain
02 concepts applicable in
insurance
Blockchain technology has a wide The company Ledger proposes a Smart contracts therefore offer
variety of use cases in insurance, hardware oracle solution that great potential, particularly in
allows information to be pushed helping to accelerate the
and the examples discussed
onto the blockchain in real time6. development of new models such
below are just the tip of the These hardware oracles use a as on-demand or just-in-time
iceberg. Our5 aim, however, is to series of sensors (connected insurance.
shed light on the possible impacts devices, the IoT) to track events.
on the insurance value chain. There is huge potential here: in On-demand insurance, which can
2015, there were already over be activated and deactivated at
5 billion connected devices; this the customer's request, is an
Smart contracts should rise to 20 billion by 2020, increasingly popular product,
for an estimated world population particularly thanks to the boom in
A smart contract is a contract of under 8 billion. the sharing economy. New players
between two or more parties that are positioning themselves in this
can be programmed electronically There is a two-fold benefit of niche, including for example the
and is executed automatically via using smart contracts associated InsurTech Cuvva, which allows
its underlying blockchain in with the IoT: drivers to arrange insurance in
response to certain events just a few minutes when
encoded within the contract. 1. Automation and autonomy of borrowing a car7. Beyond this
management processes based easy example, smart contracts can
The data needed to execute the on data reported by connected facilitate and help develop
contract may be located outside devices and needed to fulfil the insurance cover in the sharing
the blockchain. In this case, a new conditions for executing the economy. With blockchain and
type of trusted third party known smart contract. the IoT, the insurance policy,
as an "oracle" pushes this claim and settlement can be
information onto a certain 2.Infinite and immutable data automatically activated provided
position in the blockchain at a history based on a ledger that that the shared asset carries a
given time. The smart contract records all data (including data sensor that can detect the start or
reads the data and acts provided by connected devices). end of the insured customer's
accordingly (execution/non- For both the insurance firm and journey, or any other event
execution). For example, in the its customers, this acts to triggering an insurance claim or
case of cancellation insurance for guarantee transparency and payout. A company called Slock.it
a train journey, the oracle simplicity, since the related data is even trying to build the future
supplies information about the is present and secure on the infrastructure of the sharing
train's arrival time (which blockchain without any action economy by enabling anyone to
can be taken from the carrier's by either party. rent, sell or share anything – with
website or from a GPS sensor no intermediary but with
fitted on the train). insurance8 that can be activated/
deactivated by means of a smart
5The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors. contact9. Based on this principle,
6 The type of insurance will still be decided by the user.
7https://www.ledger.fr/2016/08/31/hardware-oracles-bridging-the-real-world-to-the-blockchain/
8https://cuvva.com/about
9footnote https://slock.it/technology.html
In insurance and reinsurance, several major players Among those firms without a PoC or partnership,
have already shown an interest in smart contracts many have already begun analysing the technology
through: or are at least tracking developments.
10https://www.docusign.com/press-releases/docusign-showcases-smart-contracts-payments-prototype-built-for-visas-connected-car
11https://www.axa.com/en/newsroom/news/axa-strategic-ventures-blockchain
12http://www.agcs.allianz.com/about-us/news/blockchain-technology-successfully-piloted-by-allianz-risk-transfer-and-nephila-for-catastrophe-swap
To guarantee data security, a smart card is used. Oracles can be audited and
certified. One weakness exists however: the party setting up the system must
be a trusted player.
PwC | 11
Overhaul of the customer
experience and management
process via a smart contract
Hurricane
in Miami
Contractualisation
WITHOUT Quote
Purchase of
insurance
Hurricane
in Miami
Contractualisation
WITH Purchase of
=
Enhanced Automatic quote for home
insurance thanks to
customer customer information
experience available on the blockchain
(existing customer).
Claim management
Claim management
PwC | 13
Peer-to-peer insurance Smart contracts represent the first level of the
decentralised application and they often involve
human input, particularly when the contract is to be
Peer-to-peer (P2P) insurance has been around for
signed by a number of different parties. If the smart
some time. And yet practices have evolved since
contract interacts with other contracts, it can also
Friendsurance13 introduced a new distribution
contribute to an "open network enterprise" (ONE).
model in 2010, with blockchain technology bringing
When ONEs are combined with the notion of an
new opportunities thanks to the principle of the
autonomous agent (programmes that make
decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO).
decisions without human input), a DAO, or an
organisation that generates value without a
traditional management structure, is created.
13 This
German portal brings together
communities of 15 people (families and DAOs enable P2P insurance to be rolled out on a
friends) via social networks. Members large scale, thanks to their capacity to manage
who take out traditional individual
complex rules among a significant number of
policies (legal liability, home, mobile
device insurance) with Allianz or Axa pool stakeholders. Both incumbent insurers and new
their insurance into a common "pot" players could therefore position themselves more
which then pays out for any small claims
easily on this fledgling P2P insurance market. After
or for the deductible. Customers receive a
cashback for responsible claims all, P2P is ultimately nothing more than a new vision
behaviour. of risk pooling, the idea at the very heart of all
insurance.
https://www.friendsurance.com
14 https://blockchainfrance.net/2016/02/17/
assurances-et-blockchain/
Complexity
High
Low
Automation
Smart Autonomous
contracts agents
Settlement
Claim
Data flow (Oracles)
Community vote
Escrow
Pay-in of
premiums
Refund of
premium
surplus
PwC | 15
Index-based insurance Possible use in industry
Index-based insurance is insurance linked to an agreements
underlying index such as rainfall, temperature,
humidity or crop yield. This approach addresses the The IRSA Agreement in France – or agreement for
limits of traditional crop insurance in rural regions the direct compensation of the insured and recourse
of developing countries, for example, by reducing between car insurance firms – seeks to facilitate the
management and settlement costs. In a region such settlement of damages in the event of a traffic
as Africa, where insurance penetration is just 2% accident. Created in 1968 and signed by most
there is genuine scope for this type of insurance to insurance firms in France, the IRSA Agreement is
gain in popularity15. key in defining liability for an insured event and in
settling insurance claims.
However, despite the multiple benefits of such
insurance, putting in place an index-based product The agreement applies to traffic accidents in France
remains complex and costly. Considerable resources involving at least two landborne vehicles insured by
and technical expertise are essential in order to member companies. The principle is simple:
develop such products, particularly the "Irrespective of the type of traffic accident and the
infrastructure needed to gather data. nature or amount of the damage, member
companies undertake, prior to seeking recourse, to
By basing such insurance on smart contracts, index- compensate their own customers to the extent of
based products would be automated, simpler and their compensation rights, as per the provisions of
cheaper. A smart contract between a farmer and an general legislation."
insurer may for example stipulate that payment is
due after 30 number of days without rainfall. The After an expert has assessed the damage, the insurer
contract is fed by reliable external data (e.g., rainfall determines the liability of its customer and directly
statistics compiled by national weather services) compensates the customer for any damage and
supplied by oracles (see section 2.1), and payment is injury caused. Compensation is directly based on
triggered automatically after 30 days' drought with France's traffic regulations, and the liability
no need for an insurance claim from the insured determined is often in line with the provisions of
party or for an expert on-site assessment. This type general legislation. The insurer then seeks recourse
of mechanism could represent an alternative to against the insurer(s) of the opposing party on the
traditional agricultural insurance. basis agreed between the insurance firms:
• If the amount of damages is below €6,500
excluding VAT, recourse is based on a fixed
amount of up to €1,354 excluding VAT if the
insured is fully liable. The recourse effected is
proportionate to the share of liability of the
insured.
• If the amount of damages is above the €6,500
threshold, recourse is based on the actual amount
of damages.
15 www.proparco.fr/webdav/site/proparco/shared/PORTAILS/Secteur_prive_
The main purpose of the IRSA Agreement is to speed
developpement/PDF/SPD25/Revue_SPD_25_FR.pdf
up the settlement process for insured parties based
on a common scale, and to ensure that insurance
firms settle claims from their customers.
PwC | 17
Since the mechanism would be rolled out on In February 2017, B3i was boosted by the
a relatively small, intra-group scale, IT addition of ten more international insurers
system investments would be limited. and reinsurers operating in Asia, Europe and
North America (Achmea, Ageas, Generali,
In intra-group reinsurance, the Blockchain Hannover Re, Liberty Mutual, RGA, Scor,
Insurance Industry initiative, or B3i, Sompo, Tokio Marine and XL Catlin). The
launched in October 2016 by five of Europe's results of the PoC are expected to be
leading insurers and reinsurers (Aegon, available in the summer of 2017.
Allianz, Munich Re, Swiss Re and Zurich Re)
aims to launch a retrocession proof-of-
concept (PoC).
In June 2016, SCOR launched a PoC for the The speed with which the market is organising
exchange of reinsurance accounts with a view to B3i-type initiatives is an excellent indicator that a
specifically assessing the feasibility of using threshold has been crossed and the potential impact
blockchain technology. The PoC was launched under of blockchain technology has been recognised. This
the aegis of the Ruschlikon initiative, a global could have a snowball effect on the market, driven
community of some 50 insurers, reinsurers and by leading insurance and reinsurance firms. Each
brokers committed to implementing firm will nevertheless decide on its own approach,
e-administration and driving an efficient and depending on its priorities. The same applies for
modern market. Assisted by the start-up ChainThat, work on integrating the technology within
in two months SCOR successfully piloted exchanges proprietary information systems, which will
of technical reinsurance accounts between two probably require two types of exchanges to be
brokers and SCOR using a private blockchain based hosted simultaneously for a certain period of time.
on Ethereum.
Insurers, reinsurers and brokers from the Ruschlikon
This first PoC enabled SCOR to gain further community are strong advocates for the
blockchain expertise from both an IT and business digitalisation of all exchanges between stakeholders,
standpoint (the project involved a multidisciplinary and the results obtained so far have been
team of around ten people), and to confirm the convincing. However, volumes are still too low. Use
technology's potential for "disrupting" all of the blockchain will be a considerable driving
interactions within the insurance ecosystem. Its force, with significant productivity implications for
decision to join the B3i industry initiative as from all players in the ecosystem.
the end of 2016 was a natural follow-on from this
project. The aim for SCOR is not so much to confirm In addition to the tests being undertaken by market
the feasibility of blockchain from a technical point of players, we are also counting on the task forces
view (since this has already been largely addressed being set up within associations and regulatory
by the Ruschlikon PoC) but to answer questions bodies to help drive home the message and make
about security, confidentiality, performance and blockchain an industry-leading technology in
scalability, and ultimately to identify use cases going insurance, reinsurance and brokerage.
forward.
PwC | 19
Transforming asset management
Asset management is a highly Several applications based on the Illinois start-up Blockchainiz is
regulated industry and involves a specific characteristics of currently developing projects in
significant degree of interaction blockchain technology are this area, working in particular
between its various currently being analysed: with leading banks to reduce their
intermediaries. The distributed reconciliation costs in asset
• The removal of
ledger technology could improve management. For all compliance
intermediaries from asset
process efficiency in this industry issues, the data needed to ensure
transfers by the blockchain
as well as cooperation between compliance with applicable
relies on a tamper-proof ledger.
the industry's different regulations may be written onto a
Transactions can be verified
stakeholders. blockchain that can be accessed
and traced without the need for
and audited by all parties or by
a trusted third party. Since
This is already underway in authorised parties, as applicable.
there is less human input, the
Luxembourg, where 10 major
risk of error is substantially
financial institutions came A new method of pricing assets:
reduced.
together in the Fundchain the blockchain should help to
initiative to explore the impacts of • Reduction of settlement/ reduce fraud risk and to refine
blockchain technology on the delivery and compliance costs risk assessments thanks to its role
asset management market. PwC is following market transactions as a distributed ledger enabling
involved in this initiative in order as well as custodian costs for all parties to obtain the data they
to define applicable use cases16. collective investment need. This could pave the way for
undertakings. The blockchain a faster, more efficient asset
can provide certification for pricing process.
each stage of the process,
allowing a significant reduction
in overhead and operating costs
at this level. Although traders
may react in nanoseconds,
16 http://fundchain.lu/ settlements can take several
17http://santanderinnoventures.com/wp-content/ days. Spanish bank Santander
uploads/2015/06/The-Fintech-2-0-Paper.pdf believes that blockchain
technology will allow banks to
save US$ 20 billion each year by
reinventing the back office17.
5 market
(existing situation)
11 Sale order 4
Negotiator 1
2 Sale offer
UCITS
custodian
or account Execution
holder 3 MARKET CLEARING HOUSE
confirmation
2 Purchase offer
Negotiator 2
6 Settlement/
delivery
1 Purchase order
Principal
2
6 CSD
Settlement/
delivery
Asset purchase/sale
based on blockchain
technology and
smart contracts 1 Sale order
Principal Negotiator 1
1
4 2 Sale offer
Transfer of
ownership of asset/
Collection of funds Information
regarding
the asset
0
Analysis of asset
4 information
Transfer of funds/ 0
Collection of asset
Principal
title deed 2
Negotiator 2
2 Purchase offer
1 Purchase order
Source : PwC France
PwC | 21
Patrick Hennes, Director in
What was the example application?
PwC Luxembourg's After ten or so interview sessions, 12 applications
FS Consulting department, were presented to the steering committee,
takes a look at Fundchain, culminating in a vote on which application to
a unique initiative in develop. The example application selected was
Luxembourg focused on the called the Smart Transfer Agent (Smart TA).
asset management value chain The Smart TA marks the first step towards a new
vision of the asset management value chain. It
manages the liability side of operations, i.e.,
investors, security purchases and sales, and the
unwinding of cash and securities transactions.
Fundchain was launched in the summer of 2016 The Smart TA runs on a private Ethereum
by ten of Luxembourg's leading financial blockchain and transactions are managed by
institutions – Banque International du smart contracts. Different stakeholders in the
Luxembourg (BIL), BNP Paribas, CACEIS, value chain can access the blockchain through a
European Fund Administration (EFA), HSBC, ING shared application which manages access rights
Luxembourg, Pictet, RBC Investor & Treasury and the type of information that each stakeholder
Services, and Société Générale Bank & Trust may access. The stakeholders are the investor, the
– with the participation of PwC Luxembourg, fund manager, the fund accountant and the
University of Luxembourg and the start-up regulator.
Scorechain.
The stakeholders each have their own node on
The primary aim of the initiative was to develop a the blockchain and can access the shared ledger.
proof-of-concept for the application of
What are the findings of the initiative?
blockchain, distributed ledger technology and
The main finding was that the proof-of-concept
smart contracts in the area of asset management.
was a success. Transactions in fund units can be
Fundchain was organised in different phases and performed on a blockchain with a shared ledger
coordinated by PwC Luxembourg. The scenario in real time, with the unwinding of cash and
was as follows: securities transactions also performed in almost
real time.
• Interview-based analysis of current industry
"pain points", determination of success factors Today, Fundchain is in its second phase and has
for the initiative and definition of an example begun to define a new series of goals. Building on
application. its successful proof-of-concept, Fundchain has
• Blockchain training sessions for all participants now chosen to build a product that is viable in the
in order to guarantee common understanding production environment. The initiative is also
and take-up of this new technology. looking for new international partners,
• Common and bilateral collaborative workshops particularly from the asset management industry.
in order to define the particulars of the example
Two major challenges remain:
application.
• A hackathon to finalise development of the • Preparation of a detailed report about the
example application and consider its impacts initiative and its findings with a view to
(regulatory, financial, integration) in the obtaining a memorandum of understanding
production environment. from the regulator and supervisory authority to
work within a simplified regulatory framework.
• Preparation of specific use cases. Since we are
probably at the peak or even just past the peak
of the initial blockchain euphoria, we believe
that now is the right time to develop use cases
with detailed business plans and detailed
technical and regulatory impact assessments.
visualizations/
worlds-biggest-data-breaches-hacks/
Thanks to InterchainZ, a project borne out of a joint initiative between
PwC KYC Centre of Excellence and the company Z\Yen, a KYC database
19 http://www.the-blockchain.com/docs/
Goldman-Sachs-report-Blockchain-
prototype has been created using blockchain technology.
Putting-Theory-into-Practice.pdf
20http://www.zyen.com/what-we-do/ The idea is to store and encrypt customer data and verify20 all those
mutual-distributed-ledgers/interchainz. consulting their documentation as well as any changes made (marriage,
html death, etc.). Customers are given an individual encryption key which
they then choose whether or not to make available to financial
institutions.
PwC | 23
The institutions will then be able The result of this successful pilot In this instance, blockchain
to access certain documents and is an operational prototype based technology helps reduce costs by
data allowing them to identify the on a private blockchain network decreasing the need for personnel
customer in a secure, reliable that provides an overview of focused on KYC tasks, shortens
manner. Customers may then customer identity in accordance processing time and therefore
contract insurance or open an with KYC requirements for all improves the customer
account in an instant. group entities. experience. Reputational risk,
which is a major concern for
Without going so far as pooling Banks and insurers have various insurers, is also significantly
data between insurers, banks, systems that separately manage reduced. Blockchains therefore
brokers and so on, this technology customer identity for the different help to simplify administrative
will already help to significantly services they provide. As a result processes and deliver efficiency
reduce costs (although the cost of this successful pilot, Crédit gains. Customers receive better
savings should be considered Mutuel Arkéa group and IBM are service, human error is avoided,
alongside the required investment working to bring together the and costs are reduced (the costs
outlay) for groups and their different silos of customer data by associated with processing such
subsidiaries. creating a single cross-business data are eliminated).
KYC platform to inform all of the
This has been illustrated by the bank's processes, helping to
partnership between IBM and reduce unnecessary duplication
Crédit Mutuel Arkéa, which of information and requests.
recently announced that they had Blockchain technology identifies
completed their first blockchain and uses all valid existing data
project to improve the bank's already stored in the bank's
ability to verify customer identity. multiple systems of record, such
as those relating to loan
applications, life insurance
enrolments and bank account
openings.
PwC | 25
Better pricing Emergence of new
Recent advances in pricing have shown how static markets
and dynamic behavioural factors influence risk, with
insurers increasingly trying to capture these Blockchain technology will enable new lines of
behaviours. Behavioural information could be insurance to be developed or expanded, as well as
compiled by connected devices and exchanged on a emerging markets to be reached. Today, 40%23 of
blockchain, so that prices would be almost the world's population possesses neither a bank
constantly adjusted and optimised based on real- account nor insurance, particularly in Africa, Asia
world information reported by the blockchain in real and South America.
time. This remains a very innovative area, which still
needs significant analysis and research. A wider variety of insurance products and
services
Irrespective of blockchain technology, the insurance
industry will inevitably evolve in a world where Using blockchain technology, insurers will be able to
voluntary data sharing and the ability to assess more quickly develop personalised products and
customers' behaviour and risk profiles on an ongoing services and enhance their insurance offer.
basis will result in dynamic pricing and in dynamic,
flexible and personalised insurance products and One trend in travel insurance for example is to offer
risk management. insurance payouts in real time in the event of a
covered claim. This is the value proposition
Although blockchain-based dynamic pricing is developed by Berkshire Hathaway Travel Protection
clearly not for the immediate future, the impact of for instance24. Such positioning means that the
the technology on prices could be felt much sooner. insurer must connect its systems to those of airline
companies (to obtain information on flight delays or
Underwriting, pricing and claims management cancellations for example) and then identify in its
processes may for example become faster and more customer database those customers affected by the
efficient by deploying rules within smart contracts, flight in question. This would then proactively open
which, in itself, would affect the competitiveness of a claim which would entitle the customer to a
the solutions on offer. prompt payout.
23 Source:
World Bank Financial Inclusion Database 2015.
24https://www.bhtp.com/blog/our-new-products-reinventing-travel-insurance-again
25http://insureth.mkvd.net/
26 http://www.proparco.fr/webdav/site/proparco/shared/PORTAILS/Secteur_prive_
developpement/PDF/SPD25/Revue_SPD_25_FR.pdf
27 https://www.mpesa.in/portal/customer/AboutMpesa.jsp
PwC | 27
Foreseeable risks
04
The distributed ledger represents a clear opportunity for players in the insurance
industry. However, several issues relating to market trends and technological
change need to be considered. First, we need to take into account, as of today,
the new competitive landscape that will emerge from the use of blockchains, as
well as the need to rethink governance structures. Second, we must not overlook
the fact that the development and use of this technology will require changes to
the applicable legal environment. Lastly, one of the most critical issues today is
scalability.
PwC | 29
Legal issues arise particularly A series of internationally The technical characteristics of
when considering the legal standardised technical rules could public blockchains can also
validity of smart contracts, which help facilitate transactions in view present sticking points in terms of
represent the decentralised of the diversity of the rights to information, access,
automated function of the geographical regions and parties modification or erasure (right to
blockchain. The term is using smart contracts. deindexation or right to be
misleading, since smart contracts forgotten) of those concerned by
are not contracts so much as IT The international dimension of the data processed. Blockchain
protocols that trigger the the blockchain may also require consensus protocols would also
automatic execution of international transfers of personal need to include a mechanism for
contractual conditions previously data, with participants being obtaining prior consent from the
set by the parties. In theory, bound by a specific law. parties concerned.
nothing prevents the agreement
contained in smart contracts A consensus protocol governing The launch of "The DAO"
constituting a written contract the use of participants' personal (Decentralized Autonomous
between the parties, provided data is therefore essential to Organisation) perfectly illustrates
that it meets the conditions guarantee the rights of those the immutable nature of public
required for the establishment of concerned and to ensure system blockchains. The DAO is a type of
an electronic contract. security. decentralised investment fund
Specifically, this means encoding that functions in a horizontal
the steps that provide evidence of Since they appear on a ledger manner. Participants initially
acceptance of a given offer and shared across the globe, the invest to build up the fund.
ensuring that the parties are information recorded on a Subsequently, other participants
clearly identified, so that the blockchain may be consulted in together assess the viability of the
contract is legally valid. However, countries with no data protection projects submitted and decide
difficulties arise regarding the laws. However, under the whether or not to finance them.
very nature of the technology, European Regulation on Data
which is rooted in immutability. Protection (Regulation EU In June, a participant managed to
For example, how would smart 2016/679 with immediate effect exploit a known flaw in the
contracts manage contingencies as from 25 May 2018), personal blockchain's original code to
during execution? data may not be transferred to siphon off the funds held by the
countries that fail to offer decentralised organisation (at the
Consensus protocols aimed at adequate data protection, subject time, the amount stolen
organising blockchain governance to administrative fines of up to represented more than 3% of all
already in themselves represent €20 million, or in the case of Ethers on the market). This smart
an agreement between parties. companies, of up to 4% of their contract was supposed to be
These rules structuring how the global annual revenues for the public and immutable, and
blockchain should be used and previous year. accordingly managed with no
managed nevertheless have the human input.
undesired effect of remaining
concentrated in the hands of the Note: In thinking about this
encoders, while the blockchain's incident, it is important to bear
participants are merely asked to in mind that the problem was
accept them. not with the Ethereum
blockchain itself but with the
algorithms underlying the
DAO platform.
PwC | 31
On the other side, the "Ethereum It is likely that thoughts about the In France, the technological
Classic" blockchain represents the legal environment will be research institute System X based
other part of the community, influenced by cryptofinance at the Saclay platform launched a
which rejected the proposed new centres of expertise such as the Blockchain for Smart
rules. one being built in the Canton of Transactions (BST) project in
Zug near Zurich. Zug is looking to early 2017. Over the next four
What can be learned from this reinvent itself as "Crypto Valley" years, this project will study new
incident is that a blockchain and attract future start-ups in this services and uses, cost
operates on a consensus basis. new industry. In May 2014, optimisation and also the ethical
Although the hard fork incident Johann Gevers, founder of issues raised by blockchain
led to a breakdown in the Monetas (a universal smart technology. Specifically, the
consensus, most other decisions contracting platform) chose Zug project will look at mechanisms of
are consensus-based. In as the location for the Digital digital trust that can give back to
November 2016 for example, Finance Compliance Association customers control over their data.
"Spurious Dragon", a fourth hard (DFCA), an initiative that offers The legal conditions of deploying
fork on the Ethereum blockchain, the industry an opportunity to the blockchain will therefore also
was implemented in a response to build the most favourable be studied as well as the related
DoS attacks on the Ethereum regulatory environment in the economic and social conditions.
network. The previous hard fork world. Switzerland in fact enjoys
known as "Tangerine Whistle" a unique regulatory landscape
addressed urgent network health thanks to its decentralised
issues concerning the execution structure and the possibility it
of operating codes. offers companies of setting up and
deploying self-regulated
This hard fork was deployed organisations (SROs) that define
without any problems and the industry standards. Zug today
resulting new chain became the represents a hub for testing and
"reference" blockchain. developing blockchain technology
in a stable, enduring legal
environment.
31 http://www.pwc.fr/fr/expertises/audit-et-business-
assurance-services/business-assurance-services/rvms/
blockchain-applications-concrete.html
PwC | 33
Conclusion
1 Contract documentation
2 Claims management
3 Contract eligibility
4 Multi-national insurance policy
5 KYC/AML
6 Inter-firm accounting
7 Sensitive data management
8 Management of exposure in real time
9 Guarantee management
10 Excess of loss reinsurance
11 Personal data management
12 Emerging market
1
2
High
12
4 5
Benefits
7 6 3 11 10
Low
8
9
High Low
Barriers to implementation
PwC | 35
36 | Blockchain, a catalyst for new approaches in insurance
Appendices
PwC | 37
How a blockchain works
01
Each user can carry out a transaction Users adding blocks to a chain are
by modifying the ledger. For simple known as "miners" in reference to the
exchanges of tokens, the problem can 19th century gold rush. Miners are paid
be summarised by the following the proposed reward for adding a
information: who – gives what – to block plus transaction fees.
whom? So if blockchain participant X
wants to send 10 tokens to When the block is added to the chain
participant Y, a line that looks like and consensus exists regarding the
"X_10_Y" is added to the ledger. The block, it is shared by all network
nodes ensure that the structure of the nodes. This gives rise to a unique
entry is correct and that X is solvent. If transaction history.
this is the case, the transaction is
gradually sent across the entire
network and added to the list of
transactions pending.
PwC | 39
Acknowledgements
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Contacts
Pauline Adam-Kalfon
Director, Insurance
PwC France Consulting
pauline.adam-kalfon@fr.pwc.com
https ://fr.linkedin.com/in/paulineadamkalfon
Emmanuel Dubreuil
Partner, Actuarial Services
PwC France Business Advisory Services
emmanuel.dubreuil@fr.pwc.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/emmanueldubreuil
Marie-Line Ricard
Partner, Blockchain Lab Leader
PwC France Advisory
marie-line.ricard@fr.pwc.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/marielinericard
Jimmy Zou
Partner, France Insurance Consulting Leader
PwC France Consulting
jimmy.zou@fr.pwc.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/jimmyzou/
Patrick Maeder
Partner, EMEA Insurance Consulting Leader
PwC Switzerland Consulting
maeder.patrick@ch.pwc.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/pmaeder/
www.pwc.fr