Republic of the Philippines

National Capital Region

Division of City Schools
Batasan Hills National High School
IBP Road, Batasan Hills, Quezon City
SY 2018-2019

An individual science investigatory project entitled:

Experimenting the Bactericidal Capability of Coleus blumei (Mayana) Leaves Against S. aureus,

K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa

Carlo F. Agas

Researcher

Ms. Cristine Sañada

Research Adviser

Ferbruary 2019

1
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This scientific investigatory project wouldn’t be possible without the support and help of

those who took time just to help, give ideas and motivation. First of all, The researcher would

like to give tanks to our Almighty God Jehovah for giving us such wisdom and guidance

unconditionally. The researcher would also like to thank his parents and his family who

supported me on doing this SIP financially and morally. The researcher would also like to

express his gratitude towards his research adviser, Ms. Cristine S. Sañada, for guidance and

assistance throughout the whole time. Thanks to Mrs. Mary Grace Lumame and Ms Michele

Hababag, the laboratory custodians of the chemistry and physics laboratory for allowing the

researcher to use such facilities for the sake of the experimentation of the study. Thanks also to

Nicole Anne Alayon for letting the researcher borrow equipment for experimentation such as

blender. The researcher would also like to show recognition to the efforts of their class adviser,

Mrs. Rubilyn Diane Umali for all the motivation and support she gave us. And lastly to my

friends, Zaki T. Pinili, Ivy Katrina Malañgen, Franxine Camacho, Shaira Balanza, for

supporting and helping do these SIP by helping me with writing the paper and giving advices on

practical writing. Not just that but also helping me but also for giving me motivation and

innovative ideas that helped me throughout this SIP.

C.F.A.

2
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 ABSTRACT

A lot of people suffer from diseases made by infection related diseases such as strep
throat, urinary tract infection, tuberculosis, skin diseases pneumonia, etc. This diseases are
caused by a lot of different pathogenic microbes like bacteria. As these problem progress and
happen, it gave the researcher to have a chance to have a significant and important research
study. This research project was conduct because it aims to determine possible alternatives to
commercial antibacterial substances without spending a lot using crude leaf exract from Colues
blumei. It was also conducted to text or experiment if the said substance is effective against
various bacteria. First of all, the researcher gathered leaves then brought some samples to UP
Diliman for Plant Identification to confirm such plant. Then the extract was obtained by blending
the leaves and filtering it after. After that, it was immediately brought to UP Diliman, Natural
Sciences Research Institute (NSRI)-Microbiological Department for an Antimicrobial Assay, a
test if the substance can show antimicrobial properties against other microbes. The microbes that
were used in the Assay were K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The results showed
that the crude leaf extract wasn’t able to inhibit K. pneumoniae with an anti-microbial index of 0,
the same with P aeruginosa with an anti-microbial index of 0. In the other hand, it was able to
inhibit S, aureus with an anti-microbial index of 1.6. While the controlled sample which is the
Chloramphenicol disc has a clearing zone of 5.3, 1.5, and 4.5 to the said bacteria respectively. As
the investigation’s results state, it can be concluded that Coleus blumei crude leaf extract can’t
inhibit various bacteria. It can also be concluded that compared to the antimicrobial property
shown by Chloramphenicol, the crude leaf extract has a low antibacterial property. And another
conclusion is that, the crude leaf extract have a low to no effectivity to those bacteria that the
crude leaf extract failed to inhibit compared to S. aureus.

Keywords: anti-microbial index, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Coleus blumei

3
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

At our times, getting diseases is such a struggle, since getting medication and cure for these

diseases are too expensive. Most of these diseases are caused by bacteria. Some of the bacteria

that gives diseases to humans are S. aureus, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa etc. These bacteria

give worldwide health problems, from typhoid to skin diseases and diarrhea (Mayoclinic

website, 2018).

According to Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (2018), these bacteria reacts

negatively to some substances that cause them lethality such as alcohols, chlorine, peroxides, and

aldehydes.

According to Ekambaram, Perumal, Marappan, Gajendran, and Viswanathan (2016), plants

contain anti-bacterial substances, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids.

Furthermore, medicinal plants are capable of resisting microorganisms by producing secondary

metabolites known as phenols. One of them is Rosmarinic acid (RA), a phenylpropanoid that is

naturally occurring to most plants and well known as therapeutic and cosmetic agent.

Coleus blumei or commonly called as Mayana, is a common ornamental plant here in the

Philippines. This plant can be seen often from front yards or gardens of households. This plant is

commonly used to treat wounds and bruises here in our country (Stuartxchange, 2018).

4
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 As said by Sivamani, Ma, Wehril and Maverkis (2012), most products that are naturally

processed for wound healing possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, angogenic, and cell

synthesis-modulating components.

In lieu of these statements, the researcher came up with the thought of testing the

antimicrobial activity of the crude leaf extract of Mayana leaves against S. aureus, K.

pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa.

5
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 Statement of the Problem

The general statement of the problem is: Did the crude extract of Coleus blumei leaves

exhibit bactericidal activity against various bacteria?

Specifically, it aims to fulfill the following objectives:

1. To test if the crude leaf extract of Coleus blumei leaves will show antimicrobial property

against various bacteria.

2. To determine the difference between the effects of the crude leaf extract of Coleus blumei

leaves and the commercial product against various bacteria.

3. To test the effectivity of the crude leaf extract of Coleus blumei leaves as a bactericidal

agent against various bacteria.

6
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 Significance of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to test the anti-bacterial activity of the crude leaf extract of

Coleus blumei leaves against various bacteria. This discovery might give a great aid for

antibacterial problems that is far cheaper and accessible than the commercial ones.

Aside from that, it might also give cure to diseases that are caused by bacteria which could be

helpful for those people who don’t have an access with anti-bacterial solutions. It gives equal

opportunities to all the citizens to acquire a cure for their diseases caused by bacteria.

This study can also give information or help for future studies that might be related to the

topic. It would be a good reference and basis for the innovations and new discoveries in the

future.

7
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 Scope and Limitations

This study will only be focusing on the bactericidal activity of the crude extract of Coleus

blumei leaves against various bacteria, specifically, to test the difference between different

concentrations, the difference of the performance of the extract compared to a commercial

bactericidal agent, and the efficiency of the extract between those different bacteria. These are

the only ones that is discussed in the study, anything not included are beyond the scope and

limitations. The testing for the extract which is the Antimicrobial Assay will be done on the

NSRI-Microbiology on UP Diliman.

8
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
Hypothesis

Ho = There is no significant difference between the inhibition zone made by the

Chloramphenicol and the crude extract from the Coleus blumei leaves against various bacteria.

HA= There is a significant difference between the inhibition zone made by the Chloramphenicol

and the crude extract from the Coleus blumei leaves against various bacteria.

9
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
Definition of Terms

1. Crude extract

Operational Definition

It is the substance probable in eliminating the bacteria.

Actual Definition

It is concentrated form of an herb that is derived from the crude of the herb then

mixed with water, alcohol or any solvent then distilled or evaporated (thefreedictionary.com,

2019)

2. Antimicrobial Assay

Operational Definition

It is used to measure the bactericidal capability of the crude extract against the

bacteria.

Actual Definition

According to thefreedictionary.com (2018), Antimicrobial Assay is “a method for

quantitatively determining the concentration of an antibiotic by its effect in inhibiting the growth

of a susceptible microorganism.”

10
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 CHAPTER II

REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURES

This chapter includes a comprehensive, review of related literature, related studies,

conceptual framework, hypothesis of the study, and definition of variables deemed relevant to

this study. The concepts, ideas and principles presented give credence to the fact support the

antibacterial activity of Mayana(Coleus blumei) leaves against S.aureus, K. pneumonia, and P.

aeruginosa.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

Based on the reports of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018),

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are bacteria that causes intoxication which develops after the

ingestion of the food contaminated, wherein, the bacteria produces enterotoxin. The bacteria also

causes more diseases such as skin infections to infection of the lungs or the heart.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae)

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), is a harmless kind of bacteria that can be

commonly observed in the gut. But if the bacteria go to other body parts, it causes sickness. They

can be “superbugs” which are bacteria that are almost impossible to be beaten with common

antibiotics. It can give pneumonia, wound infection, blood infection and others. Most cases of

11
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
the said diseases are commonly got from direct contact with an infected person (webmd.com,

2018).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), is a gram-negative bacteria that causes disease

such as Pseudomonas infection. This is cause by strains of bacteria found widely in the

environment. People can be infected when they have weaker immune systems. If infected or

followed by a surgery, this might lead to severe illness and death. Some might get ear infection,

mostly children and skin rashes might occur after exposure to contaminated swimming pools or

chlorinated hot tubs. There some eye infection cases because of extended-wear contact lenses

(CDC, 2018).

Coleus blumei (Mayana)

Coleus blumei is an erect, branched, fleshy, annual herb that is about one (1) meter high.

Stems are purplish and are four- angled. Their leaves are usually blotched or colored variously. It

is mostly more or less hair, ovate and usually 5 to 10 centimeters long, coarsely toothed in the

margins or the side, and commonly uniformed in a velvety-purple color. Its flowers are purplish,

numerous, and borne in lax, terminal, simple or branched inflorescences (stuartxchange.org,

2019).

It was introduced to the Philippines and cultivated to become an ornamental plant. It was

used and popular because of its incredibly wide range of foliage colors. It is also native to Java

12
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
region. Nowadays, it used for ornamental uses, specifically a pantropic ornamental plant

(stuartxchange.org, 2019).

Previous studies already proven that a new abietane type diterpenes yielded antimicrobial

activity against B. subtilis and C. albicans. It is also proven that isolated mixtures of sterols and

triterpenes from Coleus blumei shows not only antimicrobial properties but also anti-

inflammatory and analgesic properties (Obana & Guevara, 2001).

Chemical Constituents of Coleus blumei (Mayana)

According to the study of to Saraswati, Katnoria, Jatinder, Nagpal, and Avinash (2016),

the Coleus species are such a great amount of medicinally important constituent such as

rosmanic acid which showcases biochemical activities. Specifically, Coleus blumei contains

flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, hydrocarbon constituents, and most importantly,

rosmarinic acid. One study even supported the statement that was said before and even said that

it is the major phenolic compound of the said plant (Bauer, Vuković, Likić, & Jelaska, 2015).

Rosmarinic Acid

It is an ester of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It is also one of the

polyphenolic substances that is commonly found contained by culinary herbs such as Perilla

(Perilla frutescens L. ), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ), Sage (Salvia officinalis L. ), mint

(Mentha arvense L. ), and Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ).

13
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 As stated in the review of Park, Uddin, Xu, Kim, and Lee (2008), Rosmarinic acid, a vital

phenolic compound, is often found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily

Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. It is also found in species of other plant groups and in some fern

and hornwort species. Rosmarinic acid has a lot of captivating biological activities, those are

antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant.

According to Ekambaram et al (2016), the synergistic effects of RA with antibiotics were

observed against S. aureus and MRSA. RA showed great inhibition on the surface proteins of

MSCRAMM's. However, although RA was shown to exhibit a synergistic effect with antibiotics,

the MIC was found to be higher.

Air-drying

It is a method of drying materials using exposure of material to air (Merriam- Webster

Dictionary, 2019). It is done so it will give free bonding of solvents with the phytochemicals

based on its polarity, compared to wet materials which lacks of separation of secondary

metabolites based on the polarity of the solvent used (Simon, 2016).

It also prevents further enzymatic or metabolic alteration on the material since the

material is already dry. Addition to that, even though all compounds can be can be extracted in

unaltered and natural form, there is a possibility of forming new compounds or intermediates or

secondary metabolites even if there is a presence of chlorophyll because of the response to light

and other external factors (Upadhyay, 2014).

Other than that, dry weights from plants give less error compared to fresh ones. Because

fresh one can still change from the condition of the climate, the weather, and from the

14
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
transportation of the plant from the place where the plant is obtained to into the laboratory where

the extraction method will be done. For this reason, the plants moisture can vary in a lot of ways

(Poonsawat, 2014).

15
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. Amount of Crude Extract The Antibacterial Activity of the
Used Solution
2. Type of Substance Used
(Crude Extract or Artificial
Product)
3. Type of Bacteria Used
Output
An Alternative
Antibacterial for
Commercial Products

Figure 1. Relationship between Variables

The researcher’s independent variables for different setups are the amount of the crude

extract from the Mayana leaves and the substance used. These will be conducted in separate

setups and will be interpreted in statistical means in order to find out the changes in the

dependent variable, the antibacterial activity of the mayana leaves against the three bacteria

aforementioned, S.aureus, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa.

16
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 CHAPTER III

METHODS AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research methodology of the study. In a detailed overview, this

part is where the researcher highlights the methods of data collection, extraction of plant

material, Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles, manipulation of variables and

research design.

Collection & Preparation of Materials

The researcher collected leaves of Coleus blumei. The said plant can be found near the

researcher’s home or the researcher’s vicinity. The plant material was then washed with distilled

water to remove any substance or chemicals that might affect the study. After that, the leaves

were air-dried for 24 hours.

Plant Identification

The acquired plant material will be brought into UP Institute of Biology for testing of Plant

Identification. This is needed to verify similar and misleading plants from the original plant

Extraction of Crude extract from the Coleus blumei leaves

The crude extract that is used for the Agar Diffusion Assay is prepared by putting it into a

blender. 25 grams of Coleus blumei were put into a blender. Then the result will be strained and

the liquid substance strained from the resulting solution from the blended leaves of the plant

material will be the one that is used for the Agar Diffusion Assay

Acquiring an Antimicrobial Assay

According to thefreedictionary.com (2018), Antimicrobial Assay is “a method for

quantitatively determining the concentration of an antibiotic by its effect in inhibiting the growth

17
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
of a susceptible microorganism”. Agar plates were inoculated with the microorganism by

swabbing the agar surface. The cotton swab on an applicator stick was dipped into the microbial

suspension, rotated several times and pressed firmly on the inside wall of the tube above the fluid

level to remove excess inoculum from the swab. The swab was streaked over the entire agar

surface. This procedure was repeated two more times, rotating the plate 60o each time to ensure

even distribution of the inoculum. Three (3) equidistant wells were made on the agar plate using

a cork borer (10 mm diameter). The plates were incubated at 35o and observed after 24 hours.

The clearing zone was measure in millimeters and the average diameter of the clearing zones

was calculated. The antimicrobial was computed using the following formulas:

Diameter of clearing zone – Diameter of well

________________________________________________________________
AI=
Diameter of well

Statistical Treatment

The statistical treatment that was used is chi-square independence test. According to spss-

tutorials.com (2019), a chi-square independence test is “a procedure for testing if two categorical

variables are related in some population.”

18
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

RESULTS

The researcher claimed the Antimicrobial Assay (NF190110e) result at UP Diliman,

NSRI- Microbiology Department after a week. The required acquired by the NSRI showed:

Table 1. Inhibition Zone of the Coleus blumei Leaf Crude Extract compared to Chloramphenicol

Test Sample Clearing zone, mm AI

Organisms 21 3
P. aeruginosa Coleus blumei leaf crude extract --a - 0
b
Chloramphenicol disc 15 1.5
K. pneumoniae Coleus blumei leaf crude extract - - - 0
Chloramphenicol disc 38 5.3
S. aureus Coleus blumei leaf crude extract 26 26 26 1.6
Chloramphenicol disc 33 4.5
a
No clearing zone; no inhibition of growth of the test organism
b
Contains 30 µg of chloramphenicol, 6-mm diameter
Figure 1. Antimicrobial Index of the Coleus blumei Leaf Crude Extract compared to

Chloramphenicol

Clearing zone, mm
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae S. aureus

Coleus blumei leaf crude extract Chloramphenicol disc

19
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 The table and graph shows the inhibiting capacity of Coleus blumei leaf crude extract

compared to Chloramphenicol.

Table 3. Chi-square of Independence between Coleus blumei leaf Crude Extract and

Chloramphenicol against S. aureus

1 2 3 Total
Coleus blumei 26 26 26 78
leaf crude extract
Chloramphenicol 33 33 33 99
disc
TOTAL 59 59 59 177
1. Ho: The scores obtained don’t depend on the kind of extract used.

Ha: The scores obtained depend on the kind of extract used

2. 5 % level of significance

3. df= (2-1) (3-1)

=2

4. df=2

5% level of significance

Tabular value= 5.99

5. E= (row total) (column total)

grand total

E1=(59) (78) / 177 E3=(59) (78) / 177

=26 =26

E2=(59) (78) / 177 E4=(59) (99) / 177

=26 =26

20
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 E5=(59) (99) / 177 E6=(59) (99) / 177

=26 =26

X2= (O-E)2 / E

X2= (26-26)2/26 + (26-26)2/26 + (26-26)2/26 + (33-33)2/33 + (33-33)2/33 + (33-33)2/33

X2=0

6. Since 0 < 5.99, reject the null hypothesis. The scores depend on the extract used.

21
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
DISCUSSIONS

The results of the Antimicrobial Assay given by the NSRI was presented through a table

which shows that |Chloramphenicol disc is used as the controlled sample which is a commercial

solution for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal that inhibits P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and S.

aureus.

Based on the table, the crude extract of Coleus blumei leaves cannot inhibit P. aeruginosa

in the 1st replicate. It didn’t inhibit the 2nd and 3rd replicate too. It shows that the extract’s

inability to inhibit such microbe compared to the commercial antibacterial, Chloramphenicol,

that inhibits 15 mm of the bacteria making it 1.5 in the AI.

Based on the table, the crude extract of Coleus blumei leaves cannot inhibit K.

pneumoniae in the 1st replicate. It didn’t inhibit the 2nd and 3rd replicate too. It shows that the

extract’s inability to inhibit such microbe compared to the commercial antibacterial,

Chloramphenicol, that inhibits 38 mm of the bacteria making it 5.3 in the AI.

Based on the table, the crude extract of Coleus blumei leaves inhibited S. aureus in the

1st replicate by 26 mm. It also inhibited the 2nd and 3rd by the same inhibition zone. It shows that

the extract’s ability to inhibit such microbe compared to the commercial antibacterial,

Chloramphenicol, that inhibits 33 mm of the bacteria making it 4.8 in the AI.

The results shows that there is a big difference between the resulting clearing zone and

antimicrobial index of Coleus blumei leaf crude extract and the Chloramphenicol disc. It also

shows that the extract can’t inhibit various bacteria, in fact it only inhibited S. aureus. Another

22
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
one is that it shows that the extract shows low to no effectivity to P. aeruginosa and K.

pneumoniae and compared to extract effectivity to S. aureus.

According to review of the related literature of Park, Uddin, Xu, Kim, and Lee (2008),

entitled “Biotechnological applications for rosmarinic acid production in plant.” It states that

Rosmarinic acid do have antibacterial property. It was also supported later by Ekambaram et al

(2016), where it shows that Rosmarinic Acid shows great inhibition on the surface proteins of

MSCRAMM’s. This substance is the active agent that made the extract show antibacterial

property to one of the bacteria.

23
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions:

The researcher concluded that the crude extract from Coleus blumei leaves can inhibit

bacteria. But the results shows that it can’t inhibit various bacteria, in fact it only inhibited S.

aureus. It also showed that the extract have a lower antibacterial ability compared to the

commercial product. It is also showed that the crude extract have a low antibacterial effectivity

against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa compared to S. aureus.

24
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
Recommendations:

The researcher would like to recommend for the future researchers to use other kinds of

extracting method to determine if it affects the antibacterial capability of the extract. The

researcher would also like to recommend to test the plant to other kinds of bacteria to know

which bacteria will show the greatest inhibition made by the plant’s extract.

25
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bauer, N., Vuković, R., Likić, S., & Jelaska, S. (2015). Potential of Different Coleus blumei

Tissues for Rosmarinic Acid Production. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 53(1), 3-10.

doi:10.17113/ftb.53.01.15.3661

2. Chi-Square Independence Test – What and Why? (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2019, from

https://www.spss-tutorials.com/chi-square-independence-test/

3. crude extract. (n.d.) Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary. (2012). Retrieved February 5 2019

from https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/crude+extract

4. Ekambaram, S., Perumal, S., Balakrishnan, A., Marappan, N., Gajendran, S., &

Viswanathan, V. (2016). Antibacterial synergy between Rosmarinic acid and antibiotics

against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Intercultural

Ethnopharmacology,5(4), 358. doi:10.5455/jice.20160906035020

5. Infectious diseases. (2018, January 03). Retrieved September 22, 2018, from

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/symptoms-causes/syc-

20351173

6. Mayana/ Coleus scutellaroides/ coleus blumei: Philippine Medicinal Herbs/ Philippine

Alternative Medicines. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stuartxchange.org/Mayana.html

7. Obena, R. P., & Guevara, A. P. (2001). Biological Activities of Sterols and Triterpenes from

the Leaves of Coleus blumei Benth. [Abstract]. Natural Products Chemistry. Retrieved

February 5, 2019, from http://www.angelfire.com/pe/epephychem/17pccnatprod.html

8. Park, S. U., Uddin, M., Xu, H., Kim, Y., & Lee, S. (2018). Biotechnological applications for

rosmarinic acid production in plant. African Journal of Biotechnology, 27(25), 4959-4965.

26
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
 Retrieved August 15, 2018, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234109466_Biotechnological_applications_for_ro

smarinic_acid_production_in_plant/download.

9. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Healthcare Settings. (2018, March 09). Retrieved September 28,

2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html

10. Poonsawat, T. (2014). Why do we extract dried, ground plant material instead of fresh one?

Retrieved February 5, 2019, from

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_do_we_extract_dried_ground_plant_material_inste

ad_of_fresh_one

11. Ragasa, C. (2001). Diastereomeric Diterpenes from Coleus blumei. CHEMICAL &

PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 49(7), 297th ser. doi:10.1248

12. Saraswati & Katnoria, Jatinder & Nagpal, Avinash. (2016). Analytical techniques for

phytochemicals screening and bioactivities of some coleus species: A review. 8. 227-237.

13. Simon, S. (2016). Why do we extract dried, ground plant material instead of fresh one?

Retrieved February 5, 2019, from

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_do_we_extract_dried_ground_plant_material_inste

ad_of_fresh_one

14. Sivamani, R. K., Ma, B. R., Wehrli, L. N., & Maverakis, E. (2012). Phytochemicals and

Naturally Derived Substances for Wound Healing. Advances in Wound Care, 1(5), 213-217.

doi:10.1089/wound.2011.0330

15. Staphylocococcus aureus (food poisoning). (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2018, from

http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/staphylocococcus-aureus

27
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”
16. What is Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection? (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2018, from

https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/klebsiella-pneumoniae-infection#1

17. Upadhyay, R. K. (2014). Why do we extract dried, ground plant material instead of fresh

one? Retrieved February 5, 2019, from

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_do_we_extract_dried_ground_plant_material_inste

ad_of_fresh_one

28
Research Expo 2019 Theme: “Diffusing Cognition, Yielding Reactions.”