GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Day 14: CELL CYCLE

 Cell’s modified cilia is used for locomotion

 RBC contains red pigment called Hemoglobin
THE STAGES OF MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION
1. Interphase- cells are inactive 4. Anaphase
2. Prophase- nucleolus disappear 5. Telophase
3. Metaphase 6. Cytokinesis (Daughter Cells)
CELL CYCLE: MITOSIS

 An orderly sequence of events that describes the stages of a cell’s life from the division of a single parent
cell to the production of two new cells daughter cells
 Helps in cell growth and development
 Plays a crucial role in a living organism’s life cycle
o EXAMPLES
 Growing cancer cells
 Growing shoot of plant
STAGES
1. G1 Phase – cell increase in size, produce RBA, synthesize protein
2. S-Phase – produce two similar daughter cells, DNA duplicated, DNA replication
3. G2 Phase – cells continue to grow, produce new proteins
4. Prophase – condensation of chromosomes, chromosomes become shorter and thicker
5. Metaphase – chromosome line up along the metaphase plate (lies between the spindle poles)
6. Anaphase – centrosomes divide, two sister chromatids move towards the opposite poles of the spindle
7. Telophase – chromosomes uncoiled, nucleolus reaper (nuclear envelope from around each chromosome)
Day 15: M Phase (MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS)

 Somatic/ body cells- reproduced from mitosis, natural healing

 Sex Cells/ Gametes- egg and sperm, formed via meiosis
o comes from germ cell
 in Mitosis (produce more germ cells)
 in Meiosis (form sex cells)
CELL CYCLE: MEIOSIS

 division process that takes us from a DIPLOD CELL (2 sets of chromosomes) to HAPLOID CELLS (single
set of chromosome)
 used for production of gametes – sex cells, or sperm and eggs
 goal is to make daughter cells with exactly half as many chromosomes as the starting cells
o EXAMPLES
 Spermatogenesis
 Oogenesis
STAGES
1. Prophase 1 – chromosomes become shorter and thicker, crossing over
2. Metaphase 1 – homologous chromosomes lightly coiled and condensed and aligned at the metaphase plate
3. Anaphase 1 – bivalent started to separate and start moving toward opposite poles of the cells
4. Telophase 1 – homologous chromosomes pairs complete their migration, cytokinesis occurred

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 5. Prophase 2 – spindle apparatus formed, chromosomes move toward metaphase 2 plate
6. Metaphase 2 – daughter cells completes the formation of spindle apparatus, chromosomes align on the
Metaphase plate
7. Anaphase 2 – centromere separated, two chromatids of each chromosome move to opposite pole on
spindle
8. Telophase 2 – nuclear envelope formed around each set of chromosomes, produce four haploid cells
Day 18: EXPLORING GAMETOGENESIS, SPERMATOGENESIS AND OOGENESIS

 Ovum – mature egg cells

 Gametogenesis – formation of gametes
 Spermatids/ Spermatogonium – immature form of sperms
 Meiosis – reductional cell division
 Mitosis – growth cell division
 Testes – male gonads (sperm)- Spermatogenesis
 Ovaries – female gonads (egg)- Oogenesis
 Oogonium – immature form of ovum
SPERMATOGENESIS

 Formation of sperm cells located in the seminiferous tubules of male gonad

 Produced four haploid cells at the end of the process
 Spermatozoa- male mature sperm cells
 Produce male gonads
OOGENESIS

 Formation of ovum located in the female gonad called ovary

 Produced haploid cells or one ovum
Day 19: GENETIC CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES

 Occur when there is alteration, aberration or defect in a chromosome that can be passed to offspring
 Give rise to birth defects and congenital conditions that may develop during an individual’s lifetime
 KARYOTYPING – mapping of chromosome
1. Deletion – portion of chromosome is missing or deleted
2. Duplication – portion of chromosome is duplicated, resulting in extra genetic material
3. Translocation – one chromosome is transferred to another to another chromosome (ROBERTSONIAN)
4. Inversion – portion of the chromosome has broken off, turns upside down and reattached
5. Ring – chromosomal abnormality where a portion of a chromosome has broken off and forms a circle/ring
6. Trisomy 13 – have an extra copy of chromosome 13 (PATAU SYNDROME)
7. Trisomy 18 – three copies of chromosomes 18
8. Trisomy 21 – have extra copy of chromosome 21
9. Monosomy – when an individual missing one of the chromosomes from a pair
10. Polyploidy – one or more extra set of chromosomes

Jasper Cabrera