See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/272424396

Embracing new agriculture commodity through

integration of Java Tea as high Value Herbal
crops in solar PV farms

ARTICLE in JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION · MARCH 2015

Impact Factor: 3.84 · DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.044

CITATION READS

1 58

9 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:

M. Effendy Ya'acob Abdul Rahim A.S.

Putra University, Malaysia Putra University, Malaysia
10 PUBLICATIONS 19 CITATIONS 25 PUBLICATIONS 16 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Yaodong Wang
Newcastle University
61 PUBLICATIONS 655 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Abdul Rahim A.S.
letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 17 November 2015
 Journal of Cleaner Production 91 (2015) 71e77

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Embracing new agriculture commodity through integration of Java Tea

as high Value Herbal crops in solar PV farms
N.F. Othman a, M.E. Ya'acob b, c, *, A.S. Abdul-Rahim a, Mohd Shahwahid Othman a,
M.A.M. Radzi c, H. Hizam c, Y.D. Wang d, A.M. Ya'acob e, H.Z.E. Jaafar f
a
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
b
Office of Development and Asset Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
c
Centre of Advanced Power and Energy Research (CAPER), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
d
Sir Joseph Swan Centre for Energy Research, School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United
Kingdom
e
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology (MIAT), 43900 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
f
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Integration of agriculture and renewable energy resources (RER) is currently a hot topic discussed
Received 22 July 2014 worldwide based on the need for green energy and sustainable economy. The decreasing trend of global
Received in revised form market value for the traditional agricultural commodity such as Rubber and Palm Oil really affected the
21 November 2014
Gross National Income (GNI) and thus, the government of Malaysia outlined a number of strategic thrusts
Accepted 11 December 2014
Available online 19 December 2014
to boost economic growth. Herbal products have been given sufficient rooms for extension as the first
approved Entry Point Projects (EPP1) driver of sustainability. Orthosiphon Stamineus also known as Java
Tea is among the five commercialize High-Value Herbal crops (HVHc) and chosen to be deployed under
Keywords:
High value herbal crops
PV arrays based on its sustainability and potential market value. The financial analysis is based on 3-
Java Tea months harvesting cycle with reference to the harvesting coefficience pc and realistic cash flow. The
Solar PV Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is valued at 15.74% that benchmarks positive net return for herbal pro-
Sustainable integration ducers. The cash functions based on Return-on-Investment (ROI) can be achieved after 10 months cycle
Cleaner production of production with Net Present Value (NPV) of RM8,863.59. This initiative flows in line with the Cleaner
Production (CP) concept of efficient usage of natural resources to minimize waste and pollution. The
concept of agro-technology integration is presented with strong financial return for the unused space
under PV arrays configured for large scale PV farms.
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Malaysia economic growth through intense herbal product
development and commercialization efforts has shifted dramati-
cally over the past five years. This condition underscores the
leverage global tendency towards natural-base ingredients in food,
medicine and cosmetics thus empowering the Malaysia herbal in-
dustry to become the potential rescuers for the plant-based com-
modities. The decreasing trend of global market value for the
traditional agricultural commodity of rubber and palm oil largely
* Corresponding author. Office of Development and Asset Management, Uni-
versiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
E-mail address: fendyupm@gmail.com (M.E. Ya'acob).
affected the Gross National Income (GNI) and thus, the government
of Malaysia outlined a number of strategic thrusts in the Economic
Transformation Program (ETP) to boost national economic growth.
The introduction of the twelve field National Key Economic Areas
(NKEAs) as illustrated in Fig. 1 has profound and brought forward in
reaching the standard developed country by the year 2020. Herbal
products under the bio-economy sector has been given sufficient
rooms for extension as the first approved Entry Point Projects
(EPP1) driver of sustainability due to the diversity of species readily
available and the climate and soil are suitable for
commercialization.
The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak has quoted that “It is
important to note that the ETP was formulated not only to help
Malaysia achieve its ambitions for developed nation status by 2020,
but also in response to the shift in the global economic order”.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.044
0959-6526/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
72 N.F. Othman et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 91 (2015) 71e77
Fig. 1. 12 NKEA sector for Malaysia economic transformation future path.
Source from http://www.moa.gov.my.
The government strategies stated under the Agriculture-NKEA
sector transforms small-scale sector into a large scale agribusi-
ness industry with an integrated market-centric model focuses on
economies of scale and value chain integration. This effort is in line
towards supporting the cleaner production (CP) concept which is
the guidelines of environmental management system (EMS) that
embodies the efficient usage of natural resources, raw material,
energy, etc. This strategy minimizes waste and pollution effecting
human health and safety thus increases productivity, and organi-
zational performance (Jia et al., 2014; Ludin et al., 2014; Severo
et al., 2014). Luo et al. (2014) highlights the effectiveness of CP
approach in agricultural Chinese farms through government
compensation support for environmental protection and in line
with their economic expenses.
Table 1
Government Agencies on Herbal Research and Development.
Num Government/GLC agencies
1 Research Universities (RU) and other Public
Universities http://www.moe.gov.my
2 Institute of Agricultural Research and
Development Malaysia (MARDI)
http://www.mardi.gov.my
3 Regional Economic Development Council
East Coast (ECERDC) http://www.ecerdc.com/ecerdc
4 Forestry Department (by state) www.forestry.gov.my
5 Forest Reserve Institute of Malaysia (FRIM)
http://www.frim.gov.my
Source from http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/.
The transformation strategy comprises four key themes (Foo,
2013; Ludin et al., 2014) of capitalising on competitive advan-
tages, tapping premium markets, aligning food security objectives
with increasing Gross National Income (GNI) and participation in
the regional agriculture value chain with supporting agencies listed
in Table 1.
2. Herbs potential in catalysing economic growth
The discussion on commercial herbal products started way back
in the year 1990 with Malaysia's GNI only reaching RM 17 million as
remarked by the Perlis Forestry Department. The industry booms
up with total GNI reaching RM45 million in 2002 which is 2.65%
increment within a short time period. The NKEA Agriculture Lab in
Involvement
Actively conducting R & D with emphasis on High Impact Publications
and Pattern Recognition (Intellectual Property)
Providing sufficient facilities and field plots with special attention
to research on herbs as a new agricultural commodity
Facilitate and enable local entrepreneurs pioneering large scale herbal plantation
Providing one-stop centre for herbal information and eco-tourism attractions with
proper management of resources.
Providing interactive tools such as the scanning flyers' Herbal Natural Heritage
“published by Forest Herbs
Perlis Forestry Department (JPNP),
Conducting in-field research on herbs through various bioassay and chromatographic
techniques to unearth
potential biological and chemical diversity.
Assisting potential farmers for certification of Good Manufacturing Practices
(GMP and Good Agricultural
Collection Practices (GACP) covering post-harvest and processing of raw-materials.
 N.F. Othman et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 91 (2015) 71e77
Fig. 2. Java Tea herbal plant at maturity stage.
2010 has mapped out sixteen Entry Point Projects (EPPs) and eleven
Business Opportunities (BOs) which are expected to generate
RM28.9 billion in incremental GNI and 74,600 jobs by 2020 (http://
etp.pemandu.gov.my/Agriculture-@-Agriculture_.aspx).
World economic development on herbal trade sector have
shown dramatic positive increments of over RM2 trillion by 2020
which is three times the value in year 2009. The same trend flows in
domestic herbal trade sector where the market industry for po-
tential herbs grows by 15 percent annually from RM7 billion in
2010 to around RM29 billion by 2020. The industry covers 35
percent of the total food and drinks market in the country which
projects high returns on investment (ROI). Herbal Remedies under
the scope of Traditional and Complimentary Medicine (TCM) has
capture a strong economical catalysts and provides substantial
benefits especially in the area of pharmaceutical health care, sup-
plementary food and eco-tourism in most of the ASEAN countries
especially in Malaysia. Orthosiphon Stamineus also known as Java
Tea shown in Fig. 2 is among the five selected commercialize High-
Value Herbal crops (HVHc).
Almost all parts of the Java Tea herbal plant can be used for
traditional remedies but for production and research purposes,
Fig. 3. PV array with rated capacity of 1 kWp electricity generation. The sample herbal
plant are located directly under PV array and harvested after 2 months field exposure.
73
Fig. 4. 1 acre (approx 20 m
21 m) of Solar PV Farm with 7 strings of 1 kWp PV array.
only the leaves and whiskers are harvested (Ameer et al., 2012;
Tnah et al., 2014). The healing power of Java Tea plant is because
of its great chemical contents (Engku Hasmah, Ahmad Tarmizi,
Noor Ismawaty and Abdul Ghani, 2012) and sufficient literature
on this remarkable plant claims that it can be used to cure chronic
diseases such as Diabetics, High Blood Pressure, Blood Circulation
Disorder, Gout and Rheumatism and Kidney Stones (Cicero et al.,
2012; Dole
ckova et al., 2012; Mohamed et al., 2013).
Malaysia is generally known to be heavily dependent on fossil-
fuel based resources despite the issues of energy security,
increasing production cost, GHG effect, and other environment-
pollution crisis thus carrying a huge burden throughout the na-
tional economic development stage (Muhammad-Sukki et al.,
2012; Othman et al., 2013). Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology
which is naturally abundant (Amin et al., 2009; Mekhilef et al.,
2012) and green has been consistently promoted for supplying
converted electricity especially in tropical climate regions.
More than 50 successful PV-based projects has been recorded
since the launch of SURIA 1000 program and the value increases
rapidly over the years (Chua and Oh, 2012; A. H. Haris, Ismail and
Penyelidikan, 2003; I. A. H. Haris, 2010; Mekhilef et al., 2011;
Mekhilef et al., 2012; Muhammad-Sukki et al., 2011) as to
show continuous government support for this technology
adaptation. Sustainable Integration of agriculture and renewable
energy resources (RER) is currently a hot topic discussed
worldwide based on the need for green energy and economy
Fig. 5. Pre and Post Process flow of Java Tea Herbal preparation.
74 N.F. Othman et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 91 (2015) 71e77

Fig. 6. Manual Rinse process in Stainless Steel Rack and final grinded (semi-fine) raw material tight-seal.

Fig. 7. Temperature effect under PV array in tropical climatic weather.

development. This work initiates the concept of agro-technology
integration with strong financial return for the unused space
under PV arrays.
The uniqueness of deploying herbal crops under Solar PV arrays
is justified by the sustainability and the morphological factor as
means of utilization of the unused space. The maximum height of
the Java Tea Plant which is not more than 3 feet height (from the
ground) and within controlled growth is considered acceptable and
will not affect the process of electricity generation via PV panels.
The maintenance requirements by the Solar Farm project are
satisfied through ground arrangements of the herbal polybags and
manual irrigation approach.
3. Methodology
A twelve-series configured with 95 W CEEG monocrystalline PV
array has been installed in Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,
Malaysia at GPS coordinate of 2 590 2000 N: 101430 3000 E as illustrated
in Fig. 3. The build-up area covers 8.64 m2 with practical conversion
efficiency of 17.05% at slanted tilt-angle of 7.60 facing 1600 south
(Effendy Ya'acob et al., 2013; Khatib et al., 2012).
Based on the site arrangement of PV strings as shown in Fig. 4
(within build up area of 1 acre land), the total herbal seedlings
planted is expected to reach 9800 units polybag with 200 units
under each PV array of 49 units in total. The herbal plots are ar-
ranged with consideration of 20% space buffer for PV foundation
and cabling works.
The Java Tea plant growth process which covers pre and post
herbal preparation is illustrated in Fig. 5 with flow segregation in 3
stages based on plant condition. Initially, the seedlings use fresh
branches with small nodes from mature plant at the herbal
nursery. The polybags size is 12 cm
12 cm and 80% filled with
mix soils of top-soil, organic fertilizer, ash, sand and granulated
stones.
The mature period for Java Tea is approximately 2 months after
deposition at PV site. Fig. 6 shows the raw material in wet condition
after washing and rinse before the oven-drying and semi-fine
grinding process.
The operational costs and profits are achieved at a different
sequence of harvesting period with specific increasing interest
rates. Therefore, it is crucial to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV

Table 2
Java Tea Growth progress under PV array structure.

Initial condition After 20 days After 40 days exposure Notes

exposure

Height: 28 cm from soil level Height: 38 cm from soil level Height: 56 cm from soil level Plant is healthy and morphological aspects are enhanced comparable
Leaves: 3.5 cm (L), 2 cm (W) Leaves: 5 cm (L), 3 cm (W) Leaves: 6 cm (L), 3.5 cm (W) to the normal conditions. The roots and fresh branches show aggressive
Flower: No flower and Flower: 2 branches of white Flower: 5 branches of white growth mostly due to soil moisture content. This condition meets the
new nodes whiskers, 5 nodes whiskers, 8 nodes. plant growth development and it can be harvested in time
 N.F. Othman et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 91 (2015) 71e77 75

Table 3
Market pricing of Java Tea Herbs.

Raw material stage Supplier1 (RM) Supplier2 (RM) Average (RM) Collection at site

Seedling 6 4 5 30 units
(Polybag-S)
Wet (kg) 30 25 27.5 278 g
Dry (kg) 65 60 62.5 77 g
Grinded (kg) 120 100 110 73 g
Source http://www.daganghalal.com http://yaacoberkat.blogspot.com Pricing Valid for the month of July 2014 Polybag size: 0.0144 m2
PV array: 8.64 m2
Used space: 10% ¼ 0.864 m2

Table 4
Detail operational costing for Agro-PV Herbal Plantation (1 acre land).

Operational items Cost (RM) Note

a) Herbal Seedlings
b) Land Leasing Cost
c) Organic Fertilizer,Top-soil,
Sand, etc
d) Utilities (Water)
e) Labour Cost
f) Transportation
g) Herbal Nursery (200
200 )
h) Cost for producing
semi-end product
i) Miscellaneous
RM3
200 unit
49 plot ¼ RM29,400 200 units of Herbal Polibags is based on the initial setup
with 20% buffer zone for inverter location and electrical pipelines
RM3
200 unit ¼ RM600 The 200 units of seedlings will be located in the herbal nursery.
RM200/acre/month ¼ RM600/cycle Based on discounted current market value with emphasize on the unused space
and non-commercial efforts
RM200/cycle The usage of fertilizer and other materials is after each cycle of new seedlings
to be maintain under proper nursery for 1 month
405 m3/cycle/acre
RM1/m3 ¼ RM405 The utility cost is only water supply with estimated usage of 1620 m3/acre/year
is suggested by García Morillo, Rodríguez Díaz, Camacho and Montesinos (2015)
and Malaysia water tariff http://www.syabas.com.my/consumer/water-bill-water-tariff
RM500
2 worker/month ¼ RM3,000/cycle Appointment of semi-scale labour covers herbal plotting, manual irrigation,
harvesting/pruning, washing, field drying/plantation works, etc
RM750/cycle The estimated expenses of RM250/month is based on the worker requirements at site
RM 5000 Ready-made Herbal nursery will be install near the herbal plots for replacement
and refurbishment of distorted seedlings and preparation for next cycle plantation
RM0.05/sachet the semi end product consists of outsourcing process of grinding (semi-fine), and
sachet filling under proper certification
RM450/cycle The estimated additional cost covers expenses for meetings, inspection and others

in RM) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) by using Eq. (1) (Singh,
2011; van Eijck et al., 2014) with integration of pc factor.
Xn Bi  Ci
NPV ¼ ð pc Þ
i¼0
ð1 þ rÞi
where Bi the benefits or profits in each cycle i (RM); Ci is the
operational cost in each cycle i (RM); r the discount/interest rate
(%), n is the lifetime of project (cycle) and the value pc is the har-
vesting coefficience with respect to the cycle period. IRR is the in-
terest rate which projects NPV equals to zero and the overall
analysis is based on per cycle sequence of harvesting period.
4. Results and discussion
and grinding process. The final raw material (dry semi-fine)
collected is only 73 g which is a reduction of 205 g (73.7%).
Further financial analysis for 1 acre of herbal plantation (under PV
(1) shading condition) is projected based on the operational costs as
listed in Table 4. The total area of 1 acre land can suit 49 units of
1 kWp Monocrystalline PV arrays referring to the initial setup.
The value for all cash in as shown in Table 5 for 1 acre herbal
plantation is calculated with the addition of pc factor of 2 and 2.5.
The pc factor is the catalysts constant of harvesting outcome from
each cycle whereby the amount will be increased by a certain
multiplier due to the proliferation of new shoots (under sufficient
irrigation and organic fertilizer).
The revenue calculation is based on current market price (the
semi-end product of herbal sachets) which is RM0.70/sachet. The

The heat or thermal dissipated under the PV array is a crucial Table 5

Cash Flow Analysis with NPV and IRR based on Interest rate I ¼ 3.36% (Ref: http://
aspect to be examined with respect to the continuous growth for
www.bnm.gov.my).
plants underneath. The values are measured using Type-K ther-
mocouple sensor and the results are shown in Fig. 7. The temper- Cycle All cash out All cash in Net profit Cumulative Present Value
(RM) (RM) (RM) (RM) (RM)
ature under PV array (Tpv,l) versus ambient temperature (Ta) shows
a linearly correlated pattern with maximum value, Tpv,l ¼ 37  C and 1 (41,034.65) 8815.10 (32,219.55) (32,219.55) (32,219.55)
Ta,max ¼ 35  C which is within acceptable range for ornamental 2 (6664.30) 17,630.20 10,965.90 (21,253.65) (21,253.65)
3 (6979.13) 22,037.75 15,058.62 (6195.03) (6195.03)
herbal plants. 4 (6979.13) 22,037.75 15,058.62 8863.59 8863.59
The sample of Java Tea seedlings located under the PV structure 5 (36,034.65) 8815.10 (27,219.55) (18,355.96) (18,355.96)
shows good growth progress throughout the field testing proce- 6 (6664.30) 17,630.20 10,965.90 (7390.06) (7390.06)
dure where the sustainability of this herb is proven under PV array 7 (6979.13) 22,037.75 15,058.62 7668.56 7668.56
8 (6979.13) 22,037.75 15,058.62 22,727.18 22,727.18
shaded condition and the details are explained in Table 2.
Detail economical analysis of raw material harvested from the Notes.
PV site requires some market pricing as reference for the cost i) Items for cash out in cycle 1 includes all items from (a) e (i) in Table 4.
ii) Items for cash out in cycle 5 includes all items from (a) e (i) in Table 4 except for
function analysis and the details is shown in Table 3. item (g).
From the 30 units of seedlings planted under PV array, it projects iii) Items for cash out in cycle 2 to 4, and 6 to 8 includes all items listed in Table 4
278 g of wet raw material. The sample is then taken for the drying except (a) and (g).
76 N.F. Othman et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 91 (2015) 71e77
Fig. 8. NPV projection with increasing interest rate.
values are considered acceptable based on years of field experience
by herbal farmers and producers. New seedlings of Java Tea will be
replaced each year (after 4 cycle of harvesting sequence) based on
the maturity level and to maintain the herbs quality and the cost is
projected in cycle 5. The financial analysis is based on 3-months
harvesting cycle with reference to the harvesting coefficience pc
and realistic cash flow.
The labour cost estimated is RM1,000/month for 2 semi-skilled
workers with assumptions that the farm supervisors is appointed
under research grants and does not effected the operational cost.
The rental cost of the unused space under PV array (item b) is
actually can be neglected (no cost) because the PV farm is located
within government restrictions but this element is rated at a
minimum cost of RM600/cycle to generalised the findings of this
work for public use. The cost for setting-up Solar PV arrays
including the panel structures, concrete foundations and other
incurring costs are not considered in the calculation based on the
assumptions that the PV plant has already been commissioned and
operated leaving only the unused space under PV arrays.
Fig. 8 shows the plotted NPV value based on Eq. (1) with respect
to the increasing interest rate. The IRR value based on the graph
clocks at 15.74% with zero NPV value furthermore; this capital
budgeting exercise is based on a fix interest rate assumption. The
value of effective IRR projects a benchmark for herbal producers to
maintain positive net return despite increasing interest rates.
The expected investment return or the Return-on-Investment
(ROI) based on Fig. 8, is projected in cycle 4 (1 year cycle) valued
at RM8,863.59 and further increased of RM13,863.60 (256.4%) after
the next 4 cycle which is a very convincing profit margin when
considering green technology adaptation in an unused space.
The purchasing process for herbal seedlings will only take place
for the first 2 years and for the next yearly cycle, tangible costs of
polybags, seeds and other plant materials are assumed negligible
based on recycling mechanism (from matured branch/node of the
harvested Java Tea). Furthermore, the expected annual turnover
value of more than 200% increment can further be up-scaled by
converting the semi-end material to finish herbal products with
proper packaging and certifications. The idea of utilizing the un-
used space under large scale PV farms is presented with strong
justifications of sustainable Java Tea herbs and profitable short
returns. Further exploration of this work is suggested for the
implementation of fully-automated stand-alone irrigation system
with supply-tapping from the Solar PV resources and the results is
compared with large plantation of herbal crops under normal
condition. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is also suggested to be con-
ducted as to support the findings of this work.
5. Conclusion
The decreasing trend of global market value for the traditional
agricultural commodity embarks on herbal-based products as the
new high-value crops to boost Malaysia economic growth. This
research projects sustainable integration of agriculture sector with
Solar PV technology based on the idea of utilizing the unused space
under large scale PV farms. Strong justifications of sustainable
herbal plant growth, profitable margin with short returns of the
initial investment are the backbone of this work. The sample herbal
plant shows good growth progress as compared to normal plan-
tation condition despite the sun-shading issue and PV radiation
effect. The cash functions for a 1 acre agro-PV integrated solar farm
results in approximately 10 months Return-on-Investment (ROI)
with Net Present Value (NPV) of RM8,863.59. The projected
financial flow increases by 256.4% (RM13,863.60) after the 8th cycle
thus proves a very convincing profit margin when considering
green technology adaptation in an unused space.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to the Research Management Centre
(RMC), Universiti Putra Malaysia for its approval of the research
funding under the Project Matching Grant (Vote no: 9300400) and
the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia for its approval of the
Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS Vote no: 5527132).
References
Ameer, O.Z., Salman, I.M., Asmawi, M.Z., Ibraheem, Z.O., Yam, M.F., 2012. Orthosi-
phon stamineus: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxi-
cology. J. Med. Food 15 (8), 678e690.
Amin, N., Lung, C.W., Sopian, K., 2009. A practical field study of various solar cells on
their performance in malaysia. Renew. Energy 34 (8), 1939e1946. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.12.005.
Chua, S.C., Oh, T.H., 2012. Solar energy outlook in malaysia. Renew. Sustain. Energy
Rev. 16 (1), 564e574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.022.
Cicero, A.F.G., De Sando, V., Izzo, R., Vasta, A., Trimarco, A., Borghi, C., 2012. Effect of
a combined nutraceutical containing orthosiphon stamineus effect on blood
pressure and metabolic syndrome components in hypertensive dyslipidaemic
patients: a randomized clinical trial. Complementary Ther. Clin. Pract. 18 (3),
190e194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.02.002.
 N.F. Othman et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 91 (2015) 71e77
Dole
ckov rov
a, I., Ra a, L., Grúz, J., Vondrusov a, M., Strnad, M., Kry
stof, V., 2012.
Antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects of flavone eupatorin, an active
constituent of chloroform extract of orthosiphon stamineus leaves. Fitoterapia
83 (6), 1000e1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.06.002.
Effendy Ya’acob, M., Hizam, H., Htay, M.T., Radzi, M.A.M., Khatib, T., Bakri, A.M.,
2013. Calculating electrical and thermal characteristics of multiple PV array
configurations installed in the tropics. Energy Convers. Manag. 75, 418e424.
Engku Hasmah, E., Ahmad Tarmizi, S., Noor Ismawaty, N., Abdul Ghani, O., 2012.
Total phenolic, total flavonoid and rosmarinic acid contents in orthosiphon
stamineus (misai kucing) in relation to storage conditions. In: VII International
Postharvest Symposium, vol. 1012, pp. 837e842.
Foo, K.Y., 2013. A vision on the role of environmental higher education contributing
to the sustainable development in malaysia. J. Clean. Prod. 61 (0), 6e12. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.014.
García Morillo, J., Díaz, Rodríguez, J.A., Camacho, E., Montesinos, P., 2015. Linking
water footprint accounting with irrigation management in high value crops.
J. Clean. Prod. 87, 594e602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.043.
Haris, A.H., Ismail, I.S.S., Penyelidikan, K.I., 2003. Building Integrated Photovoltaic
(BIPV) Applications in Malaysia: Current Status & Achievements. TNB Research
Sdn Bhd.
Haris, I.A.H., 2010. Malaysia's latest solar PV market development. Clean. Energy
Expo. Asia 1e32.
Jia, L., Zhang, Y., Tao, L., Jing, H., Bao, S., 2014. A methodology for assessing cleaner
production in the vanadium extraction industry. J. Clean. Prod. 84 (0), 598e605.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.016.
Khatib, T., Mohamed, A., Mahmoud, M., Sopian, K., 2012. An assessment of diffuse
solar energy models in terms of estimation accuracy. Energy Procedia 14 (0),
2066e2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1209.
Ludin, N.A., Bakri, M.A.M., Kamaruddin, N., Sopian, K., Deraman, M.S., Hamid, N.H.,
Othman, M.Y., 2014. Malaysian oil palm plantation sector: exploiting renewable
energy toward sustainability production. J. Clean. Prod. 65 (0), 9e15. http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.063.
Luo, L., Wang, Y., Qin, L., 2014. Incentives for promoting agricultural clean pro-
duction technologies in china. J. Clean. Prod. 74 (0), 54e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.045.
77
Mekhilef, S., Safari, A., Mustaffa, W.E.S., Saidur, R., Omar, R., Younis, M.A.A., 2012.
Solar energy in malaysia: current state and prospects. Renew. Sustain. Energy
Rev. 16 (1), 386e396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.003.
Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., Safari, A., 2011. A review on solar energy use in industries.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 (4), 1777e1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
2010.12.018.
Mohamed, E.A.H., Yam, M.F., Ang, L.F., Mohamed, A.J., Asmawi, M.Z., 2013. Antidi-
abetic properties and mechanism of action of orthosiphon stamineus benth
bioactive sub-fraction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Acupunct.
Meridian Stud. 6 (1), 31e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.01.005.
Muhammad-Sukki, F., Munir, A.B., Ramirez-Iniguez, R., Abu-Bakar, S.H., Mohd
Yasin, S.H., McMeekin, S.G., Stewart, B.G., 2012. Solar photovoltaic in malaysia:
the way forward. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16 (7), 5232e5244. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.002.
Muhammad-Sukki, F., Ramirez-Iniguez, R., Abu-Bakar, S.H., McMeekin, S.G.,
Stewart, B.G., 2011. An evaluation of the installation of solar photovoltaic in
residential houses in malaysia: past, present, and future. Energy Policy 39 (12),
7975e7987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.052.
Othman, M.Y., Ibrahim, A., Jin, G.L., Ruslan, M.H., Sopian, K., 2013. Photovoltaic-
thermal (PV/T) technology e the future energy technology. Renew. Energy 49
(0), 171e174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.038.
Severo, E.A., Guimara ~es de, J.C.F., Dorion, E.C.H., Nodari, C.H., 2014. Cleaner pro-
duction, environmental sustainability and organizational performance: an
empirical study in the brazilian metal-mechanic industry. J. Clean. Prod. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.027.
Singh, P.L., 2011. Silk cocoon drying in forced convection type solar dryer. Appl.
Energy 88 (5), 1720e1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.016.
Tnah, L.H., Lee, C.T., Lee, S.L., Ng, C.H., Ng, K.K.S., 2014. Development and charac-
terization of microsatellites of an important medicinal plant orthosiphon
stamineus (misai kucing). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 55 (0), 317e321. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.bse.2014.02.018.
van Eijck, J., Batidzirai, B., Faaij, A., 2014. Current and future economic performance
of first and second generation biofuels in developing countries. Appl. Energy
135 (0), 115e141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.015.